No Whines On Chemistry

Secondary 2
Independent Studies Team
Experimental Booklet
Separation Techniques
Evaporation To Dryness 2
Crystallisation 3
Filtration: 4
Magnetic Attraction 5
Distillation 6
Fractional Distillation 7
Separating Funnel 8
Paper Chromatography 9
1 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Table of Contents
Evaporation To Dryness
Apparatus:
1. Saltwater solution
2. Bunsen burner
3. Wire gauze
4. Beaker
5. Evaporating dish
6. Glass stirring rod
7. Tripod stand

Procedure:

Step
1 Pour the salt-water solution into the beaker.
2 Stir well until all the salt is dissolved
3 Set up the bunsen burner with the tripod stand and wire gauze placed
over it.
4 Pour the salt-water solution into the evaporating dish.
5 Place the evaporating dish on the tripod stand.
6 Start the bunsen burner.
7 After all the water has evaporated, you are left with salt residue.
2 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Crystallisation

Apparatus:
1. Sugar-water solution
2. Bunsen burner
3. Wire gauze
4. Beaker
5. Glass stirring rod
6. Tripod stand




Procedure:




Step
1 Pour the salt-water solution into the beaker.
2 Stir well until all the salt is dissolved
3 Set up the bunsen burner with the tripod stand and wire gauze placed
over it.
4 Place the beaker on the tripod stand.
5 Start the bunsen burner.
6 Heat the beaker until the solution is saturated.
7 Remove the beaker from the tripod stand.
8 Leave it to cool and crystallise.
9 Sugar crystals will form.
3 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Filtration:

Apparatus:
1. Sand and water mixture
2. Filter funnel
3. Filtration paper
4. 2 beakers
5. Retort stand
6. Glass stirring rod

Procedure:



Step
1 Pour the sand and water mixture into a beaker.
2 Stir well to dissolve as much sand as possible.
3 Fold the ltration paper to t into the lter funnel.
4 Fold the ltration paper to t into the lter funnel.
5 Pour the mixture into the funnel.
6 Let the water be ltered through the funnel into the beaker.
7 The residue of sand will be left behind in the funnel.
4 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Magnetic Attraction

Apparatus:
1. Magnet
2. Filter paper
3. Iron lings
4. Sand
5. Beaker

Procedure:


Step
1 Pour the mixture of iron lings and sand into the beaker.
2 Wrap the magnet with lter paper.
3 Place the magnet at the side of the bottom of the beaker and attract
the iron lings.
4 Slowly raise the magnet to the opening of the beaker.
5 Unfold the lter paper and empty the iron lings.
6 Repeat steps 3 to 5 until the iron lings have been separated from the
sand.
5 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Distillation

Apparatus:
1. Bunsen burner
2. Tripod stand
3. Wire gauze
4. Round-bottomed ask
5. Thermometer
6. Condenser
7. Conical ask
8. Saltwater

Procedure:




Step
1 Prepare the distillation set-up like the diagram below.
2 Light the bunsen burner.
3 When the thermometer shows 100 degrees celsius, the water will boil.
4 The steam rises and moves into the condenser, forming water droplets
which collects in the conical ask.
5 The salt and other impurities will be left behind in the round-bottom
ask as they cannot be distilled.
6 After the water is distilled, turn off the ame on the bunsen burner.
7 The water will be separated from the salt and other impurities.
6 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Fractional Distillation

Apparatus:
1. Bunsen burner
2. Tripod stand
3. Wire gauze
4. Round-bottom ask
5. Fractionating column
6. Thermometer
7. Condenser
8. Conical Flask
9. Water
10. Ethanol

Procedure:
Step
1 Mix the water and ethanol together, then pour it into the round-bottom
ask.
2 Prepare the fractional distillation set-up as shown above.
3 Light the bunsen burner.
4 When the temperature reaches 78 degrees celsius, the ethanol will boil
and distill.
5 The ethanol vapour will move up the fractionating column, repeatedly
condensing and boiling.
6 Only the ethanol vapour with enough energy will reach the top of the
fractionating column and move into the condenser, which will then
condense into ethanol droplets and drip into the ask.
7 After all the ethanol has distilled, the temperature will start to rise from
78 degrees celsius and only the water will be left in the round-bottom
ask.
8 Turn off the ame on the bunsen burner and stop the experiment.
9 The water and ethanol has been separated.
7 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Separating Funnel

Apparatus:
1. Separating Funnel
2. Beakers
3. Water
4. Oil

Procedures:



Step
1 Mix the water and oil together and pour it into the separating funnel.
2 The oil will oat, forming a separate layer on top of the water as the
former is less dense compared to the latter.
3 Hold the separating funnel above the beaker and open the tap to let the
water ow out.
4 After all the water has owed into the beaker, close the tap and ready
another beaker below the separating funnel.
5 Open the tap again to let all the oil ow out.
6 The water and oil have been separated into different beakers.
8 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Paper Chromatography

Apparatus:
1. Beaker
2. Glass rod
3. Paper clip
4. Water
5. Butanol
6. Ethanoic acid
7. Piece of paper
8. Pencil
9. Black pen
10. Different coloured pens

Procedures:



Step
1 Mix the water, butanol and ethanoic acid together and pour the
mixture into the beaker.
2 Take a pencil and draw a line on the piece of paper.
3 Use the black pen and other different coloured pens to place multiple
dots of ink evenly spaced out on the line.
4 Dip the piece of paper into the beaker such that the line is just above
the mixture.
5 Roll the excess top part of the paper on a glass rod such that the
opening of the beaker supports the glass rod.
6 Secure the piece of paper to the glass rod with a paper clip.
7 After a while, the mixture in the beaker will travel up the piece of paper
and split the different ink dots into their respective components.
8 Observe the similarities and differences in the components of black ink
and other inks.
9 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET
Image References:
1. http://scienceisfun.wiki.hci.edu.sg/le/view/crystallisation.png/
249090775/800x532/crystallisation.png
2. http://www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt/v8_issue1/tanks/tanks3_les/image002.jpg
3. http://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/
2086_FRACTIONAL_DISTILLATION.png


10 EXPERIMENTAL BOOKLET