Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
based on
Ilm al!"#$% of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali
Copyright D!r al-Sa!dah Publications 2011
First Online Edition July 2011
General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered
duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.
In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
List of Tables vii
Introduction to the Text & Translation ix
Arabic Terms
xi
CHAPTER 1 1
1.1.
Arabic Grammar
1
1.2
The Word 2
Noun
2
Verb
2
Particle
3
1.3 4
Types of Noun
4
Types of Verb 4
Types of Particle
4
1.4
Nominal Sentence
6
Verbal Sentence
7
1.4.2
8
1.4.3
Types of Phrases
9
1.
Descriptive Phrase 9
2.
Possessive Phrase
9
3.
Demonstrative Phrase
10
4.
Numerical Phrase
10
5.
Indeclinable Phrase
11
1.4.4 Additional Notes About
13
Summary 14
ii
1.5 15
Signs of a Noun
15
Signs of a Verb
15
Sign of a Particle
15
1.5.1 General Notes 16
1.6
Personal Pronouns 17
1.7
Prepositions
18
1.8
Signs of Iraab
25
Conditions of Murab
25
Difference Between
and
26
2.2
Indeclinable Noun
27
2.3
Declinable Noun
28
2.4
Personal Pronouns 30
2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
36
2.4.3
Demonstrative Pronouns
39
2.4.4
Adverbs
43
Adverb of Time
43
Adverb of Place
45
2.4.7
Numerical phrase
47
2.5
48
iii
48
48
2.6
Relative Adjective
55
3.2
Diminutive Noun
57
3.3
Types of Plural 62
3.7
Subject/Doer
66
3.7.2
Substitute of
68
3.7.3
The Noun of
and
, Which Is Similar
to
69
3.7.4
The
of That
(Class)
69
3.8
Object
71
3.8.2
73
3.8.3
73
3.8.4
73
3.8.4
74
3.8.5
State / Condition
76
3.8.6
79
Rules for
(Numerals) 80
3.8.7
84
3.9
88
iv
3.10.1
Adjective 88
3.10.2
Emphasis 91
3.10.3
Substitute 94
3.10.4
Conjunction 95
3.10.5
96
CHAPTER 4
Governing Words
97
4.1
Governing Particles 98
Particles Which Govern Nouns 98
Particles Which Govern
98
4.1.1
107
4.2.3
114
4.3.3
116
4.3.4
117
4.3.5
118
4.3.6
120
4.3.7
120
4.3.8
121
v
4.3.9
122
4.3.10
123
4.4
125
5.
126
10.
127
11.
127
12.
129
15.
129
16.
129
Bibliography 131
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No
Page No
1.1
Personal Pronouns 17
1.2
Prepositions 18
1.3
in
(also called
) 31
2.2
in
(also called
) 32
2.3
and
in
(also called
and
)
33
2.4
( in
(also called
) 34
2.5
( 36
2.6
( 36
2.7
39
2.8
39
2.9 Nouns in the Meaning of
41
2.10 Nouns in the Meaning of
41
2.11
53
3.1
63
3.2
63
3.3
64
3.4
64
3.5
66
3.6 Different Forms of the Noun of
72
3.8
85
4.1
99
4.2
102
viii
4.3
105
4.4 Verbs Requiring Three
106
4.5
107
4.6
112
4.7
118
ix
Introduction to the Text & Translation
This book is a revised edition of Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn is a somewhat expanded
translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana
Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawalis primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar)
and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original
English translation of Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah,
Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English translation much
more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least two versions of this
translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing issues. The newer
version has made some improvements but issues remain, especially with regards to language
and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. We decided to bring out a revised edition of this
translation to address these issues. During the course of our revision and editing, we consulted
various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn Aqeel, Mujam al-Qawaid al-
Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar of Mawlana Hasan Dockrat. We have completely
revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization has been changed in
a way that we feel will make it easier for the student to understand how each section fits in the
overall picture.
This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic
words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with
Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier to
read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized.
As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, we have not used the original Arabic duals and
plurals; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an s to the singular.
Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized so as to
reflect its non-English origin.
It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere
approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not.
The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic.
To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely
human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it. Your comments, constructive criticism,
and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us with your feedback at the email address
given at the end.
x
We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also
pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to
it in any way, especially the typists; and gives us the power to continue with more. We also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their
prayers.
And He alone gives success.
Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
9 Shaban, 1432 (8 July, 2011)
E-mail: ainbay97@yahoo.com
xi
ARABIC TERMS
Arabic Term
Approximate
Transliteration
Equivalent English Term /
Description of the meaning
ism Noun
fil Verb
harf Particle
mudhakkar Masculine
muannath Feminine
waahid Singular
tathniyah Dual
jam Plural
dammah
fathah
kasrah
harakah
plural: harakaat
Short vowels, i.e., dammah , fathah , kasrah
iraab
These are the variations at the end of the word, which
take place in accordance with the governing word.
, two kasrahs
sukoon
tashdeed
mafool
Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which
the work is done.
aamil
Governing word i.e. that word, which causes iraab
change in the word(s) following it.
mamool
The governed word i.e. that word in which the iraab
change occurred.
fil maroof
The active verb i.e. that verb whose doer is
known/mentioned.
fil majhool
The passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is not
known/mentioned.
fil laazim
The intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be
understood without a
fil mutaaddi
The transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be
fully understood without a
marifah
Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an . For
example,
nakirah
Common noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween.
e.g.
marfoo
It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a dammah on the last letter.
mansoob
It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a fathah on the last letter.
majroor
It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a kasrah on the last letter.
1
CHAPTER 1
Section 1.1
Arabic Grammar
Definition:
Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct
sentence, as well as what the
(word) and
(sentence).
Objective:
The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak correct Arabic, and to
avoid making mistakes in this. For example,
, and
The Word
Any word uttered by humans is called a
(meaningful);
and if it does not have any meaning, it is called
(meaningless).
In Arabic,
and
.
1.
Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called
.
2.
There are three types of
:
1.
(noun)
2.
(verb)
3.
(particle)
Noun:
It is that
man
house
Note: A noun can never have a
Verb:
It is that
He hit.
He helped.
Note: A
(tanween) or an .
3
Particle:
It is that
or a
or both to it.
e.g.
(from)
(on top)
EXERCISE
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
i.
(He sat.)
ii.
(and)
iii.
(girl)
iv.
(He broke.)
