A Report On Vocational Training

A
REPORT ON VOCATIONAL TRAINING

NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. .
(A Government of India Enterprise
Ra!ast"an Atomi# Po$er %tation

DURING T&E PERIOD
FRO' (
nd
)UNE (*+, TO +-
t"
)UL. (*+,
%U/'ITED TO0 %U/'ITTED /.
)1TENDRA 'EENA
/.TEC&. (III .ear
/RANC&0 2 ECE

%U/'ITTED /.0 2 )1TENDRA 'EENA
APE3 IN%TITUTE OF ENGINEERING 4 TEC&NOLOG.5)AIPUR
+
PREFACE
As $e 6no$ t"at an en7ineer "as to serve an ind8str95 for t"at one m8st :e a$are of ind8stria;
environment5 t"eir mana7ement5 pro:;ems and t"e $a9 of $or6in7 o8t t"eir so;8tions at t"e
ind8str9.
After t"e #omp;etion of t"e #o8rse an en7ineer m8st "ave 6no$;ed7e of interre;ation :et$een
t"e t"eor9 and t"e pra#ti#a;. For t"is5 one m8st :e fami;iar $it" t"e pra#ti#a; 6no$;ed7e $it"
t"eor9 aspe#ts.
To a$are $it" pra#ti#a; 6no$;ed7e t"e en7ineerin7 #o8rses provides a si< $ee6s ind8stria;
trainin7 $"ere $e 7et t"e opport8nit9 to 7et t"eor9 app;9in7 for r8nnin7 t"e vario8s pro#ess and
prod8#tion in t"e ind8str9.
I "ave :een ;8#69 eno87" to 7et a #"an#e for 8nder7oin7 t"is trainin7 at RAJASTHAN
ATOMIC POWER STATION. It is a #onstit8ent of :oard of NPCIL. T"is report "as :een
prepared on t"e :asis of 6no$;ed7e a#=8ired :9 me d8rin7 m9 trainin7 period of >* da9s at t"e
p;ant.
(
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It $as "i7";9 ed8#ative and intera#tive to ta6e trainin7 at
RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STATION. As te#"ni#a; 6no$;ed7e
is in#omp;ete $it"o8t pra#ti#a; 6no$;ed7e5 I #o8;dn?t find an9 p;a#e
:etter t"an t"is to 8pdate m9se;f.
I am ver9 m8#" t"an6f8; to t"e %ite dire#tor Mr. C.P. Jhamb 4Trainin7
s8perintendent 'r. D. C"anda for a;;o$in7 me for t"e ind8stria; trainin7
at RAP%. T"an6s to 'r. A.P. )ain for t"eir 78idan#e d8rin7 m9 pro!e#t.
I a;so ta6e t"e opport8nit9 to t"an6s N8#;ear trainin7 Centre for
providin7 ;e#t8re on overvie$ of t"e p;ant and providin7 me Orange
qa!"#"$a%"&n.
>
INTROD'CTION
India@s N8#;ear po$er deve;opments are 8nder t"e p8rvie$ of t"e
N8#;ear Po$er Corporation of India5 a 7overnment2o$ned entit9 8nder
t"e Department of Atomi# Ener79 India. T"e #orporation is responsi:;e
for desi7nin75 #onstr8#tin75 and operatin7 n8#;ear2po$er p;ants. In
+AAB t"ere $ere nine operationa; p;ants $it" a potentia; tota; #apa#it9
of +5C** me7a$atts5 a:o8t > per#ent of India@s tota; po$er 7eneration.
T"ere are t$o 8nits ea#" in Tarap8r5 nort" of /om:a9 in 'a"aras"traD
in Ra$at:"ata in Ra!ast"anD in Ea;pa66am near 'adras in Tami; Nad8D
and in Narora in Uttar Prades"D and one 8nit in Ea6rap8r in
so8t"eastern G8!arat. &o$ever5 of t"e nine p;ants5 a;; "ave :een fa#ed
$it" safet9 pro:;ems t"at "ave s"8t do$n rea#tors for periods ran7in7
from mont"s to 9ears. T"e Ra!ast"an Atomi# Po$er %tation in
Ra$at:"ata5 India $as #;osed indefinite;95 as of Fe:r8ar9 +AAB.
'oreover5 environmenta; pro:;ems5 #a8sed :9 radiation ;ea6s5 "ave
#ropped 8p in #omm8nities near Ra$at:"ata. Ot"er p;ants operate at
on;9 a fra#tion of t"eir #apa#it95 and some forei7n e<perts #onsider
t"em t"e most ineffi#ient n8#;ear2po$er p;ants in t"e $or;d.

,
MISSION
To develop nuclear power technology and
produce in a self-reliant manner nuclear
power as a safe, environmentally benign
and an economically viable source of
electrical energy to meet the growing
electricity needs of the country
**********

B
VISION
NPCIL has its vision to have an
installed nuclear power capacity
of !,!!! "#$e% by the year
!!& This capacity could be
achieved by the development of
more ! "#$e% ' ((! "#$e%
units of Pressuri)ed heavy water
reactors, importing light water
reactors and by the introduction
of fast breeder reactors&
**************

-

F

C
Prime 'inister
DAE
Atomi# Ener79 Commission
NPCIL
Atomi# ener79
Re78;ator9 :oard
TAP% +4(
India Rare Eart"
TAPP >4,
/ARC
RAP% +4 (
&eav9 Water /oard
RAP% > 4 ,
ECIL
RAPP B 4 -
UCIL
'AP%
N8#;ear f8e; #omp;e<
NAP%
Indra Gand"i #enter for
advan#e resear#"
EAP%
EAIGA P% +4 (
Center for advan#e
te#"no;o79
EAIGA Pro!. >4 ,
EEP%
RAPS LOCATION AND SITE CONDITIONS
RAP% is ;o#ated on t"e eastern :an6 of Rana Pratap %a7ar ;a6e (R.P.%
8pstream of t"e R.P.% dam a#ross t"e #"am:a; river at an e;evation of
>CC mt. a:ove mean sea ;eve; $it" a ;atit8de of (,
*
B>? nort" and a
;on7it8de of F-
*
>-? east. T"e p;ant site is a:o8t -, E' from Eota
#it9. T"e p;a#e "as an avera7e rainfa;; of C(Bmm as per re#ords. T"e
ma<im8m $ind ve;o#it9 re#ords so far is +(A 6mG"r at +(* m. t"e
most predominant $ind dire#tion is at F.A*m and +(*m "ei7"ts is
Nort" of so8t" $est and $est of so8t" $est respe#tive;9.
T"e site "as no pop8;ation $it" in its vi#init9 of radi8s of B6m. It
"o$ever does "ave a pop8;ation of a:o8t BC t"o8sand distri:8ted in
t"e radi8s of +B Em. t"e on;9 near:9 ma!or ind8str9 is &EAH.
WATER PLANT (&.W.P.
N'CLEAR ENERG()

'ass defe#t #onverted into ener79 t"ro87" n8#;ear rea#tion. T$o
pro#esses prod8#e t"is0
+ N8#;ear fission.
( N8#;ear f8sion.
A ne8tron it sp;its into t$o :i7 parts "its $"en a "eav9 n8#;e8s ;i6es
t"at of 8rani8m I (>B 4 in addition ( or > ne8trons are re;eased.
&o$ever5 t"e mass of t"e parts is s;i7"t;9 ;ess t"an t"e mass of t"e
8rani8m n8#;e8s. T"e mass t"at is destro9ed is #onverted into ener79
((**'evG fission. T"is pro#ess is #a;;ed n8#;ear fission rea#tion.
It is m8#" more ;i6e;9 if ne8trons are s;o$5 in a rea#tor5 some of t"e
ne8trons prod8#ed are a:sor:ed so t"at for ever9 ne8tron #a8sin7
fission5 on;9 one is ;eft. T"is ne8tron in t8rn #o;;ides $it" anot"er
U(>B n8#;e8s 4 #a8ses fission. A #"ain rea#tion is t"8s set 8p. A;so5
t"e ne8trons "ave to :e s;o$ed do$n. T"e f8e; in a n8#;ear rea#tor
#onsists of Urani8m t"at ma9 :e nat8ra; or enri#"ed in $"i#"
proportion of U(>B is in#reased. Eit"er ;i7"t $ater (for enri#"ed
8rani8m or "eav9 $ater (for nat8ra; 8rani8m ma9 :e 8sed as a
moderator5 for s;o$in7 do$n t"e ne8trons. T"e ener79 re;eased is
a:sor:ed :9 t"e $ater (eit"er ;i7"t or "eav9. T"is #oo;ant in t8rn
transfers its ener79 to t"e ;i7"t $ater. U;timate;9 $ater is t8rned into
steam at "i7" press8re t"at is 8sed to derive t8r:ines as in an9
#onventiona; po$er p;ant. India "as si< N8#;ear Po$er P;antsD

A
At Tarap8r in 'a"arastra.
At Ra$at:"ata near Eota in Ra!ast"an
At Ea;pa66am near 'adras in Tami; Nad8.
At Narora in Uttar Prades"
At Ea6arpara near %8rat in G8!arat
At Eai7a near Ear$ar in Earnata6a.
T"e rea#tors at Tarap8r 8se enri#"ed 8rani8m as f8e; 4 ;i7"t $ater as
moderator and #oo;ant5 a;; ot"ers 8se 8rani8m and "eav9 $ater.
N8#;ear Po$er P;ant 8nder #onstr8#tion is t$o 8nits of B** 'W at
Tarap8r and t$o simi;ar 8nits at Ra$at:"ata near Eota. N8#;ear
fission "as :e#ome #ommer#ia;;9 via:;e and is :ein7 e<p;oited in
severa; #o8ntries.
SOME IMPORTANT N'CLEAR REACTIONS0
+
A(
U
(>C
J
*
n
+
22222
A(
U
(>A
Jr222222
A>
Np
(>A
2222222
A,
P8
(>A
T9pi#a; fission rea#tion0
(
A(
U
(>B
J
*
n
+
222222
>C
%r
A*
J
B,
3e
+,,
J(
*
n
+
JrJ(**'eH
Rea#tor poisonin7 rea#tion0
>
B(
Te
+>B
2222
B>
I
+>B
22222
B,
3e
+>B
22222
BB
Cs
+>B
222
B-
/a
+>B
(%ta:;e
We 6no$ t"at a:o8t (**'eH of ener79 is re;eased d8rin7 per
fission.
T"is ener79 is divided in t"e fo;;o$in7 $a90
+ E.E. of t"e fission fra7ments0 +-F'eH.
( E.E. of ne8trons0 B'eH.
> Ener79 of 7amma re;eased at fission0 B'eH.
, Ener79 of 7amma ra9s re;eased on nI#apt8re0 +*'eH.
B Gamma de#a9 ener790 F'eH.
- /eta I de#a9 ener790 B'eH.
2222222222222222222222222222
TOTAL K+AA'eH.
2222222222222222222222222222

+*
THREE STAGES OF INDIAN N'CLEAR POWER
PROGRAMME)
*+ INTROD'CTION)
India fi78red in t"e n8#;ear po$er map of t"e $or;d in +A-A5 $"en
t$o :oi;in7 $ater rea#tors (/WR% $ere #ommissioned at Tarap8r
(TAP%2+4( t"ese rea#tors $ere :8i;t on t"e t8rn6e9 :asis .T"e
main o:!e#tive of settin7 t"ese 8nits $as5 ;ar7e;9 to prove t"e
te#"no2e#onomi# via:i;it9 of n8#;ear po$er.
T"e n8#;ear po$er pro7ramme form8;ated
em:ar6ed on t"e t"ree2sta7e n8#;ear po$er pro7ramme5 ;in6in7 t"e
f8e; #9#;e of press8riLed "eav9 $ater rea#tor (P&WR 4 Fast
:reeder rea#tors (F/R for !8di#io8s 8ti;iLation of o8r reserves of
Urani8m 4 T"ori8m. T"e emp"asis of t"e pro7ramme is se;f I
re;ian#e and t"ori8m 8ti;iLation as a ;on7 2term o:!e#tive.
T"e t"ree sta7es of o8r N8#;ear po$er pro7ramme are0
*+ STAGE I02 T"is sta7e envisa7es #onstr8#tion of nat8ra;
Urani8m5 &eav9 $ater moderator 4 #oo;ed
press8riLed "eav9 $ater rea#tors (P&WR. %pent
f8e; from t"ese rea#tors is repro#essed to o:tain
p;8toni8m.
,+ STAGE II0 2 T"is sta7e envisa7es on t"e #onstr8#tion of Fast
:reeder rea#tors (F/R f8e;;ed :9 p;8toni8m 4
dep;eted U prod8#ed in sta7e I. T"ese rea#tors
$o8;d a;so :reed U(>> from t"ori8m.
-+ STAGE III K T"is sta7e $o8;d #omprise po$er rea#tors 8sin7
U(>>2 T"ori8m as f8e;5 $"i#" is 8sed as a :;an6et in
t"ese t9pe of rea#tors.
T"e P&WR $as #"osen d8e to t"e fo;;o$in70
+ It 8ses nat8ra; 8rani8m as f8e;. Use of nat8ra; 8rani8m
avai;a:;e in India5 "e;ps #8t "eav9 investments on enri#"ments5 as
8rani8m enri#"ment is #apita; intensive.
( Urani8m re=8irement is t"e ;o$est 4 p;8toni8m prod8#tion is
t"e "i7"est.

