Upwind and central WENO schemes

Lei Tang
ZONA Technology, Inc., 7430 E. Stetson Drive, Suite 205, Scottsdale, AZ 85251, USA
Abstract
There are two dierent ways to construct a WENO (weighted ENO) scheme for
numerical solution of hyperbolic conservation laws. The more popular approach is to
construct a WENO interpolation directly for computing the interface values of the solu-
tion. The resulting hyperbolic solver is upstream central in the smooth regions when the
nonlinear weights reduce to the optimal linear weights. We refer it to as upwind WENO
scheme. On the other hand, based on the same set of multiple lower-order polynomials,
the so-called Reconstruction via a Primitive Function approach constructs a WENO
interpolation to rst approximate the derivative of the primitive function of the solu-
tion. The resulting WENO interpolation of the interface values of the solution is sym-
metric with respect to the interface and leads to a central hyperbolic solver in the
smooth regions when the nonlinear weights reduce to the optimal linear weights. We
refer it to as central WENO scheme. However, both types of WENO schemes are
upwind in the non-smooth regions and therefore stable. The stability of a central
WENO scheme implies that upwinding is only needed in the non-smooth regions.
2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2004.06.043
E-mail address: tangl@zonatech.com
Applied Mathematics and Computation 166 (2005) 434448
www.elsevier.com/locate/amc
1. Introduction
During the last three decades, a large amount of eorts have been spent in
the computational society to remove the numerical oscillations created by a
high-order numerical discretization of the hyperbolic conservation laws near
a discontinuity. Originally people suppress numerical oscillations created by
central schemes through the introduction of an articial viscosity (e.g.,
[1,2]). However, ne-tuning the size of this articial viscosity is problem-
dependent. Later, advanced upwind schemes become more popular. The so-
called FCT (ux corrected transport) and TVD (total variation diminishing)
schemes (e.g., [310]) are the rst high-order upwind schemes, which achieve
monotonicity preservation. To diminish the total variation of the solution,
however, these schemes degrade to rst-order accuracy at local extrema
although they can be highly accurate elsewhere. Thus the so-called ENO
(essentially non-oscillatory) schemes (e.g., [1113]) have been further devel-
oped to achieve uniformly high-order accuracy. By using a linear combina-
tion of all candidate stencils instead of only one as in the ENO schemes,
the more recently developed WENO (weighted ENO) schemes (e.g., [14
19]) further improve the accuracy and convergence property over the ENO
schemes.
The WENO schemes are rst developed by Liu et al. [14] for the cell-aver-
aged-value approach. Later, Jiang and Shu further improve the schemes and
extend them to the nodal-value approach in [15]. Especially a general frame-
work is given in [15] to design the smoothness indicators, which is the key
for construction of a WENO scheme. Higher-order extensions of these schemes
have been shown in [16]. An important feature of these WENO schemes is that
when the nonlinear weights reduce to the optimal linear weights in the smooth
regions, they become upstream central. We refer this type of WENO schemes
to as upwind WENO schemes.
Following the works of Davis [20] and Jiang et al. [17], in this paper, we will
develop another type of WENO interpolation based on the same set of multiple
lower-order polynomials as an upwind WENO scheme using the so-called
Reconstruction via a Primitive Function technique, which is originally used
for construction of an ENO scheme [11]. As a result, we yield a central hyper-
bolic solver in the smooth regions when the nonlinear weights reduce to the
optimal linear weights, referred to as a central WENO scheme. Dierent from
those central WENO schemes using staggered meshes in [18,19], which still
have some upwinding avors in the smooth regions through the evolution
stage, the central WENO scheme developed here is completely free from the
evolution stage and thereby central in the smooth regions although upwind
in the non-smooth regions. Based on the local smoothness measures of the
solution, this type of WENO schemes achieves a real transition between central
and upwind schemes.
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 435
We will start with a brief introduction of the Godunov-type schemes in Sec-
tion 2 and the well-known upwind WENO5 scheme in Section 3. Then, based
on the same set of multiple lower-order polynomials as the upwind WENO5
scheme, a central WENO4 scheme will be further constructed in Section 4
and compared with the upwind WENO5 scheme. Finally, Section 5 will present
several typical test cases to compare the accuracy of these two types of WENO
schemes.
2. Basic formulation
Given the one-dimensional scalar conservation law
u
t
f u
x
0: 1
The integration of the equation over the interval [x
j1/2
, x
j+1/2
] leads to
u
j

