Pure and Applied Mathematics Journal

2014; X(X): XX-XX

Published online MM DD 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggoup.co!/"/p#!")
doi: 10.11$4%/".XXXX.2014XXXX.XX
&''(: 2)2$-*+*0 (Pint); &''(: 2)2$-*%12 (,nline)
On the construction of regions of stability
Luciano Miguel Lugo
1
, Juan Eduardo Npoles Valds
1, 2
, Samuel Ivn Noya
2
1
-#cult#d de .ienci#s /0#ct#s1 2((/1 34. 5ibet#d 6640 ()400)1 .oientes1 378/(9&(3
2
-#cult#d 7egion#l 7esistenci#1 29(1 -ench 414 ()600)1 7esistenci#1 378/(9&(3
Email address:
l!l!b:;#hoo.co!.# (5. M. 5ugo)1 "n#poles:e0#.unne.edu.# (<. /. (=poles >#ld?s)1 s#!ueli4#nno;#:g!#il.co! ('. &. (o;#)@
o ci!e !"is ar!icle:
5uci#no Miguel 5ugo1 <u#n /du#do (=poles >#ld?s1 '#!uel &4=n (o;#. ,n the .onstuction oA 7egions oA 't#bilit;. Pure and Applied
Mathematics Journal. >ol. X1 (o. X1 20141 pp. XX-XX. doi: 10.11$4%/".XXXX.2014XXXX.XX
#$s!rac!: &n this p#pe we built # st#bilit; egion #ound the oigin Ao the 5i?n#d eBu#tion (4) to ensue st#bilit; #nd
boundedness oA solutions oA this eBu#tion1 without !#Cing use oA the cl#ssic#l 'econd Method oA 5;#puno4. De co!p#e
ou esult with so!e othes poposed b; diAAeent #uthos.
%ey&ords: 5;#puno41 9#"ectoies1 3s;!ptotic /Builibiu!
1' In!roduc!ion
9he te! Est#bilit;F oigin#tes in Mech#nic to
ch##cteiGe the eBuilibiu! oA # igid bod;. 'o1 the
eBuilibiu! is c#lled st#ble iA the bod; etuns to its oigin#l
position1 h#4ing been EdistubedF b; being !o4ed slightl;
Ao! its position oA est. &A the bod; #Ate # slight
displ#ce!ent tends tow#d # new position its eBuilibiu! is
c#lled unst#ble.
9he 'econd Method oA 5;#puno4 h#s been est#blished #s
the !ost gene#l !ethod to stud; the st#bilit; oA
eBuilibiu! positions oA s;ste!s descibed b; diAAeenti#l1
diAAeences o Aunction#l eBu#tions (o s;ste!s). 9his
!ethod w#s Aound in cl#ssic#l !e!o; oA 3le0#nde
Mi"#Hlo4ich 5;#puno4
1
1 published in 7ussi#n in 1%*21
t#nsl#ted into -ench in 1*0+ (epinted 40 ;e#s l#te
2
)
1
Ion on <une $1 1%6+ in J#osl#4l1 7ussi# #nd died on (o4e!be )1 1*1% in
,dess#1 7ussi#.
2
5;#puno4 (1*4*).
#nd in /nglish !#n; ;e#s l#te
)
. &n this woC # Ce; ole is
pl#;ed b; the c#lls 5;#puno4 Aunctions (Aunctions oA
eneg; Ao! the ph;sic#l point oA 4iew).
5;#puno4Ks second !ethod #lso dete!ines the citei#
Ao #s;!ptotic st#bilit;. &n #ddition to gi4ing us these
citei#1 it gi4es us the w#; oA esti!#ting egion oA
#s;!ptotic st#bilit;. 3s;!ptotic st#bilit; is one oA the
!#"o #e#s oA the Bu#lit#ti4e theo; oA d;n#!ic#l s;ste!s
#nd is oA p##!ount i!pot#nce in !#n; #pplic#tions oA the
theo; in #l!ost #ll Aields whee d;n#!ic#l eAAects pl#; #
ge#t ole.
&n the #n#l;sis oA egion oA #s;!ptotic st#bilit;
