E PYMENT OF

MECHANIZED CAVALRY
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DOCUMENT NO0. T-7~ COPY NO.
Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School and
distributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Command-
ing General, Army Ground Forces.
EMPLOYMENT OF
MECHANIZED CAVALRY
Prepared for use in resident instruction at The Cavalry School and
distributed to cavalry units with the approval of the Command-
ing Generdl, Army Ground Forces.
V1
CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. General.
SECTION I. Role and charac-
teristics----------1- 2 1
II. Organization -------- 3- 6 4
III. Missions ------------ 7-10 8
IV. Command and staff __11-13 10
V. Plans and orders ----14-15 11
CHAPTER 2. Tactical functions.
SECTION I. Reconnaissance dur-
ing offensive oper-
ations------------16-24 15
II. Intelligence-----------25 34
III. Liaison-------------26-27 34
IV. Signal communi-
cation------------28-34 36
V. Security ------------ 35 41
VI. Patrolling-----------36-39 41
VII. Observation-----------40 49
VIII. Night reconnaissance- 41 51
IX. Reconnaissance dur-
ing defensive oper-
ations------------42-44 51
X. Reconnaissance dur-
ing retrograde
movements-------45-48 52
XI. Reconnaissance ele-
ment in a seize
and hold mission -49-50 53
XII. Reconnaissance ele-
ment in a protec-
tive role----------51-52 55
INDEX----------------------------------57
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
SECTION I
ROLE AND CHARACTERISTICS
1. ROLE OF MECHANIZED CAVALRY.-a.
Mechanized cavalry units are organized, equipped,
and trained to perform reconnaissance missions
employing infiltration tactics, fire, and maneuver.
They engage in combat only to the extent neces-
sary to accomplish the assigned mission.
b. Reconnaissance units on reconnaissance mis-
sions contribute to the security of the main force
by reporting the locations of enemy forces and by
giving timely warning of ground and air attacks.
Information and warnings are transmitted direct-
ly to units whose security is threatened and to
higher headquarters. Direct communication be-
tween cavalry and tank destroyer units is es-
sential so that tank destroyer commanders will
have early information of tank concentrations and
movement. Any echelon may monitor a radio
net of a lower unit to intercept information.
For military terms not defined in this manual
see TM 20-205.
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANIZED
CAVALRY.-a. Mechanized cavalry units have
excellent mobility and communications and con-
siderable fire power. They perform distant, close,
and battle reconnaissance within zones or areas,
or along designated routes or axes. Units may
be employed dismounted on reconnaissance mis-
sions when the use of vehicles, is impracticable.
The zone assigned will vary with the size of the
reconnaissance unit, the routes available to the
enemy, the effect of terrain and weather on vis-
ibility and movement, the information desired by
the higher commander, and the facility with
which reserves can be moved within the zone.
b. The frontage for a platoon reconnoitering a
zone should not exceed 4 miles. A troop with one
platoon in reserve initially can reconnoiter a zone
10 miles, in width, while a squadron with one re-
connaissance troop and the light tank company in
reserve can reconnoiter a zone 25 miles wide. For
the 2-squadron group, normal frontage is approxi-
mately 40 miles.
c. When performing detailed reconnaissance of
a zone, reconnaissance elements can advance at
the rate of 10 miles per hour over open terrain
under favorable conditions. In unfavorable cir-
cumstances, or when enemy resistance is en-
countered which cannot be by-passed and must
be removed, the reconnaissance element's rate of
advance may be reduced to that of dismounted
reconnaissance. When the latter situation can
t'iASE LINEF
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PHASE LINE '
R ECONN4,
RESERVE
SS4N-,
FIIR:1. FrontageCs 8 li . ti plan of mecha n ized
cavalry units.
be foreseen, the higher commander must reinforce
his reconnaissance elements appropriately for an
operation which closely approximates that of an
advance guard.
d. When speed is essential, enemy opposition
negligible, roads available, and details unimpor-
tant, the rate of advance may be limited only by
the speed of the vehicles.
e. The time interval by which reconnaissance
elements precede the main force in an advance
must be determined initially for each mission. All
factors which may affect the rate of advance of
reconnaissance must be considered before mis-
sions are assigned.
f. Night reconnaissance is less effective than
daylight reconnaissance and is limited ordinarily
to dismounted patrolling, observation of routes,
and the use of listening posts.
g. Operations of mechanized cavalry and re-
connaissance aviation are complementary. Avia-
tion provides information which facilitates the
execution of ground reconnaissance missions and
conserves ground reconnaissance elements.
SECTION II
ORGANIZATION
3. RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON (T/O & E
2-27).-The reconnaissance platoon is the basic
reconnaissance unit. It is organized to operate
under troop control in a zone or along a prescribed
route. The number and composition of recon-
naissance teams formed within the platoon will
vary. (FM 2-20.)
4. RECONNAISSANCE
TROOP (T/O & E
2-2'7).--All mechanized cavalry reconnaissance
troops are identical in organization except the
reconnaissance troop, infantry division, which has
a detachment for liaison with division headquar-
ters and additional maintenance personnel. The
troop is the smallest unit containing the personnel
and equipment necessary for command, ma-
neuver, administration, communication, mainten-
ance, and supply. It can deliver heavy fire with
mortars,
antitank
guns, and automatic
weapons,
but its strength is inadequate for sustained of-
fensive and defensive combat. This fact must be
borne in mind constantly by officers charged with
the assignment of missions. (FM 2-20.)
5. RECONNAISSANCE
SQUADRON (T/O &
E 2-25).-a. Mechanized cavalry reconnaissance
squadrons are of two types. The first type, the
separate
squadron,
consists
of a headquarters,
headquarters
and service troop, three reconnais-
sance troops, a light tank company, an assault
gun troop, and a medical detachment.
This
squadron may be made a part of the cavalry
group, mechanized.
(paragraph 6.) The second
type, the squadron which is organic within an
armored
division,
differs
from the first type in j
that it has four reconnaissance troops and an as-
sault gun troop consisting of four rather than
three assault gun platoons. Both types are self-
contained units, having tactical and administra-
tive functions. (FM 2-30.)
b. The headquarters contains personnel, trans-
portation, and equipment for command, staff,
communication, and administration. Headquar-
ters and service troop performs administrative
duties for the headquarters, and maintenance and
supply for the squadron. (T/O & E 2-26.)
c. The light tank company is the support ele-
ment of the squadron, containing a headquarters
and three tank platoons. It provides the squad-
ron additional combat power to overcome minor
opposition. It is employed most advantageously
as a unit when supported by the fire of assault
guns. In difficult terrain, it may be used for re-
connaissance. (T/O & E 17-17.)
d. The assault gun troop is composed of a head-
quarters and three two-gun (75-mm howitzer)
platoons. The assault gun troop in the recon-
naissance squadron of the armored division has
an additional platoon. (T/O & E 2-28.)
6. CAVALRY GROUP.-The cavalry group,
mechanized, is organized, trained, and equipped
to perform reconnaissance and protective mis-
sions for a corps or larger unit. It is formed by
attaching two or more reconnaissance squadrons
to a group headquarters and headquarters troop.
SEE NOTE I
ASST S-2
a LN 0
506 NT3
SEE NOTE 3
GP COMD NET SEE NOTE 2
I
EX O 510
506 -1 506 -
MSG CEN COM 08&
rMS TR CO
399 --- I
NOTES LJ
(I) RESERVED FOR CO FOR USE IN ANY NET T
(2) TO BE USED IN MULTIPLE GP COMD NETS TO HIGHER HQ
OR IN DIV RCN, CORPS RCN, OR AIR NET
(3) TO BE USED BY LIAISON OFFICER AT
HIGHER HEADQUARTERS.
(4) RESERVED TO MONITOR NETS OR SEE
NOTE 2 ABOVE.
(5) FM NETS ARE SHOWN BY SOLID LINES,
AM NETS BY DOTTED LINES.
;l FIGURE 2.-Radio net, headquarters and headquarters troop, cavalry group, mechanized.
(T/O & E's 2-22 and 2-25.) The role of the group
headquarters
is to supervise the training of at-
tached squadrons and command them tactically.
Administrative control of attached squadrons is
limited
to general
supervision.
The radio net,
headquarters and headquarters troop, cavalry
group, mechanized, is shown in Figure 2.