2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
4
Section 1.3
Types of Noun
is of three types:
1.
horse
girl
2.
to hit
to help
3.
hitter
the helped
Types of Verb
is of four types:
1.
He hit.
2.
He is hitting or will
hit.
3.
Positive Command/
Imperative
e.g.
Hit!
4.
Negative Command/
Prohibitive
e.g.
Dont hit!
Types of Particle
is of two types:
1.
, which causes
change in the
following word.
e.g.
then
and
5
EXERCISE
1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
6
Section 1.4
is of two types:
and
is also called
and
is also called
and
: It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false.
Section 1.4.1
is of two types:
1.
Nominal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a noun.
The second part of the sentence can be a noun or a verb.
The first part of the sentence is called
(subject) or
(predicate) or
is generally
and the
generally
.
Both parts (
and
) are
.
Sentence Analysis
7
Note: A sentence may have more than one
.
Sentence Analysis
2 +
1 +
2.
Verbal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb.
The first part of the sentence is called
or
.
The second part of the sentence is called
or
and is always
.
Sentence Analysis
Zayd sat.
Note: In the above example, the verb is
.
Note: If the verb is
, then a
.
Sentence Analysis
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i. ii. iii.
iv. v. vi.
2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above?
8
Section 1.4.2
is of ten types:
1.
Positive Command e.g.
Hit!
2.
Negative Command e.g.
Dont Hit!
3.
Interrogative e.g.
Did Zayd hit?
4.
Desire e.g.
!
I wish youth would
return.
Note:
Hope e.g.
Hopefully, the
examination will be easy.
Note:
Exclamation e.g.
! O Allah!
7.
Request/Offer e.g.
!
Will you not come to me
so that I may give you a
dinar?
Note:
Oath e.g.
!
By Allah!
9.
Amazement e.g.
!
How good Zayd is!
10.
Transaction e.g.
The seller says
I bought it.
Note: The sentences for
appear to be
.
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
1. State what type of
ii.
iii.
iv.
9
Section 1.4.3
- Types of Phrases
Phrases are of five types:
1.
.
The object being described is called
.
The
and
2.
) is attributed
to the second one (
never gets an or a
.
The
is always
.
The iraab of the
Zayds book
10
Notes:
1. Sometimes many
2. If a
of the
with an
and should have the same iraab as that of the
. For example,
3. If a
of the
), and it
should correspond to it (
The door of the new house.
3.
) points
towards another noun (
).
The
must have an .
e.g.
This man
Note: If the
This is a man.
4.
).
e.g.
(eleven)
It was originally
.
11
Note: The first part of the number
) in
and
.
e.g.
)
I saw twelve men. I passed by twelve men.
5.
.
The second part changes according to the
.
e.g.
) A region in Yemen.
is a noun, which
means death.
) A city in Lebanon.
The trustworthy/honest trader
gained profit.
Example 2
Every faail is marfoo
and every mafool is
mansoob.
12
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
This is Balabakk.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following phrases.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
2. What is the difference between the following sentences?
i.
and
ii. and
iii.
and
iv. and
3. Correct the following and state the reason(s).
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
4. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following.
i.
13
Section 1.4.4
Additional Notes About
1. Sometimes, the
).
1
e.g.
2. The
Example 2:
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i. ii.
1
However, generally, to simplify matters, the
is taken to be
15
Section 1.5
Signs of a Noun:
1. It is preceded by an . e.g.
the man
2. It is preceded by a
. e.g.
a man
4. It ends with a round . e.g.
a word
5. It is a dual )
( .
2
e.g.
two men
6. It is a plural )
( . e.g.
men
7. It is a
or )
e.g.
Zayd sat.
8. It is
. e.g.
book of Zayd
9. It is
. e.g.
tall man
10. It is
. e.g.
O man!
11. It is
. e.g.
a little man
12. It is
. e.g.
a Makkan
Signs of a Verb:
1. It is preceded by
. e.g.
. e.g.
. e.g.
. e.g.
. e.g.
. e.g.
He went out.
7. It is an imperative )
( . e.g.
Go out.
8. It is a prohibitive )
( . e.g.
Do not go out.
Sign of a Particle:
That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own).
2
Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers )
.
e.g.
.
e.g.
is incorrect.
4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon (), it
is called
(the meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon will be
changed to a kasrah.
e.g.
will become
. The
(sun
letters) then the of must not be pronounced. The of will not get a sukoon. Instead
the
6. The remaining letters are known as
the pen
7. Generally, a noun ending with a round )
( is a feminine )
( noun.
e.g.
blackboard
8. The
etc. of a
.
e.g.
many idols
These idols.
17
Section 1.6
Personal Pronouns
Definition:
(singular:
( or the
second person )
( .
Table 1.1
Personal Pronouns
Unattached Form )
( Attached Form )
He (one male), it
their, them
their, them
her, its
their, them
their, them
your
your
your
your
your
your
We (many males or
females)
our
(
e.g.
He is Zayd.
your pen
I am a student.
I helped her.
18
Section 1.7
Prepositions
Effect: A
gives a
.
Table 1.2
Prepositions
Meaning Example
1.
with
by (for oath)
By Allah!
3.
like
for
by (oath)
By Allah!
6.
since
since/for
besides, except
many a
Many a learned person acts on his
knowledge.
10.
besides, except
from
besides, except
in, regarding
from, regarding
on
up to, until
up to, towards
I travelled to Madinah.
Example 1:
Note: Together, the
and
are known as
(connected) of the
in
and
of the
in
.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
20
Section 1.8
because like
appear before a
and )
.
Effect: Such a particle gives a
to the
(or
and so
on) and a
to the
(or
and so on).
Table 1.3
I knew that the examination
was near.
3.
as if
but, however
The house is new but the
furniture is old.
5.
if only, I wish
maybe, hopefully,
perhaps
Hopefully, the examination
will be easy.
Sentence Analysis:
Notes:
1. Difference between
and :
a.
(
=
Example 2:
( =
3. If there is a
before the
, then the
second.
e.g.
4. When
, it needs two
mamools (
.
e.g.
and a )
.
Effect: They give
to the
(or
to the
(or
and so on).
Table 1.4
Meaning Example
1.
was
The house was clean.
2.
became
The man became wealthy.
3.
happen in the morning
OR
Zayd became ill in the
morning.
became
Zayd became rich.
4.
happen in the evening,
became
The worker became tired in
the evening.
5.
happen at mid-morning,
became
The clouds became dense at
mid morning.
