Elementary Go Series, Vol.

5
ATTACK AND DEFENSE
by Akira Ishida and
James Davies
THE ISHI PRESS, INC. Tokyo
3
Caution
At several places, such as the ends of Chapters To, !"ve, and
S"#, e have "ncluded rather lon$ se%uences fro& profess"onal play.
'e put the& "n (ecause e thou$ht the reader &"$ht l"ke to see ho
profess"onals use the techn"%ues (e"n$ d"scussed, (ut "f he f"nds
the& un"nterest"n$ or "nco&prehens"(le, he &ay sk"p past the&
"thout (reak"n$ the cont"nu"ty.
Reminder
)o "s a $a&e* you are free to dev"se your on strate$"es and
play herever you ant. If you "n + f"ne* "f you lose + so hat, The
&ore e#per"&ents you try, the &ore "nterest"n$ the $a&e (eco&es.
Th"s (ook "ll sho you plenty of $ood &oves, (ut e do not &ean
to "&ply that they are the only $ood &oves, or that you &ust ("nd
yourself to the&. 'e encoura$e every reader to develop on h"s on.
Acknowed!ements
-ur thanks to.
R"chard /o0ul"ch of the Ish" Press, "thout hose encoura$e+
&ent and prodd"n$ e &"$ht never have f"n"shed.
1ohn Poer, for proofread"n$ and styl"st"c "&prove&ents.
The &any profess"onal players, l"v"n$ and dead, fro& hose
$a&es e have (orroed "thout alays $"v"n$ cred"t.
The N"hon 2"+"n, for the use of the"r fac"l"t"es.
Tokyo, 1apan Ak"ra Ish"da
3ece&(er 4565 1a&es 3av"es
7
TA"#E $F C$NTENTS
Chapter -ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Terr"tory and Poer
Chapter To ........................ .......... 94
Attack"n$ Strate$y
Chapter Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;
Attack"n$ <oves
Chapter !our . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ;8
3efense
Chapter !"ve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44=
!orc"n$ <oves
Chapter S"# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 43=
Induc"n$ <oves
Chapter Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 479
Reduc"n$ and Invad"n$ >ar$e !ra&eorks
Chapter E"$ht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Invas"ons "nto Three+Space E#tens"ons
Chapter N"ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45;
2o !"$hts
Chapter Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9=;
Pro(le&s
)u"de to !urther Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9:=
:
Chapter One
Territory and Power
Attack and defense prov"de &ost of the e#c"te&ent "n $o. If
stones could not (e captured and $roups k"lled, the $a&e ould (e
dull "ndeed. )o players are supposed to (e a rat"onal, cal&, calculat+
"n$ lot, (ut that does not step the& fro& en?oy"n$ the thr"ll of attack+
"n$ and atch"n$ the"r opponents r"$$le and s%u"r&. It could even
(e ar$ued that $o appeals to the sa&e hu&an e&ot"ons as do hunt"n$
and arfare.
Strate$"cally as ell as e&ot"onally, attack and defense are of
$reat "&portance "n $o, espec"ally "n the &"ddle $a&e. They are, "n
fact, so deeply "nvolved "th the &"ddle $a&e that "t ould (e d"ff"+
cult to cons"der the one "thout cons"der"n$ the other. /efore $ett"n$
cau$ht up "n the su(?ect of attack and defense, accord"n$ly, e ou$ht
to &ake sure e kno hat the (as"c purpose of the &"ddle $a&e "s.
It "s not to attack or to defend* these are &eans rather than ends. It "s
to (e found, "nstead, "n to funda&ental (alances, h"ch also corre+
spond to hu&an dr"ves. the (alance of terr"tory and the (alance of
poer.
The Balance of Territory
/y the (alance of terr"tory e &ean the (alance of def"n"tely
controlled areas + the terr"tory that /lack has secured so far as op+
posed to the terr"tory that 'h"te has secured. Is th"s (alance "&por+
tant, @es, (ecause hoever leads "n "t at the end of the $a&e "s the
"nnerA The (alance of terr"tory "n the &"ddle of the $a&e "s less de+
c"s"ve, (ut "t "s st"ll "&portant. S"nce $o "s a terr"tor"al $a&e, the (al+
ance of terr"tory "s alays a pr"&ary factor.
8
And s"nce $o "s a strate$"c $a&e, knoled$e of the (alance of
terr"tory "s a pr"&ary factor "n plann"n$ strate$y. 2no"n$ ho you
stand "n the (alance of areas secured so far tells you hat you have
to acco&pl"sh "n the areas of potent"al terr"tory and no+&anBs+land +
"t clar"f"es your $oals. 2no"n$ your $oals $reatly "ncreases your
chances of f"nd"n$ a "nn"n$ strate$y. Profess"onal players "n ser"+
ous $a&es keep a constant atch on the (alance of terr"tory, so&e+
t"&es evaluat"n$ "t at al&ost every &ove. 'e do not su$$est that you
$o that far + you should not d"stract yourself "n the &"ddle of a f"$ht+
"n$ se%uence (y orry"n$ a(out unrelated terr"tor"al %uest"ons + (ut
henever the f"$ht"n$ d"es don and you f"nd yourself onder"n$
hat to do ne#t, "t "s a $ood "dea to start (y est"&at"n$ the (alance of
terr"tory.
That ra"ses the pro(le& of ho to est"&ate "t. S"nce the (ound+
ar"es of &ost terr"tor"es tend to (e so&ehat unsettled dur"n$ the
&"ddle $a&e, an e#act nu&er"cal value "ll (e hard to o(ta"n. -ne
can try to &ake reasona(le con?ectures a(out hat "ll happen "n
the end$a&e and thus deter&"ne a prec"se value for each p"ece of
terr"tory, perhaps us"n$ certa"n avera$"n$ techn"%ues, (ut th"s "s hard
for even a profess"onal to do accurately, and the e#erc"se "s unl"kely
to (e orth the t"&e re%u"red.
That leads one to &ake rou$h est"&ates of terr"tor"es, to hat
looks l"ke the nearest &ult"ple of f"ve+ten po"nts here, th"rty+f"ve
there, etc. Th"s &ethod can (e useful, (ut "t "s st"ll t"&e+consu&"n$
and "ts accuracy "s not too &uch to (e rel"ed upon. A fe (ad est"+
&ates can d"stort the total (alance (y ten to tenty po"nts, or &ore,
and a nu&er"cal est"&ate that "s that far off "s not orth &uch.
The s"&plest ay to est"&ate the (alance of terr"tory, and the
ay e ant to reco&&end for the &"ddle $a&e, "s to &atch the
(lack and h"te areas a$a"nst each other d"rectly. CTh"s (lack terr"to+
ry "s a(out the sa&e s"0e as that h"te one* that (lack terr"tory "s as
("$ as those to h"te ones put to$ether,B and so on. Th"s &ethod "s
%u"cker than any nu&er"cal &ethod and "s accurate enou$h to steer
one aay fro& $ross strate$"c (lunders, h"ch "s all that "s re%u"red.