++
> T"e infrastr8#t8re avai;a:;e in t"e #o8ntr9 is s8ita:;e for
8nderta6in7 man8fa#t8re of t"e e=8ipment.
T"e s"ort Iterm 7oa; of t"e pro7ramme $as to #omp;ement t"e
7eneration of e;e#tri#it9 at ;o#ations a$a9 from #oa;mines. T"e
;on72term po;i#9 is :ased on re#9#;in7 n8#;ear f8e; and "arnessin7
t"e avai;a:;e T"ori8m reso8r#es to meet #o8ntr9?s ;on72term
ener79 demand and se#8rit9.
As a part of P&WR Pro7ramme (%TAGE I se#ond n8#;ear
po$er p;ant $as ta6en 8p as a !oint Indo2Canadian vent8re t"is
p;ant $as :8i;t at Ra$at:"ata (Ra!ast"an t$o 8nits ;aid a
mi;estone in t"e "istor9 of India a;; t"e #omponents $ere ta6en 8p
in India and t"e import #ontent red8#ed #onsidera:;9. 'oreover5
Canadians $it"dre$ in +AF,D Indian en7ineers did :a;an#e desi7n
4 #ommissionin7 of t"e Unit (.
,+ CHALLENGES FACED)
T"e ind8str9 $as ne$ to t"e man8fa#t8rin7 te#"ni=8es 4 strin7ent
=8a;it9 re=8irements of t"e n8#;ear #omponents ;i6e #a;andria5 end
s"ie;d5 steam 7enerators5 f8e;;in7 ma#"ine5 and "eav9 $ater
p8mps. T"e re=8irement of #onve#tiona; po$er p;ant e=8ipment
$as of m8#" ;ar7er #apa#it9 t"an t"ose :ein7 man8fa#t8red in t"e
#o8ntr9.
To a#"ieve se;f Is8ffi#ien#9 in t"is fie;d in t"e ;on7
r8n5 t"e department of atomi# ener79 esta:;is"ed e<tensive
resear#" 4 deve;opment fa#i;ities #overin7 diverse areas for
s8pportin7 te#"no;o79 a:sorption. Fa#i;ities5 from prospe#tin7 to
minin7 to fa:ri#ation of f8e; 4 Lir#oni8m a;;o9 #omponents5 for
man8fa#t8re of pre#ision rea#tor #omponents 4 prod8#tion of
"eav9 $ater $ere a;so set 8p. %8pp;9 of e=8ipments of
internationa; n8#;ear standard $as a;so a pro:;em so momento8s
efforts $ere p8t into deve;opment of s8#" man8fa#t8rin7
ind8stries. E<tensive R4D set 8p $ere esta:;is"ed for
meta;;8r7i#a; st8dies of :ot" fres" as $e;; as radioa#tive materia;5
non Idestr8#tive testin75 environmenta; 4 seismi# =8a;ifi#ation of
safet9 ana;9sis5 preparation 4deve;opment of va;idation of
#omp8ter #odes5 et#.

+(
Te#"no;o7ies for inspe#tion of t"e rea#tor #omponents5 repair
4rep;a#ement 8sin7 ro:oti#s 4 ;ife e<tension pro7ramme of t"e
operatin7 rea#tors5 "ave a;so :een s8##essf8;;9 deve;oped.
To s8mmaries5 t"e #on#erted efforts p8t in :9 DAE5 its
#onstit8ent 8nits 4 NPCIL5 to7et"er $it" Indian ind8stries 4
instit8tions "ave ;ed to deve;opment 4 f8;; #apa:i;ities to desi7n5
man8fa#t8rin7 of e=8ipment5 #onstr8#tion5 operation 4
maintenan#e of n8#;ear po$er p;ant.
Toda9 India is amon7st t"e se;e#t :and of fe$ #o8ntries of
t"e $or;d t"at "ave deve;oped s8#" #apa:i;ities.
>. %tat8s of n8#;ear po$er 7eneration 4 f8t8re p;ans0
T"e n8#;ear po$er pro7ramme in India 8p to 9ear (*(*
is :ased on insta;;ation of a series of (>B 'We 4B**'$e
press8riLed "eav9 $ater rea#tor (P&WR UNIT%5 +***'We ;i7"t
$ater rea#tors (LWR UNIT% 4 fast :reeder rea#tors (F/R 8nits.
NPCIL p;ans to #ontri:8te a:o8t +*M of t"e tota; additiona; needs
of po$er of a:o8t +****'We per 9ear i.e. +*** 'We per 9ear in
t"e #omin7 t$o five I9ear p;ans. T"e tota; insta;;ed #apa#it9 of
n8#;ear 7eneration $o8;d in#rease to more t"an (**** 'We in
9ear (*(* from t"e present ;eve; of (F(* 'We.
T"e :asi# desi7n of t"e ((*GB**'We 8nits in
simi;arD "o$ever5 a n8m:er of si7nifi#ant desi7n #"an7es "ave
:een made pro7ressive;9 from t"e first 8nit at Ra!ast"an to t"e B**
'We 8nits. T"ese desi7n #"an7es "ave :een made from t"e
#onsideration of #8rrent;9 prevai;in7 safet9 #riteria5 seismi#it95
improve avai;a:i;it9 re=8irement of in2 servi#e inspe#tion5 ease of
maintenan#e et#.5 as appropriate to t"e #onditions in India.

DESCRIPTION OF STANDARD INDIAN PHWR)
*+ LA(O'T)
T"e n8#;ear po$er stations in India are 7enera;;9 p;aned
as t$o 8nits mod8;es5 s"arin7 #ommon fa#i;ities s8#" as servi#e
:8i;din75 spent f8e; stora7e :a9 4 ot"er a8<i;iaries ;i6e "eav9
$ater 8p7radin75 $aste mana7ement fa#i;ities et#. . %eparate
safet9 re;ated s9stems 4 #omponents are "o$ever provided for
ea#" 8nit. %8#" an arran7ement retains independen#e for safe
operation of ea#" 8nit 4 sim8;taneo8s;9 permits optim8m 8se of
spa#e5 finan#e 4 #onstr8#tion time. T"e ;a9 o8t for a t9pi#a;

+>
((*'We station as 7iven in fi78re +5 s"o$s t$o rea#tor :8i;din75
a#tive servi#e :8i;din7 in#;8din7 spent f8e; :a95 safet9 re;ated
e;e#tri#a; 4 #ontro; :8i;din7s and t"e t$o t8r:ine :8i;din7s.
Orientin7 t8r:ine :8i;din7 radia; to t"e rea#tor :8i;din7 provides
prote#tion from t"e effe#t of t8r:ine missi;es. Ot"er safet9 re;ated
:8i;din7 s 4str8#t8res are a;so ;o#ated as not to fa;; in t"e
tra!e#tor9 of missi;es 7enerated from t"e t8r:ine. T"e :8i;din7s
and str8#t8res "ave a;so :een p"9si#a;;9 separated on t"e :asis of
t"eir seismi# #;assifi#ation.
%e#tiona; vie$s of t"e rea#tor :8i;din7 are s"o$n in fi78re (
depi#tin7 7enera; ;a9o8t inside t"e rea#tor :8i;din7.
,+ REACTOR)
In #on#ept5 t"e Indian press8riLed "eav9 $ater rea#tor
is a press8re t8:e t9pe rea#tor 8sin7 "eav9 $ater moderator5 "eav9
$ater #oo;ant 4 nat8ra; 8rani8m dio<ide f8e;. T"e rea#tor as
s"o$n in t"e #8t a$a9 vie$ in fi78re > #onsists primari;9 of
#a;andria a "oriLonta; #9;indri#a; vesse;. It is penetrated :9 a ;ar7e
n8m:er of Lir#a;o9 press8re t8:es (>*- for (>B'We rea#tor5
arran7ed in a s=8are ;atti#e. T"ese press8re t8:es5 a;so refer as
#oo;ant #"anne;s5 #ontain t"e f8e; 4 "ot "i7" I press8re "eav9
$ater #oo;ant. T"e press8re t8:es are atta#"ed to t"e a;;o9 stee;
and fittin7 assem:;ies at eit"er end :9 spe#ia; ro;e e<pended !oints.
A t9pi#a; press8re t8:e assem:;9 is s"o$n fi78re , .End I s"ie;ds
are t"e inte7ra; parts of t"e #a;andria and are provided at ea#" end
of t"e #a;andria to atten8ate t"e radiation emer7in7 from t"e
rea#tor5 permittin7 a##ess to t"e f8e;;in7 ma#"ine va8;ts $"en t"e
rea#tor is s"8tdo$n. T"e end fittin7s are s8pported in t"e end
s"ie;d ;atti#e t8:es t"ro87" :earin75 $"i#" permit t"eir s;idin7.
T"e #a;andria is "o8sed in a #on#rete va8;t5 $"i#" is ;ined $it"
Lin# meta;;ised #ar:on stee; 4 fi;;ed $it" #"emi#a;;9 treated
deminera;ised ;i7"t $ater for s"ie;din7 p8rposes. T"e end s"ie;ds
are s8pported in openin7s va8;t $a;;5 and form part of t"e va8;t
en#;os8re at t"ese openin7s. Remova:;e s"ie;d p;87s fitted in t"e
end fittin7s provide a<ia; s"ie;din7 to individ8a; #oo;ant #"anne;s.

+,
-+ REACTIVIT( CONTROL MECHANISMS)
D8e to t"e 8se of nat8ra; 8rani8m f8e; 4 on2;oad ref8e;in75 t"e
P&WR?s do not need a ;ar7e e<#ess rea#tivit9. Correspondin7;9 t"e
devi#es re=8ired for #ontro; of rea#tivit9 in t"e #ore need not "ave
;ar7e rea#tivit9 $ort"?s. %tandard rea#tors desi7ns are provided
$it" fo8r s9stems for rea#tivit9 #ontro;5 viL.
+ Re78;atin7 rods
( %"im rods
> Ad!8ster rods for <enon override
, Nat8ra; :oron addition in t"e moderator to #ompensate for
t"e e<#ess rea#tivit9 in a fres" #ore 4for a:sen#e of <enon after a
;on7 s"8tdo$n.
T"e rea#tivit9 #ontro; devi#es are insta;;ed in t"e ;o$2 press8re
moderator re7ion 4 so t"e9 are not s8:!e#ted to potentia;;9 severe
"9dra8;i# 4 t"erma; for#es in t"e event of post8;ated a##idents.
F8rt"ermore5 t"e re;ative;9 spa#io8s #ore ;atti#e of P&WR a;;o$s
s8ffi#ient ;o#ations to o:tain #omp;ete separation :et$een #ontro;
4 prote#tive f8n#tions. T"e re78;atin7 s9stems are t"8s f8;;9
independent $it" its o$n po$er s8pp;ies5 instr8mentations 4
trip;i#ated #ontro; #"anne;s. Co:a;t 4 stain;ess stee; a:sor:er
e;ements "ave :een 8ti;iLed in t"e rea#tivit9 #ontro; me#"anisms.
For ((*'We standardiLed desi7n5 t$o diverse5 fast
a#tin7 4 independent s"8tdo$n s9stems "ave :een adopted. T"is
feat8re provides a "i7" de7ree of ass8ran#e t"at p;ant transients
re=8irin7 prompt s"8tdo$n of t"e rea#tor $i;; :e terminated safe;9.
T"e primar9 s"8tdo$n s9stem #onsists of +, me#"ani#a; s"8t off
rods of #admi8m sand$i#"ed in stain;ess stee; 4ma6es t"e rea#tor
s8:2 #riti#a; in ;ess t"an ( se#s. Fai;2safe feat8res ;i6e 7ravit9 fa;;
4sprin7 assistan#e "ave :een in#orporated in desi7n if me#"ani#a;
s"8t off rods. T"e se#ond s"8tdo$n s9stem5 $"i#" is a;so fast
a#tin75 #omprises +( ;i=8id poison t8:es5 $"i#" are fi;;ed $it"
;it"i8m penta :orate so;8tion 8nder "e;i8m press8re. T"e trip
si7na; a#t8ates a #om:ination of fast a#tin7 va;ves and #a8ses
poison to :e in!e#ted sim8;taneo8s;9 in +( interstitia; ;i=8id poison
t8:es of #a;andria.

+B
.+ F'EL DESIGN)
F8e; assem:;ies in t"e rea#tor are s"ort ;en7t" ("a;f metre ;on7
f8e; :8nd;es. T$e;ve of s8#" :8nd;es are ;o#ated in ea#" f8e;
#"anne;. T"e :asi# f8e; materia; is in t"e form of nat8ra; 8rani8m
dio<ide a pe;;et5 s"eat"ed 4sea;ed in t"in Lir#a;o9 t8:es. We;din7
t"em to end p;ates to form f8e; :8nd;es assem:;es t"ese t8:es.
Fi78re B s"o$s t"e +A2 e;ement f8e; :8nd;e :ein7 8sed in ((*
'We P&WRs.

