PROBLEM5.

6
KNOWN: Diameter and initial temperature of steel balls cooling in air.
FIND: Time required to cool to a prescribed temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible radiation effects, (2) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: Applying Eq. 5.10 to a sphere (L
c
= r
o
/3),
( ) ( )
2
o
c
h r / 3 20 W/m K 0.002m
hL
Bi 0.001.
k k 40 W/m K

= = = =

Hence, the temperature of the steel remains approximately uniform during the cooling
process, and the lumped capacitance method may be used. From Eqs. 5.4 and 5.5,
( )
3
p
p
i i
2
s
D / 6 c
Vc
T T T T
t ln ln
hA T T T T
h D
t

t



= =

( )
3
2
7800kg/m 0.012m 600J/kg K
1150 325
t ln
400 325
6 20 W/m K


=

t 1122 s 0.312h = = <
COMMENTS: Due to the large value of T
i
, radiation effects are likely to be significant
during the early portion of the transient. The effect is to shorten the cooling time.
PROBLEM5.12
KNOWN: Diameter, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of aluminum spheres used in
packed bed thermal energy storage system. Convection coefficient and inlet gas temperature.
FIND: Time required for sphere to acquire 90% of maximum possible thermal energy and the
corresponding center temperature. Potential advantage of using copper in lieu of aluminum.
SCHEMATIC:
Aluminum sphere
D = 75 mm, T = 25 C
i
o
Gas
T C
g,i
o
= 300
h = 75 W/m -K
2
= 2700 kg/m
3
k = 240 W/m-K
c = 950 J/kg-K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat transfer to or from a sphere by radiation or conduction due to
contact with other spheres, (2) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS: To determine whether a lumped capacitance analysis can be used, first compute Bi =
h(r
o
/3)/k = 75 W/m
2
K (0.025m)/150 W/mK = 0.013 < 0.1. Hence, the lumped capacitance
approximation may be made, and a uniform temperature may be assumed to exist in the sphere at any
time. From Eq. 5.8a, achievement of 90% of the maximum possible thermal energy storage
corresponds to
( )
t
i
Q
0.90 1 exp t /
cV
t
u
= =
where
3 2
t s
Vc / hA Dc / 6h 2700 kg / m 0.075m 950 J / kg K / 6 75 W / m K 427s. t = = = = Hence,
( )
t
t ln 0.1 427s 2.30 984s t = = = <
From Eq. (5.6), the corresponding temperature at any location in the sphere is
( )
( )
( )
g,i i g,i
T 984s T T T exp 6ht / Dc = +
( )
( )
2 3
T 984s 300 C 275 C exp 6 75 W / m K 984s / 2700kg / m 0.075m 950J / kg K =
( ) T 984 s 272.5 C = <
Obtaining the density and specific heat of copper from Table A-1, we see that (c)
Cu
~ 8900 kg/m
3

400 J/kgK = 3.56 10

6
J/m
3
K > (c)
Al
= 2.57 10
6
J/m
3
K. Hence, for an equivalent sphere
diameter, the copper can store approximately 38% more thermal energy than the aluminum.
COMMENTS: Before the packed bed becomes fully charged, the temperature of the gas decreases
as it passes through the bed. Hence, the time required for a sphere to reach a prescribed state of
thermal energy storage increases with increasing distance from the bed inlet.
PROBLEM5.51
KNOWN: Thickness, initial temperature and properties of furnace wall. Convection conditions at
inner surface.
FIND: Time required for outer surface to reach a prescribed temperature. Corresponding
temperature distribution in wall and at intermediate times.
SCHEMATIC:
L = 0.15 m x
h = 100 W/m -K
2
T C
o
= 950
oo
Combustion gases
Fire-clay brick:
T C
i
o
= 20
T (0,t) = 750 C
f
o
= 2600 kg/m
3
c = 1000 J/kg-K
p
k = 1.5 W/m-K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction in a plane wall, (2) Constant properties, (3)
Adiabatic outer surface, (4) Fo > 0.2, (5) Negligible radiation from combustion gases.
ANALYSIS: The wall is equivalent to one-half of a wall of thickness 2L with symmetric convection
conditions at its two surfaces. With Bi = hL/k = 100 W/m
2
K 0.15m/1.5 W/mK = 10 and Fo > 0.2,
the one-term approximation, Eq. 5.44 may be used to compute the desired time, where
( ) ( )
o o i
T T / T T 0.215. u
-

= = From Table 5.1, C
1
= 1.262 and
1
, = 1.4289. Hence,
( )
( )
( )
o 1
2 2
1
ln / C
ln 0.215/1.262
Fo 0.867
1.4289
u
,
-
= = =
( )
( )
2
2
3
0.867 0.15m
Fo L
t 33, 800s
1.5W/ m K/ 2600 kg / m 1000 J / kg K
o
= = =