SECTION III
MISSIONS
7. GENERAL,-a. (1) The primary mission
of all mechanized reconnaissance units is the col-
lection and transmission of information.
(2) Contact with the enemy is gained at the
earliest moment and must never be lost. Timely
warning regarding dispositions and movements
of the enemy is of the greatest value to the higher
commander.
b. When performing a reconnaissance
mission,
the mechanized reconnaissance unit contributes to
the security of the main force by providing time-
ly warning of hostile air and mechanized threats.
Exceptionally, a mechanized reconnaissance unit
may be ordered to provide protection to the main
force. The roles of reconnaissance and protec-
tion are entirely separate and are not interde-
pendent. If it is required to perform a protec-
tive task, the mechanized cavalry unit must be
appropriately reinforced and assigned a much
narrower zone than if required to perform recon-
naissance. A mechanized reconnaissance unit
should not be given both reconnaissance and pro-
tective missions at the same time.
8. RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS.-Mechan-
ized cavalry units may be ordered to:
a. Reconnoiter a definite area, zone, or route,
either to the front or to a flank of the main force.
b. Observe routes or defensive positions, either
from observation posts or by patrols.
9. PROTECTIVE MISSIONS.-a. Mechanized
cavalry units may be ordered to:
(1) Act as part of a covering force either in
front or to the flanks of the higher unit.
(2) Act as part of an advance, flank, or rear
guard.
(3) Act as part of a counterreconnaissance
screen.
(4) Cover a withdrawal if appropriately rein-
forced.
b. Before their departure on a protective mis-
sion, or when sustained combat or the crossing
of obstacles is anticipated, reconnaissance units
should be reinforced. Infantry, field artillery,
tanks, tank destroyers, and engineers are suit-
able attachments.
10. OTHER MISSIONS.-Other roles _ for
which the reconnaissance unit may be employed
include:
a. Seizing and holding a critical terrain feature
for a very limited time.
b. Acting as a mobile reserve of fire power for
use against enemy airborne troops.
c. Pursing a beaten or disorganized enemy to
.maintain or regain contact.
SECTION IV
COMMAND AND STAFF
11. CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE UNIT
COMMANDERS.-The commander of a cavalry
reconnaissance unit performs staff as well as com-
mand functions. He advises the commander of
the organization to which his unit is assigned or
attached on reconnaissance matters. The cav-
alry commander must be completely in the con-
fidence of his higher commander. He should be
consulted when reconnaissance plans are being
formulated or changed. He should recommend
missions for his unit and methods of coordinating
the efforts of all reconnaissance agencies. Inti-
mate knowledge of the situation is essential to
the cavalry commander in order that he may co-
ordinate the action of subordinate units and pre-
pare plans for future employment.
10
12. CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE UNIT
STAFFS.-The staffs of cavalry reconnaissance
groups and squadrons are similar in organization
but vary in size and in the magnitude and com-
plexity of their functions. For a description of
staff functions, see FM's 101-5 and 2-30.
13. COMMAND POSTS.-Command posts of
mechanized cavalry units normally are located
near the command post of the higher unit during
the planning phase and until active reconnaissance
operations begin. Thereafter, command posts
are kept well forward. A liaison officer should
be present at the command post of the higher
unit at all times. Subordinate cavalry command-
ers establish their command posts where they can
exercise tactical command most effectively.
SECTION V
PLANS AND ORDERS
14. GENERAL.-a. Basic decision.-The basic
decision as to the employment of the cavalry re-
connaissance unit is the responsibility of the
higher commander. Its missions are based on
the essential elements of information which the
commander announces to focus attention upon
the enemy's capabilities. The cavalry command-
er must be prepared to submit recommendations
as to the employment of the reconnaissance unit
before the higher commander formulates his de-
cision.
b. Estimate of the reconnaissance situation and
requirements.-The cavalry commander can be
prepared properly to submit recommendations
only if he and his staff have made a continuous
estimate of the situation from a reconnaissance
viewpoint at the same time that the higher com-
mander has been making his estimate of the situa-
tion.
c. Phases of reconnaissance planning.-The re-
connaissance plan must provide for maximum as-
sistance to the higher commander's plan of ma-
neuver. The successive steps in the formation of
the commander's plan for the employment of the
mechanized cavalry reconnaissance unit are:
(1) An estimate of the situation by the cav-
alry reconnaissance commander and submission
of recommendations prior to the higher com-
mander's decision.
(2) Formulation of the plan for the employ-
ment of the reconnaissance unit based on the
higher commander's decision.
(3) Preparation of the order or annex to put
the plan into effect.
15. RECONNAISSANCE ORDERS.-a. Gen-
eral.-For a general discussion of combat orders
and annexes, see FM 101-5. Forms 13A and 13B
are intended to standardize reconnaissance in-
structions. It is the duty of the higher com-
mander to furnish his cavalry commander all
available information and intelligence pertaining
to the known and suspected areas of enemy activ-
ity. The higher commander will have received
such information from various agencies and
means, including air forces, the Counterintelli-
gence Corps, radio intercept stations, field artil-
lery flash and sound battalions,
adjacent units,
maps, and other sources. Orders include:
(1) All pertinent information of the enemy not
already known.
(2) Information of friendly forces with which
the reconnaissance unit may come in contact.
(3) The specific information to be secured, in-
cluding when and where it is to be obtained.
(4) Zone boundaries (area, axis, or route).
(5) Objectives or phase lines, including time
each is to be reached.
(6) Times and places to which reports will be
sent.
(7) Time and place at which the reconnais-
sance unit will rejoin the higher unit, or what it
will do when it has accomplished its specific mis-
sion.
(8) Administrative details.
(9) Communication, including advanced mes-
sage centers, CP's of higher units, and similar
details.
b. Reconnaissance subparagraph.-The
recon-
naissance subparagraph
of the corps (division)
field order gives the commander's decision on the
employment of the attached or assigned cavalry
reconnaissance unit. It includes only details
necessary for the information of the commanders
of major echelons and for coordinating the ef-
forts of reconnaissance agencies.
c. Reconnaissance orders.-(1) After the
proper mission has been selected, specific orders
must be issued to carry it out. Definite orders
are possible only when plans are definite. In-
corporated in an intelligence annex or in recon-
naissance instructions, these orders focus the at-
tention of reconnaissance agencies upon items of
information which the higher commander desires.
(2) The cavalry commander's orders to his
subordinate reconnaissance units follow the five
paragraph form. Initially, at the start of each
phase of an operation, orders are complete. They
may be written or in the form of an operation
map; thereafter, they usually are fragmentary,
being issued orally, or in the form of messages
and overlays.
CHAPTER 2
TACTICAL FUNCTIONS
SECTION I
RECONNAISSANCE
DURING OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
16. GENERAL.-For the general doctrine
governing offensive operations, see FM 100-5.
17. BATTLE ORGANIZATION.-Prior to
movement, the cavalry commander carefully con-
siders his mission and his means for accomplish-
ing it. He makes his initial dispositions with a
view to minimizing change as the operation prog-
resses and to insuring control without sacrificing
tactical flexibility. He makes necessary attach-
ments at this time.
a. The cavalry group, mechanized, is composed
of two or more squadrons. A two-squadron
group may operate with both squadrons initially
forward on active reconnaissance on a front of
40 miles. The group commander may choose to
constitute a reserve from elements of one or both
of his squadrons or specify that squadron re-
serves will be committed only on his order.
(1) When reinforced by corps or army troops,
a group composed of two or three squadrons can
perform effective reconnaissance on a propor-
tionately wider front.
(2) A four-squadron group may operate with
three squadrons assigned to active reconnais-
sance on a 75-mile front and the fourth initially
in reserve.
(3) In any event the formation of a group re-
serve will be determined by the group mission,
width of the zone to be covered, the road net, and
the enemy situation. The group commander's
request for attachments, based upon carefully
estimated needs, will indicate specifically the type
and strength of troops desired.
b. The mechanized reconnaissance squadron
normally operates with two (three, armored di-
vision) reinforced reconnaissance troops in ad-
vance on active reconnaissance and one recon-
naissance troop and the light tank company in
reserve. (FM 2-30.) The squadron commander
normally attaches an assault gun platoon to each
of his leading reconnaissance troops. Squadron
headquarters follows with the reserve. The
route is dictated by communication facilities and
the terrain.
c. The mechanized reconnaissance troop usual-
ly operates with two platoons initially assigned
to active reconnaissance. (FM 2-20.) Assault
guns with the reconnaissance troop of the mech-
anized cavalry squadron may be attached to and
operate separately with reconnaissance platoons,
or move in troop reserve.
18. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT.-a. General.
-After the intelligence plan has been made, the
mission selected, and definite orders issued, the
process of obtaining information and getting it
back to the higher commander in time begins.
b. Initial plan.-(1) The commander of the
mechanized cavalry unit normally bases his in-
itial plan of movement on the likelihood of meet-
ing the enemy and the average speed that he is
required to maintain. Personal control and
timely reports are essential.
(2) The higher commander, and the mechan-
ized cavalry commander in turn, prescribes spe-
cific axes or routes, and zones or areas. Respon-
sibility is allocated definitely so as to prevent du-
plication of effort. Designation of boundaries is
not intended to restrict the initiative of subor-
dinate commanders. Maximum freedom of move-
ment warranted by the particular situation is al-
lowed. Governing factors are described in FM
100-5 and FM 2-30.
c. Rate of advance.-The forward movement of
mechanized reconnaissance elements will be as
rapid as the terrain and enemy dispositions will
permit. Prescribed essential elements of infor-
mation having forced the attention of the com-
mander on enemy capabilities, he will make max-
imum use of available roads until active hostile
resistance or other developments make it neces-
sary for him to continue his mission across coun-
try. The rate of advance, depending upon the
terrain, the enemy situation, and the degree
of detail in which the reconnaissance is to be per-
formed, may vary from the maximum speed of
vehicles to the rate of march of dismounted ele-
ments.
d. Contact improbable.-When contact is im-
probable, reconnaissance elements will move rap-
idly from one phase line to the next.
e. Contact probable.--When contact is expected
but information in hand does not indicate where
or when contact will be made, reconnaissance ele-
ments will move as rapidly as possible by bounds
from one critical terrain feature to the next.
f. Contact imminent.- (1) When contact is im-
minent and information in hand definitely indi-
cates, where and when contact will be made, recon-
naissance elements will move by relatively short
bounds from one critical terrain feature to the
next. If the terrain and situation indicate such
action, movement will be made across country.
(2) The enemy most likely will try to delay the
reconnaissance elements by antitank and anti-
personnel mines. He also will use artillery fire.
Reconnaissance elements must not consider mines
or artillery fire as contact. They must report
them, by-pass or clear paths through the mine
fields, and by-pass or infiltrate through the artil-
lery fire.
(3) It must be kept in mind that the enemy may
change his tactics and hold his fire, permitting
the reconnaissance elements to approach, then
try to destroy them by ambush. While in the im-
minent contact zone, reconnaissance elements
must proceed with caution. The force which is
on the move when contact is made is at an obvious
disadvantage.
19. CONTACT.-During this phase, mechan-
ized cavalry attempts to by-pass hostile recon-
naissance and security elements. If this is im-
possible and the situation indicates such action,
reconnaissance elements will attack the enemy
and destroy him. If the strength and disposition
of the enemy preclude a successful attack, recon-
naissance elements keep the enemy under obser-
vation and retain the initiative by out-patrolling
him day and night.
20. RECONNAISSANCE OF ENEMY'S MAIN
BATTLE POSITION.-a. Action of reconnais-
sance platoon in front of the enemy's main battle
position.-Observation posts and patrols must be
pushed forward until the enemy's main battle
position is reached.
Once this position is reached,
reconnaissance is intensified by establishment of
observation posts, listening posts, and day and
night patrols. Until the larger force penetrates
the enemy position, all action is deliberate rather
than hasty.
F~IG( R 'iu; ases of reconnaissance
action.
CONTACT
WIWI
b. Action of reconnaissance troop in front of
the enemy's main battle position.-(1) Normally,
the commander of the reconnaissance troop whose
platoon or platoons have gained contact with the
enemy's main battle position is following behind
his advanced elements with his headquarters and
reserve. Once the initial contact has been gained,
the troop commander must decide immediately
the best method of employing his reserve. At
the earliest opportunity, he must move forward
to the critical area and personally obtain first-
hand information of the situation. It is essential
that he remain in contact with his command post.
His whereabouts must be known to his own head-
quarters in case of a radio failure. After he has
made his personal reconnaissance, he should re-
port the situation at once to his higher command-
er. If the situation indicates the expediency for
doing so, he may commit his reserve to intensify
reconnaissance. If he needs reinforcements he
should ask for them.
(2) Troops of reconnaissance squadrons, with
assault guns attached, frequently will locate their
two assault guns so that they can better support
the efforts of the reconnaissance platoons. Often
it will be desirable to detach them from recon-
naissance platoons and employ them as a platoon
under troop control. The troop commander at
this time normally will order the establishment
of additional observation posts and the increase
of patrolling activity. He will coordinate all ob-
servation posts and patrols.
c. Action of reconnaissance squadron in front
of the enemy's main battle position.-(1) Squad-
ron headquarters and the reserve normally move
behind two reinforced troops, the squadron com-
mander having at least one reconnaissance troop
and a light tank company at his disposal. When
the enemy's main battle pos,ition is reached and
is found to be so organized as to preclude use of
vehicles, reconnaissance elements for the most
part will work dismounted. This phase is time-
consuming. Action is at once stealthy and ag-
gressive.
(2) The reserve may be employed to intensify
the reconnaissance, or it may be used on a flank,
as a reservoir for patrols, or on other missions.
(3) When no immediate opportunity exists for
employing it in offensive action, the tank com-
pany is disposed so as to protect advance obser-
vation posts and other installations.
(4) Exceptionally the assault guns may be
grouped under the command of the assault gun
troop commander so as to support all or as many
as possible of the reconnaissance elements. This
usually will require relocation for better control.
(5) The squadron commander should move to
the critical points and make a personal reconnais-
sance. It is essential that he remain in radio con-
tact with his command post and keep his subord-
inates informed of his exact location and inten-
tions.
21. BATTLE RECONNAISSANCE.-a. Dur-
ing the phase following that in which contact
with the enemy's main battle position is made,
mechanized cavalry units usually are called upon
to perform battle reconnaissance.
(1) While the infantry, armored, and artillery
units close up and make their dispositions, me-
chanized cavalry develops the situation by inten-
sifying reconnaissance to the front or flanks. Ob-
servation posts are established well forward and
vigorous day and night patrolling is maintained.
(2) Mechanized cavalry frequently will be
called upon to perform reconnaissance in force,
to command and control attachments made by the
higher commander specifically for that purpose,
or to act as part of a larger force with a similar
mission. A reconnaissance in force requires me-
ticulous coordination and planning. Early estab-
lishment and continuous operation of observation
posts are important success factors in the con-
duct of reconnaissance in force. Observers should
be located where they can make detailed visual
reconnaissance of suspected enemy positions that
may be disclosed. (Fig. 4).
b. Other battle reconnaissance missions will in-
clude information of terrain and obstacles, and
location of the enemy, his dispositions and his
strength.
22. MAINTAINING CONTACT DURING BAT-
TLE.-a. Contact once gained must be main-
tained. The enemy may try to disengage and
ENEMY
w
w
I' 1 R . Reconnfaissance in foeis a bold, well '
nated attack executed to discover andl test the enemy's
position and strength. Detailed observation from estab-
lished observa tion posts prior to, during, and after the
.,, attack is essential.
withdraw to his next position when such action
is indicated, hoping to effect his withdrawal
secretly and in an orderly manner. The enemy
normally will leave a small force to fight a rear
guard action and withdraw the bulk of his forces
under the cover of darkness. Maintenance of
contact during this phase is difficult. The enemy
may be expected to lay mines extensively, to erect
barriers, and employ all types of demolitions to
facilitate his withdrawal. Higher commanders
must use all available reconnaissance agencies to
prevent the breaking of contact. All agencies
complement one another in this effort.
b. Ground reconnaissance elements, by vigor-
ous probing with patrols and by establishing ob-
servation posts and listening posts deep in the
enemy's position, try to prevent the enemy from
withdrawing secretly. If higher headquarters
provides advance warning that the enemy is at-
tempting to withdraw, ground reconnaissance ele-
ments must push aggressively forward and check
the report.
c. The surest way of preventing surprise is to
locate observation and listening posts by stealth
deep in the hostile position, overlooking critical
routes of communication. Anticipatory plans
should be made so that such posts are established
at the first opportunity. Personnel should be pro-
vided enough supplies to permit them to stay out
for several days. They also must have a re-
liable means of communication with higher head-
quarters.