/+ F'EL HANDLING)
On Ipo$er f8e;;in7 is a feat8re of a;; P&WRs5 $"i#" "ave ver9
;o$ e<#ess rea#tivit9. In t"is t9pe of rea#tor5 ref8e;in7 to
#ompensate for f8e; dep;etion 4 for over a;; f;8< s"apin7 to 7ive
optim8m po$er distri:8tion is #arried o8t $it" t"e "e;p of (
f8e;in7 ma#"ines5 $"i#" $or6 in #on!8n#tion $it" ea#" ot"er on
t"e opposite ends of a #"anne;. One of t"e ma#"ines is 8sed to f8e;
t"e #"anne; $"i;e t"e ot"er one a##epts t"e spent f8e; :8nd;es. In
addition5 t"e f8e;in7 ma#"ines fa#i;itate remova; of fai;ed f8e;
:8nd;es. Ea#" f8e;;in7 ma#"ine is mo8nted on a :rid7e 4 #o;8mn
assem:;9. Hario8s me#"anisms provided a;on7 tri2 dire#tiona;
movement (35 .4N dire#tion of f8e;in7 ma#"ine "ead and ma6e
it possi:;e to a;i7n it a##8rate;9 $it" respe#t to #"anne;s. Hario8s
me#"anisms "ave :een provided $"i#" ena:;es #;ampin7 of
f8e;in7 ma#"ine "ead to t"e end fittin75 openin7 4 #;osin7 of t"e
respe#tive sea; p;87s5 s"ie;d p;87s 4perform vario8s f8e;;in7
operations i.e. re#eivin7 ne$ f8e; in t"e ma7aLine from f8e;
transfer s9stem5 sendin7 spent f8e; from ma7aLine to s"8tt;e
transfer station5 from s"8tt;e transfer station to inspe#tion :a9 4
from inspe#tion :a9 to spent f8e; stora7e :a9.
0+ PRIMAR( HEAT TRANSPORT 1PHT+ S(STEM)
T"e s9stem5 $"i#" #ir#8;ates press8re #oo;ant t"ro87" t"e f8e;
#"anne;s to remove t"e "eat 7enerated in f8e;5 is referred as
Primar9 &eat Transport %9stem. T"e ma!or #omponents of t"is
s9stem are t"e rea#tor f8e; #"anne;s5 feeders5 t$o rea#tor in;et
"eaders5 t$o rea#tor o8t;et "eaders5 fo8r p8mps 4inter#onne#tin7
pipes 4 va;ves. T"e "eaders steam 7enerators 4 p8mps are

+-
;o#ated a:ove t"e rea#tor and are arran7ed in t$o s9mmetri#a;
:an6s at eit"er end of t"e rea#tor. T"e "eaders are #onne#ted to
f8e; #"anne;s t"ro87" individ8a; feeder pipes. Fi78re - depi#ts
s#"emati#a;;9 t"e re;ative ;a9o8t of ma!or e=8ipment in one :an6
of t"e P&T s9stem .t"e #oo;ant #ir#8;ation is mentioned at a;; times
d8rin7 rea#tor operation5 s"8tdo$n 4 maintenan#e.
2+ MODERATOR S(STEM)
T"e "eav9 $ater moderator is #ir#8;ated t"ro87" t"e #a;andria :9
aid of a ;o$ temperat8re 4 ;o$ I press8re moderator s9stem.
T"is s9stem #ir#8;ates t"e moderator t"ro87" t$o "eat e<#"an7ers5
$"i#" remove "eat dissipated :9 "i7" I ener79 ne8trons d8rin7
t"e pro#ess of moderation. T"e #oo;ed moderator is ret8rned to t"e
#a;andria via. 'oderator in;et noLL;es. T"e "i7" #"emi#a; p8rit9
and ;o$ radioa#tivit9 ;eve; of t"e moderator are maintained
t"ro87" moderator p8rifi#ation s9stem. T"e p8rifi#ation s9stem
#onsists of stain;ess stee; Ion I E<#"an7e &oppers5 ei7"t n8m:ers
in ((*'We #ontains n8#;ear 7rade5 mi<ed Ion 2 E<#"an7e resin
(C*M anion 4 (*M #ation resins .t"e p8rifi#ation s9stem is a;so
8ti;iLed for remova:;e of #"emi#a; s"im5 :oron to effe#t start I8p
of rea#tor &e;i8m is 8sed as a #over I 7as over t"e "eav9 $ater in
#a;andria. T"e #on#entration de8teri8m in t"is #over2 7as is #ontro;
;ed :9 #ir#8;atin7 it 8sin7 a sea;ed :;o$er and passin7 t"ro87" t"e
re#om:ination #ontainin7 #ata;9st A;8mina I #oated $it" *.>M
Pa;;adi8m.
2+ F'EL)
T"e 8se of nat8ra; 8rani8m dio<ide f8e; $it" its ;o$ #ontent of
fissi;e materia; (*.F(M U2(>B pre#;8des t"e possi:i;it9 of a
rea#tivit9 a##ident d8rin7 f8e; "and;in7 or stora7e. A;so5 in t"e
#ore t"ere $o8;d no si7nifi#ant in#rease in t"e rea#tivit95 in t"e
ever of an9 mis"aps #a8sin7 redistri:8tion of t"e f8e; :9 ;atti#e
distortion or ot"er$ise.
T"e t"erma; #"ara#teristi#s name;9 t"e ;o$ t"erma; #ond8#tivit9
and "i7" spe#ifi# "eat o" UO( permit a;most a;; t"e "eat 7enerated
in a fast po$er transient to :e initia;;9 a:sor:ed in t"e f8e;.
F8rt"ermore5 "i7" me;tin7 point of UO( permits severa; f8;; po$er

+F
se#onds of "eat to :e safe;9 a:sor:ed a:ove t"at #ontained at
norma; po$er.
'ost of t"e fission prod8#ts remain :o8nd in t"e UO( matri< and
ma9 7et re;eased s;o$;9 on;9 at temperat8res #onsidera:;9 "i7"er
t"an t"e norma; operatin7 temperat8res. A;so on t"e a##o8nt of t"e
8rani8m dio<ide :ein7 #"emi#a;;9 inert to t"e $ater #oo;ant
medi8m5 t"e defe#ted f8e; re;eases ;imited amo8nt of radioa#tivit9
to t"e primar9 #oo;ant s9stem.
T"e 8se of +( s"ort ;en7t" f8e; :8nd;es per #"anne;s in a P&WR5
rat"er t"an f8;; I ;en7t" e;ements #overin7 t"e $"o;e ;en7t" of t"e
#ore5 s8:divides t"e es#apa:;e radioa#tive fa#i;it9 in P&WR "as
a;so t"e sin78;ar advanta7e of a;;o$in7 t"e defe#ted f8e; to :e
rep;a#ed :9 fres" f8e; at an9 time.
T"e t"in Nir#a;;o9 I (G, #;addin7 8sed in f8e; e;ements is desi7ned
to #o;;apse 8nder #oo;ant press8re on to t"e f8e; pe;;ets. T"is
feat8re permits "i7" pe;;et 2 #;ad 7ap #ond8#tan#e res8;tin7 in
;o$er f8e; temperat8res 4 #onse=8ent;9 ;o$er fission 7as re;ease
from t"e UO( matri< into pe;;et I #;ad 7ap.
REACTOR A'3ILIARIES
END SHIELD COOLING S(STEM
T"ere are t$o End %"ie;ds provided at :ot" t"e ends of #a;andria
performin7 t"e fo;;o$in7 f8n#tions.
(i Providin7 s8pports for #a;andria t8:es and press8re t8:es.
(ii Provides radiation and t"erma; s"ie;din7 for f8e;;in7 ma#"ine
va8;ts so t"at t"e f8e;;in7 ma#"ine va8;ts #an :e a##essi:;e d8rin7
s"8tdo$n.
&eat is removed from t"e end s"ie;ds to moderator and #a;andria
va8;t $ater. &o$ever t"e :8;6 of t"e "eat is removed :9 End s"ie;d
#oo;in7 s9stem.
T"e :asi# re=8irements of t"e end s"ie;d #oo;in7 s9stem are0
(iTo maintain #a;aridria side t8:e s"eet (C%T% of end s"ie;d at an
avera7e
temperat8re of -Fde7 #enti7rade.

+C
(iiTo maintain temperat8re differen#e :et$een vario8s parts of
end s"ie;d
$it"in permissi:;e ;imits.
(iii To avoid sta7nant po#6ets of #oo;ant5 in end s"ie;d5 $"i#"
#o8;d #a8se
#orrosion pro:;ems.
(ivTo avoid over"eatin7 and "ot spots $"i#" #o8;d ;ead to dama7e
of end
s"ie;d.
(vTo provide ventin7 of end s"ie;d for 8niform s"ie;din7 in
a##essi:;e and
%GD a##essi:;e areas.
T"e End %"ie;d Coo;in7 %9stem is a #;osed ;oop s9stem Consistin7
of end s"ie;ds5 #ir#8;atin7 p8mps5 and "eat e<#"an7ers. An
a8<i;iar9 ;oop e<ists for t"e #ontro; of $ater #"emistr9.
T"ere are t$o end s"ie;ds $"ere t"e "eat is 7enerated d8e to
radiation and #ond8#tion from ot"er rea#tors #omponent i.e. End
fittin7s5 Feeders5 #onve#tion and
radiation a#ross ins8;ation 7aps. (A;most B*M of t"e
"eat ;oad is from P&T. A tota; of +., 'W of "eat ;oad
e<ists for ea#" end s"ie;d. T"is "eat is removed :9
OO #ir#8;ation of deminera;ised $ater t"ro87" t"e End
%"ie;ds. T"e End %"ie;ds #onsist of t$o #ompartments #a;;ed front
and rear #ompartments. D' Water (A** LP'
enters t"e front #ompartment (t"e #ompartment fa#in7 t"e
#a;andria from five in;ets at t"e top. Front Compartment is f8rt"er
divided into five separate #o;8mns. D' Water passes t"ro87" t"ese
#o;8mns at a ve;o#it9 of >F.F #mGse# and f;o$s into t"e ann8;8s
spa#e :et$een t"e o8ter and inner s"e;;s of End s"ie;d.
CALANDRIA VA'LT COOLING S(STEM
In RAP% #a;andria va8;t (t"e spa#e :et$een t"e #a;andria and stee;
;ined str8#t8ra; $a;; is f8;; of deminera;ised (D' $ater. D'
$ater fi;;ed #a;andria va8;t provides radiation5 :io;o7i#a; and
t"erma; s"ie;din75 and a;so a#ts as "eat sin6 in #ase of serio8s
#ontin7en#9. Fi;;in7 of #a;andria va8;t $it" D' $ater e;iminated
Ar7on2,+ a#tivit9 of ear;ier Indian P&WRs $"i#" "ad air fi;;ed

+A
#a;andria va8;ts (RAP% +4( AND 'AP%. T"is drasti#a;;9 #8ts
t"e e<pos8re of p8:;i# in t"e vi#init9 of Indian N8#;ear Po$er
P;ants.
T"e dimensions of t"e #a;andria va8;t are s8#" t"at a minim8m
$ater t"i#6ness of +.>B meters is ens8red :et$een t"e #a;andria
and #on#rete va8;t.
T"is ens8res ade=8ate s"ie;din7.
F'NCTIONS OF THE CALANDRIA VA'LT COOLING
S(STEM
iTo remove "eat 7enerated in va8;t $ater.
iiTo provide t"erma; s"ie;din7 and :io;o7i#a; s"ie;d 8nder a;;
#ondition.
iii To maintain 8niform temperat8re in t"e va8;t str8#t8re :e;o$
permissi:;e ;imit 8nder a;; #ondition.
iv Provide an environment #ompati:;e $it" t"e materia; 8sed for
#omponents $it"in va8;t.
&eat appearin7 in #a;andria va8;t $ater is removed :9 a #;osed
;oop #oo;in7 s9stem. Water at ,(.Bde7 #en. is distri:8ted t"ro87"
perforated "eader ;aid o8t in t"e :ottom of t"e va8;t and $arm
$ater at ,-.(de7 #en. ;eaves t"e va8;t t"ro87" "eader at t"e top.
VAPO'R S'PPRESSION S(STEM
Lar7e pooi of $ater (((**'>5 (.,m deep at t"e :asement of t"e
rea#tor :8i;din7 is provided to ;imit pea6 press8re inside vo;8me
Hi d8rin7 LOCA (Loss of #oo;ant a##ident or '%L/('ain steam
;ine :rea6 :9 #ondensin7
"i7" ent"a;p9 steam. Ho;8me Hi is #onne#ted to t"e s8ppression
poo; via an ann8;ar spa#e :et$een t"e R/ str8#t8re $a;; and inner
#ontainment $a;;.
T"e s8ppression poo; is provided $it" a re #ir#8;ation s9stem to
prote#t a7ainst #orrosion and :io;o7i#a; 7ro$t".

