1

Civil Engineering department

Condition and Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings
By Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yakut





DISSERTATION REPORT
(Performance assessment of a school building using all three level of procedures;
Walk-Down Assessment, Preliminary Assessment and Detailed Assessment.)








Written by ENES KARAASLAN
Id number: 1901032


2

WALK-DOWN ASSESMENT OF ISTANBUL KAGITHANE NAMIK
KEMAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDING

The purpose of walk-down assessments is to identify or rank highly vulnerable buildings
that deserve further evaluation. It provides an initial assessment of the seismic vulnerability of
individual buildings. The given building will be assessed for two different screening procedure.

1. 1 RAPID VISUAL ASSESMENT (ATC 21 PROCEDURE)











The building is determined to be UNSAFE against design earthquake and needs further
detailed assessment to decide on the performance under cycling loading.


Building Identifier = C1 (Concrete Moment Resisting Frame)
Seismic Area =High Seismic Risk
Occupancy =100+ (School Building)
Basic Score =2.0


Penalties:

High Rise -
Poor Condition -0.5 (Assumed as cracked)
Vertical Irregularity -
Soft Story -
Torsion -
Plan Irregularity -
Pounding -
Large Heavy Cladding -
Short Columns -
Post Benchmark Year -
Soil Profile -0.6 Z3 (Medium Stiff)
FINAL SCORE =0.9
3

1. 2 WALK-DOWN ASSESSMENT (SUCUOGLU PROCEDURE)











When compared to Sucuoglu Procedure, ATC 21 is more detailed and takes more properties
into account. On the other hand, Apparent Quality item makes ATC 21 procedure more dependent
on the engineers personal evaluation an experience.








Number of Stories = 4

Soft Story No

Heavy Overhangs No

Apparent Building Quality Poor

Short Columns No
Pounding between Adjacent
Building No
Topographic Effects No

Seismic Zone Zone 1

Plan Irregularity No

Redundancy No


Basic Score: = 90

Apparent Quality
= -
10*(PMF1)*20*(V1)
Final Score = 90 + (-20) = 70


Risk Assesment


70 > 50 ---> Low Risk


4

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
W
I

(
%
)

CI (%)
Hasan & Sozen Assessment
PRELIMINARY ASSESMENT OF ISTANBUL KAGITHANE NAMIK
KEMAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDING

These procedures are more detailed a reliable then screening procedures. The purpose is to
classify buildings as Low Risk or High Risk. In addition to data collected from street survey, the
size of orientation of the structure components, material properties and layout are used for
assessment.
The building capacity is usually expressed in terms of an index which is compared with an
anticipated demand.
2. 1 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT (HASAN & SOZEN)
The proportions of column and floor areas are calculated. By considering there is no shear-
wall, we can take WI = 0.

LOW DAMAGE
MODERATE
HIGH


Figure 2.1: Hasan & Sozen Assessment
5

2. 2 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT (YAKUT)
Vci = c fctk bw h (shear capacity of a rectangular member)
= 0.65 (strength reduction factor)
c = 2/3 capacity in the longitudinal direction
fctk = 1.32 MPa (tensile strength of concrete)

Yield shear capacity with infill walls

)
Basic Capacity Score is then calculated.

Plan irregularities No,
Short Column No,
Soft Story No,
Horizontal Frame Discontiunity -0.035

Assume Good Wormanship Quality

Performance score is then calculated.
DOES NOT SATISFY LIFE SAFETY !

Hassan & Sozen Procedure is way too easy to implement for any building with known base
plan but the data consideration is very limited and gives very generalized results .
Yakut's Procedure includes so many structural parameters, workmanship qualty, member
orientation, infill wall areas, material strength etc. Thus it provides relatively accurate assessment.
Moreover, the code value of base shear is also used in the calculation.