t

f u
j1=2
f u
j1=2

Dx
0; 2
where
u
j
t
1
Dx
Z
x
j1=2
x
j1=2
ux; t dx 3
and f(u
j1/2
) are the numerical uxes at the interfaces x
j1/2
.
The determination of f(u
j1/2
) can be split into the two stages. The rst is a
projection (reconstruction) stage, in which the left-hand-side and right-hand-
side values of the state variables at the interfaces, u
L
j1=2
and u
R
j1=2
, are com-
puted through the interpolation of u
i
(i = j l, . . ., j + r). The second stage is
an evolution (upwind) stage, in which the interface values of the numerical ux,
f(u
j1/2
), are computed from the given u
L
j1=2
and u
R
j1=2
by locally solving a Rie-
mann problem at the interfaces x
j1/2
.
The focus of this paper is on the rst stage. We will discuss how to com-
pute the left-hand-side and right-hand-side values of the state variables at the
interfaces, u
L
j1=2
and u
R
j1=2
, by the two types of WENO interpolation. The
methods can be straightforwardly extended to the hyperbolic systems of con-
servation laws by applying the WENO interpolation to the characteristic
variables.
3. Upwind WENO5 scheme
For the sake of comparison, we will rst give a brief review of the well-
known upwind WENO5 scheme developed by Liu et al. [14] and Jiang and
Shu [15].
436 L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448
Given a uniform ve-point stencil from x
j2
to x
j+2
, following the ENO ap-
proach, there are three candidate stencils which can be used to construct an
essentially non-oscillatory third-order polynomial interpolation of u
L
j1=2
. They
are from x
j2
to x
j
, and x
j1
to x
j+1
, and x
j
to x
j+2
, and the corresponding inter-
polations are
u
L
j1=2

0

1
3
u
j2

7
6
u
j1

11
6
u
j
;
u
L
j1=2

1

1
6
u
j1

5
6
u
j

1
3
u
j1
;
u
L
j1=2

2

1
3
u
j

5
6
u
j1

1
6
u
j2
;
4
respectively. A linear combination of these three lower-order polynomial inter-
polations gives a WENO interpolation of u
L
j1=2
u
L
j1=2

x
j
0
3
u
j2

7x
j
0
x
j
1
6
u
j1

11x
j
0
5x
j
1
2x
j
2
6
u
j

2x
j
1
5x
j
2
6
u
j1

x
j
2
6
u
j2
; 5
where x
j
0
, x
j
1
, and x
j
2
are the nonlinear weights dened as
x
j
k
a
j
k
.
X
2
i0
a
j
i
and a
j
k
C
k
=e IS
j
k

p
: 6
Here e is a very small positive number, e.g., 10
6
, to avoid the denominator
from zero, p is a free parameter, IS
j
k
is the smoothness measurement of the solu-
tion over the kth candidate stencil, and C
k
is the optimal linear weight for the
kth candidate stencil. According to [15], the optimal linear weights for the three
polynomial interpolations in (4) are C
0
= 0.1, C
1
= 0.6, and C
2
= 0.3 respec-
tively and the three smoothness indicators in (6) are
IS
j
0

1
4
u
j2
4u
j1
3u
j

13
12
u
j2
2u
j1
u
j

2
;
IS
j
1

1
4
u
j1
u
j1

13
12
u
j1
2u
j
u
j1

2
;
IS
j
2

1
4
3u
j
4u
j1
u
j2

13
12
u
j
2u
j1
u
j2

2
:
7
In the smooth regions, the nonlinear weights dened in (6) reduce to the
optimal linear weights and the WENO interpolation of u
L
j1=2
in (5) becomes
a fth-order approximation to u
L
j1=2
u
L
j1=2