(*
ANN'L'S GAS MONITORING S(STEM
T"e ann8;8s 7as monitorin7 s9stem of RAPP >4, provides a
means of monitorin7 t"e ;ea6a7e (if an9 of "eav9 $ater eit"er
from P&T or from moderator s9stem d8e to fai;8re of #oo;ant t8:e
#a;andria t8:e or ro;;ed !oints. It is a #;osed ;oop re#ir#8;atin7
s9stem $"i#" maintains f;o$ of C*( 7as t"ro87" t"e ann8;8s 7ap
:et$een #oo;ant tit"e and #a;andria tit"e. Apart from ;ea6
dete#tion5 t"e ann8;8s 7as a;so a#ts as a t"erma; :arrier5 separatin7
t"e "ot "i7" press8re #oo;ant t8:es and t"e #omparative;9 #oo;er
;o$ press8re #a;andria t8:es. /9 red8#in7 "eat transfer :et$een
#oo;ant t8:e and #a;andria t8:e5 "eat remova; re=8irements from
moderator s9stem are minimiLed as $e;; as t"e red8#tion in ;oss of
"eat from P&T s9stem. In addition5 t"e ann8;8s 7as minimiLes
#orrosion and "9drides formation in t"e #oo;ant t8:es or in t"e
7arter sprin7 spa#ers :9 providin7 a dr9 *( doped 7as atmosp"ere
in t"e ann8;8s.
LI4'ID POISON INJECTION S(STEM
For pro;on7ed s"8tdo$n of rea#tor (+ for maintenan#e !o:s or (ii
$"en rea#tor "as tripped on rea#tivit9 transient $"i#" do not
permit restart of rea#tor $it"in poison override time5 LPI% is
a#t8ated so t"at s8: #riti#a;it9 mar7in is maintained 8nder a;;
#onditions. LPI% adds a :8;6 amo8nt of ;i=8id poison dire#t;9 to
t"e moderator to 6eep t"e rea#tor 8nder s"8tdo$n state for
pro;on7ed d8ration. T"is is an independent pro#ess s9stem and is
t"e rep;a#ement of (i ALPA% :8;6 addition mode (at NAPP and
EAPP $"i#" re=8ired moderator #ir#8;ation and (ii 7ravit9
addition of :oron (GRA/
T"e LPI% $or6s on pne8mati# press8riLation of :oron so;8tion :9
"e;i8m. T"e s9stem #onsists of poison tan6
and "e;i8m tan6. W"en a #ommand for poison addition is re#eived
t"e press8re :a;an#e va;ves and sip"on :rea6 va;ves #;ose and
in!e#tion va;ves open. T"is #a8ses t"e press8risation of poison tan6
:9 "e;i8m stored in "e;i8m tan6. T"is in t8rn #a8ses in!e#tion of

(+
:oron poison dire#t;9 into t"e moderator t"ro87" t$o noLL;es in
#a;andria at FBMFT ;eve;
D,O EVAPORATION AND CLE5AN 'P S(STEM
D(* evaporation and #;ean 8p s9stem p8rifies do$n7raded "eav9
$ater to a ;eve; $"i#" is not "armf8; to "eav9 $ater 8p7radin7
s9stem :9 removin7 a;; t"e imp8rities. T"e "eav9 $ater #o;;e#ted
from vario8s ;ea6a7es and spi;;s #ontains a n8m:er of imp8rities
$"i#" norma;;9 arise fromP %8rf a#e from $"i#" D(* is
#o;;e#ted. Corrosion prod8#ts prod8#ed inside t"e rea#tor D(*
s9stem.
Prod8#ts res8;tin7 from radio;9ti# pro#ess. Or7ani# materia; from
ion e<#"an7e resin d8eteration and :rea6do$n.
D(* evaporation and #;ean8p s9stem is desi7ned to #;ean t"e
do$n7raded "eav9 $ater #"emi#a;;9 so t"at it #an :e fed to
8p7radin7 p;ant. C;ean8p s9stem #omprises of oi; $ater separation
sta7e5 fi;tration sta7e and ion e<#"an7e sta7e.
HEAV( WATER 'PGRADING S(STEM
&eav9 $ater is 8sed as moderator and primar9 "eat transport f;8ids
in P&WRs. &eav9 $ater is "i7";9 "97ros#opi#. &en#e it ;ea6s
from t"e s9stem5 it 7ets do$n7raded on e<pos8re to atmosp"ere.
%8#" ;ea6ed "eav9 $ater #o;;e#ted from vario8s points in t"e
rea#tor is to :e 8p7raded :efore 8se in rea#tor5 sin#e t"e isotopi#
p8rit9 re=8ired for moderator "eav9 $ater is as ma<im8m as
a#"ieva:;e.
FIRE FIGHTING S(STEM
Fire prote#tion s9stem in a n8#;ear po$er p;ant is meant To prevent
dama7e to vario8s e=8ipment or s9stem d8e to fire.
To ens8re de#a9 "eat remova; of t"e rea#tor. To minimiLe t"e
re;ease of radioa#tivit9 to environment in t"e event of a fire.
To provide :a#68p PW #oo;in7 to vario8s s9stems. To ens8re
personne; spra9 s8pp;9.
Fire prote#tion s9stem #onsists of fire fi7"tin7 $ater s9stem5
#ar:on dio<ide fire prote#tion s9stem and porta:;e fire prote#tion
s9stem.

((
FIRE WATER S(STEM
Fire $ater s9stem #omprises of #onstant;9 press8riLed fire "9drant
s9stem and sprin6;er s9stem. A8tomati# sprin6;ers "ave :een
provided for oi; fi;;ed transformers and non2a8tomati# sprin6;ers
are provided for oi; s9stems5 #a:;e va8;ts and #a:;e t8nne;s.
&9drant s9stem #overs t"e $"o;e p;ant for o8tdoor and indoor
s8pp;9 of fire$ater. Water for :ot" "9drant and sprin6;er s9stem is
s8pp;ied :9 t"e fire$ater p8mps from t"e s8mps ;o#ated in t"e
#oo;in7 $ater p8mp "o8se(CWP&.
ACTIVE PROCESS WATER S(STEM
A#tive pro#ess $ater s9stem provides dire#t means of "eat
transport from e=8ipment and "eat e<#"an7ers in t"e primar9 "eat
transport s9stem5 moderator s9stem and rea#tor a8<i;iar9 s9stem to
8;timate "eat sin6 d8rin7 a;; operationa; sta7es of t"e p;ant and
a##ident #ondition ;i6e LOCA. T"8s it forms t"e se#ondar9 part in
t"e 8;timate "eat remova; s9stem. It is a safet92re;ated s9stem.
Re;ia:i;it9 and #ontin8o8s "eat remova; is a#"ieved :9 desi7nin7
t"e s9stem for %%EGO/E :9 providin7 red8ndan#9 in rotatin7
e=8ipment5 C;ass III po$er s8pp;9 to a;; safet9 re;ated e;e#tri#
motor driven e=8ipment and :a#68p s8pp;9 from fire $ater s9stem
to meet stati# #omponent fai;8re T"is s9stem is potentia;;9 a#tive
sin#e t"ere is a possi:i;it9 of ;ea6a7e of a#tive primar9 f;8id to t"is
s9stem t"ro87" vario8s "eat e<#"an7ers.
R6 VENTILATION S(STEM
R/ is desi7ned as a do8:;e #ontainment str8#t8re in order to
prevent 7ro8nd ;eve; re;ease d8rin7 a##ident #onditions. Primar9
#ontainment "o8ses a;; e=8ipments and pipin7 of n8#;ear s9stems.
%e#ondar9 #ontainment enve;ops t"e primar9 #ontainment $it" an
ann8;ar radia; 7ap of ( meters.
PC is divided into t$o vo;8mes. Hi #ontainin7 t"e s9stems "avin7
"i7" ent"a;p9 f;8ids #omprisin7 of FG' va8;ts5 p8mp room5 dome
re7ion and in#;8des F'%A $"en t"e9 are in #onta#t $it" FG'

(>
va8;ts. T"ese areas are not a##essi:;e d8rin7 norma; p;ant
operation. No venti;ation is provided for t"is vo;8me :8t #;osed
;oop "eav9 $ater vapo8r re#over9 s9stem is provided to re#over
D(* t"at es#apes from "i7" ent"a;p9 s9stems. T"e remainin7 area
#onstit8tes vo;8me H(. Ho;8me H( is separated from Hi :9 a ;ea6
ti7"t :arrier and press8re s8ppression poo;. T"e vo;8me Hi is
maintained at ne7ative press8re $it" respe#t to H( :9 maintainin7
#ontin8o8s;9 a sma;; p8r7e to t"e sta#6. Ho;8me H( is norma;;9
a##essi:;e e<#ept moderator room5 F'%A and DN monitorin7
rooms.
HEAV( WATER VAPO'R RECOVER( S(STEM
&eav9 $ater vapo8r arisin7 o8t of spi;;sG;ea6a7es from primar9
"eat transport5 moderator and f8e;;in7 ma#"ine #ir#8its is
re#overed from :8i;din7 atmosp"ere :9 adsorption on mo;e#8;ar
sieve :eds. Hapo8r re#over9 s9stem is an important feat8re of t"e
station "eav9 $ater mana7ement s#"emes. Fo;;o$in7 are t"e
#riteria for desi7n and operation of vapo8r re#over9 s9stemP To
effe#t e#onom9 in rea#tor operatin7 #osts :9 effi#ient re#over9 of
"eav9 $ater t"at es#apes into t"e :8i;din7 atmosp"ere.
To minimise "eav9 $ater ;oss and triti8m ;oss and triti8m re;ease
t"ro87" sta#6.
To minimise triti8m a#tivit9 ;eve;s in vario8s areas of t"e rea#tor
:8i;din7.
To 6eep t"e vo;8me Hi area 8nder ne7ative press8re $it" respe#t to
vo;8me H( area for preventin7 t"e spread of a#tivit9 from vo;8me
Hi to vo;8me H(.
CALANDRIA
T"e #a;andria is "oriLonta; vesse; "o8sed in a re#tan78;ar #a;andria
va8;t. T"e #a;andria is a sin7;e $a;;ed a8steniti# stain;ess stee;
vesse;. T"e main s"e;; is stepped do$n in diameter at ea#" end and

(,
site $e;ded to t"eir #9;indri#a; e<tensions of t"e end s"ie;ds on
ea#" side of t"e rea#tor.
END SHIELD
T"e end s"ie;ds are #9;indri#a; :o<es $"ose e<tensions are $e;ded
to t"e #a;andria side t8:e s"eet at t"e #a;andria end and f8e;in7
ma#"ine side t8:e s"eets at f8e;in7 ma#"ine end of t"e end s"ie;d
d8rin7 s"op fa:ri#ation. T"e :o< is pier#ed :9 >*- ;atti#e t8:es
arran7ed on ((C.-mm s=8are pit#". T"e spa#e inside t"e end s"ie;d
is divided into t$o #ompartments :9 a >Cmm t"i#6 :aff;e p;ate and
f8e;in7 ma#"ine side t8:e s"eet is fi;;ed $it" +*mm dia sp"eri#a;
mi;d stee; :a;;s and ;i7"t $ater in t"e BF0,> ratio.
CALANDRIA T'6E
T"e #a;andria t8:es are man8fa#t8red from Nir#a;;o9( strip t"at is
#9;indri#a;;9 formed and seam $e;ded. T"e seams are t"en ;eve;ed
:9 ro;;in7. T"e primar9 f8n#tions of t"e #a;andria t8:es in a rea#tor
s9stem are2
+.To separate t"e re;ative;9 #o;d moderator from "ot #oo;ant t8:es
to minimiLe "eat ;osses.
(.To s8pport t"e "oriLonta; #oo;ant t8:es (t"ro87" 7arter sprin7s
and prevent t"e e<#essive sa7 #a8sed :9 #reep. To a#t as
#ontainment vesse; for t"e #ontents of t"e #"anne; in t"e 8n;i6e;9
:8t post8;ated instan#e of a press8re (#oo;ant t8:e r8pt8re
a##ident.
COOLANT T'6E
Coo;ant t8:e is t"e most important str8#t8ra; #omponent inside t"e
rea#tor #ore. Coo;ant t8:es are man8fa#t8red from Nr2N:. Ea#"
end of t"e #oo;ant t8:e is !oined to a spe#ia; t9pe ,*>%% end

(B
fittin7. %8#" >*- Nos. of para;;e; #oo;ant t8:es are p;a#ed
"oriLonta;;9 inside t"e rea#tor #ore at t"e s=8are ;atti#e distan#e of
((C. -mm.
END FITTINGS
T"e end fittin7s on eit"er end of t"e rea#tor identi#a; and
#onne#ted at t"e ends.
GARTER %PRING %PACER%
Fo8r n8m:ers of 7arter sprin7 for ea#" #oo;ant #"anne; and ;o#ated
in t"e ann8;8s spa#e :et$een #oo;ant and #a;andria t8:es.
SEAL PL'G
T"e f8n#tion of t"e sea;in7 p;87 is to #;ose t"e ends of t"e #oo;ant
assem:;ies and prevent t"e es#ape of "eav9 $ater from t"e end
fittin7s. D8rin7 f8e; #"an7es it is ne#essar9 to remove t"ese p;87s.
SHIELD PL'G
T"e s"ie;d p;87 $"i#" norma;;9 resides in t"e end fittin7 serves t"e
t"ree f8n#tions of providin7 P Radiation s"ie;din7 at t"e ends of
t"e #oo;ant t8:es 'eans of ;o#atin7 t"e f8e; in t"e f8e; #"anne; and
stoppin7 t"e f8e; #o;8mn from fo;;o$in7 t"e sea; p;87s $"en t"e9
are $it"dra$n d8rin7 f8e; #"an7es. T"e t8r:ine is of t"e "oriLonta;
tandem #ompo8nd5 re"eatin75 imp8;se t9pe5 r8nnin7 at >*** rpm5
$it" spe#ia; provision for e<tra#tion of moist8re. T"e t8r:ine "as a
ma<im8m #ontin8o8s and e#onomi# ratin7 of ((* 'W5 T"e
t8r:ine #omprises of one &P #9;inder and t$o do8:;e f;o$ LP
C9;inders t"8s providin7 , LP f;o$ in para;;e;. T"etas are five
imp8;se sta7es in t"e &P #9;inder and si< sta7es for
ea#" of t"e LP #9;inders. T"e t8r:ine #9;inders and 7enerator is
so;id;9 #o8p;ed to7et"er in ;ine5 $it" a sin7;e t"r8st :earin7 on &P
s"aft :et$een No5 ( :earin7 (&P rotor :earin7 and t"e &PQLP.
Co8p;in7 ea#" rotor is s8pported in t$o main :earin7. A so;id
for7ed stee; rotor is provided in t"e &P #9;inder $"i;st t"e LP rotor
"ave s"r8n6 and 6e9ed on dis#s5 T"e noLL;e p;ates of t"e &P