23. RECONNAISSANCE
ELEMENTS DUR-
ING BREAKTHROUGH.-a.
The role of the re-
connaissance unit during a breakthrough follows
chronologically its role during battle. The high-
er commander issues his order for the assault of
the position and for exploitation of the break-
through. Normally, the reconnaissance unit will
be given the mission of reconnoitering routes, lo-
cating pockets of enemy resistance for the ex-
ploiting force, and providing the exploiting force
timely warning of enemy counterattacks.
b. Reconnaissance units should be informed
early of the plan of the higher commander. Once
the breakthrough assault is launched, speed is es-
sential. The action of reconnaissance elements as
they go through the gap is hasty rather than de-
liberate. A breakthrough can become a pursuit
and the enemy's orderly withdrawal a rout if the
action is vigorous and aggressive.
c. Upon receipt of orders for his mission dur-
ing the breakthrough, the cavalry commander
will prepare his command for its role. Within
the squadron, the assault guns will be attached
to the reconnaissance troops; tank platoons also
may be attached to the troops. Vehicles and men
will be prepared for the mounted movement,
ready to probe forward at the first opportunity.
This phase, like the pursuit phase, is marked by
boldness.
24. RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENTS DUR-
ING PURSUIT.-a. Pursuit of a withdrawing
enemy.-(1) A beaten enemy may withdraw in
good order protected by demolitions and rear
guards. Though his morale may be shaken, he
is still likely to retain sufficient control of his
forces to make an orderly withdrawal to his next
prepared position. When this happens, the re-
connaissance unit may be used:
(a) For independent reconnaissance in front of
the advance guard with particular attention to
mine fields, barriers, and other types of demolit-
ions works.
(b) As an integral part of the advance guard.
An advance guard that includes a reconnaissance
squadron or group also may have tanks, self-
propelled artillery, tank destroyers, and engin-
eers attached to it, constituting a force with con-
siderable cross-country mobility and striking
power.
(2) The supply problems involved in a pursuit
require careful consideration.
Being vulnerable,
supply vehicles require protection. It is essen-
tial, therefore, that the number of such vehicles
be kept to the minimum. Since the decision must
depend on the situation, no definite rule can be
laid down; the reconnaissance element ordered to
pursue must not fail because of lack of fuel, am-
munition, and other supplies.
b. Pursuit of a disintegrated enemy.-(1) If
the enemy has suffered a defeat and his forces
have disintegrated, the reconnaissance squadron
- ENEMY
ENEMY
El
Iili
0
4%w
Ft f . . Reconnaissance prior to breakthrough opera-
t i0os.
El
ml,
or group may be given an independent pursuit
mission. The reconnaissance commander may
then take calculated risks which would not other-
wise be justifiable. The reconnaissance element
may be ordered to:
(a) Follow-up quickly and regain contact.
Once contact has been regained, the enemy must
be pursued aggressively so that he does not have
time to lay mines or carry out demolitions.
(b) Outflank the enemy rear guards and
threaten his main forces.
(2) During the pursuit, the reconnaissance
commander will allow his subordinates maximum
latitude consistent with control in exploiting local
opportunities. Such orders normally will be in
the form of reconnaissance instructions.
(3) Even when disintegration of the enemy's
main forces has begun, reconnaissance units may
encounter isolated hostile elements whose fight-
ing qualities and will to resist are great. Time
should not be wasted in trying to clean out these
pockets. They should be by-passed and their lo-
cations reported. The retreating enemy must be
kept on the run and not permitted to reorganize.
(4) Mines, cratered roads, and destroyed
bridges are major obstacles to a rapid and suc-
cessful pursuit. Every effort will be made to pre-
vent the enemy from destroying vital bridges.
If necessary, small detachments will be left be-
hind to insure that bridges remain intact.
+?EEMY
CORPS RECONNAISSANCE
DIVISION RECONNAISSANCE DIVISION
/ D L
I1
RECONNAISSANCE
TAMARO
Ftc;i : 6. Reconnaissance during breakthrough opera-
tions.
,t
II
l
(5) If the enemy rear guards are sufficiently
strong to hold up the squadron or group, the com-
mander will swing to a flank and try to work his
way around. The wider the flanking movement,
the better will be the chance of getting through.
The deeper into the hostile position his flanking
movement takes him, the greater will be his op-
portunity to further the disorganization of the
enemy.
c. Prisoners of war and enemy materiel.-
(FM 30-15)-(1) When the enemy is demoralized
and disorganized, the prisoner problem becomes
acute. Large numbers of prisoners are burden-
some. The mission of the reconnaissance element
is to increase the disorganization of the enemy.
It will not be diverted from this mission to round
up prisoners who will, in the course of the action,
be dealt with by other troops. The following
prisoners, however, are of great value and, when-
ever practicable, should be taken:
(a) Senior commanders and their staffs.
(b) Individuals for identification of units in the
vicinity.
(2) The disposal of prisoners is a difficult prob-
lem. The guiding rules are:
(a) Important prisoners must be sent back un-
der escort.
(b) All prisoners must be rendered harmless.
(c) The momentum of pursuit must not be lost.
Since the speed of the pursuit must be kept up,
it usually will be necessary to leave enemy ma-
teriel intact for later recovery, except when there
is danger of its being recaptured.
d. Local inhabitants.- (1) Disintegration of
the enemy normally is the signal for a consider-
able movement of civilian refugees in rear areas.
Extent of the movement increases as hostile re-
sistance decreases. Refugees plus military strag-
glers may impede the advance seriously. When-
ever practicable, reconnaissance elements should
isolate civilians in areas where they will not in-
terfere with troop movements.
(2) If the population is largely hostile to the
enemy, active help can be expected from local pa-
triots. Contact should be made as soon as pos-
sible with these individuals because their cooper-
ation may be invaluable. However, it should not
be assumed that all the population is friendly.
Constant watch for fifth columnists must be main-
tained, and though guides are valuable the offers
of individuals to act in this capacity should be
treated with suspicion. Officials, such as mayors
of towns, usually retain some vestige of control.
Wherever practicable, the cooperation of the near-
est civilian official should be sought when dealing
with local inhabitants.
HOSILE REAR GUARD) _
CORPS RECONNAISSANCE
I I
FIGI iRi: 7. Reconnaissance during pursuit operations.
U
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I
IRITlORAM lN4' Ef fl .
SECTION II
INTELLIGENCE
25. RECONNAISSANCE INTELLIGENCE.-
In order to perform efficient reconnaissance, it is
necessary that all reconnaissance elements con-
tinuously collect and disseminate information of
the enemy by all available means. Frequent, and
timely, intelligence reports from higher headquar-
ters assist subordinate units in accomplishing
their missions. It is essential that the reconnais-
sance commander disseminate pertinent intelli-
gence down to his subordinate elements. Mech-
anized cavalry commanders who have been pres-
ent during the planning phase and have assisted
the higher commander in the coordination of re-
connaissance activities should be able to function
intelligently even in the absence of orders. If the
plan is definite, continuous and aggressive action
will produce essential information. It should be
disseminated promptly, laterally as well as verti-
cally.
SECTION III
LIAISON
26. GENERAL.-Liaison is established be-
tween reconnaissance units and the higher echelon
and, in many cases, between adjacent reconnais-
sance elements. Close contact makes possible the
timely transmission of information and gives the
reconnaissance unit the intimate knowledge of
the situation which it requires for effective per-
formance of its mission. Maintenance of liaison
is a command responsibility in all echelons.
27. COMMAND LIAISON.-a. A reconnais-
sance unit commander uses liaison officers to es-
tablish and maintain liaison with higher head-
quarters and adjacent units. A liaison officer is
the personal representative of his commander.