6
Take the $a&e "n 3"a. 4 for e#a&ple. It "s /lackBs turn, and con+
s"der"n$ the relat"ve pos"t"ons of the tr"an$led stones a &ove l"ke A
or / see&s appropr"ate. A hasty player ould pro(a(ly play at one
of these po"nts. 'hat happens, hoever, "f /lack est"&ates the (al+
ance of terr"tory,
The upper s"de "s d"v"ded "n half. /lack has the r"$ht half, and "f
e $rant 'h"te control of the left half, these to areas rou$hly can+
cel.
'h"te has a s&all terr"tory "n the loer r"$ht and a fra&eork "n
the loer left. The latter "s no+t a(solutely secure, (ut letBs not %u"(+
(le a(out that* letBs turn to the h"te $roup "n the loer r"$ht center.
It "s dead* 'h"te ould have trou(le &ak"n$ even one eye, let alone
to. S"nce a po"nt "th a pr"soner on "t counts dou(le, th"s p"ece of
(lack terr"tory "s al&ost t"ce as ("$ as "t looks, and al&ost t"ce as
("$ as 'h"teBs hold"n$s "n the loer r"$ht and loer left co&("ned.
/lack has a lar$e terr"tor"al lead.
'"th that co&fort"n$ knoled$e to $u"de us, letBs (e$"n cons"d+
er"n$ /lackBs ne#t &ove. Ho a(out /lack A, or /lack 4 "n 3"a. 9,
;
Th"s "s a f"$ht"n$ &ove, and "f /lack plays "t 'h"te &ay f"$ht
(ack (y ?u&p"n$ to 9. '"th a sol"d h"te all off to the r"$ht, "t "s
not "nconce"va(le that /lack &"$ht end up (e"n$ captured "n a ("$
ay. The fact that he on the encounter "n the r"$ht half of the (oard
does not necessar"ly &ean that he "ll "n th"s one too. Th"s l"ne of
play "nvolves all sorts of tact"cal r"sks, and "f /lack adopts "t there "s
a very real chance that 'h"te "ll sta$e an upset. The sa&e $oes for
/lack / "n 3"a. 4.
'hat then should /lack do a(out h"s tr"an$led stone "n 3"a. 4,
'ell, s"nce he already has a ("$ terr"tor"al lead he can afford to sacr"f"ce
"t. He can do that "th /lack 4 and 3 "n 3"a. 3. If he keeps on "n the
sa&e sp"r"t "th : and 6 he $a"ns terr"tory "n the center to co&pensate
for the stone he has lost. H"s terr"tor"al lead re&a"ns a(out the sa&e. If
he avo"ds f"$ht"n$ and plays l"ke th"s, he can hardly lose.
There "s a 1apanese say"n$ that Ca r"ch &an shouldnBt p"ck %uar+
rels.B The player ho leads "n the (alance of terr"tory should try to
sta("l"0e the $a&e (y play"n$ safe and s"&ple. It "s h"s opponent ho
"ll elco&e co&(at.
5
Ne#t letBs e#a&"ne the pos"t"on "n 3"a. 7. 'h"te to play. 'ho "s
lead"n$ "n the (alance of terr"tory th"s t"&e, 'hat should 'h"te do,
Cons"der 'h"te A and /.
'h"te has noth"n$ to co&pare "th /lackBs lar$e terr"tory "n the
upper left, so /lack leads "n terr"tory at the &o&ent. Can 'h"te even
the (alance (y cutt"n$ at A, ".e. at 4 "n 3"a. :, /lack "ll force h"&
throu$h 44, then defend the loer s"de at 49. Ho do /lackBs and
'h"teBs terr"tor"es co&pare no, The lar$e one 'h"te has ?ust &ade
on the r"$ht s"de "s a(out e%ual to /lackBs lar$e one "n the upper left
Dcount and ver"fy "f you "shE, (ut /lackBs upper r"$ht corner "s ("$+
$er than 'h"teBs s&all upper+s"de terr"tory, /lackBs left+s"de terr"tory
"s ("$$er than 'h"teBs left+s"de terr"tory, and /lackBs loer s"de "s,
after 49 "n 3"a. S, ("$$er than 'h"teBs loer s"de. /lack has a con+
s"dera(le lead. It see&s that "f 'h"te lets /lack defend the loer
s"de at 49, he cannot "n.
If /lack has any vulnera("l"ty "n th"s $a&e, "t "s h"s $roup "n the
loer r"$ht, h"ch "s lar$e (ut open at the (otto&, and lacks def"n"te
eye shape. 'h"teBs only chance l"es "n tak"n$ advanta$e of "ts eak+
4=
ness, not "n a &"nor ay l"ke cutt"n$ at A, (ut "n a &a?or ay, l"ke
"nvad"n$ at /. !ro& / 'h"te can escape to e"ther the r"$ht or the
left.
Dia. 6. Th"s pos"t"on "s fro& one of the 1apanese authorBs $a&es,
and the se%uence shon "s the one actually played. 'h"te "nvaded at
4. /lack let h"& out to the r"$ht, sacr"f"c"n$ to stones "n order to
play 4= and 49 "n sente, then defended at 47, (ut 'h"te 4: &eant
that he st"ll d"d not have to sure eyes, so he could not stop to con+
nect a$a"nst A. 'h"teBs "nvas"on as a success. A fe &oves later
'h"te ent (ack to cut at A, and hat "th the prof"t taken on the
loer s"de, the $a&e (eca&e reasona(ly close. /lack as st"ll
ahead, (ut h"s $roup as st"ll eak and 'h"te as a(le to chase "t
toard the left, then &ake a &ove that threatened (oth "t and the
loer left corner. /lack, under pressure, defended "ncorrectly and
lost the corner. 'h"teBs strate$y as rearded "th v"ctory.
44
!"$ht, "nvade, and try to $enerate confus"on + the strate$y to fol+
lo hen one "s terr"tor"ally (eh"nd "s e#actly the oppos"te of the
strate$y for hen one "s ahead. Est"&at"n$ the (alance of terr"tory
and choos"n$ oneBs strate$y accord"n$ly "s not d"ff"cult, (ut &any
players fa"l to take th"s step.
The reason &ay (e that they are ?ust too cau$ht up "n the e#c"te+
&ent of the $a&e to stop and cons"der hat "s actually happen"n$,
(ut perhaps they are also "n the $r"p of pr"&al hu&an ur$es. Natural+
"sts tell us that &ost an"&als, &an "ncluded, have a terr"tor"al "n+
st"nct. <uch hu&an h"story can (e v"eed as a stru$$le for terr"tory.