(-
#9;inder are $e;ded assem:;ies in#orporatin7 ma#"ined noLL;e
se7ments5 T"e LP diap"ra7ms are #ast iron $it" #ast2in noLL;e
division p;ates. %teams pa#6ed ;a:9rint" 7;ands are provided for
ea#" #9;inder5 Live steam at a press8re of BC* psi7 and temp
,C(.-*F (sat8rated is s8pp;ied to t"e &P #9;inder of t"e t8r:ine
t"ro87" t$o separate;9 an#"ored steam #"ests ea#" #ontainin7 a
steam strainer a #om:ined stop and emer7en#9 va;ve and t$o
t"rott;e (or 7overnin7 va;ves5 T"e #"ests are #onne#ted to t"e &P
#9;inder t"ro87" ;oop at a;;o$ a<ia; movement of t"is C9;inder5
and ens8re t"at no e<#essive t"r8st ;oads from t"e pipin7 are
transmitted to t"e &P #9;inder. E<tra#tion steam is ta6en for feed
"eatin7 p8rpose :efore sta7es ,4B and at t"e e<"a8st of t"e &.P
#9;inder after e<pansion is ;ed t$o moist8re separators in para;;e;
$"i#" red8#e t"e moist8re #ontent of t"e steam :efore it is
re"eatin7 is t$o ;ive steam re"eaters5 T"e steam from t"e re"eaters
&avin7 a press8re of ,F.B psi7 and temperat8re of ,>OoF passes
t"ro87" 7overnor operated :8tterf;9 inter#eptor va;ves :efore
enterin7 t"e t$o do8:;e f;o$ LP #9;inders. An inter#eptor?s va;ve
is provided in t"e ;ine from ea#" re"eater to t"e LP in;ets5 T"e LP
#9;inder of t8r:ine is of fo8r f;o$ desi7n0 ea#" t$o f;o$ LP "as a
#entra; admission :e;t $it" o8t$ard dire#tion of steam f;o$s.
%team is s8pp;ied to t"e t$o f;o$ provision via t"e separator and
re"eater in ea#" &P #9;inder .t"e e<"a8sts from t"e LP :;eedin7
#om:ines into a #ondenser5 $"i#" is maintained at va#88m (F.BR
"7.
%team is e<tra#ted from do8:;e f;o$ L+Q #9;inder :efore sta7es (,
and : for feed "eatin7 and :efore sta7e - for a moist8re e<tra#tor5
T"e over a;; ;en7t" of t"e T8r:ine 7enerators +** and t"e o8tside
diameter of t"e ;ast ro$ of :;ade is +**R. A data ;o77er monitors a;;
t8r:ine and an#i;;aries parameter.
STEAM C(CLE)
%team for t"e t8r:ine t"ro87" t$o steam ;ines or "eader to t"e t$o
stem ;ines or "eader to t"e t$o #om:ined stop and emer7en#9
va;ves. A+*R :a;an#e ;ine #onne#ted ;ine #onne#t t"e "eader t"e
C.%.E. va;ves. D8rin7 norma; operation t"e CQ%.E. va;ves are f8;;9

(F
open to permit steam f;o$ to in;et steam #"est and t"en to t"e t$o
7overnor va;ves. Governor va;ve position #ontro;s t8r:ine speed
and ;oad and t"8s are made responsive to t"e 7overnor va;ves (t$o
on ea#" :an6 are #onne#ted :9 means of :a;an#e ;ines and t"e
steam passes to t"e &.P. in;et noLL;es5 tro87" t"e &.P. #9;inder. T"e
to 7overnor va;ves in ea#" steam #"est are in para;;e; i.e.5 t"ere is
#ommon in;et and o8t;et manifo;d for :ot" of t"e t$o 7overnor
va;ves in a steam #"est. A;so ;ines from ea#" steam #"est !oint and
7o to :ot" top and :ottom of &.P5 #9;inder T"is arran7ement in
#on!8n#tion $it" t"e +*R :a;an#e ;ine ens8res 8niform steam ta6e
off from ea#" of t"e C :oi;er and 8niform distri:8tion to ea#"
portion of &QP. #9;inder5 After e<pansion5 t"e steam ;eaves t"e
&QP. #9;inder and passes t"ro87" t"e separator5 re"eater5 LP
emer7en#9 stops va;ves and inter#eptor va;ves5 :efore enterin7 LP
#9;inders. A;so to re;ief va;ves are insta;;ed after ea#" of t"e t$o re
"eaters. In t"e event of 7overnor or inter#eptor va;ve ma;f8n#tion
t"e re;ief va;ve $i;; open and vent t"e steam to atmosp"ere
preventin7 over press8riLin7 t"e separator or re"eaters5
T"e inter#eptor va;ves remain f8;; open norma; operation and
admit t"e steam to LP #9;inder from $"ere it is e<"a8sted to t"e
#ondenser5 not a;; of t"e steam to t"e LP #9;inders from $"ere it is
e<"a8sted to #ondenser. Not a;; of t"e steam admitted to t8r:ine :9
t"e 7overnor va;ves is e<panded t"ro87" t"e t8r:ine and e<"a8sted
to main #ondenser At different points on t"e t8r:ine5 steam is :;ed
off or E<tra#ted and passed to feed $ater "eat e<#"an7ers. &eatin7
t"e feed $ater :9 e<tra#tion steam "as t$o :enefi#ia; res8;tsD one
is an in#rease in t"e "eat #9#;e effi#ien#9 and t"e minim8m
permissi:;e in;et feed temp. to :oi;er is (,OoF5 T"e RAP% t8r:ine
"as si< e<tra#tions feed "eaters t"ree in#;8din7 deaerators "eaters
Fed from t"e &.P5 #9;inder5 and are #a;;ed ;o: press8re "eaters if
t"e9 are in t"e feed ;ine :efore t"e :oi;er feed p8mps and are #a;;ed
"i7" press8re if t"e9 are in t"e feed ;ine after t"e p8mps. Five of
t"e e<tra#tion ;ines "ave sprin7 #;osed #"e#6 va;ves. T"ese #"e#6
va;ves #;ose on a t8r:ine trip to prevent entrained stream in t"e
e<tra#tion ;ines and "eaters from :a#6in7 8p into t"e t8r:ine and
#a8sin7 it to over speed. Entrained steam from t"e (one5 remainin7
e<tra#tion ;ine and "eater $as #a;#8;ated to 7ive on;9 a sma;;
in#rease so #"e#6 va;ves $ere omitted

(C
CONDENSING S(STEM)

GENERAL.
T"e #ir#8;atin7 $ater in t"e #ondenser #ondenses t"e e<"a8st
steam from LP T8r:ines. T"e #ondensate is re#9#;ed t"ro87"
:oi;ers. T"e air 7ases are removed from t"e #ondensate :9 t"e air
e!e#tors. T"e #ondensin7 s9stem is provided to s8pp;9 #ondensate
from t"e deaerators 8nder a;; #ondition of operation. T"e
ma<im8m f;o$ of #ondensate to deaerators at +**M t8r:ine ;oad is
i A**.***;:sG"r5 t"e desi7n temp. are A+ BoF in t"e #ondenser "ot
$e;; and (,BoF at t"e deaerators in;et
DESCRIPTION
Condensate s9stem #omprises of main #ondenser t$o +**M
#apa#it9 #ondensate e<tra#tion p8mps and t$o (+G,M d8t9
emer7en#9 p8mp5 ( moist8re E<tra#tor5 7;and steam and "i7" ;eve;
reserve feed $ater tan6 $it" t"eir asso#iate fittin7s5 pipe;ines and
instr8mentation
T"e #ondensate e<tra#tion p8mps ta6e s8#tion from t"e #ondenser
"ot $e;; and dis#"ar7e t"ro87" t"e moist8re e<tra#tors5 drain
#oo;er and LP "eaters5 t"e #ondensate f;o$ is #ontro;;ed :9 t"e
#ontro; va;ve part of t"e Condensate front t"e #ondensate p8mp
dis#"ar7e "eader f;o$ #"an7es t"e 7;and steam #ondenser and air
e!e#tors and ret8rns to main #ondensate ;ine :efore it enters t"e
moist8re e<tra#tors. T"e f;o$ in t"is ;ine is #ontro;;ed :9 means of
re78;atin7 #ontro; va;ve $"i#" maintains a fi<ed differentia;
press8re a#ross t"e 7;and steam #ondenser "avin7 :een desi7ned to
"ave t"e same press8re deferentia; tar its desi7n f;o$ as t"e air
e!e#tor. A #ondensate re#ir#8;ation ;ine :a#6 to t"e #ondenser is
provided. T"is ta6e off is ;o#ated do$nstream of t"e #ondenser.
T"e #ondensate p8mps a;so s8pp;9 :oi;er feed p8mp 7;and sea;
$ater and $ater f or t"e t8r:ine spra9 #oo;in7. One (+G(M #apa#it9
a8<i;iar9 #ondensate
E<tra#tion p8mp ta6es $ater from t"e #ondenser "ot $e;; and
dis#"ar7e into t"e same s9stem as t"e +**M p8mps.

(A
SAFET( DESIGN PRINCIPALS
It "as :een ens8red t"at s9stems5 #omponents 4 str8#t8res "avin7
a :earin7 on rea#tor safet9 are desi7ned to meet strin7ent
performan#e 4 re;ia:i;it9 re=8irements. T"ese re=8irements are
met :9 adoptin7 t"e fo;;o$in7 desi7n prin#ip;es0
a T"e =8a;it9 re=8irements for desi7n5 fa:ri#ation5
#onstr8#tion 4 inspe#tion for t"ese s9stems are of t"e "i7" order5
#ommens8rate $it" t"eir importan#e to safet9.
: T"e safet9 re;ated e=8ipment inside t"e #ontainment
:8i;din7 is desi7ned to perform its f8n#tion even 8nder t"e
e;evated press8re 4 temperat8re 4steam environment #onditions
e<pe#ted in t"e event of post8;ated ;oss of #oo;ant a##idents
(LOCA.
# P"9si#a; 4 f8n#tiona; separation is ass8red :et$een pro#ess
s9stems 4 safet9 s9stems.
d Ade=8ate red8ndan#9 is provided in s9stems s8#" t"at t"e
minim8m safet9 f8n#tions #an :e performed even in t"e event of
sin7;e a#tive #omponents in t"e s9stem.
e To minimiLe t"e pro:a:i;it9 of 8nsafe fai;8res
f Provisions are in#orporated to ens8re t"at a#tive
#omponents in t"e safet9 s9stems are testa:;e periodi#a;;9.
7 A;; t"e s8pp;ies Gservi#es (e;e#tri#5 #ompressed air or $ater
to t"ese s9stems5 ne#essar9 for t"e performan#e of t"eir safet9
f8n#tions are ass8red 4 Ssafet9 7rade? so8r#es.
SAFET( 7 SEISMIC CLASSIFICATION OF S(STEMS)
SAFET( CALSSIFICATION)
In t"e desi7n of Indian P&WRs5 it is re=8ired to 7rade vario8s
s9stems5 e=8ipment 4 str8#t8res in t"eir importan#e to safet9 4
re;ia:i;it9. T"e safet9 7radation #onsists of fo8r different safet9
#;asses dependin7 8pon t"e nat8re of safet9 f8n#tions to :e
performed :9 t"e vario8s items of t"e p;ant.
SAFET( CLASS I) It is t"e "i7"est safet9 #;ass 4 in#;8des
e=8ipment 4 str8#t8res needed to a##omp;is" safet9 f8n#tions
ne#essar9 to prevent re;ease of s8:stantia; #ore fission prod8#t

>*
inventor9. T"is in#;8des rea#tor s"8tdo$n s9stems 4 primar9 "eat
transport s9stem.
SAFET( CLASS II0 In#;8des e=8ipment5 $"i#" performs t"ose
safet9 f8n#tions5 $"i#" :e#ome ne#essar9 to miti7ate t"e
#onse=8en#es of an a##ident invo;vin7 re;ease of s8:stantia; #ore
fission prod8#t inventor9 from f8e;. T"is #;ass a;so in#;8des t"ose
items5 $"i#" are re=8ired to prevent es#a;ation of anti#ipated
operationa; o##8rren#es to a##ident #onditions. /oi;er feed $ater
4 steam s9stem5 emer7en#9 #ore #oo;in7 s9stem5 rea#tivit9 #ontro;
provisions 4 rea#tor #ontainment :8i;din7 are in#;8ded in t"is
#;ass.
SAFET( CLASS III)
In#;8des s9stems t"at perform f8n#tions5 $"i#" are needed to
s8pport t"e safet9 f8n#tions of safet9 #;ass II 4 I. A;so5 it in#;8des
s9stems 4 f8n#tions re=8ired to #ontro; t"e re;ease of radioa#tivit9
from so8r#es ;o#ated o8tside t"e rea#tor :8i;din7. Pro#ess $ater2
#oo;in7 s9stem in#;8de ind8#ed draft #oo;in7 to$ers5 air s8pp;9
s9stem5 s"ie;d #oo;in7 s9stem primar9 #oo;ant p8rifi#ation ion
e<#"an7e #o;8mns 4 fi;ters et#. are in#;8ded in t"is #ate7or9.
SAFET( CLASS IV0
In#;8des t"ose items 4 s9stems5 $"i#" do not fa;; $it"in t"e
a:ove #;asses :8t are re=8ired to ;imit t"e dis#"ar7e of radioa#tive
materia; 4 air:orne radioa#tivit9 :e;o$ t"e pres#ri:ed ;imits .D(O
8p7radin75 $aste mana7ement5 d8eteration 4servi#e :8i;din7
venti;ation s9stems are #;assified as #;ass IH safet9 s9stems.

