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= = , ) * period
8+(1+(91- : ;ni"ersity of <olorado at 5oulder
SHM--
(?hat does SHM ha"e to do !ith circular motionA ?e/ll see later)
1et/s check that ( ) x(t) Acos t = +
is a solution of the SHM e$uation
)aking the first deri"ati"e dx+dt , !e get ( )
dx
"(t) A sin t
dt
= = +
Here, !e/"e used the <hain Bule#
( )
d dcos( ) d
cos t , ( t )
dt d d t
sin sin( t )
+ = = +
= = +
)aking a second deri"ati"e, !e get
( ) ( )
[ ]
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
d x d" d
a(t) A sin t A cos( t )
dt dt dt
d x
Acos( t )
dt
d x
x
dt
= = = + = +
= +
=
)his is the SHM e$uation, !ith
(
k k
,
m m
= =
?e ha"e sho!n that our assumed solution is indeed a solution of the SHM e$uation (,
lea"e to the mathematicians to sho! that this solution is uni$ue &hysicists seldom !orry
about that kind of thing, since !e kno! that nature usually pro"ides only one solution for
physical systems, such as masses on springs)
?e ha"e also sho!n condition i"# x, ", and a are all sinusoidal functions of time#
( )
(
x(t) Acos t
"(t) A sin( t )
a(t) A cos( t )
= +
= +
= +
)he period ) is gi"en by
k ( m
) (
m ) k
opposite
adDacent
hypotenuse
x
y
r *
1
point (x, y)
x
y
1
point (x, y)
SHM-F
?e !ill almost al!ays measure angle in radians 0nce around the circle is ( radians,
so sine and cosine functions are periodic and repeat e"ery time increases by ( rad
)he sine and cosine functions ha"e exactly the same shape, except that sin is shifted to
the right compared to cos by = /2 5oth these functions are called sinusoidal
functions
)he function cos( + ) can be made to be anything in bet!een cos() and sin() by
adDusting the siGe of the phase bet!een 9 and (
( ) cos , ( 9) sin cos , + (
(
= = =
)he function cos(t = ) oscillates bet!een =1 and 1, so the function Acos(t = )
oscillates bet!een =A and A
8+(1+(91- : ;ni"ersity of <olorado at 5oulder
cos
sin
* >F9
9
* ( rad
=1
21
* (
21
=1
cos
sin
* /2
=1
21
=t
Acos (t)
=A
2A
=2
SHM-H
?hy
(
)
= x + 1 (rads)
%orces on mass #
%
)
* tension
mg
mg cos
mg sin
y
x
B
1
s
h
SHM-11
( )
spring pend
m m 1
) ( ) ( (
k mg + 1 g
= = =
.otice that the period is independent of the amplitudeJ the period depends only on length
1 and acceleration of gra"ity (5ut this is true only if is not too large)
8+(1+(91- : ;ni"ersity of <olorado at 5oulder
SHM-1(
Appendix# SHM and circ#lar motion
)here is an exact analogy bet!een SHM and circular motion <onsider a particle mo"ing
!ith constant speed " around the rim of a circle of radius A
)he x-component of the position of the particle has exactly the same mathematical form
as the motion of a mass on a spring executing SHM !ith amplitude A
angular "elocity
d
const
d t
= =
t =
so
x A cos A cos t = =
)his same formula also describes the sinusoidal motion
of a mass on a spring
)hat the same formula applies for t!o different situations (mass on a spring K circular
motion) is no accident )he t!o situations ha"e the same solution because they both
obey the same e$uation As %eynman said, L)he same e$uations ha"e the same
solutionsL )he e$uation of SHM is
(
(
(
d x
x
d t
=
?e no! sho! that a particle in
circular motion obeys this same SHM e$uation
Becall that for circular motion !ith angular speed , the acceleration of a the particle is
to!ard the center and has magnitude
(
"
7 a 7
B
=
v
Since " * B , !e can re!rite this as
( )
(
(
B
7 a 7 B
B
= =
v
1et/s set the origin at the center of
the circle so the position "ector $
is along the radius .otice that the
acceleration "ector a is al!ays in
the direction opposite the position
"ector $ Since
(
7 a 7 B =
v
v
,
the "ectors a and $ are related by
(
a B =
v
v
)he x-component of
this "ector e$uation is#
(
x x
a B = ,f !e !rite Bx * x , then !e ha"e
(
(
(
d x
x
d t
=
, !hich is the SHM e$uation 6one
8+(1+(91- : ;ni"ersity of <olorado at 5oulder
A
=A 2A
9
"
x
a
=A 2A
9
v
t
x
$