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vD
N
R
=
Reynolds number for channel flow
vR
N
R
=
For pipe flow
N
R
< 2000 laminar
N
R
> 4000 turbulent
For channel flow
N
R
< 500 laminar
N
R
> 2000 turbulent
11
Another number for channel flow!
Froude Number [N
F
] (gravity versus inertial forces)
h
F
gy
v
N =
Where y
h
is referred to as the hydraulic depth and given as
y
h
= A/T
where A is the area and T is the top width of the channel
N
F
= 1.0 or when v = (gy)
1/2
- critical flow
N
F
< 1.0 subcritical flow
N
F
> 1.0 super critical flow
A combination of both the numbers is used to describe channel
flow conditions.
12
Uniform steady flow and Mannings Equation
When discharge remains the same and depth does not change
then we have uniform steady flow.
In this condition
The surface of water is parallel to the bed of the channel
Or S = Sw
Where S is the slope of the channel
The slope of the channel can be expressed as
- An angle = 1 degrees
- As percent = 1%
- Or as fraction = 0.01 or 1 in 100
13
Velocity of flow (v) in a channel can be computed numerous
empirical equations
One of them is Mannings equation
2 / 1 3 / 2
0 . 1
S R
n
v =
This the SI units form of the equation with v (meters/sec) and R
(meters).
Where n is the Mannings coefficient (dimensionless) values
developed through experimentation
Possible n values for various channel surfaces Table 14.1
14
15
In English units the Mannings equation form is
2 / 1 3 / 2
49 . 1
S R
n
v =
Where v is in feet/sec and the R value is in feet.
If velocity is known, the discharge (Q) can then be computed as
Q = A*v
2 / 1 3 / 2
0 . 1
S AR
n
Q =
Where Q is in m
3
/s
For uniform flow, Q is referred to as Normal discharge
16
The above equation can also be re-arranged such that
2 / 1
3 / 2
S
nQ
AR =
The left hand term is simply based on channel geometry.
17
Problem 14.2
Determine normal discharge for a 200 mm inside diameter
common clay drainage tile running half-full if the slope drops 1
m over 1000 m.
S = 1/1000 = 0.001
A = (1/2) * ( D
2
/4) = 0.5**(0.2)
2
/4 = 0.0157 m
2
WP = (1/2) * ( D) = 0.5**0.2 = 0.3141 m
R = 0.05 m
From Table 14.1 n for clay tile = 0.013
Substitute these values in the equation
18
2 / 1 3 / 2
0 . 1
S AR
n
Q =
And we get
2 / 1 3 / 2
) 001 . 0 ( ) 05 . 0 ( * 0157 . 0 *
013 . 0
0 . 1
= Q
Q = 5.18 x 10
-3
m
3
/s
19
Problem 14.3
Calculate slope of channel below If
Q = 50 ft
3
/s
Formed unfinished concrete channel
Equation that you will use
2 / 1 3 / 2
0 . 1
S AR
n
Q =
Or
20
3 / 2
2 / 1
49 . 1 AR
Qn
S =
Compute A = 12 ft
2
WP = 9.66 ft
R = A/WP = 12/9.66 = 1.24 ft
Mannings n for concrete channel = 0.017
Substitute
And S = 0.00169
Drop 1.69 ft for every 1000 ft.
21
Problem 14.4
Design rectangular channel in formed unfinished concrete
Q = 5.75 m3/s
S = 1.2%
Normal depth = of the width of the channel
Since we have to design the channel the equation that should
be used
2 / 1
3 / 2
S
nQ
AR =
RHS is known.
RHS = 0.017*5.75/(0.012)
1/2
= 0.0892
Now we know that y = b/2
Express Area and the hydraulic radius in terms of b.
A = by = b
2
/2
22
WP = b+ 2y = 2b
R = A/WP = b/4
Therefore,
LHS = AR
2/3
= b
2
/2 * (b/4)
2/3
= RHS = 0.892
B = 1.76 m
y = 1.76/2 m
23
Problem 14.5
In the problem above the final width was set at = 2m and the
maximum Q = 12 m
3
/s; find the normal depth for this maximum
discharge.
OK again,
2 / 1
3 / 2
S
nQ
AR =
RHS = 0.017*12/(0.012)
1/2
= 1.86
B = 2m
A = 2y
WP = 2+2y
R = 2y/(2+2y)
Therefore LHS =
24
86 . 1
2 2
2
2
3 / 2
=
+ y
y
y
Cannot solve this directly, will have to do trial and error.
