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I. INTRODUCTION
(1)
777
(2)
Usually, but not necessarily,
comprises the bus
reprevoltage corrections in polar coordinates and
sents some form of the power [26] or current mismatches
[9], [27];
2) methods taking advantage of the radial structure to avoid
explicitly storing and factorizing any matrix. A backward sweep first estimates branch currents (or powers)
followed by a forward-voltage-updating procedure that
applies (1) [3], [15].
Among the main benefits of three-phase analysis, by far the
largest in terms of general accuracy is representation of unbalanced loading and configuration. However, some models of
electrical behavior used in distribution planning and operation
neglect mutual coupling by assuming all off-diagonal terms in
(1) as zero
(3)
(4)
where
are the additional voltage drops originated by the mutual cou, in series
pling. These voltage sources
, are represented in Fig. 2.
with the impedances
in series with
It can be shown that every voltage source
the impedance
is equivalent to a pair of equal but opposite
current sources, one entering node and the other leaving node
, whose value is
(5)
Fig. 3 represents, for phase , the circuit transformations suggested above.
Notice that, at a nonterminal node, the total current injection
due to mutual coupling will be the contribution of outcoming
branches minus that of the incoming branch. Fig. 4 illustrates
this idea for a 3-branch system (only one phase is shown).
An improvement to the conventional decoupled approach described in the previous section can be achieved by using the
ideas presented above. Depending on the load-flow technique
adopted, two different schemes can be considered.
1) Methods explicitly solving an equation system. In terms
of phases, rather than buses, the block structure of (2) is
(6)
778
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
(7)
where the right-hand side vector has been modified to account for the mutual network terms, that is, the equivalent bus current injections (note that, in [14], off-diagonal blocks are simply ignored). Two possibilities arise to
solve (7), namely: 1) The current mismatch vector is simultaneously computed for the three-phases; 2) The current mismatch vector is sequentially computed for each
phase and the respective equation is solved. As the solution of each phase benefits from previously updated
bus voltages, better convergence rates are expected for
the second approach (the number of iterations could be
even smaller than that of the three-phase conventional
solution).
This category of solution methods is currently being
investigated and will not be further pursued in this paper.
Note, however, that, if convergence does not significantly
deteriorate, large computational savings are expected as
a consequence of three 2N 2N equation systems, comprising 12N nonzero elements each, being solved, instead
of a 6N 6N system containing 108N nonzero elements.
2) Methods exploiting the radial structure. In this case,
there is no need to perform the voltage-source to current-source transformation. The backward sweep first
estimates branch currents as usual, while three arrangements are possible for the forward sweep:
Fully decoupled: (3) is solved so that no mutual
coupling is taken into account.
Exactly coupled: Voltages are updated by means of
, are saved for
(1). Branch voltage sources,
future use.
Approximately coupled: (4) is applied. Instead of re, they are retrieved from
computing the terms
a previous iteration.
779
TABLE I
NUMBER OF ITERATIONS, COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY, AND RELATIVE ERRORS
TABLE II
LARGEST COMPONENT
VECTOR
TABLE III
LARGEST COMPONENT
VECTOR
Fig. 8. Voltage magnitude profile along the lateral leading to the terminal bus
1028 (phase b) for the 1007-bus system.
Fig. 9. Voltage magnitude profile along the lateral leading to the terminal bus
675 (phase b) for the 13-bus system.
780
TABLE IV
NUMBER OF ITERATIONS, COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND RELATIVE ERRORS FOR THE 1007-BUS SYSTEM AND DIFFERENT LOAD FACTORS
TABLE V
LOADS (kW AND kVAR) FOR THE 10-NODE SYSTEM
TABLE VI
SELF AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCES (
) FOR THE 10-NODE SYSTEM
TABLE VII
EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE 10-NODE SYSTEM
APPENDIX
See Tables VVII.
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[28]. [Online]. Available: http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html
Esther Romero Ramos was born in Spain in 1967. She received the electrical
engineering and Dr.Eng. degrees in 1992 and 1999, respectively, from the University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
From 1992 to 1993, she was with Sainco, Sevilla, Spain. Since 1993, she
has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sevilla,
Sevilla, Spain, where she is currently an Associate Professor. She is interested
in state estimation, load-flow problems, and analysis and control of distribution
systems.
Antonio Gmez Expsito was born in Spain in 1957. He received the electrical
engineering and Dr.Eng. degrees from the University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
Since 1982, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sevilla, where he is currently a Professor and Head of the Department.
His primary areas of interest are sparse matrices, load flow, reactive power optimization, state estimation, and computer relaying.
Gabriel lvarez Cordero was born in Spain in 1969. He received the electrical
engineering degree in 1998 from the Univeristy of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
From 1998 to 2000, he was with Isotrol, Sevilla, Spain, and from 2000 to
2003, he was with Norcontrol, Madrid, Spain. Since 2003, he has been with
REE, Madrid, Spain. He is interested in three-phase load-flow problems.