<
The corresponding temperature distribution, as well as distributions at t = 0, 10,000, and 20,000 s are
plotted below
COMMENTS: Because Bi >>1, the temperature at the inner surface of the wall increases much
more rapidly than at locations within the wall, where temperature gradients are large. The
temperature gradients decrease as the wall approaches a steady-state for which there is a uniform
temperature of 950C.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Dimensionless location, x/L
0
200
400
600
800
1000
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
C
t=0 s
t=10,000 s
t=20,000 s
t=33,800 s
PROBLEM5.67
KNOWN: Diameter and initial temperature of roller bearings. Temperature of oil bath and
convection coefficient. Final centerline temperature. Number of bearings processed per hour.
FIND: Time required to reach centerline temperature. Cooling load.
SCHEMATIC:
L = 1 m
Stainless steel
N = 10
D = 0.10 m
T C
i
o
= 500
T(0,t ) = 50 C
f
o Oil bath
h = 500 W/m -K
2
T C
o
= 30
oo
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, radial conduction in rod, (2) Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, St. St. 304
( )
T 548K : = =7900 kg/m
3
, k = 19.0 W/mK, c
p
= 546
J/kgK, o = 4.40 10
-6
m
2
/s.
ANALYSIS: With Bi = h (r
o
/2)/k = 0.658, the lumped capacitance method can not be used. From
the one-term approximation of Eq. 5.52c for the centerline temperature,
( )
( )
2 2 o
o 1
1
i
T T 50 30
0.0426 C exp Fo 1.1382exp 0.9287 Fo
T T 500 30
u ,
-

(
= = = = =
(

where, for Bi = hr
o
/k = 1.316, C
1
= 1.2486 and
1
, = 1.3643 from Table 5.1.
( ) Fo n 0.0341 /1.86 1.82 = =
( )
2 2 6
f o
t For / 1.82 0.05m / 4.40 10 1031s 17min

= = = = o <
From Eqs. 5.47 and 5.54, the energy extracted from a single rod is
( ) ( )
o
i 1 1
1
2
Q cV T T 1 J
u
,
,
-

(
= (
(

With J
1
(1.3643) = 0.535 from Table B.4,
( )
2 3 7
0.0852 0.535
Q 7900kg / m 546J / kg K 0.05m 1m 470K 1 1.54 10 J
1.3643
(
(
= =
(
(


t
The nominal cooling load is
7
5
f
NQ 10 1.54 10 J
q 1.49 10 W 149 kW
t 1031s

= = = = <
COMMENTS: For a centerline temperature of 50C, Eq. 5.52b yields a surface temperature of
( ) ( ) ( )
o i o o 1
T r , t T T T J 30 C 470 C 0.0426 0.586 41.7 C
-

= + = + = u ,
PROBLEM 4.41

KNOWN: Boundary conditions that change from specified heat flux to convection.


FIND: The finite difference equation for the node at the point where the boundary condition changes.

SCHEMATIC:












ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Two dimensional, steady-state conduction with no generation, (2) Constant
properties.

ANALYSIS: Performing an energy balance on the control volume x y/2,
in out
E - E = 0
& &
q
1
+ q
2
+ q
3
+ q
4
+ q
5
= 0

Expressing q
1
in terms of the specified heat flux, q
2
in terms of the known heat transfer coefficient and
environment temperature, and the remaining heat rates using the conduction rate equation,


1 s
x
q = q 1
2



2 m,n
x
q = h(T - T ) 1
2

m - 1,n m,n
3
k(T - T )
y
q = 1
x 2



m + 1,n m,n
4
k(T - T )
y
q = 1
x 2



m ,n - 1 m,n
5
k(T - T )
q = x 1
y


Letting x = y, substituting these expressions into the energy balance, and rearranging yields


s
m - 1,n m + 1,n m,n - 1 m,n
q x hx hx
T + T + 2T - 4 + T + T + = 0
k k k

<
m,n m +1,n m -1,n
y
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
5
q
3
h, T

x
y/2
x
m, n-1
s
q
m,n m +1,n m -1,n
y
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
5
q
3
h, T

x
y/2
x
m, n-1
m,n m +1,n m -1,n
y
q
1
q
2
q
4
q
5
q
3
h, T

x
y/2
x
m, n-1
s
q
PROBLEM 4.49
KNOWN: One-dimensional fin of uniform cross section insulated at one end with prescribed base
temperature, convection process on surface, and thermal conductivity.
FIND: Finite-difference equation for these nodes: (a) Interior node, m and (b) Node at end of fin, n,
where x =L.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction.
ANALYSIS: (a) The control volume about node m is shown in the schematic; the node spacing and
control volume length in the x direction are both x. The uniform cross-sectional area and fin
perimeter are A
c
and P, respectively. The heat transfer process on the control surfaces, q
1
and q
2
,
represent conduction while q
c
is the convection heat transfer rate between the fin and ambient fluid.
Performing an energy balance, find
( )
in out 1 2 c
m-1 m m+1 m
c c m
E E 0 q q q 0
T T T T
kA kA hP x T T 0.
x x

= + + =

+ + =

& &


Multiply the expression by x/kA
c
and regroup to obtain

2 2
m-1 m+1 m
c c
hP hP
T T x T 2 x T 0 1<m<n
kA kA

+ + + =


<

Considering now the special node m =1, then the m-1 node is T
b
, the base temperature. The finite-
difference equation would be

2 2
b 2 1
c c
hP hP
T T x T 2 x T 0 m=1
kA kA

+ + + =


<

(b) The control volume of length x/2 about node n is shown in the schematic. Performing an energy
balance,

( )
in out 3 4 c
n-1 n
c n
E E 0 q q q 0
T T x
kA 0 hP T T 0.
x 2

= + + =

+ + =

& &

Note that q
4
=0 since the end (x =L) is insulated. Multiplying by x/kA
c
and regrouping,

2 2
n-1 n
c c
hP x hP x
T T 1 T 0.
kA 2 kA 2

+ + =


<

COMMENTS: The value of x will be determined by the selection of n; that is, x =L/n. Note that
the grouping, hP/kA
c
, appears in the finite-difference and differential forms of the energy balance.