popeties oA in4#i#nt ob"ects1 it is 4e; useAul to e!plo;
wh#t is now c#lled 5;#puno4Ks second !ethod. &t is #n
i!pot#nt !ethod to dete!ine egion oA #s;!ptotic
st#bilit;. 9his !ethod elies on the obse4#tion th#t
#s;!ptotic st#bilit; is 4e; well linCed to the e0istence oA #
5;#puno4Ks Aunction1 th#t is1 # pope1 nonneg#ti4e
Aunction1 4#nishing onl; on #n in4#i#nt egion #nd
dece#sing #long those t#"ectoies oA the s;ste! not
e4ol4ing in the in4#i#nt egion. 5;#puno4 po4ed th#t the
e0istence oA # 5;#puno4Ks Aunction gu##ntees #s;!ptotic
st#bilit; #nd1 Ao line# ti!e-in4#i#nt s;ste!s1 #lso showed
the con4ese st#te!ent th#t #s;!ptotic st#bilit; i!plies the
e0istence oA # 5;#puno4Ks Aunction in the egion oA
st#bilit;.
3n e0cellent souce Ao the stud; oA this !ethod (#lso
c#lled diect !ethod bec#use this !ethod #llows us to
3
5;#puno4 (1*$2) #nd 5;#puno4 (1**2)1 in this l#st is included # biog#ph; b;
'!ino4 #nd #n e0tensi4e bibliog#ph; oA 5;#puno4Ls woC.
2 5uci#no Miguel 5ugo et al.: ,n the .onstuction oA 7egions oA 't#bilit;
dete!ine the st#bilit; #nd #s;!ptotic st#bilit; oA # s;ste!
without e0plicitl; integ#ting the nonline# diAAeenti#l
eBu#tion) is the en#!ed te0t JoshiG#w# oA the si0t;
4
. &n the
Bu#lit#ti4e stud; oA # nonline# s;ste!1 whethe
#utono!ous
0KM-(0); 07
n
1 (1)
o non-#utono!ous
0KM -(01t); 07
n
1 (2)
suppose th#t -(t10) is continuous in (t10) on &0D1 whee D is
# connected open set in 7
n
1 & denote the inte4#l 0tN #nd
7
n
denote the /uclide#n n-sp#ce with the no!
0
. &n the
Bu#lit#ti4e theo; so!e oA the !ost studied Bu#lit#ti4e
popeties #e st#bilit;1 #s;!ptotic st#bilit; #nd the
boundedness (#lso c#lled continu#bilit;)
6
:
9he solution 0M0O(t) oA (2) is stable in the Lyapunov
sense1 iA Ao #n; P0 #nd #n; t0&1 thee e0ists (t01)P0
such th#t iA
< ) ( ) ( O
0 0
t x t x
then
) ( ) ( O t x t x
N1 tt0.
9he solution 0M0O(t) oA (2) is asymptotically stable in
the Lyapunov sense1 iA 0O(t) #nd iA thee e0ists # 0(t0)P0
such th#t iA
) ( ) ( ) ( O
0 0 0 0
t t x t x <
then
0 ) ( ) ( O t x t x
#s t.
7e!#C1. &n !#n; ph;sic#l situ#tions1 the oigin !#; not
be #s;!ptotic st#ble Ao #ll possible initi#l 4#lue (t0100) but
onl; Ao initi#l 4#lue cont#ined in so!e egion #ound the
oigin1 such # egion is c#lled the egion oA #s;!ptotic
st#bilit; #nd the 4#lue oA #llows to deAine # neighbohood
oA 0O(t0)1 co!!onl; c#lled b#se #tt#ction. &A this
neighbohood coincides with the whole sp#ce1 then it is
s#id to be #s;!ptotic#ll; st#ble in the glob#l sense.
3 solution 0M0O(t) oA (2) is bounded1 iA thee e0ists # P0
such th#t
< ) ( O t x
Ao #ll tt01 whee !#; depend
on e#ch solution. &n othe wods iA #nd onl; iA Ao #ll 9Pt0
we h#4e
<