>+

>(
*.8 DESIGN DESCRIPTION)
COI% is a data a#=8isition and disp;a9 e=8ipment for providin7 t"e
operator $it" pro#ess a;arm messa7es5 stat8s5 trend #8rves5 "istor9
disp;a9s and printo8ts of 7ro8ps of pro#ess varia:;es et#.
. A t"ree2tier s9stem desi7n #onsistin7 of Disp;a9 %tations5 Data
A#=8isition Comp8ters and IGO s8:s9stem "as :een adopted to
improve t"e re;ia:i;it9 and avai;a:i;it9. T"is ma6es t"e different
s8:s9stems to :e "ard$are independent on ea#" ot"er. A "i7" speed
Et"ernet LAN (Lo#a; Area Net$or6 is 8sed for #omm8ni#ation
:et$een t"e s8:s9stems.
+* of t"e Disp;a9 %tations are Uti;it9 CRTs (UCRTs and t"e
remainin7 ( are A;arm CRTs (ACRTs. T"e9 are Inte; C*>C-
mi#ropro#essor :ased s9stems doin7 most of t"e 8ser interfa#e !o:.
T"ese s9stems are "avin7 "i7" reso;8tion (%8per HGA2+*(, < F-C
pi<e;s +AR monitors5 $"i#" 7ive a 7ood pi#toria; representation of t"e
data.
Data A#=8isition Comp8ters are :ased on Inte; Penti8m $"i#" UNI3
%HR ,.( as t"e Operatin7 s9stem. /ot" t"e DACs $or6 in d8a;
red8ndant "ot stand:9 mode. T"e9 main;9 a#=8ire t"e data from IGO
s8:s9stems and ot"er Comp8ter %9stems ;i6e PLC5 DP&%5 RADA%
et#. and pass t"e re=8ired data to disp;a9 stations. T"e9 do t"e
;o77in7 of t"e "istor9 data and ta6e #are of t"e printer tas6s. T"e9
a;so do t"e net$or6 mana7ement of :ot" t"e LANs. T"e9 a;so dire#t
t"e IGO s9stems to 7overn t"e fie;d o8tp8ts as re=8ired.
IGO s8:s9stems are 'otoro;a -C*(* CPU :ased s9stems. Ea#" IGO
s8:s9stem "as ( CPUs $or6in7 in d8a; red8ndant mode. T"e9 main;9
do t"e s#annin7 and a;arm #"e#6in7 of t"e fie;d inp8ts #onne#ted to

>>
t"em and pass on t"e data to DACs. T"e9 a;so #"an7e t"e fie;d
o8tp8ts as per t"e dire#tive from DACs.
T"e net$or6 topo;o79 is desi7ned in s8#" a $a9 t"at a sin7;e :rea6
an9$"ere in t"e net$or6 (:ro6en #a:;e or fai;ed nG$ e=8ipment $i;;
not res8;t in a #o;;apse of t"e tota; s9stem5 :8t $i;; a;;o$ t"e s9stem to
#ontin8e to $or6 at a de7raded ;eve;. T"e si7nifi#ant aspe#ts of t"e
desi7ned net$or6 topo;o79 are0
a. T"i#6net #a:;e is 8sed as it is m8#" more r877ed t"an t"e
t"innet #a:;e.
:. Trans#eivers t"at are 8sed to #onne#t different nodes to t"e
net$or6 are pier#in7 t9pe tap :o<es5 $"i#" fa#i;itate t"e
#onne#tion $it"o8t a #8t in t"e #a:;e.
#. A si7nifi#ant #omponent in t"e topo;o79 is TRepeaterR.
Repeater is an a#tive #omponent t"at #an :e 8sed to #onne#t
different #a:;es of net$or6s. It iso;ates t"e remainin7 net$or6
from a fa8;t in an9 of t"e ot"er #a:;es. T"is "as 7iven rise to a
fa8;t to;erant net$or6. T"e net$or6 is divided into , parts ea#"
#onne#tin7 U of t"e s9stem. T"e vario8s fai;8res #onsidered
t"eir effe#t is des#ri:ed :e;o$0
i. If an9 trans#eiver or t"e #a:;e #onne#tin7 t"e trans#eiver
to t"e node fai;s5 on;9 t"at node $i;; fai; 4 reset of t"e
s9stem $i;; #ontin8e to $or6 as 8s8a;. If t"e #onne#tion
$it" t"e 'aster DAC fai;s5 t"e "ot stand:9 DAC $i;;
ta6e over and t"e s9stem $i;; not :e affe#ted.
ii. If an9 one of t"e #a:;es of LAN+ 2 a5 :5 # or d fai;s t"an
U of inp8tsGo8tp8ts (of t"e nodes #onne#ted to t"at part
of t"e net$or6 $i;; :e ;ost 4 t"e s9stem $i;; #ontin8e to

>,
$or6 $it" FBM of inp8tsGo8tp8ts data. If more t"an one
#a:;e fai;s5 COI% sti;; $i;; $or6 $it" t"e red8#ed
#apa#it9 a##ordin7;9.
iii. If an9 one of t"e #a:;es of LAN2( I a5 :5 # or d fai;s5 t"en
U of disp;a9 stations $i;; not :e avai;a:;e. Disp;a9
stations are #onne#ted in t"ese fo8r #a:;es in s8#" a $a9
t"at CRTs on ad!a#ent 'ain Contro; Room pane;s are
#onne#ted to different #a:;es and $i;; not fai;
sim8;taneo8s;9. ACRTs are #onne#ted to different
repeaters and "en#e $i;; not fai; sim8;taneo8s;9. If more
t"an one #a:;es fai;5 COI% $i;; sti;; $or6 $it" t"e
#orrespondin7 red8#tion in disp;a9 stations.
*.* In9%:;O%9%:
T"ere are vario8s t9pes of p;ant inp8ts to t"e COI% viL. ana;o7 inp8ts
and di7ita; inp8ts. Ea#" p;ant inp8t is a;so referred to as TpointR t"e
COI% a;so provides vo;ta7e free re;a9 #onta#ts as o8tp8ts.
Ana!&g "n9%:
T"ere are +(B- ana;o7 inp8ts to t"e COI%. T"ese in#;8de a:o8t +*M
spare points. T"e appro<imate distri:8tion into different #ate7ories is
as fo;;o$s0 2
RTD?% >A( points
T"ermo#o8p;es +- points
Ho;tsGC8rrent Inp8ts C(, points
T"ermistor C points

>B
E<a#t detai;s of des#ription5 inp8t ran7e5 a;arm priorit95 pro#ess ran7e
and pro#essin7 re=8ired et#. for ea#" ana;o7 inp8t are avai;a:;e in t"e
COI% ana;o7 inp8t..
For t"e #8rrent inp8ts t"e terminatin7 resistors (of va;8e as spe#ified
in ana;o7 inp8t ;ist are a part of t"e COI%. Amon7 t"e C(, vo;ta7e or
#8rrent inp8ts5 an9 n8m:er ma9 :e vo;ta7e inp8t. T"8s a;; of t"ese
C(, inp8ts #an :e arran7ed to ta6e a #8rrent or vo;ta7e inp8t. Inp8t
impedan#e of vo;ta7e inp8ts is 7reater t"an + O"m. Linearisation and
;ead resistan#e #ompensation $"erever ne#essar95 e.7. for RTD and
t"ermo#o8p;e inp8ts5 $i;; :e performed :9 t"e COI%. A;; RTD inp8ts
$i;; 8se > $ire RTDs in t"e fie;d. Provision $i;; :e 8se > $ire RTDs
in t"e fie;d. Provision $i;; :e made to terminate a > $ire RTD at ea#"
RTD inp8t point.
Co;d !8n#tion #ompensation for t"ermo#o8p;e $i;; a;so :e provided
:9 t"e COI%. T"ese ana;o7 inp8ts are n8m:ered in t"e ran7e of *** to
+(AA.
*.*.* D"g"%a! 1$&n%a$%+ In9%:
T"ere are ++>- di7ita; inp8ts of #onta#t t9pe. T"ere are t$o t9pes of
#onta#t inp8ts as fo;;o$s0
+.+.+.+ Ho;ta7e free #onta#t inp8ts0 T"ere are F>- vo;ta7e free
#onta#t inp8ts. T"ese #onta#ts represent a;arm or stat8s inp8ts.

>-
+.+.+.( %"ared #onta#t inp8ts0 T"ere are ,** fie;d #onta#t inp8ts
$"i#" are s"ared :et$een t"e $indo$ Ann8ni#ation s9stem (WA%
and t"e COI%. T"ese #onta#ts represent a;arm events.
*.*., D"g"%a! 1V&!%age !e<e!+ In9%:
T"ere are -B- vo;ta7e ;eve; inp8ts representin7 t"e stat8s of va;ves
(open or #;osed.
%tate Ho;ta7e
Leve; * /et$een * vo;ts and ( vo;ts
Leve; + /et$een ,* vo;ts and ,C vo;ts.
T"e inp8t impedan#e presented :9 COI% to t"ese inp8ts $i;; not :e
;ess t"an +*E o"m.
*.*.- In9% Da%a #r&m &%her $&m9%er :=:%em:
COI% re#eives data from ot"er #omp8ters viL. Di7ita; Re#ordin7
%9stem (DR%5 Radiation Data A#=8isition %9stem (RADA%5
E;e#tri#a; DA% and PLC?s via LAN t"oro87" 7ate$a9s. In t"e COI%5
t"ese inp8t parameters are n8m:ered as fo;;o$s0
(+ Radiation Data A#=8isition %9stem0
*nalog points+ ,-!. to ,/00
Di7ita; points0 >**+ to >AAA
(( E;e#tri#a; DA%0
Ana;o7 4 #onta#t points0 F**+ to A,AA
(> PLC?s Di7ita; points representatin7 0 +>*+ to +AAA
%tat8s of "and s$it#" position 4 BA*+ to BAAA
(,Di7ita; Re#ordin7 %9stem (DR%
a Norma;GDist8r:an#e Ana;o7 inp8ts 0 (C*+ to (CAA
: Hisi#order F8n#tion Ana;o7 inp8ts 0 (A*+ to (AAA
# Conta#t inp8ts of E%R f8n#tion 0 AB*+ to >,AA

>F
d D8a; Pro#ess &ot %tand:9 0 AB*+ to A-AA
Ana;o7 inp8ts
(BOt"er Comp8ter %9stems
a Ana;o7 inp8ts 0 AF*+ to ACAA
: Conta#tGdi7ita; inp8ts 0 AA*+ to AAAA
Note0 T"ere are no p"9si#a; inp8ts #orrespondin7 to t"ese points.
Ha;8es of t"ese points are provided to t"e COI% periodi#a;;9 :9 t"e
a:ove s9stems. For a;; disp;a9s and ;o77in7 f8n#tions e<#ept a;arm
f8n#tions5 t"ese points are treated as t"e fie;d COI% inp8ts.
*.*.. T"e COI% $i;; a;so provide ((, o8tp8ts of vo;ta7e free re;a9
#onta#ts. Ten or t"ese #onta#ts are 8sed for F8e; Fai;8re 'onitorin7
f8n#tion des#ri:ed in %e#. testin7 f8n#tion des#ri:ed in se#tion B.++.
T"e remainin7 #onta#ts $i;; :e 8sed for mis#e;;aneo8s p8rposes ;i6e
7ivin7 time s9n#"roniLin7 p8;ses to ot"er #omp8ter :ased s9stems5
ann8n#iation of t"e fai;8re of t"e COI%5 indi#ation of $"i#" #omp8ter
s9stem is fa8;t9 et#.
*.*./ E%herne%
T"e COI% $i;; provide Et"ernet LAN #onne#tivit9 for #onne#tion to
ot"er #omp8ter s9stems.
*.*.0 T"e COI% $i;; a;so provide5 on operator?s demand5 pro#essed
data o8tp8ts #a;;ed #a;#8;ated ana;o7 varia:;es5 for e.7. se;e#ted
#"anne; differentia; temperat8res and DN' dete#tor o8tp8ts et#.
T"ese varia:;es $i;; :e n8m:ered in t"e ran7e of -**+ to --AA.

>C
*., A$$ra$=> N&":e Re?e$%"&n> C&n%a$% Deb&n$e an@ I:&!a%"&n.
*.,.* For a;; di7ita; and ana;o7 inp8ts5 a ver9 "i7" iso;ation :et$een
t"e transd8#er #ir#8it and t"e COI% is provided to avoid pro:;ems in
t"e transd8#er #ir#8it d8e to 7ro8nd fa8;ts et#.
*.,., Overa;; a##8ra#9 of ana;o7 data a#=8isition for an9 point $i;;
:e *.(BM of span or :etter. T"is a##8ra#9 $i;; :e maintained even in
t"e presen#e of #ommon mode noise ('a<. J +BH d.#.GB*&L. on t"e
inp8t. A ;o$ pass fi;ter $i;; :e provided on ea#" ana;o7 inp8t to
s8ppress norma; mode (predominant;9 B*&L. noise. Prote#tion $i;;
:e provided a7ainst fo;;o$in7 #onditions for different #ate7ories of
ana;o7 inp8t.(,*H AC ('a<.5 B*&L #ommon mode vo;ta7e on an9
t"ermo#o8p;e inp8ts.
For RTD inp8ts0 De9en@"ng &n RTD br"@ge eA$"%a%"&n
net$or6
Or J B*H d.#.Ga.#. (W"i#"ever is more #ommon mode or
norma;
mode vo;ta7e.J (B*H d.#.Ga.#. #ommon mode or J B*H d#Ga#
norma; mode vo;ta7e on an9 ot"er t9pe of ana;o7 inp8ts.
*.,.- Pro#essin7 of potentia; free #onta#t t9pe inp8ts $i;; not :e
affe#ted even 8nder a ma<. #ommon mode vo;ta7e of J +BH d.#.GB*&L
a.#. on an9 inp8t. /e9ond +BH5 prote#tion is provided for a ma<. J
(B*H d.#. Ga.#. #ommon mode vo;ta7e. For providin7 t"e a:ove
#ommon mode vo;ta7e #apa:i;ities5 opto2iso;ators are 8sed for di7ita;
inp8ts.

