Contents

Preface
Introduction: Gauss and number theory
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2
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10
3
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2
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4
Divisibility
Foundations
Division algorithm
Greatest common divisor
Euclid's algorithm
Fundamental theorem
Properties of the primes
Further reading
Exercises
Arithmetical functions
The function [x]
Multiplicative functions
Euler's (totient) function </>(n)
The Mobius function n(n)
The functions r(n) and cr(n)
Average orders
Perfect numbers
The Riemann zeta-function
Further reading
Exercises
Congruences
Definitions
Chinese remainder theorem
The theorems of Fermat and Euler
Wilson's theorem
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Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2014
vi Contents
5 Lagrange's theorem 21
6 Primitive roots 22
7 Indices 24
8 Further reading 25
9 Exercises 25
4 Quadratic residues 27
1 Legendre's symbol 27
2 Euler's criterion 27
3 Gauss' lemma 28
4 Law of quadratic reciprocity 29
5 Jacobi's symbol 31
6 Further reading 32
7 Exercises 33
5 Quadratic forms 35
1 Equivalence 35
2 Reduction 36
3 Representations by binary forms 37
4 Sums of two squares 38
5 Sums of four squares 39
6 Further reading 41
7 Exercises 41
6 Diophantine approximation 43
1 Dirichlet's theorem 43
2 Continued fractions 44
3 Rational approximations 46
4 Quadratic irrationals 48
5 Liouville's theorem 50
6 Transcendental numbers 53
7 Minkowski's theorem 56
8 Further reading 59
9 Exercises 59
7 Quadratic fields 61
1 Algebraic number fields 61
2 The quadratic field 62
3 Units 63
4 Primes and factorization 65
5 Euclidean fields 67
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http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139171601
Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2014
Contents vii
6 The Gaussian field 69
7 Further reading 71
8 Exercises 72
8 Diophantine equations 74
1 The Pell equation 74
2 The Thue equation 77
3 The Mordell equation 79
4 The Fermat equation 84
5 The Catalan equation 87
6 Further reading 89
7 Exercises 90
Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 83.224.71.53 on Sun Aug 24 21:31:25 BST 2014.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139171601
Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2014
Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 83.224.71.53 on Sun Aug 24 21:31:25 BST 2014.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139171601
Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2014