6.
happen during the day,
became
It rained the whole day.
7.
happen during the
night, became
Zayd passed the night
sleeping.
8.
as long as
Sit as long as Zayd is sitting.
9.
always, continuously
Zayd was continuously sick.
10.
always, continuously
Zayd was always fasting.
11.
always, continuously
Zayd was always active.
12.
always, continuously
The businessman was always
truthful.
13.
no, not
The servant is not strong.
23
Sentence Analysis:
Notes:
1. When
is used with
of
is a
.
2.
can be used in
and
as well.
3.
can be used in
but not in
.
4.
and
or
).
5.
of
.
e.g.
before the
, then the
second.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
e.g.
25
CHAPTER 2
.
Section 2.1
1
: Those conditions (
and
: Those conditions (
, and
(governing word).
Signs of Iraab
Iraab can be shown in two ways. These are called
(signs of iraab).
1.
: These are the basic signs and are the most common. Iraab is shown by means
of a
i.e.
or
or
, or
).
e.g.
2.
i.e. or or
.
e.g.
Conditions of Murab
As mentioned above, the conditions that occur at the end of
is that when a
or its corresponding ) (
.
e.g.
2.
is that when a
or its corresponding ) (
.
e.g.
3.
is that when a
or its corresponding ) (
.
e.g.
4.
is that when a
.
e.g.
Difference Between
and
The words
, e.g.
has a
.
The words
, e.g.
has a
at the end. It is
.
In other words, () is the same but the name is
when it appears in a
and is
when
it appears in a
Indeclinable Noun
As mentioned earlier, a
governing it.
e.g.
This came. I saw this. I passed by this.
Note: The
at the end of
requirement.
Types of
:
1. All Particles )
( *
2. Amongst the verbs )
.
1)
*
2)
*
3) The
and
) and the
and
) of
.
3. Amongst nouns )
( , there are some nouns whose ends remain constant. They are
known as
i.e. nouns, which do not give place to changes. These nouns are
and are recognized by their resemblance with any one of the three types of al-mabny al-
asl words (
or
or
, which is
, which is
dependent on a
, which is
less than three letters, resembles
(e.g.
resembles a
.
*These three are known as
.
28
Section 2.3
Declinable Noun
As mentioned above, a
is that word whose end accepts any of the iraab according to the
requirement of the
governing it.
e.g.
A man came. I saw a man. I passed by a man.
Note: The iraab of kept on changing according to the requirement of the
.
Types of
:
1. Amongst verbs )
( , all of
besides the
and
) and the
and
) are
.
2. Amongst nouns )
. They are
known as
. For example,
.
EXERCISE
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
29
Section 2.4
are as follows:
1.
(personal pronouns)
2.
(relative pronouns)
3.
(demonstrative pronouns)
4.
(adverbs)
7.
(numerical phrase)
In the following pages, we will look at each of these in detail.
30
Section 2.4.1
Personal Pronouns
We have discussed
(singular:
( or the
second person )
( .
There are two types of dameers:
1.
) or
attached to another word (known as
).
2.
in
(also called
(
e.g.
(
32
Table 2.2
in
(also called
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
(
33
Table 2.3
and
in
(also called
and
(
e.g.
(
2
Sometimes, a )
to protect an iraab as in
(the
of
is
).
34
There are two ways in which
( appears in
to it.
Table 2.4
( in
(also called
(
e.g.
(
Note: The dameer baariz in
will always be
.
35
:
It is that
(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
.
e.g.
:
It is that
(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
.
e.g.
:
It is that
and a
for emphasis.
e.g.
iv.
36
Section 2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
Definition: An
is a
.
An
which relates (refers back) to it. The
is a
(visible or
hidden) referring to the
.
Table 2.5
who, that, which
those two who, that, which
those two, who, that, which
those who, that, which
Table 2.6
who, that, which
those two who, that, which
those two, who, that, which
those who, that, which
those who, that, which
e.g.
The man who helped you, came.
I saw those two men who hit you.
I love those men who taught me.
37
Additional Relative Pronouns:
1.
and
These are used for all genders and all numbers.
The difference is that
Show goodness to that person who has
shown goodness to you.
and
They are generally
and used in
.
e.g.
.
e.g.
which girl
3. , which appears before an
and an
.
e.g.
would equal
would equal
would equal
4.
According to the dialect of the tribe
, it is an
.
It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing.
e.g.
equals
equals
equals
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
39
Section 2.4.3
Demonstrative Pronouns
Definition: An
this
that
these
two
those
two
these
two
those
two
these
those
Table 2.8
this
that
these
two
those
two
these
two
those
two
these
those
e.g.
that book
these women
those men
40
Notes:
1. The of )
is a
, then the
.
e.g.
occurs as a
, then the
will generally be a
.
e.g.
This is a book.
However, if the
is also
, then a suitable
,
which is an
, and the
This book
4. If the
is a
and
the
.
e.g.
or
(here) and
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
41
Section 2.4.4
, gives the noun after it a raf; and the one which has
the meaning of
Noun Verb Meaning Example
beyond, far from
It is far from (beyond)
Zayd to do this.
what a difference,
there is a difference
between
What a difference there is
between the learned and
the ignorant!
hastened, made quick
Zayd hastened.
Table 2.10
Nouns in the Meaning of
Noun Verb Meaning Example
give respite,
let him be slow
Give Zayd respite.
leave, give up
Give up thinking about
that which does not
concern you.
take
Take the milk.
hold on to,
incumbent on you
Hold on to my
Sunnah.
come, hasten
Come to salaah.
come, hasten
Notes:
1. There are some other nouns which have the meaning of verbs. These are as follows:
come)
accept)
keep quite)
suffice)
42
bring, give)
e.g.
Say: bring your proof, if you are truthful.
ii.
e.g.
...
Say: O people of the book! Come to a word
e.g.
Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you with kindness.
Section 2.4.5
To denote a cough.
To denote pain.
Adverbs
Definition: An
is that noun, which gives us an idea of the place or time when (or
where) some work is done.
Adverb of Time:
1.
(when)
It gives the meaning of past tense even when it appears before
.
The sentence after
could be a
or a
.
e.g.
( .
e.g.
(when)
It gives the meaning of future tense even when it appears before
.
It gives the meaning of
and
.
The sentence after
could be a
or preferably a
.
e.g.
( , in which case
must be
followed by a
.
e.g.
(when)
It can be used as an interrogative )
( .
e.g.
and
get a
.
e.g.
