Happiness

1
Happiness
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Happiness (disambiguation), Happy (disambiguation), and Jolly
(disambiguation).
The smiley face is a well-known symbol of happiness
Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being
characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from
contentment to intense joy.
[1]
A variety of biological,
psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have
striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various
research groups, including positive psychology, endeavor to apply
the scientific method to answer questions about what "happiness"
is, and how it might be attained.
It is of such fundamental importance to the human condition that
"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" were deemed to be
unalienable rights by the United States Declaration of
Independence.
The United Nations declared 20 March the International Day of
Happiness to recognise the relevance of happiness and wellbeing
as universal goals. In 2014 Happy (Pharrell Williams song) became the anthem and inspired clips from around the
world.
Definition
Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than
simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek Eudaimonia, and is still used in virtue
ethics.
Happiness is a fuzzy concept and can mean many different things to many people. Part of the challenge of a science
of happiness is to identify different concepts of happiness, and where applicable, split them into their components.
Related concepts are well-being, quality of life and flourishing. At least one author defines happiness as
contentment. Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of seeking pleasant and
avoiding unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition of living life in a full and deeply satisfying way.
The 2012 World Happiness Report stated that in subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is between
cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.
[2]
Happiness is used in both life evaluation, as in How happy are
you with your life as a whole?, and in emotional reports, as in How happy are you now?, and people seem able to
use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the World Happiness Report identifies
the countries with the highest levels of happiness.
Happiness
2
Research results
See also: Positive psychology
A smiling Rebecca L. Felton
Research has produced many different views on causes of happiness,
and on factors that correlate with happiness, but no validated method
has been found to substantially improve long-term happiness in a
meaningful way for most people.
Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes in her book The How of Happiness that
50 percent of a given human's happiness level is genetically
determined (based on twin studies), 10 percent is affected by life
circumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness is
subject to self-control.
The results of the 75 year Grant study of Harvard undergraduates show
a high correlation of loving relationship, especially with parents, with
later life wellbeing.
In the 2nd Edition of the Handbook of Emotions (2000), evolutionary
psychologists Leda Cosmides and John Tooby say that happiness
comes from "encountering unexpected positive events". In the 3rd
Edition of the Handbook of Emotions (2008), Michael Lewis says "happiness can be elicited by seeing a significant
other". According to Mark Leary, as reported in a November 1995 issue of Psychology Today, "we are happiest
when basking in the acceptance and praise of others". Sara Algoe and Jonathan Haidt say that "happiness" may be
the label for a family of related emotional states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification, euphoria, and
triumph.
[3]
It has been argued that money cannot effectively "buy" much happiness unless it is used in certain
ways.
[4]
Wikipedia:Citing sources#What information to include "Beyond the point at which people have enough to
comfortably feed, clothe, and house themselves, having more money - even a lot more money - makes them only a
little bit happier."Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words A Harvard Business School study found that "spending money on
others actually makes us happier than spending it on ourselves".
[5]
Meditation has been found to lead to high activity in the brain's left prefrontal cortex, which in turn has been found
to correlate with happiness.
A smiling 95-year-old man from Pichilemu,
Chile.
Psychologist Martin Seligman asserts that happiness is not solely
derived from external, momentary pleasures,
[6]
and provides the
acronym PERMA to summarize Positive Psychology's correlational
findings: humans seem happiest when they have
1. Pleasure (tasty food, warm baths, etc.),
2. Engagement (or flow, the absorption of an enjoyed yet challenging
activity),
3. Relationships (social ties have turned out to be extremely reliable
indicator of happiness),
4. Meaning (a perceived quest or belonging to something bigger), and
5. Accomplishments (having realized tangible goals).
There have also been some studies of how religion relates to happiness. Causal relationships remain unclear, but
more religion is seen in happier people. This correlation may be the result of community membership and not
necessarily belief in religion itself. Another component may have to do with ritual.
[7]
Wikipedia:Citing sources#What
information to include
Happiness
3
Abraham Harold Maslow, an American professor of psychology, founded humanistic psychology in the 1930s. A
visual aid he created to explain his theory, which he called the hierarchy of needs, is a pyramid depicting the levels
of human needs, psychological, and physical. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid, he reaches
self-actualization. Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience,
known as peak experiences, profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person
feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world. This is similar to the flow concept of Mihly
Cskszentmihlyi.
Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Religious perspectives
See also: Religion and happiness
Tibetan Buddhist Monk
Buddhism
Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhist
teachings.Wikipedia:Disputed statement For ultimate freedom from
suffering, the Noble Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, a
state of everlasting peace. Ultimate happiness is only achieved by
overcoming craving in all forms. More mundane forms of happiness,
such as acquiring wealth and maintaining good friendships, are also
recognized as worthy goals for lay people (see sukha). Buddhism also
encourages the generation of loving kindness and compassion, the
desire for the happiness and welfare of all
beings.Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources
Catholicism
The primary meaning of "happiness" in various European languages
involves good fortune, chance or happening. The meaning in Greek
philosophy, however, refers primarily to ethics. In Catholicism, the
ultimate end of human existence consists in felicity, Latin equivalent to
the Greek eudaimonia, or "blessed happiness", described by the
13th-century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas as a Beatific Vision of God's essence in the next life. Human
complexities, like reason and cognition, can produce well-being or happiness, but such form is limited and transitory.
In temporal life, the contemplation of God, the infinitely Beautiful, is the supreme delight of the will. Beatitudo, or
perfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but the next.
[8]
Happiness
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Philosophical views
The Love Letter
Main article: Philosophy of happiness
The Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who 2300 years ago sought
to give advice to the ruthless political leaders of the warring states
period, was convinced that the mind played a mediating role between
the "lesser self" (the physiological self) and the "greater self" (the
moral self) and that getting the priorities right between these two
would lead to sage-hood. He argued that if we did not feel satisfaction
or pleasure in nourishing one's "vital force" with "righteous deeds",
that force would shrivel up (Mencius,6A:15 2A:2). More specifically,
he mentions the experience of intoxicating joy if one celebrates the
practice of the great virtues, especially through music.
Al-Ghazali (10581111) the Muslim Sufi thinker wrote the Alchemy
of Happiness, a manual of spiritual instruction throughout the Muslim
world and widely practiced today.
The Hindu thinker Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quite
exhaustively on the psychological and ontological roots of bliss.
In the Nicomachean Ethics, written in 350 BCE, Aristotle stated that
happiness (also being well and doing well) is the only thing that humans desire for its own sake, unlike riches, honor,
health or friendship. He observed that men sought riches, or honor, or health not only for their own sake but also in
order to be happy. Note that eudaimonia, the term we translate as "happiness", is for Aristotle an activity rather than
an emotion or a state.
[9]
Thus understood, the happy life is the good life, that is, a life in which a person fulfills
human nature in an excellent way. Specifically, Aristotle argues that the good life is the life of excellent rational
activity. He arrives at this claim with the Function Argument. Basically, if it's right, every living thing has a function,
that which it uniquely does. For humans, Aristotle contends, our function is to reason, since it is that alone that we
uniquely do. And performing one's function well, or excellently, is one's good. Thus, the life of excellent rational
activity is the happy life. Aristotle does not leave it that, however. For he argues that there is a second best life for
those incapable of excellent rational activity. This second best life is the life of moral virtue.
Many ethicists make arguments for how humans should behave, either individually or collectively, based on the
resulting happiness of such behavior. Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, advocated the
greatest happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.
Also according to St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, man's last end is happiness: "all men agree in desiring the last
end, which is happiness." However, where utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as the primary tool
for reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached solely through reasoning
about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts, such as habits according to virtue. In
turn, which habits and acts that normally lead to happiness is according to Aquinas caused by laws: natural law and
divine law. These laws, in turn, were according to Aquinas caused by a first cause, or God.
According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an "operation of the speculative intellect": "Consequently happiness
consists principally in such an operation, viz. in the contemplation of Divine things." And, "the last end cannot
consist in the active life, which pertains to the practical intellect." So: "Therefore the last and perfect happiness,
which we await in the life to come, consists entirely in contemplation. But imperfect happiness, such as can be had
here, consists first and principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an operation of the practical intellect
directing human actions and passions."
Happiness
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Economic views
Newly commissioned officers celebrate their new positions by throwing
their midshipmen covers into the air as part of the U.S. Naval Academy class
of 2011 graduation and commissioning ceremony.