>A
*.,.. In #ase of di7ita; (#onta#t inp8ts and di7ita; (vo;ta7e ;eve;
inp8ts inp8t stat8s #"an7es ;astin7 ;ess t"an B* mi;;ise#onds $i;; :e
i7nored :9 t"e s9stem.
Note0 %amp;in7 interva; for a;; ana;o7 4 #onta#t inp8ts $i;; :e
ad!8sta:;e to an9 of t"e fo;;o$in70 B se#. +* se#.5 >* se#.5 $it" t"e
norma; interva; spe#ified in t"e a:ove ta:;e. T"is ad!8sta:;e #o8;d :e
on an individ8a; :asis or on 7ro8p :asis (Gro8p K t9pe of inp8t.
For a;; ana;o7 inp8ts5 five samp;es $i;; :e ta6en $it"in t"e samp;in7
interva; and t"e avera7e of t"ese five samp;es $i;; :e ta6en as t"e
va;8e for t"at samp;in7 interva;.
T"ere $i;; a;so :e a provision for avera7in7 over ;ast five samp;in7
interva;s for se;e#ted n8m:er of ana;o7 inp8ts (ma<. +**Nos.. T"ese
avera7e va;8es $i;; :e 8sed in a;; disp;a9s and printo8ts.
*.- A!arm Fn$%"&n
T"e #omp8ter s9stem $i;; #"e#6 some of t"e ana;o7 inp8ts and a;most
a;; of F>- di7ita; a;arm inp8ts in t"e -B- Di7ita; (vo;ta7e inp8ts for
a;arm events. 'an9 ana;o7 points are on;9 for periodi# ;o77in7 and
/G disp;a9 et#. and are not #"e#6ed for a;arm at a;;. And some points
"ave to :e #"e#6ed for a;arm at a;;. And some points "ave to :e
#"e#6ed for on;9 ;o$ a;arm ;imit or on;9 "i7" a;arm ;imit i.e. :ot"
a;arms are not re=8ired. %ome COI% points are in"i:ited from
reportin7 to ACRTs as a;arms5 i.e. t"ese points are not disp;a9ed on
t"e ACRTs $"en t"e stat8s of t"ese points #"an7es. /8t t"is does not
prevent t"em from disp;a9in7 t"eir stat8s in /Gs5 ta:8;ar trends et#.
T"e remainin7 point $i;; "ave :ot" ;o$ and "i7" a;arm ;imits. %ome
of #onta#t (di7ita; inp8ts are for stat8s monitorin7 on;9 and $i;; not
:e #"e#6ed for a;arm. T"e remainin7 points $i;; :e #"e#6ed for

,*
a;arms. T"e fre=8en#9 of a;arm #"e#6in7 $i;; :e same as t"at or t"e
point for data a#=8isition. T"e a;arm events are defined as fo;;o$s0
+. An ana;o7 inp8t 7oin7 a:ove a "i7" ;imit (&L or fa;;in7
:e;o$ a ;o$ ;imit (LL or a di7ita; inp8t sent to a;arm state
sin#e previo8s s#an is referred to as an TA;armR o##8rren#e.
(. Ana;o7 inp8t ret8rnin7 :et$een its "i7" and ;o$ point or
a di7ita; inp8t 7oin7 to norma; state sin#e previo8s s#an is
referred to as Tret8rn to norma;R o##8rren#e. T"is is a;so
referred to as SNorma;? o##8rren#e is s"ort.
As for as ACRT disp;a9 or o8tp8t on a;arm printer are #on#erned5
ana;o7 points $i;; :e ;imited to on;9 T;o$R5 T&i7"R and T/adR states.
/L (/ad Lo$ t"an ;o$er end of span Lost. %8#" additiona; a;arms
$i;; store in t"e #omp8ter memor9 and arran7ed as CRT #on#ea;ed
a;arm pa7es for disp;a9 p8rposes.
Capa#it9 for s8#" +** additiona; a;arms is provided. A s8ita:;e
a8diovis8a; indi#ation for t"e a;arm in t"e #on#ea;ed pa7es is
provided. Operator $i;; :e a:;e to #a;; 8p for disp;a9 an9 of t"e ACRT
#on#ea;ed a;arm pa7es on an9 of t"e t$o ACRTs or on :ot" ACRTs
$i;; :e different and independent. Provision $i;; :e made for s#ro;;in7
8p or do$n (one ;ine at a time of ACRT disp;a9. Latest Sa;armG? ret8rn
to norma;? messa7e ;ine $i;; a;so :e disp;a9ed on t"e ;ast ;ine of a;;
t"e ACRT pa7es. Provision $i;; :e made so t"at t"e operator #an
retain on t"e s#reen t"e most importantGof immediate interestGre;evant
a;arms on;9 on t"e s#reen and p8t t"e rest of t"em in #on#ea;ed a;arm
pa7es. Provision $i;; a;so :e made to ;ist t"e a;arms on an9 UCRT for
a se;e#ted U%I or a ran7e of U%Is 6e9ed in :9 t"e operator. T"is is
#a;;ed Ta;armR disp;a9 mana7ementR. Ea#" inp8t point $i;; :e 7iven a

,+
priorit9 n8m:er of + or (. Inp8ts $it" priorit9 of (. It $i;; :e possi:;e
for t"e operator to #a;; 8p t"e s8mmar9 of e<istin7 a;arms on an9
UCRT. It $i;; a;so :e possi:;e to #a;; t"is s8mmar9 as tota; or on;9 of
a;arms $it" a priorit9 + or on;9 of a;arms $it" a priorit9 (. Provision
$i;; :e made to ;ist a;; a;arms for a se;e#ted U%I or ran7e of U%Is
6e9ed in :9 t"e operator.
Operator $i;; :e a:;e to Ste;;? t"e COI% an9 ana;o7Gdi7ita; inp8ts
$"i#" are to :e i7nored (i.e. as if t"ose do not e<ist for a;arm
f8n#tion. %8#" Si7nored? inp8ts $i;; :e res8med a8tomati#a;;9 in >*
min8tes or $"enever desired :9 t"e operator5 $"i#"ever is ear;ier.
%8#" operator #ommands $i;; 7et immediate;9 ;o77ed on A;arm
Printer.
T"e s9stem $i;; maintain a ;ist of s8#" Ta;arm2disa:;ed points. It $i;;
:e possi:;e to addGde;ete points in t"is Tdisa:;ed ;istR.
T"e COI% $i;; "ave t"e fo;;o$in7 t$o #odes of a;arm pro#essin7.
+ 'ode +0 Under t"is mode repetitive a;arms are s8ppressed.
( 'ode (0 Under t"is mode5 repetitive a;arms are a;so reported
($it"o8t an9 s8ppression ;ost. %8#" additiona; a;arms $i;; :e
stored in t"e #omp8ter memor9 and arran7ed as CRT #on#ea;ed
a;arm pa7es for disp;a9 p8rposes.
Capa#it9 for s8#" +** additiona; a;arms (i.e. appro<. B #on#ea;ed
a;arm pa7es is provided. A s8ita:;e a8diovis8a; indi#ation for t"e
a;arm in t"e #on#ea;ed pa7es is provided. Operator $i;; :e a:;e to #a;;
8p for disp;a9 an9 of t"e ACRTs or on :ot" ACRTs i.e. t"e pa7es
se;e#tion 6e9s for :ot" t"e ACRTs $i;; :e different and independent.
Provision $i;; :e made for s#ro;;in7 8p or do$n (one ;ine at a time of
ACRT disp;a9. Latest Sa;armG? ret8rn to norma;? messa7e ;ine $i;; a;so

,(
:e disp;a9ed on t"e ;ast ;ine of a;; t"e ACRT pa7es. Provision $i;; :e
made so t"at t"e operator #an retain on t"e s#reen t"e most
importantGof immediate interestGre;evant a;arms on;9 on t"e s#reen
and p8t t"e rest of t"em in #on#ea;ed a;arm pa7es. Provision $i;; a;so
:e made to ;ist t"e a;arms on an9 UCRT for a se;e#ted U%I or a ran7e
of U%Is 6e9ed in :9 t"e operator. T"is is #a;;ed Ta;arm disp;a9
mana7ementR. Ea#" inp8t point $i;; :e 7iven a priorit9 n8m:er of +
or (. Inp8ts $it" priorit9 + :ein7 more important t"an t"ose $it" a
priorit9 of (. It $i;; :e e<istin7 a;arms on an9 UCRT. It $i;; a;so :e
possi:;e to #a;; t"is s8mmar9 as tota; or on;9 of a;arms $it" a priorit9
+ or on;9 of a;arms $it" a priorit9 (. Provision $i;; :e made to ;ist a;;
a;arms for a se;e#ted U%I or ran7e of U%Is 6e9ed in :9 t"e operator.
Operator $i;; :e a:;e to Ste;;? t"e COI% an9 ana;o7Gdi7ita; inp8ts
$"i#" are to :e i7nored (i.e. as if t"ose do not e<ist for a;arm
f8n#tion. %8#" Si7nored? inp8ts $i;; :e res8med a8tomati#a;;9 in >*
min8tes or $"enever desired :9 t"e operator5 $"i#"ever is ear;ier.
%8#" operator #ommands $i;; 7et immediate;9 ;o77ed on A;arm
Printer.
T"e s9stem $i;; maintain a ;ist of s8#" Ta;arm2disa:;ed points. It $i;;
:e possi:;e to addGde;ete points in t"e Tdisa:;ed ;istR.
i 'ode +0 Under t"is mode repetitive a;arms are
s8ppressed.
ii 'ode (0 Under t"is mode5 repetitive a;arms are a;so
reported ($it"o8t an9 s8ppression. T"e operator t"ro87" a
pass$ord #an se;e#t a;arm2pro#essin7 mode + or (.
*+ A!arm 9r&$e::"ng n@er m&@e *)

,>
Under some a:norma; fie;d #onditions5 some of t"e points
(ana;o7G#onta#t ma9 os#i;;ate :et$een a;arm and norma; states
and "en#e an9 #a8se ;ar7e n8m:er of a;armGnorma; messa7es
on t"e a;arm printer 4 ACRT?s. &en#e5 it is re=8ired t"at not
more t"an si< messa7e (stat8s #"an7es are 7enerated :9 an9
point in an9 =8arter of an "o8r. For t"is p8rpose5 t"e COI% $i;;
set t"e Tstat8s #"an7eR #o8nt of ea#" to Lero5 ever9 =8arter of
an "o8r. An9 point $"i#" #"an7es stat8s (from norma; to
a;armG:ad or a;armG:ad to norma; et#. - times in an9 =8arter of
t"e "o8r5 $i;; :e a8tomati#a;;9 disa:;ed from a;arm s#annin7
for t"e remainin7 part of t"e =8arter "o8r. /8t t"e COI% $i;;
freeLe t"e stat8s on;9 $it" a;armG:ad stat8s i.e. if -
t"
messa7e is
norma; messa7e5 t"e COI% $i;; disa:;e a;arm s#annin7 of t"e
point after F
t"
messa7e (i.e. A;arm messa7e is reported. T"is
period for #"e#6in7 ma<. NO. Of a;arm 7eneration $i;; :e
pro7ramma:;e :et$een U of an "o8r to a se;e#ted period $i;;
a;so :e ad!8sta:;e :et$een , and +*.
A!arm 9r&$e::"ng n@er m&@e , )
A;; a;arm messa7es are reported $it"o8t an9 s8ppression.
*.-.* T"ere are a:o8t ,** Nos. di7ita; inp8ts (s"ared inp8t #onta#ts
$"i#" are s#anned on;9 for t"e ;o77in7 of t"eir stat8s #"an7es on t"e
a;arm printer and ma7. Tape #artrid7eGdis6 #artrid7e (i.e. CRT disp;a9
and a8dio ann. Is not re=8ired for t"ese. (Note0 T"ese are t"e $indo$

,,
ann8n#iator points n8m:ered in t"e ran7e of ,**+ to ,AAA. T"ese are
s#anned ever9 one se#ond.
*.-., La%e:% A!arm Me::age D":9!a= Fn$%"&n &n 'CRT:
T"e ;atest TA;armRGRNorma;R messa7e disp;a9ed on t"e ACRTs $i;;
a;so :e disp;a9ed on t"e :ottom2most ;ine of a;; t"e UCRTs a;so. No
f;as"in7 of t"e a;arm messa7e or an9 a8dio is re=8ired on t"e UCRTs.
&o$ever5 s8##essive a;arm messa7e $i;; :e disp;a9ed in a;ternate red
and pin6 #o;o8rs on UCRTs (e.7. first a;arm messa7e in red #o;o8r5
se#ond in pin6 #o;o8r and t"ird in red a7ain and so on. Norma;
messa7e $i;; a;$a9s :e s"o$n in 7reen #o;o8r. An9 a;armGnorma;
messa7e $i;; :e #ontin8o8s;9 disp;a9ed 8nti; anot"er a;armGnorma;
messa7e is 7enerated to rep;a#e t"e previo8s one. Operator $i;;
provide a fa#i;it9 to s$it#" off t"is a;armGnorma; messa7e disp;a9 on
an9 UCRT $"enever re=8ired.
*.-.- Va!<e S%a%: M&n"%&r"ng
T"ere are -B- Nos. vo;ta7e ;eve; inp8ts representin7 t"e va;ve stat8s
(open or #;osed. T"ese inp8ts are s#anned on#e ever9 +2se#ond for
disp;a9in7 t"e a#t8a; stat8s of t"e va;ves in t"e 'imi#s and for
;o77in7 t"eir stat8s #"an7es on printer 8sed for a;arm ;o77in7. %tat8s
#"an7es are re#orded on ma7neti# tape a;so.
Ea#" va;ve to :e monitored for its stat8s on COI% $i;; "ave one or
t$o inp8ts #onne#ted to COI%. T"ese are vo;ta7e ;eve; inp8ts $it" t$o
;eve;s5 i.e. at * vo;t for ,C vo;ts d#. Ho;ta7e ;eve; inp8ts are norma;;9
ta6en a#ross t"e indi#atin7 ;amps #orrespondin7 to t"e va;ve. W"en
t"e indi#atin7 ;amp is SON? indi#atin7 va;ve TF8;;9 openR or Tf8;;9
#;osedR5 t"e inp8t to COI% is J,CH DC5 ot"er$ise it is Lero. If t"ere