(how)
It is used to enquire condition.
e.g.
(when)
It is used as an interrogative.
e.g.
.
6.
(yesterday)
e.g.
(since, from)
These two can be used to convey the beginning of a time period.
e.g.
(followed by a
) or as
followed by a
.
e.g.
8.
(not, never)
It is used to emphasize
.
e.g.
(never)
It is used to emphasize
.
e.g.
(before)
(after)
They are
and the
(
Allahs is the decision before and after (i.e., before everything and after
everything).
e.g.
(
I have been present from before (i.e., before you).
e.g.
(
When will you come after (i.e., after this)?
When the
.
e.g.
Adverb of Place:
1.
(where)
It is generally
to a sentence.
e.g.
(behind)
It has the same rules as those for
and
.
e.g.
(
The people stood in front and behind.
(i.e., in front of him and behind him).
3.
(under)
and
.
e.g.
(
Zayd sat under and Amr above. (i.e., under the tree and above the tree.)
46
4.
.
e.g.
from Allah
5.
(where, how)
It is used for
.
e.g.
and
will get a
).
e.g.
6.
)).
e.g.
.
The difference between
and
, the possessed
thing must be present with the person; whereas, in the case of
, the possessed
thing need not be present with the person.
Note: That adverb which is murab and is mudaaf to a sentence or the word
, could be mabny
ala al-fath or it could get the iraab according to the aamil.
e.g. the adverb which is mudaaf in the following ayahs:
and
This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them.
and
faces on that day
47
Section 2.4.7
or
or
Numerical Phrase
This has been discussed earlier. Please, refer to section 1.3.3.
48
Section 2.5
Definition: It is that noun which does not have two causes from amongst the nine causes
that prevent declension (
Definition: It is that noun which has two causes from amongst the nine causes that prevent
declension (
, it gets
a fathah in place of a kasrah.
The nine reasons/causes which prevent iraab changes are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
: It refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to assume a new form.
is of two types:
i.
.
ii.
: It refers to the case when it is assumed that a noun had an original because it
is used as
by the Arabs.
e.g. The Arabs use
as
.
Therefore, in order to keep the grammar rule intact, it is assumed that the
second reason is
is
.
49
2.
) meaning. If such a
is on the wazn of (
red
green
3.
: It refers to the case when a noun is a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing).
e.g.
female name
: It refers to the case when a noun is such a feminine proper noun, which has one of
the following characteristics:
i. It ends with a round . For example,
"
ii. It does not end with a round and has more then three letters. For example,
.
iii. It is a non-Arabic three letter word and the middle letter is
. For example,
.
Note:
All nouns ending in )
or ) (
are feminine.
e.g.
pregnant
red
Those feminine nouns which end in )
or ) (
are
equivalent to two reasons.
5.
: It refers to the case when a word, which is a proper noun in a non-Arabic language,
has either
more than three letters e.g.
or
has three letters and the middle letters is
. e.g.
(name of a fort)
Thus,
.
Note: The difference between
and
is that
is ghayr
3
Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, 3:122 and Abdullah ibn Aqeel, Sharh ibn Aqeel ala Alfiyyat
ibn Maalik, (Karachi: Qadeemi Kutubkhana, n.d.), 4: 5.
4
Even though
and
, while
does not apply to either.
6.
: It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word must be
an
.
e.g.
and
) and one of
the following is true:
The
and
(proper noun).
e.g.
Note: Thus, the word
and
of
.
e.g.
(intoxicated)
(thirsty)
Their feminines are not on the
of
.
Note: Thus, the word
( is on
the
of
.
If the
and
.
8.
) is on the
of a verb.
e.g.
It is on the
of the verb
Note: Only one wazn amongst the wazn wil, (
) applies to
, as mentioned above.
9.
letters. e.g.
mosques
ii. one
letter. e.g.
animals
iii. three letters, the middle letter being
. e.g.
keys
51
Note:
If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not be ghayr munsarif.
e.g.
polishers
. e.g.
52
Section 2.6
.
e.g.
.
e.g.
bucket
deer
: These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form )
( . These
are as follows:
father
mouth
brother
something insignificant
brother-in-law
.
e.g.
Before we list the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns in a table, it would
be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different iraab is to make three
sentences on the following pattern:
Zayd came. I saw Zayd. I passed by Zayd.
In these three sentences, the word
, and a fathah in
, and a
kasrah in
.
53
Table 2.11
Noun Type
a. When mudaaf to
any noun besides the
dameer.
6
b. When mudaaf to
the dameer.
hidden hidden hidden
c. when not
mudaaf
hidden
hidden
(masculine)
(feminine)
(masculine)
(feminine)
)
5
I said to some men.
6
The of
will be dropped when it is mudaaf to any noun besides the dameer. For example, it is dropped in
the followng hadith:
(
hidden
&
was originally
. It became
, then the is changed to a , and the two are joined (this is called
),
and the dammah before the is changed into a kasrah. Thus, it became
.
"
was originally
. It became
). Thus, it became
.
55
CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns
Section 3.1
Relative Adjective
Definition: It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it.
e.g.
an expert in morphology
:
To show this relation, a )
, then )
should be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes
Note: In the case of a five letter noun, the )
should be dropped.
e.g.
becomes
2. If a noun ends with an ) (
becomes
3. That noun which already ends with a does not require
.
e.g.
becomes
becomes
5. The round and of a noun, which appears on the
of
and
should be
dropped.
e.g.
becomes
becomes
56
6. In case of the noun, which appears on the
of
becomes
7. If the fourth letter of a noun is a preceded by a kasrah, then the can be dropped or it
can be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes
or
8. If an original letter from the end of noun was dropped, it should first be brought back, and
then, the relative adjective should be made.
e.g.
(originally
) becomes
(originally
) becomes
(originally
) becomes
9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.
e.g.
becomes
becomes
EXERCISE
1. Form the relative adjective from the following words.
i.
ii.
iii.
!"#
v.
57
Section 3.2
Diminutive Noun
Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun.
Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.
Rules:
1. A three-lettered noun would come on the wazn of
(or
for feminine).
e.g.
becomes
(a little man)
becomes
(a little slave)
2. A four-lettered noun would come on the wazn of
.
e.g.
becomes
3. A five-lettered noun, without a , or as the fourth, would also come on the wazn of
A five-lettered noun, having a , or as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of
.
e.g.
(paper) becomes
Notes:
1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a
becomes apparent.
e.g.
becomes
2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomes
apparent.
e.g.