) ( li! t x
T t
.
,ne w#; to ensue th#t these popeties #e AulAilled Ao
#ll solutions oA the s;ste!1 is to popose # bounded egion
#ound eBuilibiu! point in which e!#in #ll those
solutions beginning on 1 ie1 iA 0(t0)1 then 0(t)1 Ao
#ll tPt0. 9houghout the woC1 #nd Ao con4enience1 we t#Ce
t0M0.
&n this p#pe we conside the 5i?n#d eBu#tion:
0KKQA(0)0KQg(0)M0; 071 t0 ())
whee A is # continuous Aunction1 g is # dei4#ble Aunction
#nd the Aollowing #ssu!ptions #e AulAilled:
#) A(0)P01 iA 001
b) 0g(0)P01 iA 00.
4
JoshiG#w# (1*$$).
5
JoshiG#w# (1*$$)1 p.2+1 p.2% #nd p.)$.
5et -(0)M

x
du u f
0
) (
#nd ;M0KQ-(0)1 then ()) c#n
witten #s # s;ste!:

=
=
) ( L
) ( L
x g y
x F y x
(4)
9his s;ste! h#s the oigin #s # single eBuilibiu! point1
so the popeties will be eAeed to the ti4i#l solution
0(t)M;(t)M0.
&n ou woC we will need the Aollowing b#sic esults
$
.
9heoe! 3. 5et be # bounded neighbohood oA the
oigin #nd let
c
be its co!ple!ent. 3ssu!e th#t D(0) is #
sc#l# Aunction with continuous Aist p#ti#ls in
c
#nd
s#tisA;ing:
1. D(0)P01 0
c
1
2. DR(0)01 0
c
1
). D(0) #s 0 .
9hen e#ch solution oA (1) is bounded Ao #ll t0.
9heoe! I. 5et >(0) be # sc#l# Aunction with
continuous Aist p#ci#ls s#tisA;ing:
1. >(0)P01 001
2. >R(0)01 01
). >(0) #s 0 .
&A >R is not identic#ll; Geo #long #n; solution othe th#n
the oigin1 then the s;ste! (1) is co!pletel; st#ble
+
.
9he !#in diAAicult; in using 9heoe! I oAten is th#t one
c#n constuct # 5;#puno4 Aunction s#tisA;ing the thee
eBuie!ents. Sence it is !uch e#sie to stud; the
boundedness oA the solutions #s # sep##te poble!1 Ao!
which #ises the need to build #ppopi#te egions whee
we c#n ensue the boundedness.
Iuilding the st#bilit; egion oA # gi4en eBu#tion is
#nothe w#; to stud; the poble! oA con4egence1 #s t tends
to inAinit;1 oA #ll solutions oA this eBu#tion. 9his poble! is
oA # p##!ount ele4#nce in the Bu#lit#ti4e theo;.
9he pupose oA this note is to constuct # new st#bilit;
egion Ao eBu#tion ())1 using # diAAeent #ppo#ch oA e#lie
esults #nd without !#Cing uses oA co!!on conditions.
-ist we su!!#iGe Cnow esults1 we pesent b; illust#tion
the pooA oA Aist1 #nd l#te we pesent ou esults.
2' (reliminary )esul!s
Dhile thee #e so!e pe4ious esults in the AiAties1 the
Aist esult oA this n#tue w#s obt#ined b; 5#'#lle in 1*$01
when he showed th#t #ll solutions oA (4) #e st#ble #nd
bounded using #n #ppopi#te bounded egion.
2.1. Region 1
8
9heoe! 1. 2nde #ssu!ptions #) #nd b) iA we h#4e
) (x F
M

x
du u f
0
) (
Q #s
x
1
6
.A. 9heoe!s 4 #nd 6 oA 5#'#lle (1*$0).
7
.ontinu#ble Ao us.
8
5#'#lle (1*$0).
Pue #nd 3pplied M#the!#tics <oun#l 2014; X(X): XX-XX )
then1 #ll solutions oA (2) #e st#ble #nd bounded.
PooA. 5et (0(t)1;(t)) be # solution oA (4)1 #nd let l #nd #
positi4e e#l nu!bes such th#t (0(0)1 ;(0)) 1 whee is
the egion:
( )