,B
are to$ inp8ts #orrespondin7 to a va;ve5 t"e COI% $i;; sense :ot" t"e
inp8ts and derive t"e stat8s as fo;;o$s0
BF!!= &9enC "n9% BF!!= C!&:e@C In9% S%a%:
,C H * H F8;;9 open
* H ,C H F8;;9 #;osed
* H * H In intermediate
position
,C H ,C H IN%T. FAILURE
T"e COI% $i;; s"o$ t"e a#t8a; stat8s in t"e 'imi#s appropriate;9. It
$i;; a;so ;o7 t"e #"an7e of stat8s on t"e printer a##ordin7;9.
For va;ves "avin7 sin7;e inp8t to COI%5 t"e stat8s $i;; :e eit"er
TF8;;9 openR or Not F8;;9 openR (TNot F8;;9 C;osedR.
If t"ere is a #"an7e in stat8s t"e ne$ stat8s $i;; :e ;o77ed on to t"e
printer. It ma9 :e noted t"at t"e TIntermediateR stat8s and TInstr8ment
fai;8reR stat8s are ta6en as ne$ stat8s on;9 if it "as remained so for
t$o s8##essive s#ans. T"e TInstr8ment fai;8reR stat8s is treated as an
a;arm and $o8;d :e ann8n#iated on t"e ACRT.
*.. In%er#a$e %& Var"&: &%her C&m9%er 6a:e@ S=:%em:
T"e COI% $i;; a;so provide Et"ernet LAN interfa#e for #onne#tin7
t"e fo;;o$in7 #omp8ter s9stems. T"e COI% $i;; re#eive data from
t"em as re=8ired as per t"e approved proto#o;. T"e data $i;; :e
avai;a:;e for a;; t"e f8n#tions des#ri:ed in t"is desi7n man8a; e<#ept
for a;arm f8n#tion0
a+ RADA%

,-
b+ E;e#tri#a; %CADA (EDA%.
$+ PLC
@+ DR%
e+ DP&%
#+ CT'
g+ PDC% et#.
*./ Genera! Fea%re:)
+. T"e COI% $i;; :e 8ser friend;9 and t"e operator $i;; :e a:;e to 7et
t"e desired information in desired formats on t"e vario8s UCRT?s in
an intera#tive manner. 'en8 driven CRT :ased dia;o78e $it" t"e
s9stem $i;; :e desi7ned. Hario8s men8sGinde<esG;ists of UCRT?s
f8n#tions5 /G?s5 &istor9 7ro8ps and 7rap"i# trend 7ro8ps et#. $i;; :e
disp;a9ed on t"e UCRT on operator?s demand. S&e;p? fa#i;it9 $i;; :e
avai;a:;e at a;; p"ases of dia;o78e. Data retrieva; pro#ed8res $i;; :e
=8i#6 and eas9. No UCRT $i;; "ave a :;an6 s#reen at an9 time. If no
disp;a9 is demanded5 it $i;; :e s"o$in7 t"e main men85 so t"at
operator #an =8i#6;9 se;e#t t"e disp;a9 of "is #"oi#e.
(. Pro#ess data :ase $i;; #ontain f;a7s for ea#" Ana;o7 inp8t to
indi#ate $"et"er an9 Lo$ A;arm LimitG&i7" A;arm Limit is
app;i#a:;e or not. %oft$are for A;arm pro#essin7 and vario8s disp;a9s
et#. $i;; not #a;; for entr9 of artifi#ia; ;o$G"i7" a;arm ;imit e.7. ;o$er
t"an ;o$er end of spanG"i7"er t"an "i7"er end of span et#. as t"is

,F
#a8ses #onf8sion and in#onvenien#e to t"e operator $"i;e st8d9in7 t"e
printo8tsGdisp;a9s.
,. 'i#ropro#essor :ased and standa;one t9pe IGO s8:s9stems are
8sed. Ana;o7 inp8ts #ards are desi7ned for a8tomati# #a;i:ration at
re78;ar interva;s 8nder soft$are #ontro; 8sin7 pre#ision referen#e
so8r#es for (BM and FBM s#a;e. &en#e5 soft$are offset #orre#tion is
provided for an9 drift d8e too temperat8re or time.
B. A fa#i;it9 for ena:;in7Gdisa:;in7 T;o$R a;arms in :8;6 for #ertain
points $it" a sin7;e #ommand $i;; :e provided. T"ese ;o$ a;arms
most;9 #orrespond to t"e fai;8re of t"e sensors.
*.0 Re:&!%"&n &# Va!e: "n Nmer"$;P!&%;6ar Gra9h F&rm
Reso;8tion of Ha;8es (i.e. data s8#" as #8rrent va;8e of a pro#ess
varia:;e5 a;arm point5 et#. $i;; in vario8s #ases :e as fo;;o$s or
:etter0
Sr.
N&.
T=9e &# &%9% Re:&!%"&n
+ N8meri# form *.+M
( Grap"i# Disp;a9G'imi#G/ar
Grap"GP;ot
*.(M or
:etter
N8meri#a; reso;8tion $i;; :e ;imited to *.+ to *.(M of f8;; span. T"e
operator $i;; not re=8ire a :etter reso;8tion t"an t"is and it $i;;
$aste t"e 8sef8; area of t"e s#reen. &en#e n8meri#a; disp;a9s ;i6e
(+.>(,B for a pro#ess ran7e of *2+**C $i;; :e avoided and an
appro<imated va;8e (+.> $i;; :e disp;a9ed.

,C
*.2 Re:9&n:e T"me
E<pe#ted response times are des#ri:ed as fo;;o$s0
+. In"%"a! D":9!a= Lag0 It is defined as t"e 'a<im8m Time ta6en
for t"e first #omp;ete disp;a9 (stati# J d9nami# parts to appear on
t"e disp;a9 after t"e operator?s #ommon $i;; not :e more t"an (
se#onds.
(. T"me S%am9 Lag) It is defined as t"e ma<im8m time differen#e
:et$een t"e rea; time of a fie;d event o##8rren#e and t"e time stamp
(Time stamp $i;; :e done as soon as t"e s#annin7 is done $i;; in
prin#ip;e :e same as t"e samp;in7 interva;.
>. D":9!a= Lag0 It is defined as t"e ma<im8m time differen#e
:et$een time stampin7 of an event and it :ein7 disp;a9ed $i;; not :e
more t"an + se#ond.
,. Sam9!"ng "n%er<a!0 It is defined as t"e ma<im8m time :et$een
t"e t$o #onse#8tive s#annin7 of t"e inp8ts
B. Pr"n% Lag 0 It is defined as ma<im8m time differen#e :et$een
t"e #ommen#ement of t"e demanded printo8t and t"e operator?s
#ommands and $i;; not :e more t"an +* se#onds.
*.D Da%a S%&rage;Re%r"e<a! an@ O##E!"ne C&m9%er S=:%em
*.D.* Da%a S%&rage
T"e fo;;o$in7 on2;ine data $i;; :e re#orded on t"e ma7neti# dis6 for
;ast >( "o8rs0
a &istor9 data
: %tati# data :ase
# C"an7es done in stati# data :ase
d Five sets of DN' data 4 ECC% Test Data
e A;arm ;o77in7

,A
f %naps"ot of #8rrent va;8es of a;; t"e points at ever9 s"ift and as
demanded :9 t"e operator.
7 Data and time of re#ordin7 t"e data.
T"is data for t"e ;ast (, "o8rs5 on defa8;t5 $i;; :e d8mped on to t"e
ma7neti# tape one in a da9 at a fi<ed time5 $"i#" $i;; :e ad!8sta:;e
on s9stem startin7 time.
T9pi#a;;95 one tape $i;; :e 8sed for a da9 and previo8s one mont"?s
data $i;; :e stored (i.e. >+ tapes $i;; :e avai;a:;e. /efore d8mpin7
t"e data5 s9stem $i;; #"e#65 if t"e tape on t"e drive is of t"at da9?s
tape. If not5 it $i;; as6 t"e operator to insert ne$ tape for d8mpin7
t"e data.
*.D., Da%a Re%r"e<a!
Provision $i;; :e made to retrieve t"e data from t"e dis6 (#8rrent (,
"o8rs or from an9 previo8s;9 re#orded ma7neti# tape and store it on
a PC ('%2DO% #ompati:;e f;opp9. Fa#i;it9 $i;; :e provided to
se;e#t an9 t9pe of data and in an9 ran7e (time5 8si5 et#..
*.D.- O##E!"ne $&m9%er :=:%em
Off2;ine #omp8ter s9stem $i;; #omprise of a standard PC2AT and a
printer. It $i;; :e possi:;e to read t"e data re#orded on f;oppies :9
t"e on2;ine s9stem .T"e soft$are $o8;d a;so in#;8de standard
pa#6a7e ;i6e D/A%E IH.
*.F In9% P&Ger S99!= %& %he Eq"9men% an@ E##e$% &# P&Ger
Fa"!re.
T$o independent so8r#es of sin7;e p"ase5 A.C. po$er s8pp;9 of t"e
fo;;o$in7 spe#ifi#ations $i;; :e avai;a:;e in t"e station.
Ho;ta7e

B*
R'% Ha;8e 0 (,* Ho;ts J +*M
%tead9 state variation 0 J +*M
Transient variation 0 *M (for (**m se#s
Fre=8en#9
Fre=8en#9 0 B* &L
%tead9 state variations 0 J +M
Transient variation 0 J BM
D8rin7 transient variations (8pto (**m se# t"e COI% $i;; #ontin8e
to operate $it"o8t ma;f8n#tionin7.
An inp8t a.#. po$er interr8ption (tota; o8ta7e ;astin7 >*
mi;;ise#onds or ;ess $i;; not affe#t t"e $or6in7 of t"e COI% in
an9$a9.
For a;; (,*H AC ;oads5 :ot" so8r#es of main s8pp;9 $i;; :e
#onne#ted t"ro87" #ontra#tors s8#" t"at fai;8re of an9 main po$er
s8pp;9 $i;; not affe#t operation of an9 s8:s9stem. W"erever
d8p;i#ated D.C. po$er s8pp;ies are 8sed5 separate a.#. main so8r#e
$i;; :e 7iven to t"e t$o D.C. po$er s8pp;ies $i;; :e #onne#ted to
t"e ;oad t"ro87" iso;ation diodes.
*.F.* Se":m"$ :9e$"#"$a%"&n
+. T"e IGO s8:s9stem e=8ipment $i;; operate satisfa#tori;9 d8rin7
and after t"e vi:ration tests at t"e fo;;o$in7 pea6 a##e;erations $"en
s8:!e#ted to a sin8soida; a##e;eration for >* se#onds at ea#"
fre=8en#9 in t"e 7iven ran7e.
Pea6 a##e;eration I t"e "oriLonta; a<es and verti#a; a<is0 >.B7 from +
&L to >> &L.
*.*8 Ma:%er C!&$H T"me

B+
Rea; time #;o#6 of t"e COI% Unit2+ $i;; :e 8sed as t"e master #;o#6
for s9n#"roniLin7 time of vario8s #omp8ter s9stems of t"e p;ant.
T"e COI% $i;; provide a potentia; free #"an7e over #onta#t to ea#"
of t"e #omp8ter :ased s9stems for time s9n#"roniLation $it" *.B
se#ond stat8s #"an7e at +*.** "o8rs ever9 da9 (Norma; stat8s $i;;
:e res8med at +*0**0** "o8rs. T"e #onta#t stat8s #"an7e $i;; :e
sensed :9 ea#" of t"e #omp8ter :ased s9stems and t"e time $i;; :e
set to +*0**0** "rs.
*.** Re!"ab"!"%= an@ A<a"!ab"!"%=
T"e meantime :et$een fai;8res ('T/F of t"e s9stem e<#;8din7 t"e
printers5 p;otters and CRT?s $i;; :e ,*** "o8rs or more $it" an
avai;a:i;it9 of AA.AM or :etter. 'T/F and avai;a:i;it9 fi78res for t"e
printersGp;otters and CRT?s $i;; :e (*** "o8rs and AAM respe#tive;9.
T"e meantime to dete#t a fa8;t ('TTD p;8s t"e mean time to dete#t
a fa8;t ('TTD p;8s t"e mean time to repair ('TTR $i;; not
e<#eed + "o8r. In order to a#"ieve t"e "i7" avai;a:i;it9 fi78res5 a
master and "ot stand:9 #omp8ter red8ndan#9 is emp;o9ed. In #ase
of a #omp8ter 7oin7 fa8;t95 its ;oad $i;; :e a8tomati#a;;9 s$it#"ed
over to t"e ot"er #omp8ter. Disp;a9sGprinto8ts a#tive :efore t"e
fai;8re of #omp8ter5 :e#ome a#tive a8tomati#a;;9 $it"o8t operator?s
intervention after s$it#"in7 over pertainin7 to &istor9 $i;; not :e
;ost d8e to s8#" s$it#"over. To 6eep t"e 'TTDJ'TTR 8nder one
"o8r5 S"ot repairs? #on#ept is 8sed.

B(

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