<en have alays (een &ost aroused hen the"r ho&e terr"tory as
threatened "th "nvas"on. 'e can see these "nst"ncts at ork on the
$o (oard, too.
At one e#tre&e e have the player ho "s so ?ealous of h"s on
terr"tory that he protects "t a$a"nst the sl"$htest "ncurs"on* ho con+
stantly for$oes attack "n favor of defense* ho loses throu$h t"&"d"ty.
At the other e#tre&e e have the player hose ?ealousy en$ulfs the
hole (oard* ho tr"es not to let h"s opponent have any terr"tory at all*
ho usually ends up los"n$ lar$e $roups of overe#tended stones. These
people are deluded. They understand the concept of Cterr"toryB, (ut they
lack the fa"ntest "nkl"n$ of the &ean"n$ of C(alanceB.
The Balance of Power
'e have already o(served that the (alance of terr"tory "n the
&"ddle $a&e "s not dec"s"ve. It "s constantly sh"ft"n$. 'hat $overns
the ay "t sh"fts, The to playersB sk"ll or other"se "s one o(v"ous
factor, (ut that (e"n$ e%ual, the ay the (alance of terr"tory sh"fts "s
$overned (y hat e shall call the (alance of poer.
The player ho leads "n the (alance of poer "s the player
hose $roups are stron$er, or placed here they e#ert &ore "nflu+
ence. Th"s player f"nds "t relat"vely easy to enlar$e h"s on terr"to+
r"es, reduce h"s opponentBs, and take the "n"t"at"ve. He can play "th
freedo&. H"s opponent, hose $roups are eaker or &ore surround+
ed, "s &ore often forced to $"ve ay and defend, and f"nds "t d"ff"cult
to e#tend h"s areas or take the "n"t"at"ve. If the (alance of terr"tory
49
prov"des the $oal "n the $a&e, the (alance of poer prov"des one of
the keys for reach"n$ "t.
Evaluat"n$ the (alance of poer "s eas"er than est"&at"n$ the
(alance of terr"tory. Perhaps for that reason, "f a 1apanese pro+
fess"onal "s asked ho "s lead"n$ "n a $a&e h"s response "s l"kely to
(e that /lack or 'h"te "s atsui. Th"s ord l"terally &eans Cth"ckB, and
th"ckness "n $o &eans stren$th, or poer. 'hat he "s say"n$ "s that
/lack or 'h"te leads, not necessar"ly "n the (alance of terr"tory at
the &o&ent, (ut "n the (alance of poer, and "n the (alance of
terr"tory to co&e.
There are so &any ays "n h"ch poer can (e useful that "t "s
hard to kno here to start $"v"n$ e#a&ples. Here are three of the
&ore co&&on th"n$s that the player ho holds the (alance of poer
can often do.
%& Attack&
Dia. 6. /lack has $"ven 'h"te f"fth+
l"ne terr"tory on the upper s"de "n
e#chan$e for a poerful, th"ck all. The
ay for h"& to use th"s poer "s shon
"n the ne#t d"a$ra&.
43
3"a. ;. He should attack and push
'h"te a$a"nst h"s all. He cont"nues
attack"n$ "th 3 and :, then closes the
co&er "th 6. Th"s $"ves h"& a n"ce p"ece
of terr"tory that 'h"te cannot eas"ly "nvade.
H"s th"ckness has y"elded prof"t, not "n "ts
on "&&ed"ate v"c"n"ty, (ut "n another part
of the (oard. Th"s "s often ho poer
orks.
'& Invade&
Dia. 5. /lack holds the (alance of poer
"n th"s local pos"t"on too. H"s outer all "s
sol"d and the h"te $roup a(ove "t "s th"n, so
the sta$e "s set for an "nvas"on.
Dia. 10. /lack "nvades at 4, and 'h"te
has no cho"ce (ut to let h"& l"nk up "th 3 and :. /lackBs poer
advanta$e "s converted "nto a terr"tor"al advanta$e.
Dia. 11. If 'h"te tr"es to capture /lack (y play"n$ 4, /lack hanes
at 7, connects at 8, cuts at ;, and h"s pos"t"on suddenly &akes "ts poer
felt. )"v"n$ atar" at a ould acco&pl"sh noth"n$, so 'h"teBs four stones
are dead.
47
(& Cut and )i!ht&
Dia. 49. /lackBs outer all $"ves h"& a $reat fund of poer "n the
loer r"$ht. In v"e of that, ho should he play here,
Dia. 13. He should cut "th 4 and 3. If 'h"te plays 7 to 4= he
&ay (e a(le to escape, (ut h"s $roup re&a"ns eak and /lack "s
(u"ld"n$ up poer "n the center. If he uses th"s poer (y "nvad"n$
ne#t at A, h"s th"ckness "n the loer r"$ht corner "ll end up earn"n$
h"& prof"t on the upper s"de.
These three e#a&ples could (e su&&ar"0ed (y say"n$ that the
player ho holds the (alance of poer can play a$$ress"vely. He
should look for eaknesses "n the ene&y stones and str"ke (efore h"s
opponent has a chance to defend. The player ho "s (eh"nd "n the
(alance of poer, conversely, should play "th caut"on and restra"nt
unt"l (y so do"n$ he has restored the poer e%u"l"(r"u&.
If poer "s useful to have, then "t can (e orth spend"n$ &oves
to ac%u"re. Real"0"n$ th"s can chan$e oneBs hole att"tude toard the
$a&e. -ne learns to evaluate &oves, not only "n ter&s of the a&ount
of terr"tory they create or destroy, (ut also "n ter&s of hat they do
to the (alance of poer. -ne learns to (u"ld up th"ckness and
4:
"nfluence, then use the& to $a"n prof"t later. -ne learns to &ake
&oves l"ke the follo"n$.
Dia. 14. Th"s "s another of the 1apanese authorBs $a&es. /lack 4
as pro(a(ly a &"stake, for 'h"te 9 as a (eaut"ful reply. It &ay
have had no d"rect terr"tor"al value, (ut "t (ea&ed poer throu$hout
the r"$ht+hand half of the (oard, and "t stren$thened 'h"teBs pos"t"on
(y destroy"n$ /lackBs tesu?" at A. !urther&ore, "t as sente.
Dia. 15. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack "$nored "t, to play 4 "n the loer
left corner for e#a&ple, 'h"te ould press at 9, 7, and 8, $a"n"n$
poer at every step. /lackBs pos"t"on ould (e co&pressed "nto a
concave shape and "ts "nfluence ould (e restr"cted to the left ed$e,
h"le 'h"teBs all ould do&"nate to+th"rds of the (oard. Th"s
ould (e too &uch to allo.
Dia. 16. So /lack ansered 'h"te 9 "th 3, and "th the
(alance of poer at stake there as noth"n$ for each s"de to do (ut
keep push"n$ (ack a$a"nst the other. Th"s k"nd of poer stru$$le "s a
fre%uent occurrence. All the &oves "n th"s d"a$ra& ere necessary.
