EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR RATES OF REACTION

1. Increased surface area (1)

more collisions (1) 2
[9]

(c) (i) 2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
1
(ii) Speeds up (alters the rate of) a chemical reaction 1
Remains unchanged (or not used up) 1
(iii) Remains unchanged (or not used up or not in the overall reaction equation) 1
Offers alternative reaction route (or acts as an intermediate) 1
[10]

2. (a) Graph starts at origin 1
Graph se!ed to left and has decreasing gradient to ma"imum 1
Graph after ma"imum decreases in steepness# never touches x a"is# levels
out less than $ mm from x a"is% 1

(&) 'inimum energ( 1
)o start a reaction (or for a reaction to occur) 1

(c) 'olecules gain energ( (or always some molecules have E > E
a
) 1
*ue to collisions 1
(d) *ecreases 1
E
a
lo!ered (1)
+( alternative route (1)
So more molecules have energ( , -
a
(1) ma" 2
[10]


3. (a) (i)
. u m & e r
o f
m o l e c u l e s
( ' o l e c u l a r ) - n e r g ( ( 1 )
o r
p a r t i c l e
. O )
m o l e s o r m o l s
o r a t o m s
. o t f r a c t i o n o r p r o p o r t i o n
( 1 )
. o t v e l o c i t (

(ii) )he total num&er of particles (or molecules) in the sample
OR the number of molecules present
(iii) .o molecules have no energ(
OR all molecules have some energy
Do not allow if there are no molecules there is no energy 4

(&) (i) )he minimum energ( required (1)
for a reaction to occur (1)
OR to start reaction or for a successful collision

(ii) /hanges0 /atal(st (1)
-"planation0 1lternative route (1), !ith a lo!er activation energ( (1)
OR a lower activation energy 1!
so more molecules can react 1!"more molecules have this energy
#f change incorrect $% & 0
'llow answers anywhere in b ii! $
[9]



4. (a) 2
h i g h e r a n d d i s p l a c e d t o l e f t
m u s t c r o s s o n l ( o n c e # m u s t
c r o s s a " i s # m u s t g o t h r o u g h o r i g i n
( 1 )
. O )
x
( 1 )
f r a c t i o n
o r
2
o r
n o %
m o l e c u l e s
o r
p a r t i c l e s
n o t
m o l e s
( i n e t i c
m o l e c u l a r )
e n e r g ( ( 1 )
c a n o n l (
s c o r e t h i s
m a r i f
f i r s t m a r
o & t a i n e d
( i e s h a p e )
( 1 )

(&) See a&ove 2

(c) -nerg( 3 -
a
or must have enough energ( (to react) (1) 1

(d) Increase concentration (or pressure) (1) 1

(e) 'an( (1) more molecules have - , -
a
4 enough energ( (1) 2
NOT KE increases with T
(f) 5o!ers -
a
(1)
alternative route (1) 2
[10]


5. (a) 1ctivation energ(67
)he minimum energ( needed for a reaction to occur 4 start (1)
1

(&) /atal(st effect07
1lternative route (or more molecules have -a) (1)
5o!er activation energ( (1)
2
(c) Increase in moles of gas07
8osition of E
mp
unchanged (1)
'ore molecules !ith E
mp
(1)
1rea under curve increases (1)
'olecules !ith E E
a
increased (1)
)emperature decreased07
8osition of E
mp
moves to the left (1)
'ore molecules !ith E
mp
(1)
1rea under curve unchanged (1)
'olecules !ith E -
a
decreased (1)
/atal(st introduced07
8osition of E
mp
unchanged (1)
'olecules !ith E
mp
unchanged (1)
1rea under curve unchanged (1)
'olecules !ith E E
a
increased (1)
12
[1(]

6. (a) the minimum energ(6 1
-nerg( required for a reaction to occur6 1
(or to start a reaction or for successful collisions)

(&) a"es la&elled07 (0 num&er (or fraction or %) of molecules (or particles)
"0 energ( (or KE); 1
curve starts at origin6 1
se!ed to right6 1
approaches " a"is as an as(mptote6 1
(penalise a curve that levels off > 1% of max pea! hei"ht or a
curve that crosses the ener"y axis)
second curve displaced to the left (an# #oes not cross T
1
curve for a secon# time) 1
and pea higher6 1
man( fe!er molecules6 1
fe!er molecules have E > E
a
; 1
(can score this mar! from suita$ly mar!e# curves)
(&) molecules (or particles or collisions) do not have enough energ(6 1
(or orientation may $e wron")
increase the pressure6 1
(or increase the concentration or re#uce the volume)
increases the collision frequenc(6 1
(or more collisions)
(#o not allow if state# to $e #ue to increase in ener"y implie#
$y temperature increase)
add a catal(st6 1
lo!ers activation energ( (or -
a
) (% of & mar!); 1
[1(]