6

DETAILED ASSESMENT OF ISTANBUL KAGITHANE NAMIK KEMAL
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDING

In this report an elaborate study is carried out. A concrete school building is analyzed in
detail by performing both linear and nonlinear assessment according to 2007 Turkish Earthquake
Code. The building is located in Kagithane, a very poorly urbanized district of Istanbul where the
earthquake risk is roaming at very high levels. Life Safety is the target performance level for this
case study. SAP2000 and some other utility programs (Response 2000, Excel spreadsheets, VBA
Macros etc.) are used for the detailed assessment given in this report.
The building has 3 floors each of which is 3.40 m in height and 1 basement which is 3.35 m
in height. It has a moment resisting frame system consisting of beams and columns. There are few
irregularities in the plan of the building where there are 16 axes in X-direction and 4 axes in Y-
direction. Floor plans are identical at all stories having a floor area of 625 m
2
. Slab thicknesses are
12 cm. A typical floor plan is given in below (Figure 3.1). All beams have identical cross-section of
20x60 in cm. Exterior columns have 20x60 cm and interior columns have 20x75 cm cross-sectional
dimensions.









Figure 3.1: A typical floor plan of the building
7

Building and material properties along with reinforcement details are tabulated in table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Building and Material Properties, Reinforcement Details
BUILDING PROPERTIES
DATE OF CONSTRUCTION 2007
NUMBER OF STORIES 4
EARTHQUAKE ZONE Z2
SOIL CLASS B
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
EARTHQUAKE REDUCTION FACTOR (R) 1
CONCRETE STRENGTH
14.20
MPa
LONG. REINFORCEMENT STRENGTH 220 MPa
TRANS. REINFORCEMENT STRENGTH 220 MPa
REINFORCEMENT
DETAILS
COLUMN LONG. REINFORCEMENT RATIO 0.9 %
BEAM TOP REINFORCEMENT RATIO 0.4 %
BEAM BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT RATIO 0.6 %
COLUMN STIRRUPS 6/20
BEAM STIRRUPS 6/20

The concrete compressive strength determined from the tests of core samples taken from
the building is used to calculate tensile strength (fctk) and modulus of elasticity (Ec) by using the
following formulae given in TS-500.
( 1 )

Linear and nonlinear assessment procedures will be carried out for the all members
contained in the structural system. However, detailed indication of the procedure will only be
provided for one column and one beam. The rest with output only takes place in Appendix A
section. Both linear and nonlinear assessment of column S1081 and beam K430 for +Y direction are
demonstrated in the following.
During the calculations and analysis progress; positive moment and tensile force is noted
positive (+) while negative moment and compressive force is considered as negative.



1
The strength data is gathered from the core sampling report provided already.
8

3. 1 LINEAR ASSESMENT OF THE NAMIK KEMAL SCHOOL BUILDING

The analysis for assessment of existing buildings can be divided into two groups:
- Displacement-based procedures
- Force based procedures.
In this study, the linear assessment of the given school building is performed using only a
force based procedure, Linear Static Procedure (ELS). The procedure follows a methodology based
on the linear elastic behavior assumption. TEC 2007 specifications are adapted for the required
calculations. Each step of the procedure is briefly described and details of the steps are only
provided for the selected members.
3.1.1 COMPUTER STRUCTURAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
A computer structural analysis is required to determine the modal properties such as
fundamental period and structural properties like axial and shear forces, bending moments etc. The
complete analysis results are given in Appendix A. The loading data and modal analysis output are
provided below.

Surprisingly; the first mode shape is in the X-direction since the considerably big depth of
the columns serves an additional lateral stiffness element. The expected critical displacement will
occur in the long span. Dead loads are also added as mass-source to the analysis.
The loads acting on the structure are taken as;
Dead Loads: 2 kN/m
2
on each floor plus the building mass.
Live Loads: 3.5 kN/m
2
on each floor.
( 2 )

5.0 kN/m
2
on staircases.
Total Weight: Structure Weight + 1.0DL + 0.6LL = 32417 kN (n=0.6 for school buildings)
( 3 )


2
The live load acting on the structure is gathered from TS 498 standard according to structure type given.
3
The live load coefficient factor n is determined from TEC 2007 specifications. SAP2000 software is used to
calculate the total structure weight.
9

The three dimensional structural model is demonstrated in figure 3.2.