48
The reader can test h"&self (y play"n$ throu$h th"s se%uence
and ask"n$ h"&self at each step hat ould have happened "f the
&ove had (een o&"tted.
46
Dia. 17. If 'h"te o&"ts a, /lack plays 4 and 3. 'h"teBs "nfluence
co&pletely van"shes.
Dia. 18. If /lack o&"ts 4, 'h"te $"ves atar" there and connects.
Dia. 19. If 'h"te o&"ts 4, /lack turns there, threaten"n$ a.
Dia. 20. If /lack o&"ts a, 'h"te (ends around h"& "th 4 and 3.
Any of these four se%uences ould (e a cala&"ty for the player ho
alloed "t to happen.
Dia. 21. Dne#t pa$eE If 'h"te "$nores /lackBs last &ove "n 3"a.
48, ne#t /lack "ll e#tend to 4. /es"des $a"n"n$ "nfluence and
poer, th"s a"&s at the attach&ent shon "n the ne#t d"a$ra&.
Dia. 22. /lack 4 "s a tesu?". If 'h"te "$nores "t /lack alls h"&
"n "th 3 to 6. -nce th"s happens 'h"te &ay as ell res"$n. H"s pre+
v"ous push"n$ &oves $o co&pletely to aste.
4;
Dia. 23. 'h"te, of course, d"d not "$nore /lack 6* he cut at ;. It
ould take us off our su(?ect to follo the succeed"n$ &oves "n
deta"l D/lack 46 should pro(a(ly have (een at aE, (ut 'h"te had
succeeded "n even"n$ up the (alance of poer "n the center and he
ent on to "n the $a&e. Note that "f /lack ne#t dras out h"s stone
at 44, 'h"te "ll e#tend stra"$ht (elo 47, "ll"n$ly sacr"f"c"n$ 4=,
49, 48, and 4; "n e#chan$e for &ore poer "n the center.
Dia. 24. Suppose, for co&par"son, that 'h"te had ansered
45
/lack 4 at 9. /lack ould have forced h"& "th 3 to 6 then taken the
key po"nt "n the center at 5, do"n$ essent"ally hat 'h"te d"d "n the
d"a$ra&s a(ove. D/lack should actually have played 4 at 5.E 'h"te 9
"n th"s d"a$ra& helps /lack to for& a lar$e fra&eork e&(rac"n$
the left s"de, and "t shos poor apprec"at"on of the (alance of
terr"tory. 'h"te already leads "n secure terr"tory (ecause of h"s
capture of the upper left corner, so h"s strate$y should not (e to
ac%u"re &ore terr"tory (ut to cancel /lackBs outs"de poer.
1ust as &an has an "nst"nct"ve crav"n$ for terr"tory, he has a
th"rst for poer, and "f &uch of h"story can (e v"eed as a stru$$le
for the for&er, &uch can also (e v"eed as a stru$$le for the latter.
It "s "nterest"n$ that the &"ddle $a&e "n $o can (e v"eed "n the
sa&e ays. 'h"ch factor, terr"tory or poer, "s &ore "&portant "s
hard to say + pro(a(ly the to are a(out e%ual. 'hat &atters "s to (e
aare that there are such th"n$s as a (alance of terr"tory and a (al+
ance of poer, to take note of ho they stand dur"n$ the $a&e, and
to (u"ld your strate$y around the&.
9=
Chapter Two
Attacking Strategy
It often happens that dur"n$ the open"n$ one player "ll sk"&p
on safety "n order to (u"ld up a terr"tor"al lead. The other playerBs ?o(
then (eco&es to overtake h"& (y attack"n$ h"s eak $roups. It &ay
also happen that (oth s"des have eak $roups that attack each other.
Th"s chapter deals "th the (as"c strate$"es of attack.
'hat does "t &ean to attack, The o(v"ous anser to th"s %ues+
t"on ould (e that "t &eans try"n$ to capture stones and k"ll $roups,
(ut th"s "s not alays correct. -ne &ust not let oneself (eco&e o(+
sessed "th k"ll"n$ and captur"n$, l"ke a certa"n player e kne
hose sole purpose "n the $a&e as the destruct"on of ene&y
stones. Th"s player as perhaps an e#tre&e case. Terr"tory &eant
noth"n$ to h"& unless "t conta"ned a dead $roup. He &astered all
for&s of the eye+steal"n$ tesu?" and terror"0ed eaker opponents, (ut
he $enerally fared (adly a$a"nst players of e%ual or $reater stren$th.
3"a. 4 shos th"s player perfor&"n$ as /lack. /lack 4 "s an un+
reasona(le place&ent, (ut "t "s typ"cal of h"s style. !or the ne#t th"r+
ty+e"$ht &oves he f"$hts do$$edly to hold 'h"te to one eye, even
thou$h th"s &eans ru"n"n$ the $reater port"on of h"s on terr"tory.
He nearly succeeds, (ut "n the end he has no anser to 7=, so 'h"te
l"ves. Cons"der"n$ ho &uch potent"al terr"tory he had (efore he
started th"s attack and ho
l"ttle he as left "th at the
end, one (e$"ns to see hy he
lost so fre%uently.
Question !"at s"oul# $la%&
#o instea# o' t"is(
)ns*er +lay 1 at 21.
94
-ne even"n$, after dropp"n$ h"s n"neteenth consecut"ve $a&e to
the local e#pert, th"s player dec"ded to sallo h"s pr"de and ask
hat he as do"n$ ron$. The e#pert, (y ay of reply, la"d out 3"a.
9, po"nted to the po"nt &arked a, and sa"d,
C'ould you play th"s ladder,B
CNo, of course not.B
C'hy not,B
C/ecause "t doesnBt ork.B
CSo,B
CSo "f I play "t,B de&onstrat"n$ "th the &oves "n 3"a. 3, Cnot
only "ll you escape, (ut IBll have dr"ven you r"$ht throu$h the &"d+
dle of &y on terr"tory and IBll have cutt"n$ po"nts left all up and
don the l"ne here you can &ake dou(le atar"s. IBll ?ust (e ru"n"n$
&y on pos"t"on.B
C'ell, thatBs hat you keep do"n$ every t"&e you try to k"ll a
$roup and fa"l,B the e#pert sa"d.