Set up a Table and compare
y (m) A (m
2
) WP
(m)
R (m) R
2/3
AR
2/3
Required
change
in y
2.0 4.0 6.0 0.667 0.763 3.05 Make y
lower
1.5 3.0 5.0 0.600 0.711 2.13 Make y
lower
1.35 2.7 4.7 0.574 0.691 1.86 OK
25
Conveyance and most efficient channel shapes
Look at the RHS of the equation
2 / 1 3 / 2
0 . 1
S AR
n
Q =
Other than the S term, all other terms are related to channel
cross section and its features.
These terms together are referred to as the Conveyance (K) of
the channel
3 / 2
0 . 1
AR
n
K =
OR
2 / 1
S K Q =
26
K is maximum when WP is the least for a give area
this is also the most efficient cross section for conveying
flow
For circular section half full flow is the most efficient
For other shapes see Table 14.3 from the text.
27
28
Compound Sections
When channel shape changes with flow depth typical in
natural stream sections during flooding
During floods water spills over the flood plain
You need to know Q at various depths or vice-versa so that
you can design channels or determine channel safety for various
flood magnitudes
29
Cazenovia Creek in Buffalo during normal flow conditions
30
Cazenovia Creek during flood!
31
Problem 14.21E
Figure 14.21 natural channel with levees
Channel earth with grass cover, n = 0.04
S = 0.00015
Determine normal Q for depth = 3 and 6 ft.
32
33
Assignment # 9
- 14.3E
- 14.9M
- 14.10M
- 14.14M
34
Compound section
More realistic situation channel roughness n may be different
for floodplain than the main channel
Why?????
In that case
- determine velocity for each sub section
- and then sum up the discharges for the sections
35
2 / 1
3 / 2
49 . 1
S
P
A
n
v
i
i
i
i
=
i
n
i
i
A V Q
=
=
1
36
Example Problem
Compute discharge for depth of 8 feet
S = 0.5%
n for bank = 0.06
n for main channel = 0.03
A1 = 80*4 = 320
A2 = 50*8 = 400
A3 = 100*5 = 500
P1 = 80+4 = 84
P2 = 4+50+3 = 57
P3 = 100+5 = 105
37
2 / 1
3 / 2
49 . 1
S
P
A
n
v
i
i
i
i
=
i
n
i
i
A V Q
=
=
1
+ + =
06 . 0
500 ) 105 / 500 (
03 . 0
400 ) 57 / 400 (
06 . 0
320 ) 84 / 320 (
) 005 . 0 ( 49 . 1
3 / 2 3 / 2 3 / 2
2 / 1
Q
Q = 9010 cfs.
38
Energy Principles for Open Channel flow
Energy at a particular point in the channel = PE + KE
g
v
y E
2
2
+ =
Where y is the depth of flow and v is the velocity
Note no pressure term!
This is energy with respect to the channel bottom Specific
Energy
When energy is measured with respect to another fixed datum
Total energy
g
v
z y E
2
2
+ + =
Where z is the height of the channel bottom from the datum
In terms of Q the specific energy can be expressed as
39
2
2
2gA
Q
y E + =
Where Q is the discharge and A is the cross-sectional flow area
40
Example Problem
Channel width (rectangular) = 2m
Depth = 1m
Q = 4.0 m
3
/s
Height above datum = 2m
Compute specific and total energy
A = by = 2.0*1.0 = 2 m
2
Specific energy =
2
2
2gA
Q
y E + =
2
2
2 * 81 . 9 * 2
4
1 + = E
E = 1.20 m
Total energy =
= Datum height + specific energy
= 2.0 + 1.20 = 3.20 m
41
Specific Energy Diagram
The specific energy can be plotted graphically as a function of
depth of flow.
2
2
2gA
Q
y E + =
E = E
s
+ E
k
E
s
= y (static energy)
E
k
= Q
2
/2gA
2
(kinetic energy)
Relationship between y and Es & Ek
42
Combining the two relationships specific energy diagram
Key points from the diagram
1. the diagram applies for a given cross section and discharge
2. as the depth of flow increases, the static energy increases,
and the kinetic energy decreases
43
3. the total energy curve approaches the static energy curve
for high depths and the kinetic energy curve for small
depths
4. The specific energy is minimum (E
min
) for a particular
depth this depth happens to be the critical depth Depth
for which the Froudes number = 1.0. velocity = Vc.