It is essential that he be an outstanding individual
in all respects. He must demonstrate tact and
sound judgment, possess unlimited energy, and
be professionally competent.
b. The primary mission of a liaison officer is
to advise and assist the higher commander in ob-
taining desired information and to keep his re-
connaissance commander informed of the plans,
operations, and disposition of the higher unit.
c. He must be able to inform the higher com-
mander of the capabilities of his reconnaissance
unit and to transmit promptly to his headquarters
any orders, plans, or other pertinent data.
d. It is the duty of the higher commander,
through his staff, to keep liaison officers from me-
chanized cavalry reconnaissance units informed of
the locations of friendly and hostile forces, the
contemplated scheme of maneuver, and the im-
mediate requirements for information.
SECTION IV
SIGNAL COMMUNICATION
28. REFERENCES.-For principles and pro-
cedures relating to signal communication, see
FM's 24-5, 24-18, and 24-20. Technical man-
uals provide technical information on signal
equipment. For details of signal communica-
tion in mechanized cavalry units, see FM's 2-20,
2-30, and FM 7-24.
29. GENERAL.-The commander of each re-
connaissance unit is responsible for the estab-
lishment and maintainence of signal communi-
cation within his own and attached units.
30. AXIS OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION.-
The axis of signal communication for a recon-
naissance unit is designated by higher head-
quarters. When higher headquarters cannot
designate an axis of communication, the com-
mander of the reconnaissance unit should desig-
nate his own axis of communication and inform
higher and subordinate commanders of locations
and times when command posts will open and
close within the reconnaissance zone.
31. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.-Means
of communication employed by cavalry recon-
naissance units are radio (telephone and tele-
graph), wire (telephone and telegraph) when
supplied by higher headquarters on request,
messengers (mounted, dismounted), visual, and
sound. No single means of communication is
infallible. Alternate means must be provided.
a. Radio.-(1) Radio is the principal means of
communication between elements of a unit and
between units. In general, each headquarters
maintains a station in the net of the next high-
er headquarters. Special purpose nets are or-
ganized as required. Type radio nets for the
cavalry reconnaissance squadron, mechanized,
and for each of its components are contained in
FM 2-30. For additional nets for the mechan-
ized cavalry reconnaissance troop, infantry di-
vision, see FM 7-24.
(2) In developing an SOP covering radio
transmission within his unit, the mechanized
cavalry reconnaissance commander should pre-
scribe
(a) Several tactical nettings.
(b) Situations in which messenger communica-
tion will be used.
(c) Elements to operate visual communication.
(d) System of relief for operators to insure
that sets are maintained in continuous oper-
ation.
(e) Brevity codes, map coordinate codes, and
prearranged message codes to reduce transmit-
ting time and coordinate with higher headquar-
ters.
(f) Sequence in which radio frequencies are to
be employed in avoiding or minimizing hostile
interference.
(g) Permissible repairs to various types of
equipment.
(h) Method of transporting spare parts and
operating equipment.
(3) The principal means of air-ground com-
munication is radio, either radiotelephone or
radiotelegraph. The most important supple-
mental means is the CCBP-8 panel code. Other
means involve transmission of prearranged sig-
nals by panels, colored smokes, pyrotechnics,
and signal lamps. For the physical transmis-
sion of maps, overlays, and written messages
between air and ground, the drop and pick-up
method may be used. (FM 24-5.)
b. Wire.-Wire communication is established
by higher headquarters down to the reconnais-
sance unit and sometimes to subordinate recon-
naissance elements when the situation makes
such action expedient. Time available and fu-
ture needs for wire are governing factors. If
installed, the wire system may include command
posts, observation and listening posts, and some-
times dismounted patrol check points.
c. Messengers.-Messengers are used when the
time distance between units makes messengers
the fastest means of communication; to send
maps, overlays, or field orders; when radio com-
munication is interrupted for any reason; and
for delivery of administrative reports on sched-
uled messenger service.
d. Sound power on EE8 telephone.-When the
situation is stabilized temporarily, sound power
telephones will be supplied by higher headquar-
ters upon request. At such times, observation
posts, listening posts, and dismounted patrols
will constitute the primary means of gathering
information.
e. Visual.-Visual communication is suitable
for prearranged signals, such as those used for
battle formations and for short code groups. Max-
imum use should be made of visual signals for
internal control of reconnaissance platoons.
Such practice will reduce the volume of radio
traffic and insure sets being free to transmit
essential reconnaissance
information.
f. Sound.-Voice
is used between elements
within voice range of each other. Sound com-
munication is of value chiefly for alarms and
for transmission
of short prearranged
messages.
32. SIGNAL SECURITY.-a.
Since radio is
non-secret, the enemy's capability of intercept-
ing radio messages must be presupposed.
b. Encoding
and enciphering
are accepted
means of gaining secrecy in radio transmission.
Discretion must be used even in the sending of
messages
in code or cipher. When prompt ac-
tion is called for, the commander
must decide
whether the urgency of sending the message in
the clear outweighs the value to the enemy of
the information contained therein. Radio trans-
mission in the clear is justified when speed is
essential and the urgency of the message is too
great to permit encoding, or when the time
available is insufficient for the enemy to exploit
the information contained in the message. In
a fast moving situation, with several stations in
the net all vitally interested in the information
being transmitted by the others (as in platoons
on active reconnaissance), transmission in the
clear is expeditious and enables all commanders
to keep abreast of the situation.
33. MESSAGE CENTERS.-Message centers
are operated at all squadron or higher command
posts for the purpose of speeding message trans-
mission. Information must be disseminated
rapidly and accurately. Message center pro-
cedures must be kept simple. See FM 24-5.
For further details, see FM's 101-5, 11-5, 2-20,
and 2-30.
34. CODES AND CIPHERS.-Mechanized'cav-
alry reconnaissance units are equipped with the
codes and ciphers authorized for the higher unit
of which they are a part. Extensive use is made
of brevity and prearranged codes.
SECTION V
SECURITY
35. GENERAL.-Security
embraces all meas-
ures taken by a command to protect itself
against annoyance, surprise, and observation by
an enemy. Each commander is responsible for
the security of his command. Regardless of the
security measures taken by higher commanders,
all mechanized cavalry units must consider the
probability of air and ground attack and take
appropriate security measures. For general
principles of security, see FM 100-5; for pro-
tective measures of individuals and small units,
see FM 21-75; for security measures employed
by reconnaissance squadrons and troops, see
FM's 2-20 and 2-30.
SECTION VI
PATROLLING
36. REFERENCES.-The techniques employed
by mounted reconnaissance patrols are covered
in FM's 2-20 and 2-30; for the techniques of
dismounted patrolling, see FM 21-75.
37. GENERAL.-a. Utilization of mechanized
cavalry.-Patrolling is the essential reconnais-
sance activity. Effective utilization of trained
mechanized cavalry depends largely upon the
ability of the commander to select specific mis-
sions for and coordinate the vehicular and dis-
mounted patrolling operations of subordinate re-
connaissance elements. Continuous control in-
sures maximum flexibility so that, in the event
the unit's mission is changed by the higher com-
mander, all elements of the reconnaissance unit
may be employed in concerted effort on the new
mission. Uncoordinated patrolling usually re-
sults in confusion, duplication of effort, and fail-
ure to accomplish reconnaissance missions.
b. Strength of patrols.-The strength of a pa-
trol depends upon its mission, the terrain, the
enemy, and conditions of visibility. It varies
from two men to a reinforced troop.
c. Classification of patrols.-Patrols, mounted
or dismounted, are classified with respect to the
specific missions assigned.
(1) Reconnaissance patrols.-The mission of
a reconnaissance patrol is to secure information
and to report it in time to be of value to the
commander desiring it. A reconnaissance pa-
trol operates by stealth and avoids combat ex-
cept to accomplish its mission or to defend it-
self. It will fight for information when neces-
sary.
(a) When enemy forces are believed to be near,
mounted reconnaissance patrols operate across
country wherever practicable. They progress by
bounds from one observation point to another,
utilizing available cover and concealment. Roads
are covered by observation and leading elements
of each patrol are covered by fire.
(b) Terrain and the situation may require the
use of dismounted reconnaissance patrols. When
conditions preclude the use of vehicles for recon-
naissance, personnel must dismount and continue
on foot. Vehicles may remain mobile or im-
mobile. Normally, however, vehicles will be left
immobile only when maximum dismounted
strength is required.
