Environmental Chemistry: Assessment Statement

Test
This test will cover Option E in the IB Chemistry guidelines, except or a
ew areas o soil that still conuse even !rs" #agel" The ollowing
outline sums them up$
DEFINITIONS!
%" Acid Deposition & Any com'ination o dry(air'orne acidic
particles, or precipitation, that alls to earth"
Acidic here means rain pH<5")*"
#atural rain is slightly acidic 'ecause o presence o CO
+
, which
com'ines with ,
+
-:
CO
+
. ,
+
O /0 ,
+
CO
1
+" DO & 2issolved oxygen in water"
It3s an important sign o microorganic lie in water, as well as an
indicator o purity and a'ility to sustain lie"
1" BOD & Biochemical Oxygen 2emand"
!easure o 4uantity o oxygen consumed 'y microorganisms
during decomposition o organic matter"
,igh BO2 5 6ow 2O
7. Eutrophication & Cycle o consumption o ree
phosphates(nitrates in water, leading to plant growth and death,
leading to release o more phosphates(nitrates 'y decomposing
'acteria"
Is only 'ad when it cycles too rapidly, leading to overpopulation
o plant growth, low 2O, and cho8ed la8e"
*" Aerobic decay & O
+
used to 'rea8 down organic matter"
9esults in:
C /0 CO
+
# /0 #O
1
/
S /0 SO
7
/+
: /0 :O
7
/1
)" Anaerobic decay & Organic matter decomposed oxygen/ree$
9esults in:
C /0 C,
7
;methane<
# /0 #,
1
and amines
S /0 ,
+
S
: /0 :,
1
;phosphine<
=" Distillation & :rocess 'y which water is heated in coiled pipes, orced
to evaporate, and continues heating> all in order to prepare salt water
or drin8ing"
?" Reverse osmosis & :rocess 'y which, using high pressure, water is
orced through a semi/permea'le mem'rane in order to remove
unwanted material so that the water is drin8a'le"
@. Humus & !ixture o simple and complex organic chemicals o
plant, animal, or micro'ial origin" Basically, nonliving organic matter"
%-" SaliniAation & Accumulation o salts in soilBcaused 'y excess
irrigation and poor drainage
Can lead to toxic 'uildups o salt, or dehydration"
%%" #utrient depletion & Over/intense a'sorption o nutrientsBcaused
'y constant arming o the same old plants
Can lead to total nutrient depletionuseless soil
%+" Soil pollution & :resence o harmul materials in soilBcaused 'y
industrial waste, oil, and pesticides
Can reduce 'iodiversity and ruin soil
%1" SOM & Soil Organic !atter"
Organic constituents ;plant or animal tissues(partially
decomposed products(soil 'iomass< o soil
Composed o organic matter 'ro8en into a mixture o smaller
molecules
SO! can 'e ound 'y titration with dichromate solutions"
%7" Mineralization & Brea8ing down o organic matter to get
nitrogen(phosphates into the roots o plants"
It A6CADS comes 'ac8 to # and :"
Importance:
Biological & Creates reservoir o nutrients ;#, S, and :<
Physical & Soil clusters collect in sta'le orm to reduce
erosion and hold water
Chemical & Increases CEC ;'elow<> acts as p, 'uer>
chelation
C,E6ATIO# & Eormation o complex ions rom metals>
removes metals rom use in soil" Can 'e good or 'ad
depending on the metals"
%*" CEC & Cation Exchange Capacity"
Extent to which negative charges in humus and clay can 'e
traded with nutrient cations at roots o plants" ;ie" Amount o
cations a soil can hold<
Indication o soil3s ertility
Enhances a'ility o soil to 'e a p, 'uer
9emoves toxins"
FORMULAS!
Suluric acid comes rom: Com'ustion"
S . O
+
SO
+
. ,
+
O ,
+
SO
1
Or SO
+
. FO
+
SO
1
. ,
+
O ,
+
SO
7
#itric Acid comes rom: Internal com'ustion"
#
+
. O
+
+#O
Or #
+
. +O
+
+#O
+
#O
+
. ,
+
O ,#O
1
. ,#O
:recipitation o Calcium 'y Sulate ions:
Ca
.+
;a4< . SO
7
/+
;a4< CaSO
7
;s<
METHODS/EXPLANATIONS!
Acid 2eposition: Sources
# & Internal Com'ustion Engines
Bacterial decomposition
Electrical storms
S & Golcanoes
Com'ustion o ossil uels
Ore/smelting
Acid 2eposition: 9emoval(9eduction
# and S & Improved Engine 2esign
Catalytic converters
Liming ;neutraliAes acidity<
S & Coal/washing
Stac8 scru''ers
9educe amount 'urned
# & Alternative engine uels
ALSO INVOLVED IN AID DE!OSI"ION# AMMONIA
#,
7
.
;a4< . +O
+
;g< +,
.
;a4< . #O
1
/
;a4< . ,
+
O ;l<
Ammonia comes rom rhiAo'ia 'acteria in soil, legumes,
etc"
It can neutraliAe acids rom rain to reduce their eect"
Day$
SOIL pH# $OOD !H MEANS %&'()( Anythin*
else is bad(
THR !ACT"R# A!!CT$%& D" in 'ater(
%" Thermal pollution(Temperature
,igh temp 5 6ow 2O
+" Eutrophication
Too much anaero'ic decay(overpopulation o
organisms 5 6ow 2O
1" :resence o Organic Caste
Too much waste 5 6ow 2O
$n general) High B"D *caused +y presence o, aero+ic)
respirating organisms- means L". D".
+inally, se-a*e treatment(
Important 'ecause it allows water to 'e
recycled 'y removing unwanted waste"
:rimary treatment: Simple ilters remove
large waste"
Secondary: tric8le ilters or aero'ic 'acteria
remove water that is 'u''led with oxygen,
allowing natural decomposition o waste"
Cater is disinected with Cl or OAone"
Tertiary treatment: 9emoves # and : rom
water" !ore expensive, 'ut necessary"
:recipitation is used to remove metals"
C3est tout ;that3s it< or the guide tonight$
9eer to pages %1+, %1*/%1?, %7+, and %71 or more
inormation"
Hood luc8$