Main article: Happiness economics
Common market health measures such as GDP
and GNP have been used as a measure of
successful policy. On average richer nations tend
to be happier than poorer nations, but this effect
seems to diminish with wealth. This has been
explained by the fact that the dependency is not
linear but logarithmic, i.e., the same percentual
increase in the GNP produces the same increase
in happiness for wealthy countries as for poor
countries.
[10]
Libertarian think tank Cato Institute claims that
economic freedom correlates strongly with
happiness
[11]
preferably within the context of a
western mixed economy, with free press and a
democracy. According to certain standards, East European countries (ruled by Communist parties) were less happy
than Western ones, even less happy than other equally poor countries.
[12]
It has been argued that happiness measures could be used not as a replacement for more traditional measures, but as
a supplement. According to professor Edward Glaeser, people constantly make choices that decrease their happiness,
because they have also more important aims. Therefore, the government should not decrease the alternatives
available for the citizen by patronizing them but let the citizen keep a maximal freedom of choice.
[13]
It has been argued that happiness at work is one of the driving forces behind positive outcomes at work, rather than
just being a resultant product.
Measures
Several scales have been used to measure happiness:
The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective happiness. The scale
requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as
it asks to what extent they identify themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.
[14][15]
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is used to detect the relation between personality traits and
positive or negative affects at this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past
year, and generally (on average). PANAS is a 20-item questionnaire, which uses a five-point Likert scale (1 =
very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely).
[16][17]
A longer version with additional affect scales is available in a
manual.
[18]
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction. The SWLS requires
a person to use a seven-item scale to state their agreement or disagreement (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = neither
agree nor disagree, 7 = strongly agree) with five statements about their life.
[19][20]
The UK began to measure national well being in 2012, following Bhutan which already measured gross national
happiness.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Happiness
6
Health
Happy St. Patrick's Day from Boston
Richard Davidson's 2012 bestseller The Emotional Life of Your Brain
argues that positive emotion and happiness benefit your long-term
health. From a study conducted in 2005 by Andrew Steptow and
Michael Marmot, findings have found that happiness is clearly related
to biological markers that play an important role in health.
At University College London, Steptow and Marmot collected health
and well-being data from 116 men and 100 women. All 216
participants were middle-aged, British civil servants between the ages
of 45 and 59. The researchers aimed to analyze whether there was any
association between well-being and three biological markers: heart
rate, cortisol levels, and plasma fibrinogen levels. Interestingly, the
participants who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol levels
that were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the most
happy. The least happy subjects also had a large plasma fibrinogen
response to two stress-inducing tasks: the Stroop test, and tracing a star
seen in a mirror image.
In Happy People Live Longer,
[21]
Frey reports that happy people live
14% longer, increasing longevity 7.5 to 10 years.
Steptow and Marmot furthered their studies by using their participants three years later to repeat the physiological
measurements. They found that participants who scored high in positive emotion continued to have lower levels of
cortisol and fibrinogen, as well as a lower heart rate.
At work
Main article: Happiness at work
Despite a large body of positive psychological research into the relationship between happiness and
productivity,
[22][23][24]
happiness at work has traditionally been seen as a potential by-product of positive outcomes
at work, rather than a pathway to success in business. However a growing number of scholars, including Boehm and
Lyubomirsky, argue that it should be viewed as one of the major sources of positive outcomes in the
workplace.
[25][26]
References
[1] Wordnet 3.0 (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=happiness& a=*C. happiness-_*Word-) (accessed 2011-Feb-24 via Wolfram
Alpha)
[2] http:/ / www. earth. columbia. edu/ sitefiles/ file/ Sachs%20Writing/ 2012/ World%20Happiness%20Report. pdf
[3] The Journal of Positive Psychology, March 2009
[4] [4] Boston.com, August 23, 2009
[5] Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319, 1687-1688..
[6] Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Can Happiness be Taught?. Daedalus journal, Spring 2004.
[7] [7] 2009 article in Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience
[8] [New Advent|http:/ / www.newadvent.org/ cathen/ 07131b. htm]
[9] [9] Eudaimonia (Greek: ) is a classical Greek word commonly translated as 'happiness' or, better yet, 'flourishing'. Etymologically, it
consists of the word "eu" ("good" or "well being") and "daimn" ("spirit" or "minor deity", used by extension to mean one's lot or fortune).