-ur player re&a"ned s"tt"n$ at the (oard for a lon$ t"&e, th"nk+
"n$ a(out the rese&(lance (eteen 3"a. 3 on th"s pa$e and 3"a. 4 on
the last. Sloly the l"$ht daned on h"&. He real"0ed that he had
(een &odel"n$ h"s style of play after the Char$e of the >"$ht
/r"$ade. He as e&(arrassed to th"nk ho fool"sh he had (een. CAf+
ter all,B he &used to h"&self, C"tBs the player "th the eak $roup
ho should (e tak"n$ the r"sks, not h"s opponent.B
99
After th"s h"s $a&e chan$ed re&arka(ly. He cont"nued to attack,
(ut no lon$er "n the style of a &ad char$e (y an under&anned troop
of cavalry. No h"s &ethods ere patterned after a steady "nfantry
advance, h"ch $a"ns $round and takes t"&e to consol"date "ts $a"ns,
even "f that &eans lett"n$ the ene&y surv"ve. He started to "n &ore
often, and h"s rat"n$ ent up. He st"ll occas"onally (rou$ht don a
lar$e $roup + so&e of h"s opponents s"&ply refused to see the need
to defend, and others had an outr"$ht death "sh + (ut these success+
es no lon$er &attered &uch to h"&, for he had learned to e#chan$e
the pleasure of &ak"n$ the ene&y d"e ("$ for the su(tler pleasure of
&ak"n$ h"& l"ve s&all. If anyone asked h"& no a(out the purpose
of attack"n$, h"s anser ould not (e CTo capture and k"ll,B (ut CTo
$a"n terr"tory,B or CTo $a"n poer.B
Attacking to Gain Territory
Ho does one $a"n terr"tory (y attack"n$, The (est ay to e#+
pla"n "s "th a fe s"&ple e#a&ples.
Dia. 1. 'h"te to play and attack the (lack $roup on the loer s"de.
Should he attack fro& a(ove "th A or (elo "th /,
93
Dia. 2. DcorrectE 'h"te 4 attacks fro& the r"$ht d"rect"on. The "dea
"s not to k"ll the (lack $roup, (ut to e#pand 'h"teBs center h"le threat+
en"n$ the (lack $roup. A cont"nuat"on l"ke 9 to 5 "s poss"(le, and 'h"te
"s start"n$ to $et a lar$e a&ount of central terr"tory.
Dia. 3. Dron$E Th"s 'h"te 4 &ay keep /lack fro& $ett"n$ to
eyes at the ed$e, (ut 'h"te has no real chance of captur"n$ h"&. /lack
turns at 9, threaten"n$ a, and ?u&ps to 7. 'h"te "s spo"l"n$ h"s on
central fra&eork + h"s ch"ef asset "n th"s $a&e + (y chas"n$ /lack "nto
"t.
The (as"c %uest"on "n attack"n$ "s not ho to k"ll the ene&y
$roup + that "s usually "&poss"(le + (ut hat d"rect"on to attack fro&.
/u"ld"n$ up a terr"tor"al fra&eork "n one part of the (oard (y at+
tack"n$ a $roup that l"es "n another part, as 'h"te does "n 3"a. 9, "s
one of the f"rst strate$"es that one should learn. All "t takes to &aster
th"s strate$y "s the a("l"ty to see "n to d"rect"ons at once, and any+
one ho cannot do a s"&ple th"n$ l"ke that has no (us"ness play"n$
$o.
97
Try to e#a&ples "thout h"nts.
Dia. 7. 'h"te to play. Ho should he attack the (lack $roup "n the
loer r"$ht,
Dia. 5. 'h"te to play. !ro& hat d"rect"on should he attack the
$roup "n the loer left center,
9:
Dia. 8. 'h"te should attack at 4, (u"ld"n$ up h"s fra&eork a(ove
and forc"n$ /lack to travel throu$h neutral space "th 9 and 7.
Dia. 6. 'h"te &ust not attack (y peep"n$ at 4. /lack counters "th
9, and the da&a$e "nfl"cted (y /lack 7 and 49 "s un(eara(le.
Dia. 8. S"nce add"t"onal
terr"tory can (e &ade "n the
loer r"$ht %uarter of the
(oard and not "n the upper
half, 'h"te attacks "th 4
and 3. -nce a$a"n /lack "s
forced to play 9 and 7 "n a
neutral area. Ne#t 'h"te
should close the corner "th
:, to keep /lack fro& "n+
vad"n$ at the three+three
po"nt.
98
Attacking to Gain Power
1ust as one can attack to $a"n terr"tory, so can one attack to $a"n
poer. Th"s t"&e e shall look at only one e#a&ple, (ut "n &ore de+
ta"l, see"n$ ho the poer as used.
Dia. 1. -ur e#a&ple co&es fro& a $a&e (eteen to profess"onal
5+dans, Sakata and !u?"saa. /lack D!u?"saaE "s so&ehat (eh"nd "n
the (alance of terr"tory, (ut "t "s h"s turn to play and there "s a eak
h"te $roup "n the center. To "n, he needs to f"nd a ay to e#plo"t "ts
eakness.
/lack A &"$ht see& natural, (ut that &ove ould not attack
very stron$ly, and ould st"ll leave /lackBs loer s"de s&aller than
'h"teBs upper s"de. A (etter ay for /lack to redress the (alance of
terr"tory ould (e to "nvade the lar$e fra&eorks 'h"te has on the
upper and left s"des. At the &o&ent, hoever, he lacks an ade%uate
poer (ase fro& h"ch to launch any "nvas"ons.
/lackBs strate$y, accord"n$ly, "ll (e as follos. !"rst he "ll ac+
%u"re the necessary poer (ase (y attack"n$ 'h"teBs center. Then he
"ll "nvade.
96
Dia. 2. ,1 - 10. !or the ne#t fe d"a$ra&s e shall follo the se+
%uence actually played. /lack (e$an h"s attack "th 4. 'h"te s%u"r&ed
to the r"$ht "th 9 and 7, then r"$$led to the left "th 8 and ;. /lack
pursued h"s strate$y of conta"n"n$ 'h"te and $a"n"n$ poer "th 3, :,
6, and 5.
After 'h"te 4= /lack faced a dec"s"on. Should he keep play"n$
fro& the outs"de "th A, or should he connect at /, 'h"ch &ove
ould the reader have &ade,
Dia. 3. If /lack ere $o"n$ to try to k"ll 'h"te, 4 ould (e the
&ove, (ut 'h"te has the contact ?u&p at 9, and (ecause of the cutt"n$
po"nts at a and ( /lack "ll f"nd "t "&poss"(le to hold h"& "n. -nce
'h"te $ets out, /lackBs on center pos"t"on "s left dan$erously th"n.
Dia. 4. ,11 - 12. Dne#t pa$eE /lack played 44. 'h"te 49 captured
to stones, (ut to stones are only four po"nts of terr"tory, and only
one eye. 'h"teBs $roup as al"ve, (ut ?ust (arely.
As for /lack, s"nce the (e$"nn"n$ of 3"a. 9 he had succeeded "n
plac"n$ four stones D4, 6, 5, and 44E "n the center fac"n$ the $aps "n
'h"teBs fra&eorks on the upper and left s"des. He had h"s poer
(ase, and no he as ready to "nvade.