(2) Combat patrols.-A combat patrol exe-
cutes missions which require fighting to accom-
plish. It is organized on the basis of that ex-
pectancy. A combat patrol secures informa-
tion as a secondary mission. Small patrols have
little combat strength. The capability of mech-
anized cavalry reconnaissance units must not be
destroyed by committing subordinate elements of
insufficient strength to numerous uncoordinated
combat patrol actions.
d. Missions of patrols.-The mission assigned
to a patrol must be definite and specific. When-
ever possible, a warning order should be issued
in time for the accomplishment
of thorough plan-
ning. Further, it is the responsibility
of the
higher commander to notify all friendly troops
through which the patrol must pass of the pa-
trol's proposed actions.
e. Organization of patrols.-The higher com-
mander is responsible for furnishing the cavalry
commander appropriate additional means as re-
quired for accomplishing assigned patrol missions.
f. Weapons and equipment.-A patrol travels
as lightly as possible. It is armed with weapons
which can be handled conveniently and employed
to develop a large volume of fire.
g. Reconnaissance estimate of situation and or-
ders.- (1) Successful accomplishment of a patrol
mission normally requires detailed planning and
preparation. The patrol leader makes as thorough
preliminary reconnaissance as time and circum-
stances permit. He uses all available sources of
information, such as maps, aerial photographs,
friendly troops, S-2 data, and local inhabitants.
He seeks information of the terrain, dispositions,
strength, and habits of the enemy, and the type
and location of man-made obstacles which his pa-
trol is likely to encounter. He considers the
weather carefully and, if appropriate, refers to
sun and moon tables.
(2) The patrol leader studies his mission,
makes an estimate of the situation, considers
time and space factors, and prepares to issue his
order based on a definite plan.
(3) Orders are issued by the patrol leader and
every patrol member is told the mission and the
details of the operation. Orders must be specific.
What, when, where, how, and why must be un-
derstood by every member of the patrol. The
leader who issues the order should require each
member of the patrol to memorize important de-
tails. The fact that each member may be on
his own should be recognized and stressed. The
plan, including essential details pertaining to ad-
jacent patrols, listening posts, or observation
posts, should be rehearsed when practicable on a
terrain plot.
h. Routes, movements, and formations.- (1)
Routes.-(a). Selection of the routes for a patrol
requires careful consideration and should be a re-
sult of the study of maps and aerial photographs
and, if possible, actual terrain reconnaissance.
(b) The possibility of ambush is of paramount
importance when selecting routes available to a
patrol. This is especially true with regard to a
mounted patrol. An initial objective and an in-
itial assembly point are designated. If the patrol
is ambushed, the patrol leader must act quickly
to extricate the patrol. The action must be defi-
nite and determined.
(c) Before leaving the friendly front lines, the
patrol leader informs the nearest unit commander
of his proposed route and obtains from him latest
information of friendly and enemy forces in the
vicinity.
(2) Movements.-(a) The patrol takes advan-
tage of terrain features as it moves to or from its
destination.
(b) The patrol moves by the selected routes
to its destination or to a covered position from
which the leader decides to make his detailed re-
connaissance. This is either the final or an in-
termediate objective.
(3) Formations.-(a) In addition to the mis-
sion, terrain, and conditions of visibility, factors
influencing the formation of the patrol include
control, security, size of patrol, and required
speed of action.
(b) Patrol members should be so thoroughly
familiar with planned formations and the routes
they are to take that they can rejoin the patrol
immediately after an action.
i. Control and security.-(1) Control.- (a)
The patrol must be directed, regulated, and con-
trolled by the patrol leader at all times. The pa-
trol leader moves where he can exercise the maxi-
mum degree of control.
(b) Terrain and visibility affect control and
security of the patrol, and the distance between
individuals (men or vehicles) and elements of the
patrol.
(2) Security.--The patrol provides its own all-
around security by employing a point, rear point,
flank security groups, and air scouts.
j. Reports and captured documents.-(1) Per-
tinent information obtained by the patrol is sent
immediately to the patrol leader.
(2) The patrol searches enemy personnel and
installations for documents such as maps, mes-
sages, orders, and codes.
(3) If the information or the captured docu-
ments are of sufficient importance, they are sent
at once to higher headquarters. All other ma-
terial and information are turned in when the pa-
trol leader makes his report.
k. Preparation for night patrolling.-Much dis-
mounted night patrolling is required of mechan-
ized cavalry reconnaissance units. Personnel of
these patrols should be selected early in the day,
given some rest, specially equipped, and briefed
in time to permit careful study of maps and, if
possible, perform daylight reconnaissance of
routes and terrain. Usually a night patrol will be
required to accomplish only one specific task.
38. RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS.-a. Re-
connaissance patrols may perform a variety of
missions, but all are concerned primarily with the
securing of information and getting it back to the
commander in time for it to be of use to him. A
reconnaissance patrol seldom will exceed a pla-
toon in strength. It is equipped with radio for
prompt transmission of information.
b. For most patrols, designation of a map man
is considered to be essential. He marches just
in rear of or rides with the patrol leader. He
is responsible for the preparation of a route
sketch and for noting thereon indications of ene-
my activity, special conditions of terrain or veg-
etation, and intersecting trails. He is trained
to record the observations of the patrol leader
and to make notes on his own initiative. From
such sketches and notes the patrol leader, the
cavalry commander, and in many cases G-2 of
the higher unit, can obtain valuable informa-
tion. Such sketches are especially valuable in
areas for which available maps are inaccurate
or incomplete.
c. Missions of reconnaissance patrols may in-
clude:
(1) Gaining information of the location and
characteristics of hostile and when the situation
demands, friendly positions and installations,
routes, stream crossings, obstacles, or terrain
features.
(2) Investigating a gassed area and marking
the boundaries of that area.
(3) Locating, clearing, and reporting location
of enemy mine fields.
(4) Giving early warning of an enemy attack
or withdrawal by observation patrols during day
or listening patrols at night which move to posi-
tions overlooking or along enemy routes of com-
munication. Stealth characterizes the action of
these patrols.
39. COMBAT PATROLS.-a. Combat patrols
should have sufficient strength in men and wea-
pons to fight when such action is indicated.
b. Missions of combat patrols may include:
(1) Preventing small hostile reconnaissance
units from discovering the disposition of friend-
ly troops.
(2) Keeping hostile infiltrating groups from
executing harassing or destructive missions.
(3) Operating, in a defensive situation, in
front of and between friendly outposts and de-
fended localities.
(4) Screening, in retrograde movements, the
withdrawal of the main body.
(5) Raiding an enemy column or position.
(6) Seizing and holding an installation pend-
ing the arrival of other troops.
(7) Seizing and holding a critical terrain
feature for observation, or pending the arrival
of other troops.
(8) Mopping up isolated hostile groups in
rear of friendly front lines.
SECTION VII
OBSERVATION
40. GENERAL.-a. Observation is essential to
the successful accomplishment of reconnaissance
missions. Aggressive patrol action in seizing
key terrain suitable for observation is indicated,
b. Observation is a form of static reconnais-
sance. The ability to observe must be developed
to the highest possible degree in all personnel of
the reconnaissance unit. All personnel must be
experts at observing with field glasses. When
in contact with the enemy much information may
be obtained by means of observation posts (OP).
The field of view must be divided and definite
sector responsibilities assigned. Operations of
OP's must be coordinated so that the entire unit
front is under continuous observation.
c. OP's often will have to be located in places
that are inaccessible to vehicles. This means
that radios, rations, and other necessary equip-
ment and supplies will have to be packed by the
unit's personnel or by animals, if available.
d. OP's sometimes may be gained by stealth;
at other times it will be necessary to fight for
them.
e. The commander of each OP, in addition to
sending back frequent reports, always must
make a "last light" and "first light" report.
Last or first light reports should include only
what actually can be seen by members of a pa-
trol from their position immediately prior to
darkness or just following daylight.
SECTION VIII
NIGHT RECONNAISSANCE
41. NIGHT RECONNAISSANCE.-Reconnais-
sance at night is conducted by patrols, habitual-
ly dismounted. Vehicles normally will be used
only in the approach to the area in which con-
tact is probable; however, in the event it is ex-
pedient to use vehicles in areas of probable or
imminent contact, dismounted patrols will pre-
cede them. (FM's 2-20 and 21-75.)