(originally
) becomes
was originally
)
EXERCISE
1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
58
Section 3.3
a man
: It is that noun which denotes a specific thing. There are seven types of
.
1.
3.
the man
6. That common noun )
7.
.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Which of the following words are marifah (state what type) and which are nakirah.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
59
Section 3.4
- Masculine Noun: It is that noun, which does not have any sign from amongst the
signs of femininity )
( .
- Feminine Noun: It is that noun, which has a sign from amongst the signs of
femininity. This sign could be apparent or hidden.
(in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the
following three types:
: This renders the word
e.g.
) (
e.g.
If a word has any of these three signs it will be
.
2.
(assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist.
This is determined by looking at the diminutive form )
. Therefore, it is
. Therefore, it is
.
Based on the signs of femininity being
or
is of two types:
1.
sign of
femininity.
2.
sign of
femininity.
In terms of
(essence),
is of two types:
1.
(man).
2.
(darkness)
(spring)
60
Notes:
1. The following are used as feminine )
( :
a. Name of females.
e.g.
b. Words denoting the feminine gender.
e.g.
c. Names of countries, cities, towns and tribes.
e.g.
d. Parts of the body found in pairs.
e.g.
Note: There are exceptions to the rule.
(cheek),
f. Various names of Jahannam (hell).
e.g.
g. Letters of the alphabet )
(bucket)
(tillage/field)
(well)
(self)
(fire)
(house)
61
Section 3.5
one man
Dual: It is that noun, which denotes two. It is formed by placing at the end of a singular
)
with a kasrah )
( i.e.
]
[ for
.
e.g.
two men
A
with a kasrah )
( i.e. ]
[
for
.
e.g.
two men
men
Note: The
of
and
is dropped in case of
.
e.g.
(Originally,
but the
.)
(Originally,
but the
.)
(Originally,
but the
.)
(Originally,
but the
.)
EXERCISE
1. Translate the following into Arabic.
i. The boys two bicycles.
ii. The farmers two servants.
iii. Your parents came.
iv. I saw your parents.
v. The servants of deen.
vi. The teachers of the school.
62
Section 3.6
Types of Plural
does not change, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does
not break.
e.g.
(singular
)
There are two types of
:
1.
with a fathah )
( i.e.
]
[ for
.
e.g.
with a fathah )
( i.e.
[
] for
.
e.g.
2.
(
i.e. ]
[ for
.
e.g.
An
( i.e.
]
[ for
.
e.g.
changes, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks.
e.g.
(singular
Restricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It has
four common
.
63
Table 3.1
Wazn Singular Meaning Plural
self
statement
food
boy
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an is also
considered
.
e.g.
intelligent females
intelligent males
Unrestricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from ten upwards.
Some of the common
Wazn Singular Meaning Plural
slave
knowledgeable
prophet
messenger
star
servant
patient
student
group/sect
boy
64
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an is also
considered as
.
e.g.
Singular Meaning Plural Plural of Plural
blessing
nail
house
well-qualified
letters. e.g.
one
letter. e.g.
)
three letters, the middle one being
. e.g.
Some of the common wazns of
Wazn Singular Meaning Plural
mosque
key
rule/maxim
message/letter
elder
65
nation
group
Note:
1. These words have plurals. )
(
2. In usage, if the word is considered, it will be used as a singular noun.
e.g.
righteous people
Notes:
1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars.
e.g.
(woman)
2. Some plurals are not according to rule )
( .
e.g.
(mother)
(mouth)
(water)
(human being)
(goat/sheep)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Some of these have been discussed before.
(subject) and
(predicate) were
discussed in Section 1.3.1,
was
discussed in Section 1.8. We discuss the rest below.
Section 3.7.1
Subject/Doer
Definition: It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the verb.
The
is
, the verb )
Example
1.
and no
word appears between the
and
2.
according to
preceding noun
3.
and a word
appears between the
and
or
or
4.
or
or
5.
or
or
6.
any
corresponding in
gender
67
Table 3.5 Continued
Example
7.
according to
preceding noun
8.
or
or
EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
_______/_______
iii. _______ iv. _______/_______
v. _______/_______ vi.
_______/_______
68
Section 3.7.2
Substitute of
Definition: It is that noun, which appears with a
is
dropped and the
(the
of such
a
whose
is not mentioned).
e.g.
2.
3.
or
4.
or
5.
or
6.
or
or
7.
or
or
8.
or
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
1. Convert the following to
with its
.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2. Convert the following to
.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
69
Section 3.7.3
The Noun of
and
, Which Is Similar to
It means that
and
) as
.
e.g.
or a
appears before a
.
When the
of
, or the word
, the
effect of
is cancelled.
e.g.
The
of That
(Class)
gives its
and the
are
.
e.g.
No man is standing.
Table 3.6
Different Forms of the Noun of
or
"
There is no servant of
a man in the house.
The one who attempts
to do good is not
blameworthy.
2.
There is no man in the
house.
1
It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way
that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another.
70
Table 3.6 Continued
- The
has to be
repeated with
another
.
- The effect of
is
cancelled.
Neither is Zayd in the
house nor Amr.
4.
with a word
between it and
- The
has to be
repeated.
- The effect of
is
cancelled.
Neither is there a man
in it nor a woman.
5.
and
repeated
with no word
between them
- It can be read in
five ways.
Note: The
of
i.e.
7.
2.
8.
3.
known as
9.
4.
10.
5.
11.
6.
12.
Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.
Section 3.8.1
Object
Definition: It is that word on which the action of the
takes place.
e.g.
Sometimes, the verb governing the
O son of Zayd!
It was originally )
( . The verb
was dropped.
Note:
The
is near.
and
is far.
Example
1.
O son of Zayd!
2.
O reader of a book!
3.
(Unspecified nakirah)
O man! Take my hand. (call of
a blind man to any person for
assisstance)
4.
(Specified nakirah)
O man!
5.
(Singular marifah)
O Zayd!
6.
(masculine) or
(feminine) has to be
added between the
and
O man!
O woman!
can become
or
can become
Note: The last letter can be given a dammah or it can retain its original harakah.
b.
and
is used instead of
is used instead of
Definition: It is the masdar of the verb that governs it and is used for the following:
(emphasis) e.g.
. Originally, it was
, and
, which is the
of the
, which is
, remains.
Section 3.8.3
Definition: It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it
is a masdar.
e.g.
