13-48 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

asymmetric distribution, spaced 200 feet apart in rows (each

row in line with the respective row of runway lights), operated as
fixed lights at any one of five selected intensities.
c. The projector approach system, comprising two rows of high-
candlepower, red searchlight-type luminaires with asymmetric
vertical and horizontal distribution, spaced 200 feet apart in
rows (each row on a line parallel to the respective row of runway
lights), operated as fixed lights at any one of five selected intensi-
ties.
Seeing Problems, Outgoing Aircraft
The seeing problems for pilots of outgoing aircraft include
:
1. Determining the wind direction.
2. Determining the take-off direction.
3. Determining taxiing directions.
4. Determining the usable take-off area.
5. Locating obstructions.
6. Utilizing perception of depth and of rate of change of depth to de-
termine altitude.
7. Determining the horizon.
The equipment used, and the methods of solving these seeing problems,
are as follows:
1. Wind direction is indicated visually by the illuminated wind cone,
tee, or tetrahedron described on page 13-44.

2. The take-off direction is determined visually
:
a. On an all-way field by lining up the coded range lights in the
boundary circuit corresponding to the wind direction.
b. On a landing strip or runway field by the strip lights or runway
lights and by green threshold lights.
3. The taxiing direction is determined visually:
a. On an all-way field by the boundary light pattern, by a tower-
controlled searchlight which can throw a moving spot of light to
guide the aircraft, by the landing lights on the aircraft, or by any
combination of these.
b. On a landing strip by following the strip lights to the take-off
end of the strip.
c. On a runway field by following taxi-way guidance lights.
4. The usable take-off area is determined visually
:
a. On an all-way field by the distance between the selected range
lights.
b. On a landing strip or a runway field by the length and width of
the lighted strip or runway.
5. Obstructions are located by the obstruction lights mounted on struc-
tures or objects that constitute hazards to the take-off.
6. Depth perception is aided on take-off by utilizing the range and
boundary lights, the strip lights or the runway lights, as a reference until
they pass below the ascending aircraft.