5. Emin only energy value with a singular depth!
6. Depths less than the critical depths supercritical flow.
Froude Number > 1.0. V > Vc.
7. Depths greater than the critical depths subcritical flow.
Froude Number < 1.0. V < Vc.
8. For all other energy values there are two depth
associated one greater than the critical depth and one less
than the critical depth.
9. The two depths associated with the same energy values are
referred to as Alternate depths
10. As discharge increases, the specific energy curves move
to the upper right portion of the chart.
44
45
Additional Equations
Specific energy equation
2
2
2gA
Q
y E + =
Taking a derivative and equating it to zero (critical flow
conditions when energy is minimum)
We get Condition at critical flow
1
3
2
=
gA
B Q
Solving these further, for a rectangular channel (A = By), we
get
1
3
2
=
c
gy
q
46
Or
3
2
g
q
y
c
=
Critical depth can be determined explicitly
Also, for rectangular channel -
c
y E
2
3
min
=
Explicit equations that can quickly give you the critical depth
and minimum specific energy for a rectangular channel no
need to interpolate from graph
47
Example Problem:
Rectangular channel
Width = 4 m
Q = 12.0 m
3
/s
Depth of flow = 2.5 m
Draw specific energy diagram
Find critical and alternate depth
2
2
2gA
Q
y E + =
2
2
2gy
q
y E + =
Specific discharge discharge per unit width = q = Q/B
The advantage of using specific discharge is that we avoid
using B and relate q directly to y
q = 12/4 = 3m
2
/s
48
Set up a table and compute the specific energy for every 0.2m
depth increment.
2
2
2gy
q
y E + =
y KE total E
0.20 11.47 11.67
0.40 2.87 3.27
0.60 1.27 1.87
0.80 0.72 1.52
1.00 0.46 1.46
1.20 0.32 1.52
1.40 0.23 1.63
1.60 0.18 1.78
1.80 0.14 1.94
2.00 0.11 2.11
2.20 0.09 2.29
2.40 0.08 2.48
2.60 0.07 2.67
2.80 0.06 2.86
3.00 0.05 3.05
3.20 0.04 3.24
3.40 0.04 3.44
3.60 0.04 3.64
3.80 0.03 3.83
4.00 0.03 4.03
49
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
E
y
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
E
y
50
Explicit computation
1
3
2
=
c
gy
q
Or
3
2
g
q
y
c
=
971 . 0
81 . 9
3
3
2
= =
c
y
c
y E
2
3
min
=
457 . 1 971 . 0 *
2
3
min
= = E
51
Since given depth 2.5 m > 0.971 the given depth is
subcritical and the other depth should be supercritical
Now determining alternate depths
Energy at 2.5 m =
2
2
2gy
q
y E + =
57 . 2
5 . 2 * 81 . 9 * 2
3
5 . 2
2
2
= + = E
This energy value is the same for the other alternate
(supercritical) depth, so
2
2
* 81 . 9 * 2
3
57 . 2
y
y + =
52
Solve equation by trail and error
y E
0.40 3.27
0.41 3.14
0.42 3.02
0.43 2.91
0.44 2.81
0.45 2.72
0.46 2.63
0.47 2.55
0.48 2.47
0.49 2.40
0.50 2.33
0.51 2.27
0.52 2.22
0.53 2.16
0.54 2.11
y = 0.467 m supercritical alternate depth.
53
Problem 14.41E from text
GIVEN
Triangular channel with side slopes having ratio of 1:1.5
Q = 0.68 ft
3
/s
Channel clean, excavated earth
CALCULATE
a. critical depth
b. E
min
c. Plot specific energy curve
d. Determine energy for 0.25 ft and alternate depth
e. Velocity of flow and Froude number
f. Calculate required slopes if depths from d are to be normal
depths for given flow
54
Solution
y, A = zy
2
, v = Q/A, T =2zy, y
h
=A/T ,
55
56
y, A = zy
2
, v = Q/A, T =2zy, y
h
=A/T ,
h
F
gy
v
N =
2
2
2gA
Q
y E + =
57
58
59
Assignment # 10 - Specific Energy of Channel Flow
14.39M
14.42E