Definition: It is that noun, which appears after such a
(with).
This
is known as
.
e.g.
Definition: It is that noun, which denotes the time )
( or place )
, viz.,
and
(limited, restricted)
and
(umlimited, unrestricted).
Types of
i.
day e.g.
night e.g.
month e.g.
year e.g.
Nuh called his people for some time.
Types of
i.
(limited, restricted):
e.g.
(umlimited, unrestricted):
behind e.g.
in front of e.g.
, the preposition
, it is assumed (
).
75
The above-mentioned fives mafools have been combined in one verse, which is as
follows:
I praised Haamid and Hameed a lot out of regard for thanking them,
for an extended period of time.
Sentence Analysis:
1.
2.
3.
| |
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and identify the type of
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
76
Section 3.8.5
State / Condition
Definition: It is a noun, which describes the condition of either the
or the
or both at
the time the action contained in the verb took place.
e.g.
.
2. The
is generally
and the
is generally
(when the
is not a
sentence).
e.g.
is
, the
.
e.g.
can be a
.
e.g.
is
.
6. The
can be a sentence.
If the
is a
, then a
is a
and the
is
.
e.g.
2.
3.
+ )
(
4.
(
|
+ (
78
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and
Definition: It is an
) refers to.
Sentence Analysis:
Notes:
The ambiguous noun is called
or
.
The
( .
e.g.
is a number, the rules with regards to the usage of numerals (on the
next page) must be kept in mind.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and
(Numerals)
Before we proceed, it should be pointed out that
and the
one boy
one girl
The
or
. However,
at times, the number is used for emphasis.
Three Through Ten (3-10)
The
and the
eight pens
five cars
Note: In choosing the correct
will be taken
into account.
e.g.
(night) of
is feminine, and
(day) of
is
masculine.
From three onwards, the
second.
The
will be
.
Eleven and Twelve (11-12)
The
and the
eleven stars
twelve girls
From eleven onwards till 99, the
will be
.
81
Thirteen Through Nineteen (13-19)
The gender of the first part of the
.
e.g.
fourteen men
nineteen girls
The
will be
.
The ten (masc.)/ (fem.) will agree with the
in terms of gender.
Note: The of / will get a fathah when used with a masculine and a sukoon
when used with a feminine.
Twenty Till Ninety (20, 30, 40,,90)
The gender of
to
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
twenty men
thirty girls
The
will be
.
Twenty-one and Twenty-two (21-22)
The first part of the
and the
twenty-one men
twenty-one girls
The
will be
.
Twenty-three Through Twenty-nine (23-29)
The gender of the first part of the
.
e.g.
twenty-four men
twenty-six girls
The
will be
.
The same will apply to 33-39, 43-4993-99.
The tens will remain the same, irrespective of whether the
is masculine or
feminine.
82
Hundred (100)
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
hundred men
hundred girls
For 200,
will be used. (
in
)
e.g.
will be
.
Since
will be masculine.
e.g.
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
thousand men
thousand girls
The
will be
.
Since
will be feminine.
e.g.
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
million men
million girls
The
will be
.
Since
will be feminine.
e.g.
means to exclude.
is that noun, which has been excluded and appears after the
are as follows:
e.g.
Related Terminology
before the
.
e.g.
before the
.
e.g.
is not mentioned.
e.g.
is mentioned.
e.g.
or
.
e.g.
or
.
e.g.
Sentence Type
Example
1.
The people came to
me except zayd.
2.
The angels prostrated
except Iblees.
3.
or
same as
No one came to me
except Zayd.
4.
according to
(as if
No one came except
Zayd.
I did not see anyone
except Zayd.
I did not pass by
anyone except Zayd.
5.
All types
The people came
except Zayd.
86
Table 3.8 Continued
Sentence Type
Example
6.
All types
or
(as a preposition)
The people came
except Zayd.
7.
All types
The people came
except Zayd.
Note: The iraab of the word
and 2)
.
To determine the iraab of ghayr, follow the following two steps for each of these
sentences.
a. Replace with
2)
The first sentence is moojab and ghayr mufarragh, so the mustathnaa will be
mansoob. The second sentence is ghayr moojab and mufarragh, so the
mustathnaa is according to the aamil. Thus, it is marfoo.
b. The iraab of the mustathnaa (with
2)
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the iraab of the mustathnaa.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
87
Section 3.9
.
e.g.
in the book
2.
e.g.
book of Zayd.
88
Section 3.10
Definition: A
is that noun, which follows the noun before it. The preceding noun is called
the
.
The aamil which governs the
.
There are five
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Section 3.10.1
Adjective
is of two types: 1)
2)
1.
.
As mentioned in section 1.3.3, the
follows the
, which is the
in this
case, in the following:
a. Iraab
b. Gender
c. Being marifah or nakirah
d. Being singular, dual or plural
The
must be .
The
Note:
If a
or
.
e.g.
) is
, and (
) is the
.
89
) is
, and (
) is the
.
2.
.
e.g.
) is a
of (
).
However, it is not a
, the
and
is singular, dual
or plural.
e.g.
( +
2.
|
+
(
+
90
%#
|
)
(
+
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences pointing out the
and the
.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
2. Analyse the following sentences and and point out the difference between them.
i.
ii.
iii.
91
Section 3.10.2
Emphasis
Definition: It is that
is called
and the
is called
.
e.g.
and
1.
, which may
be
, or sentence.
e.g.
You are the censured one, you are the censured one.
2.
Below, we discuss each of these.
a.
(himself, herself)
These are used for singular, dual and plural.
They have to be
to a
.
Their
and form )
.
The plural form )
( of
and
The (many) female teachers themselves
came.
92
b.
(both)
These are used for dual only.
is masculine and
is feminine.
It must be
to a dual
.
e.g.
(all)
They are used for singular and plural.
is used with a
.
e.g.
and
can only be used for emphasis in those things, which have parts
or can be divided. Thus,
These are used for greater emphasis.
They appear after
.
e.g.
|
)
(
|
2 +
93
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
94
Section 3.10.3
Substitute
Definition: A
is that
. The
matboo merely serves as an introduction to the taabi.
The
is called
is called
or
(the
substituted).
Example:
(
|
There are four types of
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
1.
: It is that
.
e.g.
: It is that
.
The
must have a
.
e.g.
: It is that
must have a
.
e.g.
: It is that
Conjunction
Definition: It is that
. The
and the
.
The
is called
and the
is called
.
e.g.