2u
j2
13u
j1
47u
j
27u
j1
3u
j2
60
: 8
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 437
It is clear that the stencil used in (8) is upwind-biased with respect to the inter-
face x
j+1/2
. This is why we refer the resulting spatial discretization as the up-
wind WENO5 scheme.
Similarly, one can yield the corresponding WENO5 interpolation for u
R
j1=2
u
R
j1=2

x
j1
2
6
u
j1

5x
j1
2
2x
j1
1
6
u
j

2x
j1
2
5x
j1
1
11x
j1
0
6
u
j1

x
j1
1
7x
j1
0
6
u
j2

x
j1
0
3
u
j3
9
and its optimal linear version
u
R
j1=2

3u
j1
27u
j
47u
j1
13u
j2
2u
j3
60
: 10
It is found that both the stencil and coecients for u
R
j1=2
in (9) and (10) are
dierent from those for u
L
j1=2
in (5) and (8). Therefore, even in the smooth re-
gions, a Riemann solver is still required at the interfaces. This is completely dif-
ferent from the central WENO scheme, which will be discussed in the next
section.
4. Central WENO4 scheme
Instead of directly approximating the interface values of the state variables
u
L
j1=2
, using the same stencils and polynomial interpolations as those in (4), one
can also construct three second-order approximations to (u
x
)
j
. They are
u
x

0

u
j2
4u
j1
3u
j
2Dx
;
u
x

1

u
j1
u
j1
2Dx
;
u
x

2

3u
j
4u
j1
u
j2
2Dx
:
11
The same linear combination of these three second-order approximations to
(u
x
)
j
as the one for u
L
j1=2
in (5) yields a WENO approximation to (u
x
)
j
u
x

j

x
j
0
u
j2
4x
j
0
x
j
1
u
j1
3x
j
0
x
j
2
u
j
x
j
1
4x
j
2
u
j1
x
j
2
u
j2
2Dx
:
12
Here x
j
0
, x
j
1
, and x
j
2
are the nonlinear weights same as those dened in (6) ex-
cept that the optimal linear weights are dierent from those for u
L
j1=2
. They are
C
0
= 1/6, C
1
= 2/3, and C
2
= 1/6 here.
By contrast, the upwind WENO5 scheme presented in the last section results
in the following WENO approximation to (u
x
)
j
438 L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448
u
x

j

2x
j
0
x
j
2
u
j2
u
j2
7x
j
0
3x
j
1
5x
j
2
u
j1
u
j1

6Dx
; 13
which can be considered as a linear combination of the following three second-
order approximations to (u
x
)
j
u
x

0

2u
j2
u
j2
7u
j1
u
j1

6Dx
;
u
x

1

u
j1
u
j1
2Dx
;
u
x

2

u
j2
u
j2
5u
j1
u
j1

6Dx
:
14
However, when the nonlinear weights reduce to the optimal linear weights in
the smooth regions, both WENO approximations to (u
x
)
j
in (12) and (13) be-
come a fourth-order central approximation to (u
x
)
j
u
x

j

u
j2
u
j2
8u
j1
u
j1

12Dx
: 15
It is clear that the WENO approximation to (u
x
)
j
in (13), resulting from the up-
wind WENO5 scheme, looks much closer to the optimal linear version of (15)
in the form.
Following the work of Davis [20], we further apply (12) to approximate the
derivative of the primitive function U(x, t) (=
R
x
x
0
un; t dn) at the interface x
j+1/2
.
According to the Reconstruction via a Primitive Function technique in [11],
the point values of the primitive function U(x, t) at the interfaces can be eval-
uated by
U
j1=2
Dx
X
j
ii
0
u
i
: 16
Therefore, the application of (12) to (U
x
)
j+1/2
leads to a WENO interpolation
of u
L
j1=2
u
L
j1=2
U
x

