Course Number : EEE 310 Student No.

: 1006035
Group : 01

Experiment No. 1(a) & 1(b)

Name of the Experiment :
DOUBLE SIDEBAND AM GENERATION AND DETECTION & SINGLE SIDEBAND AM
GENERATION AND DETECTION
Submitted by : S. M. Shafiul Hasan
Section: A2 Level: 3-II
Partners St. Number :
1006034,1006036,1006037,1006038,
1006039,1006040,1006041.
Date of Performance : 12-07-14
Date of Submission : 25-07-14








Exercise 1(a)
Part A: Double Sideband AM Generation
Objective:
1. To investigate the generation of double sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2. To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppression.

Part B: Double Sideband AM Detection
Objective:
1. To investigate the detection of double sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2. To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppression.
Exercise 1(b)
Part A: Single Sideband AM Generation
Objective:
1. To investigate the generation of single sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2. To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppression.

Part B: Single Sideband AM Detection
Objective:
1. To investigate the detection of single sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2. To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier
Suppression.

Modulation:
In many telecommunications systems, it is necessary to represent an information-bearing signal
with a waveform that can pass accurately through a transmission medium. This assigning of a
suitable waveform is accomplished by modulation, which is the process by which some
characteristic of a carrier wave is varied in accordance with an information signal, or modulating
wave. The modulated signal is then transmitted over a channel, after which the original
information-bearing signal is recovered through a process of demodulation.
Classification:
There are 3 basic types of continuous wave modulation:
1) Amplitude Modulation (AM)
2) Frequency Modulation (FM)
3) Phase Modulation (PM)
Amplitude modulation:

In AM radio communication, a continuous wave radio-frequency signal (a sinusoidal carrier
wave) has its amplitude modulated by an audio waveform before transmission. The audio
waveform modifies the amplitude of the carrier wave and determines the envelope of the
waveform. In the frequency domain, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power
concentrated at the carrier frequency and two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal
in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other. Standard AM is
thus sometimes called "double-sideband amplitude modulation" (DSB-AM) to distinguish it
from more sophisticated modulation methods also based on AM.
Consider a carrier wave (sine wave) of frequency f
c
and amplitude A given by:
.
Let m(t) represent the modulation waveform. For this example we shall take the modulation to be
simply a sine wave of a frequency f
m
, a much lower frequency (such as an audio frequency)
than f
c
:
,
where M is the amplitude of the modulation. We shall insist that M<1 so that (1+m(t)) is always
positive. Amplitude modulation results when the carrier c(t) is multiplied by the positive
quantity (1+m(t)):



In this simple case M is identical to the modulation index.
y(t) can be shown to be the sum of three sine waves:

Therefore, the modulated signal has three components: the carrier wave c(t) which is unchanged,
and two pure sine waves (known as sidebands) with frequencies slightly above and below the
carrier frequency f
c
.




MATLAB codes and figures:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
%amplitude modulation
fs=20000;
T=1/fs;
L=fs;
t=0:T:1;
m_t=sin(2*pi*400.*t); %Message singal
A=abs(min(m_t))+2;
mod_sig=(A+m_t).*sin(2*pi*5000.*t) %Modulated signal
figure(1);
plot (t(1:500),m_t(1:500),'ro')
hold on;
plot (t(1:500),mod_sig(1:500),'b-')
hold off;
title('Amplitude modulated signal and the message signal');
NFFT=2^nextpow2(L);
Y=fft(mod_sig,NFFT)/L; %Normalized amplitude spectrum
f= fs/2*linspace(0,1,NFFT/2+1);
figure(2);
plot(f,2*abs(Y(1:NFFT/2+1)));
title( 'Single sided amplitude spectrum' );
xlabel( 'Frequency (Hz)' );
ylabel( '|Y(f)|' );
axis([4000 6000 0 .25])
%DSBSC
s_t= m_t.*sin(2*pi*5000.*t);
figure(3);
plot (t(1:500),s_t(1:500),'b');
hold on;
plot (t(1:500),m_t(1:500),'r');
title('Double side band suppressed career');
NFFTds=2^nextpow2(L);
Yds=fft(s_t,NFFTds)/L; %Normalized amplitude spectrum
fds= fs/2*linspace(0,1,NFFTds/2+1);
figure(4);
plot(f,2*abs(Yds(1:NFFTds/2+1)));
title('DSBSC amplitude spectrum');
axis([4000 6000 0 .25])