The various
are as follows:
Notes:
1. If the
is a
, then its
, then the
is a
preceded by a
, then the
.
e.g.
Definition: It is that
.
Often, it is a more famous name of two names.
Example:
| )
Example:
(
|
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i. ii.
97
CHAPTER 4
Governing Words
Definition: An
: 1)
2)
1.
: It is that
.
i.
gives
.
e.g.
Zayd is standing.
Here, (
) is the
, being free of a
or
gives
.
e.g.
Zayd is working.
Here (
or
.
2.
: It is that
.
i.
ii.
iii.
98
Section 4.1
Governing Particles
A. Particles, Which Govern Nouns
1.
1.
2.
99
Section 4.1.1
These appear before
.
If the last letter is a
of the two
.
Table 4.1
Meaning Example
that, to
I want to enter Paradise.
will not, never
The disbeliever will never enter Paradise.
so that
I came so I could rest.
then, in that
case
In that case, you will be successful in your
work. [This is said in response to the one
who may have said:
(I will work
hard).]
Notes:
1. Sometimes
is called
.
e.g.
i.e.
Your fasting is better for you.
2.
is hidden after the following six huroof and gives the last letter of
a nasb.
a. After
:
e.g.
(
I travelled until I entered the city.
b. After
or
: i.e. that
or any of the
forms of
.
e.g.
(
Allah was not going to punish them.
100
c. After
(until) or
(but that).
e.g.
)
I will stick to you until you give me my right.
(
The sinner will be punished unless he provides an excuse.
d. After
: i.e., that
).
e.g.
(
Do not command the truth while you lie.
(Here, the
from
.)
This
is also known as
or
.
The sentence must start with a
or
.
e. After
: i.e., that
).
e.g.
(
I came so I could rest.
f. After
e.g. )
Visit me so that I treat you hospitably.
2.
e.g.
Do not cross the limit regarding it, lest, My wrath
descends upon you.
3.
e.g.
You do not visit us, so that we may treat you hospitably.
4.
e.g.
Where is your house, so I can visit you.
5.
e.g.
I wish I had wealth, so I would have spent it.
6.
e.g.
Why dont you visit us so that you receive good!
101
3.
if the
is joined to a
.
e.g.
. Therefore, it
does not give
a fathah. Such an
is known as
i.e., that
which was .
e.g.
These appear before
.
If the last letter is a
of the two
.
Table 4.2
Meaning Example
if
did not
not yet
He should sit.
do not
Do not sit.
Notes:
1.
(answer/result).
2. If
appears before
of a
when the
e.g.
If you come to me you will be treated hospitably.
b.
e.g.
If you see Zayd, treat him hospitably.
c.
e.g.
If Zayd comes to you, do not humiliate him.
103
d.
e.g.
If you treat me hospitably, then, may Allah reward you
well.
4.
e.g.
May Allah reward you well.
b. preceded by
e.g.
If you sit, I will sit.
c. preceded by
e.g.
Whoever comes with good, there will be ten like it
for him.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
Governing Verbs
.
it gives nasb to the following, as and when applicable:
i.
)
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
is also known as
.
It gives nasb to all the remaining mansoobaat.
e.g.
Zayd was beaten severely on Friday, in front of the Judge, in his office, to teach
him manners.
.
e.g.
Zayd sat.
Transitive Verb
Definition: It is that verb whose meaning cannot be understood without a
.
e.g.
2. Those verbs, which can be given two
(to give).
e.g.
etc.
etc.
e.g.
.
These verbs are known as
and
Verb Usage Example
I was sure Rasheed was
knowledgeable.
used for certainty )
(
or doubt )
I was sure Zayd was present. /
I thought Zayd was present.
The messenger informed me that the chief is
coming.
I informed the children that swimming is
beneficial.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
107
Section 4.2.2
Definition: These verbs behave the same way as
.
They are used for the following purposes:
1.
) of the
.
2.
.
3.
Type Example
preferably without
Zayd was about to
go.
preferably without
Khalid was about to
sit.
preferably with
preferably with
Hopefully Zayd will
come out.
without
without
without
108
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
109
Section 4.2.3
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
is called
or
.
The
of
followed by a
(being
).
e.g.
is the
.
)
is its
is the
.
Notes:
1. These verbs are used in the past tense in their singular form (masculine or feminine).
2. At times the
is dropped.
e.g.
i.e.
110
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
111
Section 4.2.4
Verbs of Wonder
There are two wazns to express wonder for three letter verbs )
( .
1.
.
e.g.
( +
2.
: )
( .
e.g.
To express wonder for other than three letter verbs )
( , a word such as /
or
etc. should be placed before the masdar of the desired verb. The
masdar will be
, thus mansoob.
e.g.
Governing Nouns
Amongst these,
Conditional Nouns
They govern two
(result).
Table 4.6
Noun Meaning Usage Example
1.
who,
who ever
Whoever treats me hospitably, I
will treat him hospitably.
2.
what,
whatever
Whatever you eat, I will eat.
3.
however
much
Whatever you spend in the way of
good, will benefit you.
4.
when
Whenever you go, I will go.
5.
when
Whenever you travel, I will travel.
6.
where
where
Wherever you stay, I will stay.
8.
where
Wherever you travel, I will travel.
9.
how,
manner
Whichever way you sit, I will sit.
10.
any of
the above
any of the
above
Whichever place you go, I will go.
Notes:
1.
and
(
and not nouns. Collectively they are called
if e.g.
when e.g.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable
.
i. _______ iii. _______
ii. _______ iv. _______
114
Section 4.3.2
Definition: It has the same effect as that of an active verb )
and nasb to the
.
Notes:
1. If the
to its
without when preceded by any of the following would give the meaning of
present or future tense:
a.
e.g.
Zayds father is beating/will beat Bakr.
b.
e.g.
I passed by a man whose father is
beating/will beat Bakr.
c.
e.g.
The one whose father is beating/will
beat Bakr came to me.
d.
e.g.
Zayd came to me while his son was
riding a horse.
e.
e.g.
Is Zayd beating Bakr?/Will Zayd beat
Bakr?
f.
e.g.
Zayd is not standing/will not stand.
Sentence Analysis:
| )
( |
115
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
i. iii.
ii. iv.
116
Section 4.3.3
Definition: It has the same effect as that of a passive verb (
.
The rules mentioned above regarding the
e.g.
Zayds son is being beaten/will be
beaten.
b.
e.g.