Figure 3.1: SAP2000 structural model (extruded view)
Analysis results of Beam K340 and Column S1081 are given below. The vertical loading only
is considered. The load combination used in the analysis is 1.0DL+0.6LL.
( 4 )

ELEMENT NO: LOADING F1 (KN) F2 (KN) F3 (KN) M1 (KN.m) M2 (KN.m) M3 (KN.m)
End i K340 1.0DL+0.6LL -0.174 0.000 7.874 -0.053 -4.831 0.002
End j K340 1.0DL+0.6LL 0.174 0.000 0.524 0.053 -5.459 -0.001
End i S1081 1.0DL+0.6LL 0.830 2.725 313.120 -5.869 1.581 0.003
End j S1081 1.0DL+0.6LL -0.830 -2.725 -301.124 -5.031 1.740 -0.003


4
The values are given for global coordinates since the joint forces are tabulated from the output.
10

3.1.2 DETERMINATION OF THE GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
The design spectrum is derived to entail the allowance of earthquake excitation. Design
earthquake loads are gathered from the built design spectrum. TEC 2007 specifies the required
spectrum through the following equations.






Figure 3.2: Earthquake design spectrum
A0 is found to be 0.40 for Earthquake Zone 1 and for soil type Z2, the corner periods are
TA=0.15 sec and TB=0.40 sec. Since the structure will be assessed in only Y-direction, the
corresponding structural period Ty = 0.89 sec will be used in the calculations.
(

The importance factor (I) is taken as 1.0 in this case, since TEC 2007 linear assessment
procedure omits building importance factor. The total base shear can now be calculated;

Earthquake reduction factor R is taken as 1 for the linear assessment procedures. However;
the total shear force is also multiplied by a factor. is taken as 0.85 for multistory buildings. The
story forces are also calculated and tabulated in Table 3.2.

11

The story shear forces are calculated using the below relationship;

1 8600 3.4 29240 0.11 1558.3
2 8600 6.8 58480 0.22 3116.5
3 8600 10.2 87720 0.33 4674.8
4 6616 13.6 89977.6 0.34 5254.5

Using the calculated story shear forces, a linear static analysis will be carried out under the
found earthquake forces. No load combination will be taken other than 1.0EQ. The lateral
earthquake load is equally distributed to the joints by dividing the story shear forces by 16. The
load pattern is going to be as in figure 3.3.











Figure 3.3: Earthquake Load Pattern
12

The earthquake analysis results are tabulated below. The assessment will be carried out
using this output.
ELEMENT NO: LOADING F1 (KN) F2 (KN) F3 (KN) M1 (KN.m) M2 (KN.m) M3 (KN.m)
End i 340 1.0 EQY -5.910 -0.016 0.379 -0.840 -2.665 -0.268
End j 340 1.0 EQY 5.910 0.016 -0.379 0.840 1.603 0.224
End i 1081 1.0 EQY 0.820 -117.077 -152.450 196.830 1.647 0.199
End j 1081 1.0 EQY -0.820 117.077 152.450 271.480 1.634 -0.199

3.1.3 CALCULATION OF MEMBER CAPACITIES
3.1.3.1 Cracked Rigidities of Members:
For calculation of member capacities; cracked rigidities are taken into calculation. The axial
load levels are the determinant factors on the cracked rigidities. Cracked rigidity calculations of
selected are given in the next page. The whole list can be reached in Appendix B-1.
For all beams:

For columns: if

then

then

For column K1081:

Interpolation is required for in between values. Therefore;

3.1.3.2 Capacity Calculations of Structural Members:
Capacity calculations require sectional analysis yielding a moment curvature relationship.
The necessary capacity calculations are carried out using RCS v2.0, a sectional analysis spreadsheet
application developed by Enes Karaaslan, 2012.
RSC v2.0 is a freeware software can be reached online without any subscription. The user
interface is showed in Appendix B-2. The download link is provided below.
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B19_HdHPmKvGenNuMUx2Tl81dEk/edit

13

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
8
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
M (KN.m)
K (rad/m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
8
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
M (KN.m)
K (rad/m)
Capacity Calculations of Beams:
Axial load on beams are ignored therefore capacity of all beams become identical.
The moment curvature relationship is found and displayed in figure 3.4.