< + < + = = a x F y l x G y y x ! y x "

2 2 2
) ( ) (
2
1
) 1 ( / ) 1 (
Dhee >(01;) is the 5;#puno4 -unction
) (
2
;) >(01
2
x G
y
+ =
with

=
x
ds s g x G
0
) ( ) (
.
Sowe4e1 since it !#; not be tue th#t 8(0) #s 0 1
we c#n conclude onl; th#t e4e; solution bounded Ao #ll
t0 #ppo#ches the oigin #s t. 9hus1 to est#blish
co!plete st#bilit;1 we need to show th#t #ll solutions #e
bounded Ao t0. 9o do this1 we conside the egion (see
Aigue oA the 7egion 1).
Region 1
-o #n; l #nd #1 is # bounded egion
*
. 5et (0(t)1;(t) be
#n; solution1 #nd select l #nd # so l#ge th#t the solution
st#ts in . 9hen the solution c#nnot le#4e without
cossing the bound#; oA . &t !ust coss eithe >Ml o
;Q-(0)M#1 o ;Q-(0)M-#. De c#n select # suAicientl; l#ge
th#t the p#t oA ;Q-(0)M# which is the bound#; oA
coespond to 0P0 #nd the p#t oA ;Q-(0)M-# coesponds to
0N0.
9he dei4#ti4e oA >(01;) #long the s;ste! (4) is:
>K(4)M;;KQg(0)0KM
T;g(0)Qg(0)(;--(0))MTg(0)-(0)01 (01 ;)7
2
1 (6)
-o! (6) we h#4e th#t # solution st#ting inside c#nnot
coss >Ml.
(ow in the est oA bound#; oA we h#4e
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
( ) 2 ( ) L ( ) L
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 ( ) 0
d
y F x y F x y f x x
d t
y F x g x f x y F x
g x y F x f x y F x y F x
a g x
+ = + +
= + +
= + + +
= <
Iec#use ( ) ) ( ) ( x F y x g + P0. Sence1 (0(t)1;(t))
c#nnot le#4e 1 #nd e4e; solution is bounded Ao t0.
9
.A. Mille #nd Michel (1*%2).
9hus1 unde so!ewh#t diAAeent conditions we h#4e #g#in
shown th#t 5i?n#dKs eBu#tion is co!pletel; st#ble.
7e!#C 2. &A we conside ()) unde #n e0ten#l Aoce 0
RRQA(0)0RQg(0)Mp(t) with p # continuous Aunction #nd oA
cl#ss 5
1
U01Q)1 this esult still 4#lid #nd the pooA is
p#ctic#ll; the s#!e
10
. &tLs Aunn;1 co!p#ing the si!il#it;
oA the p#pe oA 5#'#lle #nd S#s#n #nd Vhu1 #nd d#tes oA
both1 how in the second "ob is not !entioned Aist1
suggesting # l#cC theeoA.
2.2. Region 2
11
9heoe! 2. 2nde condition b) we suppose th#t
#P0/ 0N0N#0-(0)P0.
9hen #ll solution oA (4) #e st#ble #nd bounded.
7e!#C ). &t is cle# th#t the #bo4e condition is !oe
gene#l th#n #).
&n the pooA we conside the s#!e 5;#puno4Ks Aunction
) (
2
1
) 1 (
2
x G y y x + = . 3nd we t#Ce #s the
inAinite b#nd:
{ } a x a ! y x = / ) 1 (
2
.
&n this egion we h#4e:
>K(4)(01;)M;;KQg(0)0KMT;g(0)Qg(0)(;--(0))MTg (0)-(0)0.
'o we h#4e >K(4)(01;)0 in #n; subset oA . 5et .

be the
egion deAinite b;
{ }

= ) 1 ( / ) 1 (
2
y x ! y x # 1 with is #
positi4e e#l nu!be such th#t .