7.
)
)
1
1
2
2
-
a
- n e r g ( ( 1 )
. u m & e r
o f
f r a c t i o n
( 1 )
) c u r v e 0
o r i g i n a n d s h a p e
) c u r v e 0
l o ! e r a n d t o r i g h t
( 1 )
( 1 )

1t )20 more molecules (1)
have sufficient energ( (1)
plus reference to -
a
or shaded area on graph (1)
5arger mass0 more particles (1)
higher curve (1)
most pro&a&le energ( is same (1)
[10]
8. (a) (i) (ii) 9
. u m & e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
- n e r g (
m a " o f & e t ! e e n
t h e s e l i m i t s
y
:
p e a h i g h e r
s t a r t s a t o r i g i n # d i s p l a c e d t o l e f t #
c r o s s e s o v e r o n c e
p e a h i g h e r ( / % - % i f n o t h i g h e r )
s t a r t s a t o r i g i n # d i s p l a c e d & ( s a m e
a m o u n t ( s e e l i m i t s ) a n d d o e s c r o s s
o v e r
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 1 )
( 1 )
n o t
;

(&) (i) collide (1)
!ith sufficient energ( (or - -
a
) (1) (or with correct orientation)
(ii) molecules (or particles) have more energ( (or move faster) (1)
more molecules (or collisions) have - -
a
(or sufficient energ() (1) 9

(c) (i) equili&rium reached (1)
(or rate for!ard reaction < rate &ac!ard)
(ii) Reaction is endothermic (1)
or H +ve
or reverse reaction is e"othermic
endothermic reaction favoured (1) =
(or reaction shifts to R
or moves for!ard
or more products formed)
[11]
9. (a) (i) 'oint infinit( or never (1)
Explanation no ma"imum energ( for molecules (1)

(ii)
. u m & e r o f
m o l e c u l e s
! i t h a g i v e n
e n e r g (
- n e r g (
p e a h i g h e r
m a " a t s a m e e n e r g (
( 1 )
( 1 )
(iii) no difference (1) $

(&) (e)uirement 1 /ollision (1)
(e)uirement * >ith sufficient energ( or correct orientation (1)
2
[)]

10. (a) Same 1
(&) (i) *ecreases 1
'ore moles on left hand side 1
-quili&rium moves to increase the pressure 1
(Or to oppose the chan"e or to compensate for low pressure)
(ii) /ost of producing high pressure (1)
/ost of plant to resist high pressure (1)
/orrect safet( factor !ith reason (1) ma" 2

(c) .o change 1
/atal(st has no effect on equili&rium position 1
(Or catalyst affects rate of forwar# an# $ac!war#s reactions
e)ually)

(d) .egative 1
Reaction (or e)uili$rium) moves in the e"othermic direction (or to the ri"ht) 1
In order to oppose the change (or to raise the temperature) 1
(e) Rec(cled (or re+use# or ,put $ac! in-) 1
[1*]

11. (a) (i)
1
+
/ *
. u m & e r
o f
m o l e c u l e s
( 1 )
- n e r g ( ( 1 )

(ii) / (1) =

(&) (e)uirement 1 collisions (1)
(e)uirement * !ith sufficient energ( (1)
2

(c) .reater effect )emperature (1)
Explanation ?or small )# more molecules (1) have energ( -
a
(1)
=
[+]

12. (a) removal4loss of electrons 1
(&) no change 1
equal num&er of gaseous moles on either side 1
&oth sides affected equall( 1
increases 1
equili&rium moves to lo!er the temperature4oppose the change 1
endothermic reaction favoured 4for!ard reaction is endothermic 1
(c) (i) +2 1
+$ 1
(ii) .O
=
@
+ 9H
+
+ =e
@
A .O +2H
2
O 1
(iii) 1g A 1g
+
+ e
@
1
(iv) .O
=
@
+ 9H
+
+ =1g A .O + 2H
2
O + = 1g
+
1
[1*]

13. (a) 12 (8a) 1
pp < mole fraction B total pressure ! mole fraction < 1241C9 1
< C%11$ 1
(allow /1*)