Fig: Modulated signal and message signal

Fig: Single sided amplitude spectrum

Virtues of AM:
Simplicity of implementation
Necessary equipment are cheap and available
Limitations:
Wasteful of power
High vulnerability to noise
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier AM(DSBSC):
In DSB-SC only the upper and lower side bands are transmitted. A DSB-SC signal can be
obtained by multiplying the message signal m(t) with the carrier signal c(t).
S(t)= m(t)cos(2f
c
t)
The modulated wave undergoes a phase reversal whenever the message signal crosses zero.
MATLAB figure:

Fig: Double side band suppressed carrier modulated signal


Fig: Amplitude spectrum (DSBSC)

Detection of DSBSC : heterodyne detection
In heterodyne detection, a signal of interest at some frequency is non-linearly mixed with a
reference "local oscillator" that is set at a close-by frequency, called intermediate frequency (fsig
+ 455 Hz in our experiment). The desired outcome is the difference frequency (455 Hz), which
carries the information (amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation) of the original higher
frequency signal, but is oscillating at a lower more easily processed carrier frequency.



Advantages of DSBSC modulation:

If we are to tune different radio stations at different frequencies, we might have to use different
amplifiers with different gain bandwidth characteristics, otherwise we had to compromise with
the varying attenuation factors for different frequency signals. Here comes Heterodyne Detection
with a smarter solution.

Modulation by Local Oscillator transfers all frequency spectrum, irrespective of received signal
frequency, to a prefixed frequency level (intermediate frequency), thus we need to use just
another amplifier which works fine in that IF level.
SSB AM (Sing Side Band Amplitude Modulation):
In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-
carrier (SSB-SC) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently
uses transmitter power and bandwidth. Amplitude modulation produces an output signal that has
twice the bandwidth of the original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this
bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device
complexity and more difficult tuning at the receiver.
MATLAB code and figures:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
fs=20000;
T=1/fs;
L=20000;
t=0:T:1;
m_t=sin(2*pi*200.*t);
s_t= m_t.*sin(2*pi*5000.*t);
[b1 a1]=butter(10,[5000 5400]/(fs/2),'bandpass');
y=filter(b1,a1,s_t);
figure (1);
plot(t(300:800),m_t(300:800));
title('Message signal in time domain');
axis([0.015 0.04 -1 1]);
figure(2);
plot(t(300:800),s_t(300:800));
axis([0.015 0.04 -1 1])
title('Modulated signal in time domain');
figure(3);
plot(t(300:800),y(300:800));
title('Filtered signal in time domain');
axis([0.015 0.04 -0.5 0.5])
NFFT=2^nextpow2(L);
M=fft(m_t,NFFT)/L; %Normalized amplitude spectrum
f= fs/2*linspace(0,1,NFFT/2+1);
figure(4);
plot(f,2*abs(M(1:NFFT/2+1)));
title( 'Frequency spectrum of message signal' );
xlabel( 'Frequency (Hz)' );
ylabel( '|M(f)|' );
axis([0 400 0 0.25]);
S_T=fft(s_t,NFFT)/L;
Y=fft(y,NFFT)/L;
figure(5);
plot(f,2*abs(S_T(1:NFFT/2+1)));
title( 'Frequency spectrum of modulated signal' );
xlabel( 'Frequency (Hz)' );
ylabel( '|S(f)|' );
axis([4000 6000 0 0.25]);
figure(6);
plot(f,2*abs(Y(1:NFFT/2+1)));
title( 'Frequency spectrum of filtered signal' );
xlabel( 'Frequency (Hz)' );
ylabel( '|Y(f)|' );
axis([5000 5400 0 0.25]);
SSB Generation:

Fig: Message Signal in time domain

Fig: Modulated Signal in time domain

Fig: Filtered Signal in time domain




Frequency Domain:

Fig: Message Signal in frequency domain

Fig: Modulated Signal in frequency domain

Fig: Filtered Signal in frequency domain

Advantage of SSB over DSB:
1. Since the carrier is not transmitted, there is a reduction by 50% of the transmitted power (-
3dBm).
2. Because in SSB, only one sideband is transmitted, there is a further reduction by 50% in
transmitted power (-3dBm (+) -3dBm = -6dBm).
3. Finally, because only one sideband is received, the receiver's needed bandwidth is reduced by
one half--thus effectively reducing the required power by the transmitter another 50% (-3dBm
(+) -3dBm (+) -3dBm = -9dBm).
Discussion:

1. For better transmission both the antennas were kept vertical and placed close to each other.
2. The quality of the observed signal degraded as the distance between the transmitter and the
receiver was increased.
3. In diode detection method only DSB signal could be detected. When we lowered the
dc level the output was distorted.