Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Interactive Questions
45.1 In negative feedbac! the response reduces the initia" stimu"us! thus turning off the
response. In positive feedbac! such as in the re"ease of mi" during nursing! the stimu"us
is reinforced and the response increases.
45.#
a. chemica" messages that usua""y trave" through the b"oodstream to target ce""s
b. chemica" messages! such as cytoines! neurotransmitters! $%! gro&th factors!
and prostag"andins! that communicate "oca""y bet&een ce""s
c. ce"" that produces hormones
d. modified nerve ce"" that produces hormones 'neurohormones(
45.) %*ytocin and +,H are synthesi-ed by neurosecretory ce""s and transported do&n
their processes to the posterior pituitary. .e"easing and inhibiting tropic hormones are
secreted by neurosecretory ce""s into capi""aries that drain through porta" vesse"s to a
capi""ary bed in the anterior pituitary.
45.4
a. stimu"ates contraction of uterus and mi" re"ease
b. increases &ater reabsorption in idney
c. stimu"ates thyroid g"and
d. stimu"ate activity of gonads
e. stimu"ates adrena" corte* to produce and secrete hormones
f. various effects! depending on species! inc"uding stimu"ation of mi" production
g. regu"ates sin pigment ce""s in amphibians
h. reduce perception of pain
i. promotes gro&th and the re"ease of insu"in/"ie gro&th factors
45.5 Insufficient iodine resu"ts in reduced production of 0) and 04. 0hus! there is no
negative feedbac to turn off production of 0.H by the hypotha"amus and 0SH by the
anterior pituitary. 0SH continues to stimu"ate the thyroid! &hich en"arges.
45.1
a. insu"in
b. g"ucagon
c. uptae of g"ucose
d. g"ycogen breado&n in "iver
e. is"ets of 2angerhans in pancreas
f. g"ycogen hydro"ysis in "iver and g"ucose re"ease
g. b"ood g"ucose "eve"
45.3
a. $ervous stimu"ation from the hypotha"amus to the adrena" medu""a causes the
secretion of epinephrine! &hich increases b"ood pressure! rate! and vo"ume of
heart beat! breathing rate! and metabo"ic rate! stimu"ates g"ycogen hydro"ysis and
fatty acid re"ease! and changes b"ood f"o& patterns. $orepinephrine re"ease
maintains b"ood pressure.
b. + re"easing hormone from the hypotha"amus stimu"ates +C0H re"ease from the
pituitary! &hich stimu"ates the adrena" corte* to re"ease corticosteroids.
4"ucocorticoids increase b"ood g"ucose through the conversion of proteins and
fats. 5inera"ocorticoids increase b"ood vo"ume and pressure by stimu"ating the
idney to reabsorb sodium ions and &ater.
Suggested +ns&ers to Structure 6our 7no&"edge
1. Chemica" signa"s that bind to p"asma membrane receptors initiate signa"/
transduction path&ays that may activate ce""u"ar en-ymes or affect gene
e*pression. Steroid hormones bind &ith protein receptors inside a ce""! and the
hormone/receptor comp"e* acts as a transcription factor to turn on 'or off( specific
genes.
#. Ca"citonin is secreted by the thyroid in response to a rise in Ca
#8
"eve"s above a
set point. Its effects are to stimu"ate Ca
#8
deposit in bones and reduce Ca
#8
uptae
in the intestines and idneys. +s Ca
#8
"eve"s in the b"ood fa""! 90H 'parathyroid
hormone( is secreted by the parathyroid g"ands and reverses the effects of
ca"citonin. 90H a"so activates vitamin ,! &hich increases Ca
#8
uptae from food
in the intestines.
+ns&ers to 0est 6our 7no&"edge
Matching:
1. I. me"atonin 'p.:5:(! f. pinea" 'p.:5:(
#. 4. g"ucocorticoids 'p.:5;(! a. adrena" corte* 'p.:5;(
). <. g"ucagon 'p.:55(! d. pancreas 'p.:55(
4. =. androgens 'p.:5;(! h. testis 'p.:5;(
5. +. +C0H 'p.:5#(! g. pituitary 'p.:5>(
1. E. epinephrine 'p.:51(! b. adrena" medu""a 'p.:51/;(
3. 2. thyro*ine 'p.:5)(! ?. thyroid 'p.:5)(
;. ,. ca"citonin 'p.:55(! ?. thyroid 'p.:5)(
:. C. +,H 'p.:51(! c. hypotha"amus 'p.:5>(! re"eased from g. pituitary 'p.:5>(
1>. @. o*ytocin 'p.:51(! c. hypotha"amus 'p.:5>(! re"eased from g. pituitary 'p.:5>(
Multiple choice:
1. e. Steroid hormones often function as neurotransmitters. 'p.:5:(
#. d. pheromones are signa"s that function bet&een organisms! &hereas hormones
communicate among the parts &ithin an organism 'p.:45(
). d. 0SH/thyroid 'p.:5)(
4. c. prostag"andins re"eased from p"acenta" ce""s promoting musc"e contraction
during chi"dbirth! &ith musc"e contractions stimu"ating more prostag"andin
re"ease 'p.:4;(
5. d. is secreted by prothoracic g"ands in insects and triggers mo"ts and deve"opment
of adu"t characteristics 'p.:1>(
1. a. prostag"andins 'p.:4;(
3. c. is re"eased from the posterior pituitary and increases &ater reabsorption in the
idneys 'p.:51(
;. b. receives re"easing and inhibiting hormones from the hypotha"amus through
porta" vesse"s connecting capi""ary beds 'p.:5>(
:. e. an e*cess of gro&th hormone 'p.:5#(
1>. e. insu"in 'p.:55(
11. d. 5SH binds to ce"" surface receptors 'p.:5#(
1#. c. Its re"ease is stimu"ated by +C0H 'p.:51(
1). a. +C0H 'p.:5#(
14. d. estrogen 'p.:5;(
15. c. epinephrine 'p.:51(
11. d. "itt"e thyro*ine is produced! 0.H and 0SH production is not inhibited! and
thyroid stimu"ation continues 'p.:54(
13. a. &hose target tissue is another endocrine g"and 'p.:51(
1;. b. form a hormone/receptor comp"e* inside the ce"" that regu"ates gene e*pression
'p.:43(