(&) DE (8a) 1

(c) F
p
<
) (pO ) (pSO
) (pSO
2
2
2
2
=

1
(0f K
p
wron"1 allow conse)uential units only)
(penalise s)uare $rac!ets in expression $ut then mar! on)
<
12 29
DE
2
2

1
< C%DDG 1
(2llow /34)
(2llow full mar!s in calculation conse)uential on their values
in (a) an# ($))
8a
@1
1

(d) )
2
1
(5ust $e correct to score any mar!s in this section)
-"othermic 1
Reduce ) to shift equili&rium to the right
or for!ard reaction favoured &( lo! )
or F
p
increases for lo! )
or lo! ) favours e"othermic reaction 1
(e) Increase 1
.one 1
[1,]

N"#$
(a) If F
p
has H I lose mar in (a) &ut allo! full mars in (d)
If F
p
!rong4upside do!n etc# allo! ma" 2 in (d) for su&stitution of num&ers (1) and
consequential units (1)
(&) 'ar for moles of SO
2
/l
2
can &e scored in part (c) (ii) if not gained in (&)
1%J$ get (2)
If moles of SO
2
/l
2
< 1# this is a /hemical -rror# hence a 2 mar penalt(
If total moles given in (&) < 1%J$# this scores H2I in (&)6 &ut if the no moles of SO
2
/l
2
<
1 in (c)(ii)# lose &oth mars in (c)(ii) for pp of SO
2
/l
2
< (141%J$) B 12$# i%e% the 2 mar
penalt( is in (c)(ii)%
If total moles given in (&) < 2%$# score Kero in (&)# &ut can gain full mars in (c)(ii)
consequentiall(# i%e% the 2 mar penalt( is in (&)%
If moles of SO
2
/l
2
< 1 and total in (&) does not equal 2%$# still lose &oth in (&) &ut can
get all 9 conseq in (c)(ii) for 14" etc and C%J$4" etc

(c) (i) 1llo! L)otal pressure < sum of partial pressuresM for (1) or p
1
< "
1
B p
tot
(ii) ?irst mar is for mole fraction%
If either num&er in either mole fraction is not consequential on (&)# then lose &oth
mars for that partial p%

(d) If p/l
2
is not equal to pSO
2
or an( num&er used in F
p
is not conseq on (c)(ii)# allo! units
onl(
SIG ?IGS6 must &e = sig figs in (&) &ut then allo! 2 sig figs in (c) and (d)6 (ignore e"tra
figs) &ut penalise incorrect rounding

(e) If effect !rong# no mars for e"planation%
If effect missing# e%g% ans!er states Lequm shifts to rightM# mar on%
In the e"planation# the !ord LendothermicM (or its equivalent) is essential%

14. (a) 1n equili&rium opposes change (1) 1

(&) (i) Effect on yiel# of hy#ro"en6 decreases (1)
Note 7/E/ if not #ecrease1 $ut mar! on if no answer
Explanation6 pressure lo!ered (or increase opposed) (1)
&( favouring fe!er moles (of gas) (1)
(ii) Effect on yiel# of hy#ro"en0 increase (1) D
7E if wron" as a$ove
Explanation0 pressure 4 concentration 4 reactants 4 steam reduced (1)
&( shifting to right (1)
or steam remove# or forwar# reaction favoure#
(c) (eason 10 cost of high temperature 4 energ( (1)
(eason *0 cost of plant (to resist high )) too high (1) 2
OR plant could not contain high )
[9]

15. (a) rate for!ard reaction < rate &ac!ard reaction (1)
concentration remains constant (1)
-O. /%0ual12
'llow /.he same1 if clear that means constant
2

(&) fe!er moles (of gas) on R%H%S (1) (! %&'#!$#)
(methanol favoured) &( reducing applied pressure (1)
Or removing constraint
2

(c) 8o!er 4 energ( required to provide high pressure 4 pumping (1)
Strong pressure vessel 4 or equipment (1)
3igh maintenance costs
'ny two
2

(d) -ffect0 decreases (1)
-"planation0 reaction e"othermic (1)
s(stem tries to lo!er ) or remove constraint or oppose the change
or endothermic reaction favoured
=

(e) to speed up reaction (1)
or otherwise to slow
or ta4es too long
or to give more molecules % > %
'
1
[10]

16. (a) mar la&elled X on curve A !here curve C Noins A6 1

(&) equili&rium opposes a change6 1
(% of & mar!)