. &t is cle# th#t the

bette 4#lue oA is the lowest 4#lue between 8(#) #nd 8(T#).
3g#in we h#4e the no positi4it; oA >K(4)(01;) we
gu##ntee the boundedness #nd st#bilit; oA solutions
st#ting in .

(7egion 2 in the Aigue bellow).

Region 2
2.3. Our Region
12
Dhile the constuction oA the st#bilit; egion c#n be #t
ti!es b; the 'econd Method oA 5;#puno41 we sh#ll
diseg#d it in the esults pesented below.
10
'ee S#s#n #nd Vhu (200+).
11
.A. J#det# (201)).
12
3 peli!in#; 4esion oA this esult w#s pesented #t the 3nnu#l Meeting oA
the 2M3 l#st ;e#. 'ee 5ugo1 (=poles #nd (o;# (201)).
4 5uci#no Miguel 5ugo et al.: ,n the .onstuction oA 7egions oA 't#bilit;
De ne0t gi4e # st#bilit; egion #llowing us to obt#in
suAAicient conditions Ao the boundedness #nd st#bilit; oA
solutions oA the s;ste! (4)1 #nd conseBuentl; Ao the
eBu#tion ()).
9heoe! ). &A in #ddition to conditions #) #nd b) we h#4e
A-
1g(7)M{A.(7)/A(0)Tg(0)P0 iA 0P0; A(0)Qg(0)P0 iA
0N0}1
then #ll solutions oA (4) #e st#ble #nd bounded.
PooA. 5et (0(t)1;(t)) be # solution oA (4) with initi#l
4#lue(0(0)1;(0))M(001;0)1 #nd we t#Ce the egion:

+ =
$
%
& x ' G $ y ( x ) ! & y * x '
+ G
$

.
Dhee C is # positi4e e#l nu!be s#tisA;ing the eBu#tion
$
x G $ y
1
) (
0 0
+ = ; #nd #nd #e the solutions oA
eBu#tion
+
$
%
& x ' G = (note th#t poposed eBu#tion to Aind
the 4#lue oA C is eBui4#lent to #sCing th#t the solution
Est#tF on the bound#; oA the egion).
.#lcul#ting the slopes oA the bound#; we h#4e:
L
) (
) (
x
x g
x d
y d
x $g = =
1 Ao! hee we h#4e th#t
$
x
1
L = iA ;P01
L
) (
) (
x
x g
x d
y d
x $g = =
1 whee
$
x
1
L = iA ;N0.
Our Region
'o1 iA we h#4e
$
x
1
L = iA ;P0 #nd
$
x
1
L = iA ;N01
the t#"ectoies th#t begin #t the bound#; oA this egion1
EA#llF into the s#!e1 which ensues the st#bilit; #nd
continu#bilit; oA the solution consideed (see ,u 7egion in
the pe4ious Aigue).
*' +inal )emar,s
7egion 1 h#s 4 points oA intesection in the gi4en
bound#;1 #nd those points c#n not spe#C oA
dei4ed.
9he 7egion 2 does not h#4e th#t poble!1 but #s the
4#lue oA # is Ai0ed in #d4#nce1 the poposed egion
.

c#n not co4e #ll solutions oA the eBu#tion.