9;
Dia 5. D43 + 96E /lack
(e$an (y "nvad"n$ the upper
s"de at 43. 'h"te atte&pted
to &a"nta"n h"s terr"tor"al
advanta$e (y sav"n$ h"s
stone on the r"$ht s"de "th
48 to 97, (ut /lack as a(le
to (alance that to so&e e#+
tent (y play"n$ 46, and $ot
sente to "nvade the left s"de
at 9:. 'h"te defended the
loer left corner "th 98,
(ut /lack "$nored h"& and
played 96.
'"th th"s, the poer
that /lack had $a"ned (y
attack"n$ "n the center had
ena(led h"& to (reak up all
'h"teBs for&er terr"tor"al
fra&eorks. 'h"teBs (est
re&a"n"n$ prospect as of
secur"n$ a lar$e corner "n
the loer left, (ut (efore he
could play another stone
there to do so, he had to
defend h"s all "n the upper
left, h"ch /lack as no
threaten"n$ to capture
ent"re.
95
3"as. 8 and 6 sho ho all th"s turned out. 'h"le sav"n$ the
upper left "th 9; + 3;, 'h"te da&a$ed h"s on pos"t"on to the r"$ht
(y hav"n$ /lack play 3: to 35. DFuest"on. hy /lack 35, &ak"n$ an
e&pty tr"an$le and not /lack a, Anser. to keep 'h"te fro&
play"n$ ( "n sente.E Ne#t, h"le sav"n$ the upper r"$ht "th 77 to 7;,
'h"te lost h"s second eye "n the center. Then h"le sav"n$ h"s center
$roup, he da&a$ed h"s on loer left corner, so &uch that after 8:
/lack as threaten"n$ to take over the ent"re loer left %uarter of
the (oard. /lack had lost four stones "n the upper r"$ht + "f /lack a "n
3"a. 6, 'h"te / + (ut he as "n a pos"t"on to co&pensate for th"s (y
play"n$ /lack %, 'h"te a, /lack # and captur"n$ the r"$ht s"de. He
on (y a co&forta(le &ar$"n.
Th"s $a&e "s a (eaut"ful e#a&ple of hat &"$ht (e called the
("ll"ard+(all effect, /lack caro&"n$ fro& one attack to the ne#t.
'hat set the hole cha"n+react"on off as h"s "n"t"al poer+$a"n"n$
attack "n the center.
Runnin! "attes
Dia. 4. D(otto& of fac"n$ pa$eE 'e have seen that one can at+
tack for e"ther terr"tory or poer. Here "s a pos"t"on "n h"ch /lack
3=
has a cho"ce (eteen these to a"&s. He can $o for terr"tory "th A,
or C, or he can $o for poer "th /. 'h"ch &ove "s correct,
34
3"a. 9. /lack 4 "s correct. The reason "s that th"s "s a runn"n$
(attle (eteen to eak $roups, the (lack one and the h"te one "n
the center. The (alance of poer (eteen the& "s the cruc"al "ssue.
/lack 4 stren$thens the for&er $roup and eakens the latter. As a
s"de (enef"t, "t "nduces 9 to S, $"v"n$ /lack so&e sol"d terr"tory on
the r"$ht ed$e. /lack 6 "s the sa&e type of &ove as /lack 4,
attack"n$ the ene&yBs runn"n$ $roup h"le defend"n$ /lackBs on.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack turns at 4, he pushes 'h"te "nto
attack"n$ "th 9. Then he has to run "th 3 h"le 'h"te &akes
terr"tory "th 7, ?ust the oppos"te of hat happened "n 3"a. 9. He
cannot cont"nue "th /lack a (ecause 'h"te ( ould threaten c.
'orse yet, 'h"te d "s sente a$a"nst the loer r"$ht corner, so 'h"te
can "nvade at e "th a poss"(le l"nk+up at f.
3"as. 9 and 3 sho very clearly ho terr"tory tends to fall natu+
rally to the s"de that holds the (alance of poer.
3"a. 7. Th"s /lack 4 "s an end$a&e+type &ove. A$a"n 'h"te
"ll take the key po"nt at 9, and a$a"n he can play a "n sente, h"ch
&eans he can eas"ly "nvade at (.
39
3"a. :. A runn"n$ (attle "s a stru$$le for supre&acy (eteen to
oppos"n$ $roups. In th"s pos"t"on the to $roups are the h"te one "n
the upper r"$ht and the (lack one co&"n$ don fro& the upper s"de.
It "s /lackBs &ove, and he has a $ood chance to $a"n the upper hand
"n the poer stru$$le. Should he play A, or /,
33
3"a. 8. /lack 4 "s correct, (ecause "t concerns the eye space of
(oth runn"n$ $roups. -nce /lack plays here he "s pract"cally al"ve,
h"le 'h"te has no eyes and "s threatened "th /lack a. If he de+
fends "th 9 to 8, /lack $ets terr"tory on the r"$ht s"de.
3"a. 6. If /lack plays 4 here, 'h"te takes the key po"nt at 9, and
no he "s ?ust one &ove D'h"te aE aay fro& l"v"n$. /lack can at+
tack at a, (ut he does not ant to (ecause 'h"te ( "n reply ould
under&"ne h"s on runn"n$ $roup. Nor ould /lack (, 'h"te a,
/lack c, 'h"te d (e $ood. /lack c could not escape and 'h"te
ould (e al"ve. The po"nt of th"s e#a&ple "s that runn"n$ (attles do
not alays have to (e a$ed (y runn"n$ "n the center. A stru$$le for
poer "s (as"cally a stru$$le for eye space.
Indirect or *#eanin!+ Attacks
3"a. 4. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s pos"t"on "s fro& a profess"onal t"tle
$a&e. /lack to play. He has a n"ce tar$et to attack "n the for& of the
h"te $roup "n the loer r"$ht.
If e try to apply the strate$"es e have seen so far, the f"rst
&ove that looks $ood "s /lack A, (u"ld"n$ up the terr"tor"al fra&e+
ork on the loer s"de h"le attack"n$. /ut then e not"ce a eak
$roup cons"st"n$ of f"ve (lack stones "n the center. Attack"n$ fro&
the d"rect"on of A could have undes"red conse%uences for "t.
-ur ne#t "dea, accord"n$ly, "s to follo the strate$y of the prev"+
ous sect"on and play /, stren$then"n$ the (lack $roup h"le attack+
"n$. That, hoever, ould "nduce 'h"te A. /lack does not ant to
push 'h"te "nto h"s on fra&eork.
37
The d"rect &oves, A and /, are (oth undes"ra(le, so "f /lack "s
to f"nd a &ove that orks he "ll have to try an "nd"rect approach.