SECTION IX
RECONNAISSANCE
DURING DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
42. GENERAL.-a. For discussion of defen-
sive combat, see FM 100-5.
b. Information always is vital. The mechan-
ized cavalry reconnaissance unit has an import-
ant mission to perform when the higher unit is
on the defensive. In general, the methods of
obtaining information while on the defensive do
not differ markedly from those employed in
other types of operations.
43. RECONNAISSANCE.-When the higher
echelon is engaged in defending a position, the
reconnaissance
element, reinforced
as necessary,
maintains contact with the enemy. It may be
ordered to perform counterreconnaissance mis-
sions. The infantry patrols on its own immedi-
ate front. The reconnaissance element may be
used for special patrols, especially when the dis-
tance between the opposing positions is consid-
erable. (FM's 100-5 and 2-30.)
44. DELAYING ACTION.-The reconnais-
sance element may be called upon to fight a delay-
ing action to give friendly troops time to organ-
ize positions. However, if the reconnaissance
unit is ordered to offer prolonged resistance, it
should be reinforced. (FM's 100-5 and 2-30.)
SECTION X
RECONNAISSANCE
DURING RETROGRADE MOVEMENTS
45. GENERAL.-a. See FM 100-5 for general
principles relating to retrograde movements.
b. In a retrograde movement, reconnaissance
elements may be called upon to furnish protection
or to perform reconnaissance.
46. PROTECTION.-The reconnaissance unit
furnishes protection by covering the flanks or rear
of the withdrawing troops. Properly reinforced,
it is prepared to fight a delaying action.
47. RECONNAISSANCE.-There is no essen-
tial difference in the techniques of reconnaissance
during a withdrawal and during an advance, ex-
cept that in the former reconnaissance "in re-
verse" is performed. This involves falling back
in front of the advancing enemy and providing the
latest information of the enemy's progress.
48. NIGHT WITHDRAWALS.-Since most re-
trograde movements will be made at night and the
higher commander will want to deceive the enemy
as to his intentions, the reconnaissance unit may
be used to assist in the deception. It may deceive
the enemy by increasing the activity of its patrols
during the night of the withdrawal, or it may
use its fire power to keep up the appearance of
normal activity. (FM 2-30.)
SECTION XI
RECONNAISSANCE
ELEMENT
IN A SEIZE AND HOLD MISSION
49. PRELIMINARY
ACTION.-a.
The mech-
anized cavalry reconnaissance
unit may be or-
dered to seize and hold a critical terrain feature.
(FM 2-30.) Necessary
attachments
to it should
be made prior to its departure on such a mission.
The mechanized
cavalry commander
should be
told:
(1) The extent of the:objective he is to seize.
(2) The approximate time he is to be relieved.
b. Frequently, a seize and hold mission will be
given when speed is essential. Elements are dis-
patched at once with the remainder of the recon-
naissance unit following close behind. All the
resources of the commander must be used to
overcome any minor opposition betwen him and
his objective. If the enemy is encountered in
such strength as to make it obvious that the race
for the objective has been lost, he must occupy
a position as far forward as possible in order to
facilitate future operations.
50. ACTION UPON REACHING OBJECTIVE.
a. Immediately upon reaching the objective, the
leading element will:
(1) Disperse its vehicles under cover.
(2) Dig in.
(3) Push out patrols to get information.
(4) Erect obstacles.
b. Since troop positions will have been chosen
initially from a map, the commander must co-
ordinate the defense and make any adjustments
necessary to suit the actual ground and the tac-
tical situation.
SECTION XII
RECONNAISSANCE
ELEMENT IN A PROTECTIVE ROLE
51. GENERAL.-While carrying out a protec-
tive mission a reconnaissance element cannot cov-
er as wide a frontage as it can in executing re-
connaissance.
a. The higher commander may decide to make
his reconnaissance element the basis of his ad-
vance guard, in which event he will usually re-
inforce it.
b. Control is maintained by designating phase
or report lines.
c. Upon contact, report of strength, composi-
tion, direction, and speed of movement of enemy
is made. The advance guard engages the enemy
in order to permit the uninterrupted march of the
main body. (Pars 7 and 19.)
52. PROTECTION WHEN THE HIGHER
UNIT IS HALTED.-The mechanized cavalry re-
connaissance unit, properly reinforced, may be re-
quired to protect the higher unit while it is halted
by moving ahead and occupying a tactical locality.
Reconnaissance platoons, with assault guns and
sometimes light tanks attached, organize posi-
tions, choosing ground that is easy to defend. Re-
Iconnaissance patrols are sent out ahead and to the
flanks to give timely warning of the enemy's ad-
vance.
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Action
Delaying ___________________44 52
In front of enemy's main
battle position _-----------20 19
In maintaining contact --... 22 23
In protective role ----------- 51 55
In retrograde movements ____47 53
Of dismounted patrols --... 37 c (1) (b) 43
Of mounted patrols --------- 37 c (1) (a) 42
Seize and hold ______________49 53
Upon reaching objective _____50 54
Advance guard, reconnaissance
elements as ______________24 26
Airborne troops, use of mechan-
ized cavalry against _-__10 b 10
Air-ground communication ____31 a (3) 38
Annex, intelligence ------------ 15 c 14
Assault gun troop, organization
of ------------------------ 5 d 6
Assignment of routes, zones,
and areas 18 b (2) 18
Attachments to mechanized
cavalry ------------------ 9 b 9
Axis of signal communication __30 37
Battle organization
Of cavalry group, mechanized 17 a 15
Of reconnaissance
squadron,
mechanized _______________17 b 16
Of reconnaissance
troop,
mechanized ___1____________7 c 16
Battle reconnaissance missions ..21 b 23
Break-through missions ----.. 23 a 26
Cavalry commander
Personal reconnaissance of __20 c (5) 22
Plans and orders of --------- 14 11
Responsibilities of ---------- 17 15
Cavalry group, mechanized
Codes and ciphers, use of ____34 40
Combat patrols--------------39
48
Functions of ---------------- 17 16
Organization of--------------6
6
CCBP8 panel code, use of _____31 a (3) 38
Characteristics of mechanized
cavalry _______________-- - - 2 2
Classification of patrols-------37 c 42
Command and staff
Unit commanders-----------11 10
Unit staffs------------------12 11
Command liaison -------------- 27 35
Command posts----------------13 11
Communication, signal
Air-ground------------------31 a (3) 38
Messengers------------------31 c 38
Radio ______________________31 a 37
Sound power----------------31 d 37
Visual ---------------------- 31 e 37
Voice ______________________31 f 38
Wire------------------------31 b 37
Contact
During offensive operations __19 19
Imminent _______________-___18 f 18
Improbable------------------18 d 18
Maintenance of-------------22 23
Movement to----------------18 e 17
Probable--------------------18 e 18
Regaining of----------------24 b (1) 27
Control
During patrolling operations -37 41
Reconnaissance orders-------15 12
Counterreconnaissance, mechan-
ized cavalry's role in ------ 9 a (3) 9
Covering force, use of mechan-
ized cavalry as------------9 a (1) 9
Pararaphr Page
Critical areas and features,
seizure of ______________49 53
Defensive operations, recon-
naissance during ---------- 42 51
Delaying action --------------- 44 --- 52
Development of radio SOP - 31 a (2) 37
Disintegrated enemy, pursuit of 24 b 27
Dismounted action of patrols __37 c (1) (b) 43
Dispositions on reconnaissance _17 15
Employment
Basic decision with re-
spect to __________________14
11
In reconnaissance in force ___21 23
Of assault guns _----------_20 c (4) 22
Of light tank company in
stable situation _-----------_20 c (3) 22
Of patrols, general ---------- 37 41
Of reserve ------------------ 20 c (2) 22
Other missions _--------------_10
10
Protective missions -------- _ 9 9
Reconnaissance missions 8 9
Enemy's main battle position, recon-
naissance of