7egion ) h#s the #d4#nt#ge th#t it w#s not needed
to deAine # 5;#puno4 Aunction (so1 in cet#in sense
is # con4ese theoe!)1 #nd #lso includes #n;
solution to the eBu#tion1 since this egion is
constucted when the initi#l condition. 9he
dis#d4#nt#ge is th#t it h#s 2 points oA intesection
between the gi4en edges whee no one c#n spe#C oA
dei4ed.
3s #n #tte!pt to o4eco!e the #bo4e !entioned1
8uidoiGGi constucted # A#!il; 5;#puno4
Aunctions
1)
which we e0tended
14
to non-#utono!ous
5i?n#d eBu#tion 0RRQA(0)0RQ#(t)g(0)M0 t#Cing #s #
5;#puno4 Aunction Ao the A#!il;
) ( ) 1 (
) (
1
) 1 1 ( x G y x ,
t a
y x t + =
.
Dith

=
x
ds s g x G
0
) ( ) (
#nd

+
=
) (
0
1
) 1 (
x F y
s
sds
y x ,

which #llowed us to deAine

#s the Aollowing sets:

7
2
iA 01

MW(01;): ;P-(0)-
-1
X iA P01

MW(01;): ;N-(0)-
-1
X iA N0.
9he esult obt#ined in the 9heoe! ) is consistent
with so!e pe4ious esults oA the second #utho
16
.
)e-erences
U1Y 3cost#1 <.1 5. M. 5ugo1 <. /. (=poles >. #nd '. &. (o;#
(201))-E,n so!e Bu#lit#ti4e popeties oA # non#utono!ous
5i?n#d eBu#tionF1 sub!itted.
U2Y 8uidoiGGi1 S. 5. (1**$)-E9he A#!il; oA Aunctions '
1C #nd
the 5i?n#d eBu#tionF1 9#!C#ng <. oA M#th. 2+1 )+-64.
U)Y S#s#n1 J. Z. #nd 5. M. Vhu (200+)-E9he bounded solutions
oA 5i?n#d eBu#tionF1 <. 3pplied 'ciences +(%)1 12)*-1240.
U4Y 5#'#lle1 <. P. (1*$0)-E'o!e /0tensions oA 5;#puno4Ks
'econd MethodF1 &7/ 9#ns#ctions on .icuit 9heo;1 Dec1
620-62+.
U6Y 5ugo 5. M.1 <. /. (=poles >. #nd '. &. (o;# (201))-E3bout #
egion oA boundedness Ao so!e non#utono!ous 5ien#dKs
/Bu#tionF1 3nnu#l Meeting oA the 2M31 2ni4esid#d
(#cion#l de 7os#io1 'epte!be 1+-20 ('p#nish).
13
8uidoiGGi (1**$).
14
.A. 3cost#1 5ugo1 (=poles #nd (o;# (201)).
15
(=poles (2000) #nd (=poles #nd 7uiG (1**+).
Pue #nd 3pplied M#the!#tics <oun#l 2014; X(X): XX-XX 6
U$Y 5;#puno41 3. M. (1*4*)-EPobl[!e gene#l de l# st#bilit? du
!o4e!entF1 3nn#ls oA M#th. 'tudies1 (o.1+1 Pinceton
2ni4esit; Pess1 Pinceton1 (.<.
U+Y 5;#puno41 3. M. (1*$$)-E't#bilit; oA MotionF1 3c#de!ic
Pess1 (ew-JoC \ 5ondon1 1*$$.
U%Y 5;#puno41 3. M. (1**2)-E9he 8ene#l Poble! oA the
't#bilit; oA MotionF1 (3. 9. -ulle t#ns.) 9#;lo \ -#ncis1
5ondon 1**2.
U*Y Mille1 7. ]. #nd 3. (. Michel (1*%2)-^,din#;
DiAAeenti#l /Bu#tionE1 (ew JoC1 5#w# 't#t 2ni4esit;.
U10Y (=poles >#ldes1 <. /. (2000)-E,n the boundedness #nd
glob#l #s;!ptotic st#bilit; oA 5i?n#d eBu#tion with
estoing te!F1 7e4ist# de l# 2ni_n M#te!=tic# 3gentin#
41(4)1 4+-6*.
U11Y (=poles1 <. /. #nd 3. &. 7uiG (1**+)-E.on4egence in
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