Carrying power through metal-enclosed bus systems 28/1011

the skin effect ratio. For large ratings say 2000 A and
above compared to ratings at 50 Hz, the ratings at 60 Hz
may be reduced by roughly 2.55% as a rough estimate.
For accurate calculation one may interpolate the curves
and determine the skin effect ratio more accurately.
CDA has mentioned the same ratings for 50 and 60
Hz systems, Tables 30.2(a),(b), and (c). However, if the
ratings are established for 60 Hz, for larger cross-sections
the ratings at 50 Hz may be enhanced by 2.55% without
much error. Similarly, tables that mention ratings at 50
Hz, Tables 30.7, 30.8, 30.9, the ratings at 60 Hz may be
reduced roughly by 2.55% (depending upon cross-
section) to be on the safe side.
S
o
l
i
d
b
a
r
s
1 2 3 4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0
1.05
20
40
33.9
60
80
100
120
140
20 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
.
1
0
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
0
0
.
3
0
0
.
5
0
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
1
C
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

a
r
e
a
o
f

b
u
s
b
a
r
s

(
s
q
.
c
m
)
Indal D 50 SWP at 85 C
Indal CISM at 85 C
Indal D 50 SWP at 20 C
Indal CISM at 20 C
Copper at 85 C
Copper at 20 C
S
k
i
n

e
f
f
e
c
t

r
a
t
i
o

'
R
a
c
/
R
d
c
'
1. The lower curves apply for = 50 Hz only. For other frequencies,
/
dc
must be calculated by multiplying these values by
/50
2. Small variation is possible while drawing these curves
(c) Channels in box form

=
Figure 28.13(c)
Ratings up to 3200 A are normally required for
distribution purposes such as for inter-connecting a
distribution transformer to a PCC, or a large PCC to another
large PCC in a substation. Common practice for making
such connections is to use rectangular cross-sections, which
are easy to handle, manoeuvre and make joints, compared
to a channel or a tubular section. Channel and tubular
sections require special tools and skilled workers,
particularly when bending or making joints and end
terminations. However, suitable fittings and fixtures, some
of which are shown in Figure 28.15 (a) and (b), are also
provided by leading manufacturers as standard practice to
facilitate such connections. The welding of such joints
will require special welding equipment and adequate in-
house testing facilities to check the quality of weld. It is,
however, recommended to use such sections, for ratings
3200 A and above, for better utilization of active metal
compared to flat sections. We briefly deal with all such
sections as follows.
(/) Rectanga/ar sect/ans
ExampIe 28.6
Consider a section of 101.6 mm 6.35 mm of grade EIE-M
as in Figure 28.16. From Table 30.7 for its equivalent grade
CIS-M
(i)
dc
= 44.55 W/m at 20 C
or 44.55 1000 10
-6
W/1000 m
i.e. 0.0445 W/1000 m
Area of cross-section = 101.6 6.35 10
-2
cm
2
= 6.4516 cm
2
Since the operating temperature should be considered to be
85 C,
dc
at 85 C =
dc20
[1 + a
20
(
2
-
1
)] (28.6)
where
a
20
= temperature coefficient of resistance for CIS-M
grade of aluminium from Table 30.1,
100%
118%
125%
128%
151%
157%
185%
Figure 28.14 Ratio of a.c. current ratings for different
configurations of busbars of the same cross-sectional area
(Source: The Copper Development Association, U.K.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7