Figure 3.4: Moment-curvature relationship of all beams in the + direction






Figure 3.4: Moment-curvature relationship of all beams in the - direction
Positive and negative moment capacities are calculated separately for the extreme
concrete fiber strain of c = 0.003.

In the assessment procedure described in TEC 2007, residual moment capacity MA is
calculated.

14

-500.0
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
-80.0 -60.0 -40.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
A
x
i
a
l

F
o
r
c
e
,

k
N

Bending Moment, kNm
Column Interaction Diagram
For the selected beam K340; residual moment capacity is calculated as;
( 5 )

For end i,

For end j,

Capacity Calculations of Columns:
Capacity calculations of columns are axial load dependent therefore, interaction diagrams
needs to be developed and residual capacity moments and forces are plotted inside the diagrams.
Since there are two different column sections used, two interaction diagrams are taken place here.












Figure 3.5: Interaction diagram of exterior columns (20cmx60cm)

5
Since the since convention for global coordinates is the opposites. Signs of capacitites are inverted.
15

-500.0
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
-80.0 -60.0 -40.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
A
x
i
a
l

F
o
r
c
e
,

k
N

Bending Moment, kNm
Column Interaction Diagram










Figure 3.6: Interaction diagram of interior columns (20cmx75cm)
The capacities of the columns are going to be calculated for 0.9 percent longitudinal
reinforcement. The calculations will be handled for both ends of columns. The capacity of the
selected column S1081 is given below.
Upper end of column S1081:

Lower end of column S1081:

These values are marked in the regarding interaction charts. For the column given the
values are plotted into figure 3.6.
16

190.9, 160.6
-266.5, 148.6
38.7, 262.7 -38.7, 262.7
-1500.0
-1000.0
-500.0
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
-300.0 -200.0 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0
A
x
i
a
l

F
o
r
c
e
,

k
N

Bending Moment, kNm
Column Interaction Diagram
Pu, Mu
S1081 Lower End
S1081 Upper End
ND, MD, NA, MA values are converted into the proper sign convention. Negative (-) and
positive (+) signs in global coordinates need to be transformed into tension (-) and compression (+)
signs before they are plotted.












Figure 3.7: Axial and bending capacity calculation of column S1081
The column capacities are found using an Excel VBA application for other columns and
provided in Appendix B-3 section. The intersection point is calculated so that the closest point on
the interaction data series is chosen.
The capacity of columns S1081 is determined as;
( 6 )

6
The capacity values at both ends are actually not identical. However; since they are very close, the program
picked up the same point by choosing the closest values on interaction diagram data set.
17

3.1.3.3 Ductility Check of Structural Members:
The each member in the building should be checked whether it behaves ductile under
earthquake excitation or not. Ductility checks of all members are tabulated in Appendix B-4.
Ductility Check for Beams:
Shear capacities of beams are calculated in the first place following the procedure described
in TS-500 standards.

Shear demand is also calculated from the end moment-shear relationships. Refer to below
figure 3.7. For beam K340;

Figure 3.8: Axial and bending capacity calculation of column S1081
18

Ductility Check for Columns:
To determine whether the column will fail under ductile or brittle behavior, its ductility is
checked by the procedure described in TEC 2007. The condition that columns are stronger than
beams is checked through the following. Sum of beam end moments in any column-beam joint at
least should be 20% larger than sum of column capacity end moments.
( 7 )

Where;
Mra : Moment capacity at the bottom end of upper column
Mr : Moment capacity at the top end of lower column
Mri : Moment capacity at the i end of right hand side beam
Mri : Moment capacity at the j end of left hand side beam
Each column-beam joint is checked using the above procedure. The missing capacity values
are gathered from Appendix B-4.
( 8 )
For the upper joint of column S1081;

If the member satisfy the following requirement than use of the column member is allowed.