(c) ( 1
more ammonia is produced (or (ield increases)6 1
fe!er moles (of gas) on right ( or 9 mol goes to 2 mol)6 1
equili&rium moves to oppose increase in pressure (or oppose change)6 1

(d) C 1
amount of ammonia (or (ield or equili&rium) unchanged6 1
reaction is faster6 1
[9]

17. (a) (i) 1ll (reagents) (reagents) are in the same phase4state4are gases (1)
(ii) )he for!ard and &ac!ard reations are occurring (1)
at the same4equal rate (1)
or concentrations of reactants (and products) are constant (1)
and reaction is continuous (1)
-ote5 concentrations of reactants an6 pro6ucts are the
same is incorrect
=

(&) (i) (/oncentration of h(drogen 4products) increased (1)
-7 if a pro6uct state6 this must be 3
*
-quili&rium moves to right 4 for!ard reaction favoured (1)
to remove added !ater 4 s(stem reacts to oppose change (1)
8ar4 $% if effect wrong9 Do not allow rate answers

(ii) (concentration of h(drogen 4 products) increased (1)
-quili&rium moves to right 4 for!ard reaction favoured (1)
Reaction e"othermic 4 gives out heat 4 moves to oppose change (1)
2llow max (1) for exothermic if other answers incorrect D
(c) .one (1)
Rates of &oth for!ard and &ac!ard reactions increased 4 changed (1)
&( same amount (1)
'llow: 'ctivation energy of forwar6 an6 bac4war6 reactions
lowere6 by the same amount 1!
$% if effect wrong
=
[1*]

18. (a) (i) Temperature change decrease (1)
Explanation e"othermic reaction (1)
(ii) 'ressure chan"e decrease (1)
Explanation fe!er moles of gas on l%h%s (1)
9

(&) (i) Temperature to increase reaction rate (1)
'ressure to increase reaction rate (1)
(ii) (eason 1 large surface area (1)
(eason * lo!er cost in e"pensive 8t (1)
9

(c) (i) enthalp( of formation (1)
(ii) standard conditions (1)
1 &ar pressure and stated (fi"ed) temperature (1)
reactants and products in standard states (1)

(iii) 8ollutants (acid rain) @ .O
B
produced &( com&ustion engines
(iv) decomposition is e"othermic (1)
5o! ) reduces effect of heat evolved (1) J

(d) .O produced in Stage = (1)
can &e rec(cled to Stage 2 (1) 2
[1)]

19. (a) (i) (ates6 Rates are equal# for!ard and &ac!ard (1)
7oncentrations6 /oncentrations are constant (1)
; of < mar4

(ii) E)uili$rium yiel#6 *ecreases (1)
if wrong allow ma= 1 for a correct moles statement
Explanation6 'ore moles 4 molecules of product (or 2 9) (1)
Reaction 4 equili&rium moves to left 4 reduce constraint (1)
-O. volume answers
'llow one for Reaction favours fewer molecules

(iii) -nthalp( of reaction is positive 4 endothermic (1)

(iv) +oth for!ard and &ac!ard rates changed 4 increased (1)
&( equal amount (same proportion) (1)
allow one for %a of forwar6 an6 bac4war6 reactions re6uce6
by an e0ual amount
E
(&) (i) )he reaction is e"othermic (1)
High temperature gives a lo! equili&rium (ield (1)
Rate of reaction higher at higher temperature (1)
'n e0uilibrium statement nee6e6 e9g9 low temp favours
the reaction
Do not allow answers base6 on cost of higher
temperature etc

(ii) Higher pressure gives a higher (ield (1)
9 moles of gaseous reactant form 2 moles of gaseous product (1)
Higher pressure generation or equipment is e"pensive to produce (1)
%0uilibrium statement re0uire6
$ost factor
-979 -O. a safety answer
D
[1>]

20. (a) (i) enthalp( change !hen 1 mol of a su&stance (or compound) (O5 mar) 1
is (completel() &urned in o"(gen (or reacted in e"cess o"(gen) 1
at 2GE F and 1CC 8a (or under standard conditions) 1