[10] Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox (http:/ / bpp. wharton. upenn. edu/ betseys/ papers/
Happiness. pdf)
[11] In Pursuit of Happiness Research. Is It Reliable? What Does It Imply for Policy? (http:/ / www. cato. org/ pub_display. php?pub_id=8179)
The Cato institute. April 11, 2007
[12] The Scientist's Pursuit of Happiness (http:/ / www.cis. org. au/ Policy/ spring05/ polspr05-2. htm), Policy, Spring 2005.
Happiness
7
[13] Coercive regulation and the balance of freedom (http:/ / www. cato-unbound. org/ 2007/ 05/ 11/ edward-glaeser/
coercive-regulation-and-the-balance-of-freedom/ ), Edward Glaeser, Cato Unbound 11.5.2007
[14] http:/ / www.ppc. sas. upenn.edu/ subjectivehappinessscale. pdf
[15] Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators
Research, 46, 137-155.
[16] http:/ / www.camden. rutgers. edu/ ~bwhitlow/ Courses/ Experimental/ SURVEY04/ sld010. htm
[17] Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS
scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
[18] http:/ / www.psychology. uiowa. edu/ faculty/ clark/ panas-x. pdf
[19] http:/ / www.tbims.org/ combi/ swls/ swlsrat. html
[20] Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
[21] [21] Happy People Live Longer, Bruno S. Frey, Science 4 February 2011: 542-543
[22] [22] Carr, A.: "Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths" Hove, Brunner-Routledge 2004
[23] [23] Isen, A.; Positive Affect and Decision-making. In M. Lewis and J. Haviland Jones (eds), "Handbook of Emotions" (2nd edition), pp.
417-436. New York, Guilford Press 2000
[24] [24] Buss, D. The Evolution of Happiness, "American Psychologist" Vol. 55 (2000) pp. 15-23
[25] Boehm, J K. & S. Lyubomirsky, Journal of Career Assessment. Vol 16(1), Feb 2008, 101-116
[26] http:/ / www.apa. org/ pubs/ journals/ releases/ bul-1316803. pdf
Further reading
Sara Ahmed, "The Promise of Happiness", 2010
Michael Argyle "The psychology of happiness", 1987
Boehm, J K. & S. Lyubomirsky, Journal of Career Assessment. Vol 16(1), Feb 2008, 101116.
Norman M. Bradburn "The structure of psychological well-being", 1969
C. Robert Cloninger, Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being, Oxford, 2004.
Jimmy DeMesa, M.D. "BeHappy!: Your Guide to the Happiest Possible Life", 2006
Gregg Easterbrook "The progress paradox how life gets better while people feel worse", 2003
Michael W. Eysenck "Happiness facts and myths", 1990
Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness, Knopf, 2006.
Carol Graham "Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable Millionaires", OUP
Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-954905-4
W. Doyle Gentry "Happiness for dummies", 2008
James Hadley, Happiness: A New Perspective, 2013, ISBN 978-1493545261
Joop Hartog & Hessel Oosterbeek "Health, wealth and happiness", 1997
Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). "The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of
psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences". Psychological Wellbeing 33: 10731082.
Robert Holden "Happiness now!", 1998
Barbara Ann Kipfer, 14,000 Things to Be Happy About, Workman, 1990/2007, ISBN 978-0-7611-4721-3.
Neil Kaufman "Happiness is a choice", 1991
Stefan Klein, The Science of Happiness, Marlowe, 2006, ISBN 1-56924-328-X.
Koenig HG, McCullough M, & Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health: a century of research reviewed (see
article). New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
McMahon, Darrin M., Happiness: A History, Atlantic Monthly Press, November 28, 2005. ISBN 0-87113-886-7
McMahon, Darrin M., The History of Happiness: 400 B.C. A.D. 1780, Daedalus journal, Spring 2004.
Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons From A New Science, Penguin, 2005, ISBN 978-0-14-101690-0.
Luskin, Frederic, Kenneth R. Pelletier, Dr. Andrew Weil (Foreword). "Stress Free for Good: 10 Scientifically
Proven Life Skills for Health and Happiness." 2005
Sonja Lyubomirsky "The how of happiness", 2007
James Mackaye "Economy of happiness", 1906
Lynne McFall "Happiness", 1989
Happiness
8
Desmond Morris "The nature of happiness", 2004
David G. Myers, Ph. D., The Pursuit of Happiness: Who is Happyand Why, William Morrow and Co., 1992,
ISBN 0-688-10550-5.