For the lower joint of column S1081;

7
The ratio of capacities is usually designated as CBCR (Column-Beam Flexural Capacity Ratio).
8
Since column depth is very small in Y-direction. Capacity of columns are found to be less than beams.
19

BEAMS in Y-Direction Story #1 Story #2 Story #3 Story #4
Members Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Beams 88 92 96 96
Beam Percentage 92% 96% 100% 100%
Members Not Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Beams 8 4 0 0
Beam Percentage 8% 4% 0% 0%

Columns Y-Direction Story #1 Story #2 Story #3 Story #4
Members Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Columns 12 23 37 49
Column Percentage 21% 40% 64% 85%
Members Not Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Columns 46 35 21 9
Column Percentage 79% 60% 36% 15%















20

3. 2 NONLINEAR ASSESMENT OF THE NAMIK KEMAL SCHOOL BUILDING

Nonlinear assessment of buildings requires a nonlinear analysis method which is usually
the Pushover Method. The basic principle that basis the procedure is that member rotation
capacities are checked for rotation demand obtained from the Pushover analysis.
Nonlinear performance assessment procedure is also performed for Namk Kemal School
Building to check the validity of previously carried linear assessment.
3.2.1 CALCULATION OF MEMBER ROTATION CAPACITIES
In this report, only the previously studied members column S1081 and beam K340 will be
evaluated. The moment rotation behavior is obtained from the previously occupied sectional
analysis software RCS v2.0.
3.2.1.1 Rotation Capacities of Beam Members:
The moment capacities are already calculated and the corresponding rotation are found.

The ultimate capacities are also gathered from the moment curvature relationship.

For beam K340 the plastic hinge length is calculated using the below equation. Therefore,
yield and ultimate rotation of the member can be calculated.

For Positive Bending:

)
For Negative Bending:

)

21

-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04
Rotation (rad)
M (kN.m)
Moment-Rotation (K340)
The moment rotation diagrams for both positive and negative bending are demonstrated as
in below.










Figure 3.8: Moment-Rotation relationship of Beam K340

3.2.1.2 Rotation Capacities of Column Members:
Moment-Curvature relationships of all members are converted into rotation dataset
through a simple VBA Excel solution. Only column S1081 is given here with detailed calculations.

The above values are already found from the interaction diagram. Their corresponding
curvature values are computed from the moment curvature relationship.
The curvatures are calculated as identical for both ends.

22

-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Rotation (rad)
M (kN.m)
Moment-Rotation (S1081)
The rotation can now be calculated using the relationship used for beams.

)
The moment rotation diagram of column S1081 is given below.
( 9 )










Figure 3.9: Moment-Rotation relationship of Beam S1081









9
The moement interaction and rotation data for all columns are given in appendix section.
23

3.2.2 NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER)
The Pushover analysis consists of 8 procedure steps starting with creating a computer
model. In the next step; member load-deformation relationships are defined in the model. Vertical
loads are applied first to the model, and then lateral loads are incrementally applied until a member
reaches its yield point. Base shear, member forces and top floor displacement are recorded.
Afterwards, the model is revised with the reduced stiffness of yielded members. A new load
increment F is applied in the load pattern and resulting displacement u is added to the previous
values.
The above procedure is repeated 5-7 times until the structure reaches a limit state such as
instability or a performance objective such as life safety. The procedure is however carried out by
SAP2000 software.
3.2.2.1 Load Case Definition:
The tricky part to run a push-over analysis is all about defining the lateral pushover load
cases. In order to simulate the behavior of the structure under lateral loading, two different
nonlinear static load cases are created. The first load case is formed adding only the assigned dead
load pattern with the multiplication factor of 1 and the load case is named as EQYunit.
Secondly, a new lateral load pattern with unit loads acting on joints of the left hand-side is
defined. To predict the shape of the lateral load pattern; we ran a modal analysis through SAP2000.
The modal analysis resulted a uniformly distributed 1st mode deformed shape. Thus, 1 kN unit load
is placed at both joints in the lateral direction.
In the final place, a new nonlinear static load case is defined by selecting unit load pattern
only. It should also be checked that the structure will keep being analyzed until an ultimate
deformation is reached (deformation controlled is selected) and the execution of this new load case
will start after previously created load case EQYunit. This new load case is named as Push.