j1=2

x
j
0
u
j1
3x
j
0
x
j
1
u
j
x
j
1
3x
j
2
u
j1
x
j
2
u
j2
2
: 17
Dierent from the upwind WENO5 interpolation of (5), the WENO interpola-
tion of (17) uses a symmetric stencil with respect to the interface x
j+1/2
. How-
ever, the interpolation is still upwind-biased because the nonlinear weights in
(17) are based on the same upwind-biased stencil as (5). On the other hand,
in the smooth regions, when the nonlinear weights in (17) reduce to the optimal
linear weights, the WENO interpolation of u
L
j1=2
in (17) becomes a fourth-
order central interpolation
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 439
u
L
j1=2

u
j1
7u
j
7u
j1
u
j2
12
: 18
Here both the stencil and coecients are symmetric with respect to the inter-
face x
j+1/2
. This is why we refer the interpolation of (17) to as a central WENO4
interpolation.
The central WENO4 interpolation of u
R
j1=2
can be found in a similar way
u
R
j1=2

x
j1
0
u
j1
3x
j1
0
x
j1
1
u
j
x
j1
1
3x
j1
2
u
j1
x
j1
2
u
j2
2
:
19
Dierent from their upwind WENO5 counterparts, the central WENO4 inter-
polation of u
R
j1=2
in (19) is almost the same as the central WENO4 interpola-
tion of u
L
j1=2
in (17) except that the nonlinear weights may change from node to
node. When the nonlinear weights further reduce to the optimal linear weights,
which are constants,
u
R
j1=2
u
L
j1=2
: 20
Therefore, in the smooth regions, no Riemann problem exists at the interfaces.
The second evolution (upwind) stage in the Godunov-type schemes can be
saved. The resulting spatial discretization is a simple and ecient central
scheme.
The above central WENO4 scheme is conceptually very neat. It takes full
advantage of both a central scheme in the smooth regions and an upwind
scheme in the non-smooth regions. Based on the local smoothness measures
of the solution, the scheme achieves an automatic transition between central
and upwind schemes. The upwind bias contained in the above central WENO4
scheme is the minimum for a stable and numerically non-oscillatory scheme in
the sense that upwinding is only introduced through the nonlinear weights in
the non-smooth regions.
It is noteworthy that the central WENO4 interpolation of u
L
j1=2
in (17) is
derived from the central WENO4 dierencing of (u
x
)
j
in (12). Therefore, the
smoothness measures used in (17) should be determined based on the three
third-order polynomials used for construction of those second-order approxi-
mations to (u
x
)
j
in (11) rather than the following three polynomial interpola-
tions of u
L
j1=2
u
L
j1=2

0

u
j1
3u
j
2
;
u
L
j1=2

1

u
j
u
j1
2
;
u
L
j1=2

2

3u
j1
u
j2
2
:
21
440 L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448
According to the denition of IS
j
k
given in [15], the smoothness indicators for
those polynomials in (21) are
IS
j
0
u
j1
u
j

2
;
IS
j
1
u
j
u
j1

2
;
IS
j
2
u
j1
u
j2

2
:
22
Unfortunately, the resulting hyperbolic solver is unstable because the nonlinear
weights are also based on a symmetric stencil. On the other hand, the smooth-
ness measures given in (7) lead to a stable central WENO4 scheme.
5. Numerical results and discussion
A central WENO scheme is conceptually very neat. It takes full advantage
of the two major categories of spatial discretization, central in the smooth
regions and upwind in the non-smooth regions. However, based on the
same multiple lower-order polynomials, the resulting central WENO scheme
is one order of accuracy lower than the resulting upwind WENO scheme.
In the following, we will investigate several typical test cases to com-
pare the accuracy between the upwind WENO5 scheme and the central
WENO4 scheme when they are combined with Roes approximate Riemann
solver.
The Trapezoidal scheme is used for time discretization because no numerical
dissipation exists in this scheme. A central WENO scheme has to solely rely on
the only upwinding avor introduced through the nonlinear weights in the
non-smooth regions to achieve the stability and suppress the numerical
oscillations near a discontinuity. The implicit operator used is the LU-SGS
(lowerupper symmetric GaussSeidel) scheme with the spectral radius approx-
imation, which is used in a typical rotor Euler/NavierStokes code, TURNS
[21,22]. There is also an option of using Newton-type subiterations at each time
step for reduction of the linearization and factorization errors, and the
improvement of time accuracy. Four subiterations are used in the following
time-accurate computations.
5.1. Linear scalar convection
The rst case considered is the numerical solution of the linear scalar con-
vection equation
u
t
u
x
0 0 6x 62 23
with the initial condition
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 441
ux; 0
e
log 50
x0:15
0:05