Niek Persoon "Happiness doesn't just happen", 2006
Ben Renshaw "The secrets of happiness", 2003
Fiona Robards, "What makes you happy?" Exisle Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-921966-31-6
Bertrand Russell "The conquest of happiness", orig. 1930 (many reprints)* Martin E.P. Seligman, Authentic
Happiness, Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9.
Alexandra Stoddard "Choosing happiness keys to a joyful life", 2002
Wadysaw Tatarkiewicz, Analysis of Happiness, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1976
Elizabeth Telfer "Happiness : an examination of a hedonistic and a eudaemonistic concept of happiness and of the
relations between them...", 1980
Ruut Veenhoven "Bibliography of happiness world database of happiness : 2472 studies on subjective
appreciation of life", 1993
Ruut Veenhoven "Conditions of happiness", 1984
Eric G. Wilson "Against Happiness", 2008
Journal of happiness studies: an interdisciplinary forum on subjective well-being, International Society for
Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS), quarterly since 2000, also online
External links
History of Happiness (http:/ / pursuit-of-happiness. org/ pursuit-of-happiness/ history-of-happiness) concise
survey of influential theories
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry "Pleasure" (http:/ / plato. stanford. edu/ entries/ pleasure/ )
ancient and modern philosophers' and neuroscientists' approaches to happiness
The World Happiness Forum (http:/ / www. worldhappinessforum. org/ ) promotes dialogue on tools and
techniques for human happiness and wellbeing.
Action For Happiness (http:/ / www. actionforhappiness. org) is a UK movement committed to building a happier
society
Improving happiness through humanistic leadership (https:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=S7HVfxq4l-8)-
University of Bath, U.K.
The World Database of Happiness (http:/ / worlddatabaseofhappiness. eur. nl/ ) a register of scientific research
on the subjective appreciation of life.
Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (http:/ / www. meaningandhappiness. com/ oxford-happiness-questionnaire/
214/ ) Online psychological test to measure your happiness.
Dr. Srikumar Rao: Plug into your hard-wired happiness (http:/ / www. ted. com/ talks/
srikumar_rao_plug_into_your_hard_wired_happiness. html) Video of a short lecture by Srikumar Rao on how
to be happy
Dan Gilbert: Why are we happy? (http:/ / www. ted. com/ talks/ dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_happy. html)
Video of a short lecture by Dan Gilbert our how our "psychological immune system" lets us feel truly happy even
when things dont go as planned.
Article Sources and Contributors
9
Article Sources and Contributors
Happiness Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619865151 Contributors: 10metreh, 12ticeb, 1BIGDICK, 2nd Piston Honda, 4twenty42o, 981y24957987248, A. B., A. Parrot,
ABF, AGToth, Abrech, Absinf, Academic Challenger, Ace of Spades, Acroterion, Adashiel, Addshore, Addy2210, AdjustShift, Adrian J. Hunter, AeonicOmega, Ahsozboutthat, Aitias,
Ajlang0319, Aka042, Akamad, Akgupta, Akraj, Al E., Alan1245, Alansohn, Alborzagros, Aldorr, Ale jrb, Aleenf1, Alex Libman, AlexGWU, Algaeferulz, Allen Moore, Allstarecho, Ally897792,
AlphaEta, Alphachimp, Alsandro, Altenmann, Amabaie, Amaury, Amog, Amysanders, Anarchia, Ancheta Wis, Andernard, Andonic, Andre Engels, Andrea105, Andrejj, Andrew Lancaster,
Andrewpmk, Andy45290, Andycjp, AnemoneProjectors, Angusmclellan, Animum, Anna Lincoln, Annerire, Anomymage, AnonGuy, Anonymous101, Antandrus, Anythingapplied, Aphilo,
Apparition11, Apple1012, Arakunem, Arda Xi, Aremith, Arichnad, ArielGold, Arjun01, Arnesh, Arnyek, Art LaPella, Arteitle, Arthuradia, Aryoadeh, Ase8913, Asesnic, Ast onok, Asterion,
Astralearth, Astudent, AtheWeatherman, Atif.t2, AuburnPilot, Augdawgg27, Austin18410, AvatarZero, Avenged Eightfold, Average Earthman, Axey127, Ayla, AzaToth, B, BG, BORED LOL,
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