3.2.2.2 Load Case Definition:
The nonlinear static analysis is basically built upon the hinging behavior of the structural
members. The concept governs the whole pushover theory is the modification of a structural
system after a yielding member and proceeding the analysis.
The moment curvature relationship of a member defines the hinge property to be assigned.
SAP2000 includes two different hinging options User-Defined and Default. Default hinge
property cannot be modified since Moment-Curvature is a section-dependent relationship.
24

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)

Monitored Displacement (m)
Pushover Curve
In the given problem: we are asked to analyze our system for default hinge property and an
elasto-plastic user defined hinge property then to compare both outcomes.
Beam members are assumed to go under zero axial force by definition. Therefore M-3 hinge
type is selected for beam members. For i end of the member 0 is selected and for j end 1 is
entered to the related box. 7
Columns will have different Moment-Curvature relationship under different axial load. P-M
interaction is required to define the Moment-Curvature relationship. Therefore P-M-3 option is
selected for column members for both i and j ends.

3.2.2.3 Analysis Results:
After running all three analysis (Modal, Grav, Push) gives a set of pushover steps which
displays hinging details for each step. We see more yielded hinges as we increase step number.
Furthermore, color change also indicates the deformation status of the hinge. Thereby; we can
inspect the structures performance level at every step.
A control node is the node used to monitor displacements of the structure. Its displacement
versus the base shear forms the capacity (pushover) curve of the structure. The upper left joint is
monitored for the pushover curve which can be selected through SAP2000.
The pushover capacity curve using the default hinge properties in Y-direction is found and
given below.








Figure 3.10: Capacity curve of the structure
25

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)

Spectral Displacement (m)
Performance Point Calcuation
3.2.3 PERFORMANCE OF MEMBERS

3.2.3.1 Performance Point Calculation:
From the capacity curve found for Y-direction; performance points are calculated under the
effect of earthquake design spectrum. The plastic rotations at each end of the members are
extracted from the results of pushover analysis corresponding to the performance point. These
rotations are converted to strains which are compared with the limit values given in the code.
The capacity curve is bi-linearized and converted into ADRS format.

Using the above relationships the capacity and demand curves are gathered in ADRS format.







Figure 3.11: Capacity and Demand curve (ADRS)
The target performance point is calculated as Sai = 0.53 g and Sdi = 0.093 m. Finally
the corresponding roof displacement is found to be;
( 10 )

10
The performance period is amost equal to TB therefore, elasticdisplacement is assumed to be equa to inelastic
displacement.
26

3.2.3.1 Performance of Members:

The plastic rotation values at the target displacement for beam K430 is p(i) = 0,00672 rad
and p(j) = 0,00938 rad. The results show that hinging occurs only at lower end of column S1081,
the upper end remains elastic. The plastic rotation at lower end is p(j) = 0,00657 rad.
Beam K340 End i:

Beam K340 End j:

Column S1081 Lower End:

From these curvatures; cross-sectional analyses were carried out and the strains
corresponding to the total curvatures were calculated.

Beam K340 End i:

Beam K340 End j:

27

Column S1081 Lower End:

The limit values for strain are obtained for life safety performance level from the code and
compared with the strains of members as follows.

Beam K340 End i:

Beam K340 End j:

Column S1081 Lower End:

BEAMS in Y-Direction Story #1 Story #2 Story #3 Story #4
Members Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Beams 78 86 91 96
Beam Percentage 81% 91% 95% 100%
Members Not Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Beams 18 9 5 0
Beam Percentage 19% 9% 5% 0%

Columns Y-Direction Story #1 Story #2 Story #3 Story #4
Members Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Columns 27 36 42 51
Column Percentage 46% 62% 72% 88%
Members Not Satisfying Life Safety
Performance (r<rlimit)
Number of Columns 31 22 16 7
Column Percentage 54% 38% 28% 12%


28

APPENDIX A










29

APPENDIX B










30