2
x0; 0:2;
1 0:3 < x < 0:4;
20x 10 0:5 < x < 0:55;
12 20x 0:55 6x0; 0:6;

1
x0:75
0:05

2
q
0:7 < x < 0:8;
0 otherwise;
8
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
<
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
24
which contains a smooth but narrow combination of a Gaussian function, a
square wave, a triangle wave, and a half ellipse, the same as in [23]. Each wave
spreads a distance of 10 cells on a coarser mesh of 200 cells and 20 cells on a
ner mesh of 400 cells. A CFL number of 0.4 is chosen for high time accuracy.
Fig. 1 presents the exact solution and the numerical results given by the
above two WENO schemes on the ner mesh after 500 time steps and on
the coarser mesh after 250 time steps. Here UWENO5 and CWENO4 stand
for Upwind WENO5 scheme presented in Section 3 and central WENO4
scheme presented in Section 4 respectively. It is found that although as ex-
pected CWENO4 is slightly less accurate than UWENO5, the dierence be-
tween the results given by these two methods is almost negligible, especially
for p = 1. The central WENO4 scheme seems more sensitive to the value of p
than the upwind WENO5 scheme. The dierence between UWENO5 and
CWENO4 is slightly larger for p = 2 than for p = 1. Increasing p tends to damp
the peak values of the solution at those local extrema.
5.2. Sods shock-tube problem
The second selected case is the well-known Sods 1-D shock-tube problem
[24]. The governing equations are the 1-D Euler equations
o
ot
q
qu
e
0
B
@
1
C
A
o
ox
qu
qu
2
p
ue p
0
B
@
1
C
A 0; 25
and the initial data are
q
L
; u
L
; p
L
1; 0; 1; q
R
; u
R
; p
R
0:125; 0; 0:1: 26
Here q, u, p and e are the density, velocity, pressure, and total energy per unit
volume respectively, and p = (c 1)(e qu
2
/2).
Presented in Fig. 2 are the exact solution and the numerical results given by
the two WENO schemes on a uniform mesh of 100 cells over 0 6 x 6 1 after
125 time steps. For this case, it is found that the dierence between the results
given by UWENO5 and CWENO4 is negligible. The solutions are also not sen-
sitive to the choice of p.
442 L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448
5.3. WoodwardColellas two interacting blast waves
The third selected case is WoodwardColellas problem in [25], which in-
volves the interaction of two blast waves. The initial data are the following:
(i) if 0 < x < 0.1, then
q
L
; u
L
; p
L
1; 0; 1000; 27
(ii) if 0.1 < x < 0.9, then
q
M
; u
M
; p
M
1; 0; 0:01; 28
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.05 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.85
x
u
Exact
UWENO5
CWENO4
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.05 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.85
x
u
Exact
UWENO5
CWENO4
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. Linear scalar convection (CFL = 0.4): (a) p = 1, N = 400, 500 time steps; (b) p = 2, N = 400,
500 time steps; (c) p = 1, N = 200, 250 time steps; (d) p = 2, N = 200, 250 time steps.
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 443
(iii) if 0.9 < x < 1, then
q
R
; u
R
; p
R
1; 0; 100; 29
which presents one shock at x = 0.1 and the other at x = 0.9. The boundaries
at x = 0 and x = 1 are solid walls with a reective boundary condition. After
a certain time, these two shocks collide with each other. At the nal time step
of t = 0.038, the ow eld involves two shocks and three contact discon-
tinuities.
Presented in Fig. 3 are the numerical solutions produced by UWENO5 and
CWENO4 on a uniform mesh of 400 cells at t = 0.038. There is no exact solu-
tion for this case. It is found that except in the middle region after the left shock
and before the right contact discontinuity, both UWENO5 and CWENO4
schemes produce very similar results. In that particular region, however, the
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.05 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.85
x
u
Exact
UWENO5
CWENO4
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.05 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.85
x
u
Exact
UWENO5
CWENO4
(c)
(d)
Fig. 1 (continued)
444 L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448
results given by CWENO4 are not as smooth as those given by UWENO5,
especially in the distribution of the density and velocity for p = 2. While UWE-
NO5 seems less sensitive to the choice of p, the results given by CWENO4 with
p = 1 look like smoother than those given by CWENO4 with p = 2 and are clo-
ser to the results given by UWENO5. Again, for the central WENO scheme,
increasing the value of p tends to reduce the peak values of the solutions at
the local extrama.
5.4. ShuOshers problem
The fourth selected case is ShuOshers problem in [13], which represents a
Mach 3 shock interacting with a sinusoidal density eld. The initial data are
q
L
; u
L
; p
L
3:86; 2:63; 10:33; q
R
; u
R
; p
R
1 0:2 sin 5x; 0; 1:
30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.1
0.4
0.7 1
x