(ii) heat produced < mass of !ater B Sp heat capacit( xT (or mcT) 1
< 1$CB9%1EBD9 (note if mass < 2%12 lose first 2 mars then conseq)
< 9C1CC P or < 9C%1 P (allo! =G%G79C%2 must have correct units) 1
moles methanol < mass4'
r
< 2%124=2 (1) 1
< C%CDD=
8 < @ 9C%14C%CDD= < @ DC$ P (mol
@1
) 1
(allo! @DC2 to @DCE or ans!er in P)
(note allow conse) mar!in" after all mista!es $ut note use of
*/1* " loses * mar!s

(&) (i) equili&rium shifts to left at high pressure 1
&ecause position of equili&rium moves to favour fe!er moles (of gas) 1
(ii) at high temperature reaction (ield is lo! (or at lo! T (ield is high) 1
at lo! temperature reaction is slo! (or at high T reaction is fast) 1
therefore use a &alance (or compromise) &et!een rate and (ield 1
(c) 8 < 8
c
Q
(reactants) @ 8
c
Q
(products) (or correct c(cle) 1
8
c
Q
(/H
=
OH) < 8
c
9
(/O) + 2 B 8
c
9
(H
2
) @ 8 1
< (@2E=) + (2 B @2ED) @ (@G1) (mar for previous equation or this)
< @JD9 (P mol
@1
) ( units not essential $ut lose mar! if units wron") 1
(note : 43; scores 1<=)
[1(]

21. (a) Homogeneous6 1ll reactants in the same phase or state (1)
*(namic6 /ontinuous or Ron7goingR (1)
-quili&rium0 /oncentrations of reactants and products constant
or rates of for!ard and &ac!ard reactions equal (1)
-quation6 2.H
=
.
2
+ =H
2
('ust &e decomposition) (1)
Kc6 H.
2
IHH
2
I
=
4H.H
=
I
2
(1)
$

(&) /onditions0 decomposition favoured &( high temp (1)
since the reaction endothermic or logical
statement !ith application of 5e /hatelierRs
principle (1)
decomposition favoured &( lo! pressure (1)
2 mole gas giving 9 moles gas or more gas moles
on right (1)
9

(c) In practise lo! pressure means lo! production (1)
lo! pressure means lo! rate (1)
high temperature means high rate (1)
high temperature e"pensive (1)
/atal(st equili&rium (ield unaffected (1)
rates of for!ard and &ac!ards reactions
increased &( an equal amount (1)
more h(drogen produced in a given time (1)
'a" D
[1(]
22. (a) I&%!#)$# *& "#+,#!)"-!#.
;ield is increased (A//0 *1 1! 2
2
(3) ! ,!4-%"$) (1)
Reaction endothermic (1)
-quili&rium moves to the right OR for!ard# OR -quili&rium moves to
oppose change OR to a&sor& heat (1)
#f ?iel6 statement incorrect allow ma= one if reaction state6 to be
en6othermic

I&%!#)$# *& ,!#$$-!#.
;ield is decreased (A//0 *1 1! 2
2
(3) ! ,!4-%"$) (1)
Increase in moles of gas ! 2 moles increased to 9 moles ! more moles
on right (1)
-quili&rium moves to the left OR &ac!ards# OR -quili&rium moves to
oppose change OR to reduce pressure (1)
#f ?iel6 statement incorrect allow ma= one if number of moles
change is correct9
D

(&) E5-*/*6!*-+ 7*#/4.
Snaffected ! equili&rium unchanged (1)
Rate or speed increased (1)
?or!ard and &ac!ards reactions equall( or &( the same amount (1)
A+-&" 1 874!3#& ,!4-%#4.
'ore h(drogen produced (1)
9
[10]

23. (a) minimum energ( (1)
required &efore a reaction can occur or go or start (1) 2

(&) speeds up (changes) reaction rate (1)
!ithout &eing (chemicall() changed (-$#4 -,) (1) 2

(c) provides alternative reaction route (1)
!ith a lo!er activation energ( (1)
in b! an6 c! rewar6 > mar4s for > points wherever foun6 2
(d) (i)
(ii)
/
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
) i m e
>
s t a r t s 2 B p l a t e a u 0 7 a l l o !
s t a r t s & e t ! e e n t o p o f a " i s a n R n R o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 1 )
f a l l s t o K e r o ! h e n T c u r v e l e v e l s ( 1 )
c a n t o u c h
a " i s
c u r v e s t a r t s a t o r i g i n # i s l e f t o f o r i g i n a l
r e a c h e s s a m e p l a t e a u
( 1 )
( 1 )

(iii) fe!er collisions (1)
> used up (1)
or reactants
or reagents
or fewer particles
D
[1*]