3"a. 9. /lack 4 to : prov"de the solut"on to th"s pro(le&. /y
lean"n$ a$a"nst 'h"teBs center $roup, /lack s"n$s the (alance of
poer (eteen h"s on center $roup and 'h"teBs r"$ht+s"de $roup to
so&eth"n$ approach"n$ e%ual"ty. Then he can attack fro& the d"rec+
t"on he ants to "th 6. No he has a strate$y that orks.
>ean"n$ a$a"nst one $roup to re"nforce oneself "n preparat"on for
an attack on another "s a standard techn"%ue. Try apply"n$ "t to the
ne#t to pos"t"ons.
3"a. 3. 'h"te to play. A or /, Try to "&a$"ne the cont"nuat"on.
3"a. 7. /lack to play. Should he run "th A or /,
3:
3"a. :. 'h"te 4 "s correct. If /lack ansers at 9, 'h"te 3 shuts
"n h"s r"$ht+s"de $roup and "t "ll have to stru$$le Dstart"n$ "th aE
?ust to l"ve.
3"a. 8. If /lack ?u&ps out at 9, hoever, 'h"te can capture an
"&portant pa"r of cutt"n$ stones "th 3. Th"s ould (e a catastrophe
for /lack.
3"a. 6. If 'h"te plays 4 here, /lack escapes "th 9 Dne#t "f
'h"te a, /lack (E. 'h"te cannot capture anyth"n$, and h"s center
$roup "s left eak.
3"a. ;. /lack 4 "s correct, lean"n$ a$a"nst the tr"an$led stone. If
'h"te pushes (ack "th 9 and 7, /lack e#tends at 3 and : h"le the
to h"te stones to the left fade "nto o(l"v"on.
3"a. 5. Dne#t pa$eE If 'h"te runs out "th 9 throu$h ;, /lack
&akes another lean"n$ attack at 5. !ro& a (as"cally defens"ve start
he has captured the offens"ve.
3"a. 4=. /lack 4 here "s loose. It has no lean"n$ effect, and
38
ne"ther does /lack 5. As further pun"sh&ent for /lackBs a"&less
&aneuver"n$, 'h"te can play a "n sente, threaten"n$ (.
In order to lean a$a"nst so&eth"n$, you have to &ake contact
"th "t, or at least co&e close, so contact plays D4 "n 3"as. : and 8E
and shoulder &oves D4 "n 3"as. ; and 5E are the &ost co&&on lean+
"n$ attacks. Here are a couple &ore "llustrat"ons, th"s t"&e not fro&
runn"n$ (attles (ut fro& pure attack"n$ s"tuat"ons.
3"a. 44. /lack to play. Ho should he attack the h"te $roup on
the loer s"de,
3"a. 49. /lack to play, attack"n$ the h"te $roup co&"n$ up
fro& the loer s"de.
36
3"a. 43. /lack 4 "s the correct lean"n$ attack, and 'h"teBs (est
reply "s to run to safety "th 9 and 7. If he plays 9 at 3, /lack can
play 9.
3"a. 47. If 'h"te hanes "th 4 here, "nduc"n$ /lack 9, he &akes
/lackBs attack &uch stron$er. To force the ene&y out the ay 'h"te
forces /lack out at 8 "s al&ost alays ron$.
3;
3"a. 4:. Here the shoulder &ove at 4 "s effect"ve. -nce a$a"n
'h"teBs (est reply "s pro(a(ly to run out "th 9 and 7 and $"ve up h"s
stone on the left s"de. If he plays 7 at :, /lack "ll of course keep
lean"n$ on h"& "th a.
3"a. 48. If 'h"te ansers /lack 4 at 9, he pushes /lack "nto at+
tack"n$ h"& further "th 3. After 'h"te 7, /lack leans a$a"n at :.
H"s attack "s $a"n"n$ e"$ht, and he threatens to start a second attack
at a. 'h"te 9 "s dou(tful for these reasons and also (ecause 'h"teBs
terr"tor"al prospects ere (ad here to (e$"n "th, s"nce /lack can
sl"de to (.
>ean"n$ attacks l"ke these are the essence of $o. The sat"sfact"on
of toy"n$ "th an ene&y $roup + not attack"n$ "t d"rectly (ut c"rcl"n$
around "t, aay fro& "t, and forc"n$ the ene&y to concede stones
and terr"tory h"le protect"n$ "t + can (e ?ust as $reat as the sat"sfac+
t"on of k"ll"n$ "t throu$h (rute force. /rute+force attacks are f"ne
hen they succeed, (ut hen they fa"l the result tends to (e l"ke 3"a.
4 at the (e$"nn"n$ of th"s chapter. >ean"n$ attacks cannot fa"l so
(adly. The attacker "s not tak"n$ any ("$ r"sks.
3"a. 46. A full+(oard
pos"t"on. /lack to play
and attack the h"te
$roup "n the center. The
(rute force &ove ould
(e /lack a, (ut 'h"te
ould escape toards h"s
to stones on the r"$ht
s"de "th 'h"te (, /lack
c, 'h"te d. After 'h"te
escapes, /lack a loses
&ost of "ts value. Can the
reader "&a$"ne a (etter
ay to attack,
Dia 17
35
3"a. 4;. Ho a(out
lean"n$ at /lack 4, That "s
hat the 1apanese author
d"d "n th"s pos"t"on dur"n$
a recent t"tle &atch. 'h"te
repl"ed at 9 and /lack kept
lean"n$ on h"& "th 3, :,
and 6. At th"s po"nt 'h"te
could no lon$er "$nore the
dan$er to h"s center, so he
defended "th ; to 49.
No "n a very narro+
&"nded sense /lackBs
attack had fa"led, (ecause
he had not done any
da&a$e to the r"$ht s"de
and he could not capture the center, (ut even "n fa"lure he had
succeeded, (ecause /lack 5 to 43 led to h"s $ett"n$ over forty po"nts
of terr"tory "n the loer r"$ht. Th"s drast"cally upset the (alance of
terr"tory. In add"t"on, 'h"teBs center re&a"ned cut off (y /lack 4+6
and suscept"(le to pressure. None of /lackBs stones ent to aste.
Th"s attack on h"& the $a&e.
'ould the reader have played 4 at :, or at the po"nt a(ove that,
If so, $ood enou$h + he has the r"$ht "dea. /lack 4 as chosen (e+
cause "t related ell "th the fra&eork (elo. /lack 4 at 6 &"$ht
also do the tr"ck, althou$h "t ould pro(a(ly fa"l to cut off the cen+
ter.
Divide and Conquer
So far e have (een talk"n$ a(out attack"n$ one ene&y $roup,
(ut the fun "ncreases hen there are to. 'hen one can threaten to
$roups s"&ultaneously, "t (eco&es &uch harder for the ene&y to de+
fend. The (as"c techn"%ue "s ?ust to play (eteen the to $roups and
keep the& d"v"ded. 'e shall call such attacks spl"tt"n$ attacks, or
dou(le attacks.
