MEDIA OF COMMUNICATIONS

GUIDED MEDIA :
1. Twisted Wire Cable ( ~ 1 MBPS )
2. Co-axial Cable ( Max 10 MBPS )
3. Optical Fibre Cable ( ~ 100 MBPS )
Data X-mission Speed ( 1.5 to 2.0 ) x 105 Km/ Sec
UNGUIDED MEDIA :
Basically Wireless Communication
Mainly performed thru RF (Radio Frequency) band.
It is a wide band ranging from 10 KHz to 100 GHz
having many sub-bands for various
Types of Tele communications.

APPLICATIONS:
1. Low Frequency wave as Surface ( also under water ) wave
LF Band

~ 10 KHz to 100KHz

Submarine Communication
2. Intermediate Frequency wave as Surface wave Thru Troposphere
IF Band

~ 100 KHz to 1000KHz (1 MHz)

AM Radio, Maritime Radio etc

3. High Frequency wave as Reflected From Ionosphere
HF Band

~ 1 MHz to 10 MHz

It has wide range of applications :

FM Radio , Military Communication , Long Distance Aircraft,
Telephone , Telegraph, Local TV & FAX
4. Very High Frequency wave as LOS Propagation
VHF Band

~ 10 MHz to 100 MHz

Cable Television , FM Radio , Aircraft navigational aid etc

5. Ultra High Frequency wave as LOS Propagation

UHF Band

~ 100 MHz to 1000 MHz (1 GHz)

UHF Television , Mobile Telephone , Paging etc

6. Super High Frequency wave as Microwave

SHF Band

~ 1 GHz to 10 GHz

Line Of Sight Communication (Terrestrial)

Satellite Communication ( Space )
7. Extremely High Frequency wave as Microwave
EHF Band

~ 10 GHz to 100 GHz

Useful for Satellite Communication ( Space )

Radar, Satellite and other scientific communications

Satellite Communication
X-mission Frequency is called UPLINK
Reception Frequency is called DOWNLINK

Satellite Frequency Band:

Band
C
Ku
Ka
S

Downlink
3.7 to 4.2
GHz
11.7 to 12.2
GHz
17.5 to 21.0
GHz
1.85 to 1.92
GHz

Uplink
5.925 to 6.425
GHz
14.0 to 14.5
GHz
27.5 to 31.0
GHz
2.16 to 2.24
GHz

Bandwidth
500 MHz
500 MHz
3500 MHz
75 MHz

S Band is mainly used in Cable TV Communication

THREE TYPES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

1. Geosynchronous Earth Orbit ( GEO )
Located at height 35800 km from Earth surface.
Only 3 Satellites can cover the entire Earth surface.
This System is most Advantageous because of use of
Fixed Antenna.
Mainly used in Computer Data Communications.
Earth Station Specifications :
Transmissionn Power : 5 to 10 Kwatts
Antenna with Parabolic Reflector of 10 to 35 Meters Diam
Satellite Specifications :
Mass in Orbit : 40 to 700 kg
Diameter : 75 to 250 cm
Height : 60 to 540 cm
Transmissionn Power : 30 to 50 Watts

2. Medium Earth Orbit ( MEO )

One Application as Global Positioning System (GPS)
This system consists of 24 satellites each located 18000 km
above earth with 6 Hours period round the Earth.
This is used for land & sea navigation to provide time &
location of vehicles & ships .
3. Low Earth Orbit ( LEO )
Satellites have polar orbits
Altitude is from 500 km to 2000 km
Rotation period is of 90 to 120 min
Because LEO satellites are close to the earth, hence round
trip propagation delay is usually less than 20 msec which is
acceptable for Audio Communication .
Example : Iridium System : Uses 66 satellites in 6

orbits

Cellular Telephony
It is designed to provide stable communications
between two moving devices or between one
stationary ( land ) & one mobile unit.
Cellular Band
Traditional Cellular X-mission is Analog. Hence to
minimize noise FM ( Frequency Modulation ) technique
is adopted for Communication purpose.
First Cellular system introduced in Japan as AMPS in
1979 and then as Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in
1981 was introduced in Denmark, Norway, Finland &
then in almost all countries of Europe.
AMPS uses mainly GSM technology based on FDMA
& TDMA technique

FCC ( Federal Communications Commission ) has

assigned two bands for cellular use.
824 to 849 MHz : Between mobile phones
869 to 894 MHz : That initiate from land phones
Carrier frequencies are spaced by every 30 KHz , thus
each band can support 832 carriers in Half Duplex
Mode & 416 carriers in Full Duplex Mode.
To avoid Interference, the actual number of carriers is
less, in fact each Cell has an access to only around 100
Full duplex channels
Despite high spectral efficiency offered by Cellular
system, shortfall remained a problem. To overcome this,
in USA, the carrier spacing of AMPS was reduced from
30 KHz to 10 KHz thus increasing the capacity by 3
times.

The second approach was to introduce digital voice

compression with Time Division Multiple access
(TDMA) for capacity enhancement.
Another similar approach was to introduce CDMA
which claimed a 10-20 times capacity enhancement over
AMPS where carrier freq was spaced by 10 KHz
CELL:
The entire communicating Zone is divided into number
of subzone called Cells.
In GSM technique, The total communication band
(say 30 MHz) is divided in adjacent cells. The same
band may repeat in distant cell. The size of the cell
depends on the density of population.

In CDMA technique, a particular cell uses only one

frequency and it is more noise prone. In this system
usually each cell operates with different frequency.
ROAMING:
It is one network function which allows user to migrate
from one network to other network or one MSC of his
own to other MSC
HANDOVER:
It involves handing live calls from one spot beam (cell)
to another or from one satellite to another