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2

Exact
UWENO5
CWENO4
0.1 0.4 0.7 1
x
Exact
UWENO5
CWENO4
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Density distribution of Sods shock-tube problem (N = 100, CFL = 0.4, 125 steps): (a) p = 1
and (b) p = 2.
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 445
Similar to the rst case, in this problem, there are several extrema in the
smooth regions which present a good case for examination of the accuracy
of a shock-capturing scheme.
Again, no exact solution exists for this problem. Fig. 4 presents the numer-
ical results given by the two WENO schemes on the uniform meshes of 200 and
400 cells at t = 1.8. It is found that the dierence between the results given by
UWENO5 and CWENO4 is almost negligible. Increasing the value of p tends
to smear out the peak values of the solutions at those local extrema.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x

UWENO5
CWENO4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x

p=1 p=2
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x
p=1 p=2
0
3
6
9
12
15
u
0
3
6
9
12
15
u
UWENO5
CWENO4
(a)
(b)
(c)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x
p
UWENO5
CWENO4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x
p
p=1 p=2
Fig. 3. WoodwardColellas blast waves problem (N = 400, Dt = 0.00005, t = 0.038): (a) density,
(b) velocity, and (c) pressure.
446 L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448
6. Conclusions
There are two types of WENO schemes, upwind and central. A central
WENO scheme is conceptually very neat. It takes full advantage of the two
major types of spatial discretization, central in the smooth regions and upwind
in the non-smooth regions. On the other hand, a central WENO scheme is one
order of accuracy lower than its upwind WENO counterpart. For most prob-
lems, the upwind and central WENO schemes produce very similar results.
However, for some tough cases, the solution given by the central WENO4
scheme is not as smooth as the one given by the upwind WENO5 scheme. A
central WENO scheme seems more sensitive to the choice of p. A better choice
for a central WENO scheme is p = 1.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by NSF Grant DMI-0232255 and the technical mon-
itor is Dr. Juan E. Figueroa. The author would like to thank Prof. Chi-Wang
Shu for helpful discussions.
0
1
2
3
4
5
-3 -1 1 3
x

UWENO5
CWENO4
0
1
2
3
4
5
-3 -1 1 3
x

p=1 p=2
0
1
2
3
4
5
-3 -1 1 3
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
-3 -1 1 3
x

UWENO5
CWENO4
p=1 p=2
UWENO5
CWENO4
UWENO5
CWENO4

(a)
(b)
Fig. 4. Density distribution of ShuOshers problem (Dt = 0.002, t = 1.8): (a) N = 400 and (b)
N = 200.
L. Tang / Appl. Math. Comput. 166 (2005) 434448 447
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