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ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT

RA No. 3019


Basic Principle: A public office is a public trust.

I. Definition of Terms

Public officer - includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or
temporary, whether in the classified or unclassified or exempt service receiving
compensation, even nominal, from the government.

Receiving any gift - includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly a gift from a
person other than a member of the public officer's immediate family, in behalf of
himself or of any member of his family or relative within the fourth civil degree, either
by consanguinity or affinity, even on the occasion of a family celebration or national
festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is under the circumstances manifestly
excessive.

II. Corrupt Practices (Section 3)

A. Persuading, inducing or influencing another public officer to perform an act
constituting a violation of rules and regulations duly promulgated by competent
authority or an offense in connection with the official duties of the latter, or
allowing himself to be persuaded, induced, or influenced to commit such
violation or offense.


B. Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage,
or benefit, for himself or for any other person, in connection with any contract or
transaction between the Government and any other part, wherein the public
officer in his official capacity has to intervene under the law.


JUANITO T. MERENCILLO vs. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES
G.R. Nos. 142369-70, April 13, 2007.
Corona, J:

Elements of the crime penalized under Elements of Direct Bribery

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Section 3(b) of RA 3019
1. offender is a public officer; 1. offender is a public officer;
2. he requested or received a gift, present,
share, percentage or benefit;
2. the offender accepts an offer or promise
or receives a gift or present by himself or
through another;
3. he made the request or receipt on behalf
of the offender or any other person;
3. such offer or promise be accepted or gift
or present be received by the public officer
with a view to committing some crime, or
in consideration of the execution of an act
which does not constitute a crime but the
act must be unjust, or to refrain from
doing something which it is his official
duty to do; and
4. the request or receipt was made in
connection with a contract or transaction
with the government; and
4. the act which the offender agrees to
perform or which he executes is connected
with the performance of his official duties.
5. he has the right to intervene, in an
official capacity under the law, in
connection with a contract or transaction
has the right to intervene.


The violation of Section 3(b) of RA 3019 is neither identical nor necessarily inclusive of
direct bribery.

C. Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present or other pecuniary
or material benefit, for himself or for another, from any person for whom the
public officer, in any manner or capacity, has secured or obtained, or will secure
or obtain, any Government permit or license, in consideration for the help given
or to be given, without prejudice to Section thirteen of this Act.

MADELEINE MENDOZA-ONG vs. HON. SANDIGANBAYAN and PEOPLE OF
THE PHILIPPINES
G.R. Nos. 146368-69; October 23, 2003
Quisumbing, J:

i. Elements:

(a) the offender is a public officer;

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(b) he has secured or obtained, or would secure or obtain, for a person any
government permit or license;
(c) he directly or indirectly requested or received from said person any gift,
present or other pecuniary or material benefit for himself or for another; and
(d) he requested or received the gift, present or other pecuniary or material
benefit in consideration for help given or to be given

ii. Section 3 (c) earlier quoted in the present case applies regardless of whether
the gifts value is manifestly excessive or not, and regardless of the occasion.
What is important here, in our view, is whether the gift is received in
consideration for help given or to be given by the public officer. The value of
the gift is not mentioned at all as an essential element of the offense charged
under Section 3 (c), and there appears no need to require the prosecution to
specify such value in order to comply with the requirements of showing a
prima facie case.

D. Accepting or having any member of his family accept employment in a private
enterprise which has pending official business with him during the pendency
thereof or within one year after its termination.


E. Causing any undue injury to any party, including the Government, or giving
any private party any unwarranted benefits, advantage or preference in the
discharge of his official administrative or judicial functions through manifest
partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable negligence. This provision shall
apply to officers and employees of offices or government corporations charged
with the grant of licenses or permits or other concessions.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. ROBERT P. BALAO, JOSEPHINE C. ANGSICO,
VIRGILIO V. DACALOS, and SANDIGANBAYAN, First Division
G.R. No. 176819, January 26, 2011
Carpio, J:


i. Elements

(a) That the accused are public officers or private persons charged in
conspiracy with them;
(b) That said public officers committed the prohibited acts during the
performance of their official duties or in relation to their public positions;

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(c) That they caused undue injury to any party, whether the Government or a
private party;
(d) That such injury was caused by giving unwarranted benefits, advantage
or preference to such parties; and
(e) That the public officers acted with manifest partiality, evident bad faith or
gross inexusable negligence.


EFREN L. ALVAREZ vs. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES
G.R. No. 192591; July 30, 2012
Villarama, Jr.,J:

ii. It bears stressing that the offense defined under Section 3 (e) of R.A. No. 3019
may be committed even if bad faith is not attendant. Thus, even assuming
that petitioner did not act in bad faith, his negligence under the circumstances
was not only gross but also inexcusable. Submission of documents such as
contractors license and company profile are minimum legal requirements to
enable the government to properly evaluate the qualifications of a BOT
proponent. It was unthinkable for a local government official, especially one
with several citations and awards as outstanding local executive, to have
allowed API to submit a BOT proposal and later award it the contract despite
lack of a contractors license and proof of its financial and technical
capabilities, relying merely on a piece of information from a news item about
said contractors ongoing mall construction project in another municipality
and verbal representations of its president.