I passed by a man whose son is being
beaten/will be beaten.
c.
e.g.
The one whose son is being
beaten/will be beaten, came to me.
d.
e.g.
Zayd came to me while his son was
being beaten/will be beaten.
e.
e.g.
Is Zayd being beaten?/Will Zayd be
beaten?
f.
e.g.
Zayd is not being beaten /will not be
beaten.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
i. ii.
117
Section 4.3.4
Definition: It is a noun, which is created from the masdar of a
(three-letter
intransitive verb) to indicate permanent existence of the meaning in the doer.
Like its
a raf.
e.g.
(beautiful) is a
permanent quality, as compared to
Some of the common wazns of
e.g.
happy
e.g.
beautiful
e.g.
noble/honorable
e.g.
coward
e.g.
brave
Colors and bodily defects appear on the following wazns:
(masculine) e.g.
red
mute
(feminine) e.g.
red
mute
The
straight
118
Section 4.3.5
Definition: It is that noun, which indicates that a quality is found to a greater extent in one
person/thing when compared to another.
e.g.
Masculine Example Feminine Example Meaning
Singular
Bigger/older
Dual
Bigger/older
Plural
Bigger/older
Bigger/older
Usage:
: the
( .
e.g.
: the
may be
The Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.
The two Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.
Aishah is the oldest of people.
119
Notes:
1.
verbs is
made by placing the words
and
.
e.g.
in
is its
.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the usage of
Definition: It is that noun which refers to the action indicated by the corresponding verb
without any reference to time.
Effect: It has the same effect as that of its verb i.e. it gives raf to the
.
e.g.
to its
.
e.g.
i.e. )
to its
.
e.g.
i.e. )
In the case of mudaaf, it is assumed that one of the following prepositions )
( is hidden
between the mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi.
i.e.
silver ring
.
e.g.
i.e.
night prayer
i.e.
Zayds son
121
Section 4.3.8
Definition: It is that noun, which would give the noun )
( after it a nasb.
A noun will be considered as
(
There is not even palms measure of clouds in the sky.
b. hidden tanween.
e.g.
was originally
)
There are eleven men with me.
c. of a dual noun.
e.g.
(
I have two qafeezes
1
of wheat.
d. which resembles the of a sound masculine plural )
( .
e.g.
(
I have twenty dirhams.
The
in the above examples cannot be mudaaf while having a tanween or having a noon
of dual/plural, thus the noun after it gets a nasb because of it being
.
1
A qafeez is a classical Islamic measure of weight.
122
Section 4.3.9
Definition: It is that noun, which indicates an unspecified quantity.
It is clarified by the noun following it.
These are
and
( or as an informative exclamation
)
( .
1.
(how many)
It gives the noun )
( after it a nasb.
The
is brought singular.
e.g.
.
e.g.
(so many)
It gives the noun )
.
e.g.
( after it a nasb.
The
is brought singular.
e.g.
123
Section 4.3.10
Definition: It is that noun, which shows extremity/intensity in meaning.
Some of the wazns of
are as follows:
most learned
great distinguisher
excessive jester
careful maintainer/sustainer
very eloquent
Notes:
1. The round at the end of some wazns is for
well-learned
2. The wazn
cook
carpenter
124
Section 4.4
Non-Governing Particles
1.
Particles of Notification:
These are used to draw the attention of the listener. These are as follows:
This
Lo! I am present.
2.
Particles of Affirmation:
These are used for affirmation of a statement made earlier. These are as follows:
(yes)
It is used to verify a statement, be it positive or negative. For example,
If someone says
(yes)
meaning
(he came).
If someone says
(yes)
meaning
(yes, why not) meaning
(yes)
It is the same as
( after a question.
e.g. If someone says
(yes, by Allah!) meaning
(yes)
It is the same as
.
e.g. If someone says
or
or
(yes) meaning
(Zayd came.).
Note:
Particles of Clarification:
These are used to clarify a word in a sentence. These are as follows:
(that is)
e.g.
And ask the town, that is, the people of the town.
and
come before a
.
comes before a
.
e.g.
)
When the earth became straitened for them despite its vastness.
Particles of Exhortation:
These are used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before
e.g.
.
e.g.
Particle of Anticipation:
It is
: It gives
: It gives
: It gives
or
Particles of Interrogation:
These are and
.
e.g.
Is Zayd standing?
Particle of Rebuke:
This is
(Hit Zayd.).
It gives the meaning of certainty.
e.g.
i.e.
and
. It is of two forms:
and
. Both
have the same meaning.
and
.
e.g.
If Allah did not repel some people by means of others, the earth would
be corrupted.
: extra.
e.g.
Extra Particles: These are not translated. However, they add beauty and
emphasis to the meaning. These are:
)
Usage:
: It appears after
.
e.g.
: It appears after
.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
Conditional Particles:
(however, as far asis concerned)
It is used to explain/clarify something, which was mentioned briefly.
has to be brought in its answer )
( .
e.g.
So, some of them will be wretched and (some) blessed. As for the
wretched, they will be in the Fire.
(if)
It is used to negate the second sentence )
If there had been gods besides Allah in them (the heavens and the earth),
they would have been corrupted.
(There will not be corruption because there is not more than one god.)
Note: If a
is added to
i.e.
.
e.g.
and
( .
e.g.
: It is that
i.e.
I will stand as long as the leader is sitting.
16.
(then, thus):
It shows sequence with slight delay.
e.g.
( .
e.g.
He sends down water from the sky, because of which the earth becomes
green.
(eitheror):
e.g.
(or):
e.g.
( .
e.g.
.
e.g.
i.e. to rectify.
e.g.
131
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr (1993). Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa al-Tasreef.
Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
Abdullah ibn Aqeel (n.d.). Sharh ibn Aqeel ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik, vols. 1-4. Karachi:
Qadeemi Kutubkhana.
Ali al-Jaarim and Mustafa Ameen (n.d.). Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, vols.
1-3. Cairo: Dar al-Maarif.
Ali al-Jaarim and Mustafa Ameen (n.d.). Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Thaniwiyyah,
vols. 1-3. Cairo: Dar al-Maarif.
Ibn Hayyan al-Andalusi (2008). Hidayat al-Nahw. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra.
Mawlana Hasan Dockrat (2003). Tawdeeh al-Nahw: A Simplified Arabic Grammar. Azaadville,
South Africa: Madrasah Arabiah Islamia.
Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali (n.d.). Ilm al-Nahw. Karachi: Altaf & Sons.