By reconnaissance platoon ___20 a 19
By reconnaissance squadron _20 c 22
By reconnaissance troop -... 20 b 21
Exploitation, use of mechan-
ized cavalry in _----------24 b (2) 29
First light reports ----------- 40 e
50
Flank guard, use of mechan-
ized cavalry as ----------- 9 a (2) 9
Frontages on reconnaissance __ 2 b, 17 a 2 and 16
Group, cavalry, organization of_ 6
6
Guards, use of mechanized
cavalry as ---------------- _ 9 a (2) 9
Higher commander,
duties of
Basic decision of ----------- 14
11
Paragraph Page
In establishing wire com-
munication --------------- 31 b 36
In furnishing information
and intelligence ----------- 15 12
In providing reinforcements _ 9 b 9
Reconnaissance orders of -_ 15 12
Initial dispositions for re-
connaissance -------------- 17 16
Initial plan, movement to
contact ------------------ 18 b 17
Intelligence
Annex --------------------- 15 c 14
Dissemination of ------------ 25 34
Last light reports ------------- 40 e 50
Liaison
Command ------------------ 27 35
General -------------------- 26 34
Officer, duties of ------------ 27 26
Light tank company, employ-
ment of ------------------ 20 c (3) 22
Local opportunities, exploita-
tion of ------------------- 24 b (2) 29
Map man, designation of by
patrol leader ------------- 38 b 47
Means of signal communication 31 36
Mechanized cavalry
Characteristics of ----------- 2 2
Proper missions for --------- 7 8
Role of --------------------- 1 1
Utilization of --------------- 37 a 41
Message centers -------------- 33 40
Messengers,, use of ------------ 31 c 38
Missions
General -------------------- _ 7 8
Of combat patrols ----------- 39 b 49
Of reconnaissance patrols - -38 c 48
Other ---------------------- 10 10
Protective ------------------ 9 9
Paragraph Page
Paragraph Page
Reconnaissance ------------- 8
9
Mounted patrols, action of ---- 37 c (1) (a) 42
Movement
Flanking during pursuit ---- 24 b (5) 31
Initial plan of -------------- 18 b 17
Of patrols ------------------ 37 h (2) 45
Retrograde _____-----------------45
52
To contact, rate of
advance for -------------- 18 c 17
Net, radio, for group
headquarters------------- 6 6
Night
Patrolling, preparation for __37 k 47
Reconnaissance ------------- 41 51
Withdrawals ---------------- 48 53
Objective, action upon reaching 50 54
Observation
Posts ---------------------- 40 49
Reports __--------------------40 e 50
Offensive operations, reconnaissance during
Battle ---------------------- 21 23
Break-through -------------- 23 26
Contact -------------------- 19 19
Enemy's main battle position_20 19
Maintaining contact _---------22 23
Movement to contact -------- 18 17
Pursuit --------------------- 24 26
Orders and instructions ------- 15 12
Organization
Cavalry group -------------- 6 6
Reconnaissance platoon ------ 3 4
Reconnaissance squadron 5 5
Reconnaissance troop -------- 4 5
Panel code, CCBP8, use of ---- 31 a (3) 38
Patrols
Classification of ------------- 37 c 42
Combat -------------------- 39 48
Control and security of -- 37 i 46
Estimate
of situation and
orders to -----------------
37 g
44
Mission of ------------------
37 d
43
Organization
of __-------------37
e
44
Reconnaissance
__------38
47
Reports and captured
documents
---------- ___------37 j
46
Routes, movements, and
formations
of ---------__----37 h
45
Strength of ------------__----37 b
42
Utilization
by mechanized
cavalry -------------------
37 a
41
Weapons and equipment of _37 f 44
Performance
of mission by
mechanized cavalry ------- 7 b 8
Phases
Of planning for
reconnaissance ------------ 14
11
Of reconnaissance ----------- 18
17
Plans and orders
Estimate of reconnaissance
situation and requirements_14 b 12
Reconnaissance orders ------- 15 12
Reconnaissance subparagraph
of field order __-------------15 b 13
Posts, observation ------------- 40
49
Primary mission of
mechanized cavalry ------- 7 a 8
Protection during retro-
grade movements --------- 46 52
Protective missions ------------ 9 9
Protective role, reconnais-
sance element in
General -------------------- 51 55
When higher unit is halted __52 55
Pursuit
Flanking movement during __24 b (5) 31
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Handling of local
inhabitants during __------ 24 d 32
Handling of PW and
materiel during ----------- 24 c 31
Radio
Development of SOP _--------31 a (2) 37
In air-ground communication_31 a (3) 38
Net, group headquarters __- 6 6
Use of by mechanized cavalry 31 a 37
Rate of advance
During movement to contact_18 c 17
Rear guard, mechanized
cavalry as ---------------- 9 a (2) 9
Reconnaissance
During battle --------------- 21 b 23
During break-through ------- 23 a 26
During defensive operations __43
51
During night withdrawals - 48
53
During offensive operations __17
15
During pursuit _--------------24
26
During retrograde movements 47
53
Element in a protective role __51
55
Elements in exploitation _- 24 b (2) 29
In a seize and hold mission __49
53
In force --------------------
_21 a
23
Night
_-------------------- 41
51
Patrols
__---------------------38
47
Reconnaissance
of enemy's main
battle position
By reconnaissance
platoon ___20 a
19
By reconnaissance
squadron __20 c
22
By reconnaissance
troop _-- 20 b
21
Reconnaissance
subparagraph
__15
12
Reports, observation --_--__ __40 e
50
Reserve, use of in stabilized
situation -----------------
20 c (2)
22
Responsibility
for
communication
__----------29
36
Paragraph Page
Retrograde movements
General---------------------45 51
Night withdrawals-----------48 53
Protection-------------------46 52
Reconnaissance during ----- 47 53
Routes, zones, and areas
Initial control plan---------18 b 17
Specified in reconnaissance
orders -------------------- 15 a (4) 13
Security
General---------------------35 41
Mechanized cavalry's contri-
bution to-------------------1 b 1
Of patrols-------------------37 i (2) 46
Signal-----------------------32 39
Seize and hold mission, reconnais-
sance element in
Action upon reaching 54
objective------------------50
Preliminary action----------49 53
Selection
Of mission for mechanized
cavalry ------------------- 14 a 11
Of routes for patrols ----- 37 h (1) 45
Signal communication
Axis ----------------------- 30 36
Codes and ciphers------------34
40
Means ---------------------- 31 36
Message centers------------33 40
Responsibility for-----------29 36
Security--------------------32
39
Signals, visual-----------------31 e 39
SOP, radio communication --- 31 a (2) 37
Sound and voice, use of--------31 f 39
ParagraphL PagcC
Squadron, cavalry reconnaissance,
mechanized
Action of in front of enemy's
main battle position _____- 20 c 22
Frontage for --------------- 2 b 2
Normal dispositions of __- 17 b 16
Organization of ------------- 5 5
Strength of patrols __-----------37 a 41
Supply
Problems during pursuit --- 24 a (2) 27
Supply vehicles during pursuit _23 c 26
Tactical missions of mechanized
cavalry
Other -------------------- __10 10
Protection ------------------ ___ __ 9 9
Reconnaissance ___--_______8 9
Tactics of mechanized
cavalry,
general ------------------- 1 a 1
Telephone, EE8, use of __---- - 31 d 39
Training mission of cavalry
group headquarters _______ 6 6
Transmission of information
By liaison officer ------------ 27 c 35
Mechanized cavalry's responsi-
bility for -----------------_ 7 8
Troop, cavalry reconnaissance
Actions in front of enemy's
main battle position _-_20 b 21
Frontage for --------------- ___________ 2 b 2
Normal dispositions of _---17 c 16
Organization of ------------- 4 5
Unit
Commanders
__----------------11
10
Staffs ---------------------- 12 11
Utilization of patrols by
mechanized cavalry _-------37 a 41
Visual signals ---------------- 31 e 39
Voice and sound, use of ------- 31 f 39
Paragraph Page
Paragraph
Weapons
Assault guns, employment of
17 b, 17 c, 20 b (2), 20 c (4)
Light tank company,
employment of __________5 c
Wire, use of _________________31 b
Withdrawals, night -.-.- _______48
Withdrawing enemy, pursuit of_24 a
Zones
Assignment of ______________18 b (2)
Reconnaissance frontages of _ 2, 17 a
Page
16, 21, 22
6
38
53
26
17
2, 15
H-184
REPRODUCED AT THE CAVALRY SCHOOL
FORT RILEY, KANSAS, 1944