F. Neglecting or refusing, after due demand or request, without sufficient
justification, to act within a reasonable time on any matter pending before him
for the purpose of obtaining, directly or indirectly, from any person interested in
the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or advantage, or for the purpose of
favoring his own interest or giving undue advantage in favor of or
discriminating against any other interested party.

JUAN CONRADO vs. THE SANDIGANBAYAN AND THE PEOPLE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
G.R. No. 94955, August 18, 1993
Vitug, J:
i. Elements

(a) The offender is a public officer;

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(b) The said officer has neglected or has refused to act without sufficient
justification after due demand or request has been made on him;
(c) Reasonable time has elapsed from such demand or request without the public
officer having acted on the matter pending before him; and
(d) Such failure to so act is "for the purpose of obtaining, directly or indirectly,
from any person interested in the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or
advantage in favor of an interested party, or discriminating against another.

G. Entering, on behalf of the Government, into any contract or transaction
manifestly and grossly disadvantageous to the same, whether or not the public
officer profited or will profit thereby.

ISABELO A. BRAZA vs. THE HONORABLE SANDIGANBAYAN (1st Division)
G.R. No. 195032, February 20, 2013
Mendoza, J:

i. Elements

(a) The offender is a public officer;
(b) He entered into a contract or transaction in behalf of the government; and
(c) The contract or transaction is manifestly and grossly disadvantageous to the
government.

Luciano v. Estrella
G.R. No. L-31622, August 31, 1970

ii. It is not at all difficult to see that to determine the culpability of the accused
under such provision, it need only be established that the accused is a public
officer; that he entered into a contract or transaction on behalf of the
government; and that such a contract is grossly and manifestly
disadvantageous to that government. In other words, the act treated
thereunder partakes of the nature of malum prohibitum.

H. Directly or indirectly having financing or pecuniary interest in any business,
contract or transaction in connection with which he intervenes or takes part in
his official capacity, or in which he is prohibited by the Constitution or by any
law from having any interest.

GENEROSO TRIESTE, SR. vs. SANDIGANBAYAN (SECOND DIVISION)
G.R. No. 70332-43 November 13, 1986

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Alampay, J:

i. Elements

(a) The public officer has financial or pecuniary interest in a business, contract or
transaction;
(b) In connection with which he intervenes in his official capacity.

ii. What is contemplated in Section 3(h) of the anti-graft law is the actual
intervention in the transaction in which one has financial or pecuniary
interest in order that liability may attach. (Opinion No. 306, Series 1961
and Opinion No. 94, Series 1972 of the Secretary of Justice). The official
need not dispose his shares in the corporation as long as he does not do
anything for the firm in its contract with the office. For the law aims to
prevent the don-tenant use of influence, authority and power
(Deliberation on Senate Bill 293, May 6, 1959, Congressional Record, Vol.
11, page 603).

I. Directly or indirectly becoming interested, for personal gain, or having a
material interest in any transaction or act requiring the approval of a board,
panel or group of which he is a member, and which exercises discretion in such
approval, even if he votes against the same or does not participate in the action
of the board, committee, panel or group.

Interest for personal gain shall be presumed against those public officers
responsible for the approval of manifestly unlawful, inequitable, or irregular
transaction or acts by the board, panel or group to which they belong.

J. Knowingly approving or granting any license, permit, privilege or benefit in
favor of any person not qualified for or not legally entitled to such license,
permit, privilege or advantage, or of a mere representative or dummy of one
who is not so qualified or entitled.

K. Divulging valuable information of a confidential character, acquired by his
office or by him on account of his official position to unauthorized persons, or
releasing such information in advance of its authorized release date.

III. Penalties (Section 9)


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A. Unlawful acts or omissions enumerated in Sections 3, 4 (prohibition on private
individuals), 5 (prohibition on certain relatives) and 6 (prohibition on members
of the Congress)

- imprisonment for not less than six years and one month nor more than fifteen
years, perpetual disqualification from public office, and confiscation or
forfeiture in favor of the Government of any prohibited interest and
unexplained wealth manifestly out of proportion to his salary and other
lawful income.

Any complaining party at whose complaint the criminal prosecution was
initiated shall, in case of conviction of the accused, be entitled to recover in the
criminal action with priority over the forfeiture in favor of the Government, the
amount of money or the thing he may have given to the accused, or the value of
such thing.

B. Violation any of the provisions of Section 7 (statement of assets and liabilities)

- fine of not less than one thousand pesos nor more than five thousand pesos,
or by imprisonment not exceeding one year and six months, or by both such
fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the Court.

The violation of said section proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall
be sufficient cause for removal or dismissal of a public officer, even if no criminal
prosecution is instituted against him.

IV. Other Points

A. Competent court Sandiganbayan
B. Prescription 15 years
C. Public officer cannot retire or resign pending investigation or prosecution
D. Incumbent public officer shall be suspended while criminal prosecution before
the court is pending
- If convicted, loses all retirement or gratuity benefits under the law
- If acquitted, entitled to reinstatement and salaries and benefits which he
failed to receive during suspension


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