7=
3"a. 4. The eak $roups here are the cha"ns of h"te stones fac+
"n$ the center. The ron$ ay to attack the& ould (e "th a &ove
l"ke /lack A. 'h"te ould ?o"n up at /, and then the sheer s"0e of
h"s for&at"on ould &ake "t relat"vely "nvulnera(le.
3"a. 9. /ut suppose /lack attacks (y
spl"tt"n$ 'h"te "th 4. If 'h"te ?u&ps to 9,
/lack keeps spl"tt"n$ h"& "th 3. The (otto&
half of 'h"teBs $roup "s (e"n$ forced to flee
and the top half, althou$h not actually
captured yet, has (eco&e ?ust so &uch "nert,
dead e"$ht.
3"a. 3. If 'h"te res"sts "th the hane at 4,
/lack keeps h"& separated "th 9 and 7. No
the (otto& h"te $roup "s "n trou(le.
3"a. 7. Th"s pos"t"on as &ade to order
for a spl"tt"n$ attack. Ho should /lack play
on the r"$ht s"de,
74
3"a. :. /lack 4 ("sects 'h"teBs pos"t"on. D/lack A ould do the
sa&e.E /lack 3 cont"nues the dou(le attack. '"th : /lack (e$"ns to
(ear don on the loer h"te $roup, (ut he "s not a(andon"n$ the
upper one. He "s plott"n$ a lean"n$ attack at /. He "ll pro(a(ly not
k"ll e"ther $roup, (ut he "s $a"n"n$ poer and "s not lett"n$ 'h"te
&ake any s"$n"f"cant a&ount of terr"tory.
If /lack fa"led to play here, 'h"te ould $leefully cross under
at A.
3"a. 8. /lack to play. Th"s pos"t"on co&es fro& a class"c $a&e
(eteen )o Se"$en D(lackE and 2"tan", (ut the &ove "s one the read+
er should have no d"ff"culty see"n$. 'here can /lack &ake a spl"t+
t"n$ attack,
3"a. 6. Dne#t pa$eE /lack played 4 + even $o $en"uses are not
a(ove ava"l"n$ the&selves of o(v"ous &oves l"ke th"s. /lack
consol"dated h"s pos"t"on "th 3 and : h"le 'h"te had to defend
"th 9, 7, and 8. /lack 6 as a forc"n$ &ove "nc"dental to the flo
of play, (ut /lack 5 as another spl"tt"n$ attack. -f course /lackBs
spl"tt"n$ strate$y d"d not lead to the capture of e"ther $roup + that
ould have (een too &uch to e#pect + (ut (y attack"n$ "n th"s ay
he as a(le to keep the "n"t"at"ve and eventually on.
79
3"a. ;. /lack to play. Th"s t"&e the pos"t"on "s fro& an a&ateur
$a&e. 'hat should /lackBs strate$y (e,
73
3"a. 5. /lack should play to spl"t the to h"te $roups e#posed
"n the loer half of the (oard. /lack 4 looks l"ke the (est attack*
"th the $roups farther apart, a play on the &"dl"ne (eteen the&
ould not (e so severe. If 'h"te repl"es at 9, /lack keeps h"& d"v"d+
ed "th 3. 'e have (een stress"n$ that to attack does not necessar"ly
&ean to k"ll, (ut "n th"s case there "s a chance that one of the h"te
$roups "ll actually d"e. If 'h"te plays 9 at A, /lack 9 ru"ns the
shape of h"s loer $roup.
'hat "f the to ene&y $roups are even farther apart than "n 3"a.
5, so that one stone can no lon$er attack (oth of the&, In th"s case
the tr"ck "s to chase the& toard each other, a"t unt"l the $ap has
suff"c"ently narroed, then spl"t (eteen the&. 'hen "t orks, th"s
can (e one of the &ost devastat"n$ &aneuvers "n the $a&e.
3"a. 4=. Dne#t pa$eE In th"s pos"t"on a &ove l"ke /lack A ould
not (e &uch of a threat to e"ther the h"te $roup "n the upper left or
the one on the loer s"de.
3"a. 44. /ut atch hat happens as /lack chases the upper
$roup "nto the center "th 4, then steers "t toard the loer s"de "th
3 and :. '"th 'h"te 8, the d"stance has closed enou$h for a spl"tt"n$
attack.
77
3"a. 49. /lack str"kes at 6. Th"s &akes &"a" of A, trapp"n$ the
upper $roup, and /, trapp"n$ the loer one.
3"a. 43. 'h"te defends h"s lar$er $roup "th ; and 4= as /lack
5 and 44 f"n"sh off the s&aller one, h"ch "s st"ll pretty ("$. It "s $en+
erally dan$erous to have to eak $roups on the (oard. Th"s d"a+
$ra& shos hy.
7:
Cuts
The ult"&ate for& of spl"tt"n$ attack "s the cut. 'hen one cuts,
the to ene&y $roups are as close to$ether as they could poss"(ly (e
and the result"n$ dou(le attack takes on &a#"&u& force.
3"a. 4. In a pos"t"on l"ke th"s 'h"te can do a $reat deal of da&+
a$e (y cutt"n$.
3"a. 9. He cuts at 4. If /lack ansers fro& (elo "th 9, 'h"te
e#tends at 3. No A and / are &"a", and /lack "s pro(a(ly $o"n$ to
lose one $roup or the other.
3"a. 3. If /lack defends fro& a(ove "th 4, 'h"te $"ves atar" at
9 and connects at 7. The loer (lack $roup "s dead and the upper
one "s not ent"rely out of dan$er D'h"te aE.
The cut "n 3"a. 9 orked very n"cely* (oth 3"a. 9 and 3"a. 3 are
splend"d results for 'h"te. -ne should not conclude, hoever, that
78
all cuts are $ood. If you cut off so&eth"n$ that the ene&y can afford
to $"ve up, the cut &ay actually (e counter+product"ve, help"n$ h"&
to stren$then h"s pos"t"on.
3"a. 7. A h"te cut here, for "nstance, ould (e atroc"ous. The
to stones 'h"te cuts off $et captured all r"$ht, (ut the capture "s
not very ("$, and /lack 9, 7, and 8 do onders for /lackBs pos"t"on
as a hole. If you are $o"n$ to cut s&all l"ke th"s, you had (etter not
cut at all.
3"a. :. So&et"&es "t "s &ore effect"ve to herd the ene&yBs
stones to$ether than to hack the& apart. Here, for e#a&ple G
3"a. 8. /lack can eas"ly capture one stone (y crosscutt"n$ "th 4
and 3, (ut as co&pensat"on 'h"te $ets to play 7, 8, and ; "n sente.
He no has &uch (etter defens"ve shape than he started "th.
3"a. 6. Instead of cutt"n$ 'h"te apart, /lack should push h"&
to$ether "th 4, then under&"ne h"s eye space "th 3 and chase h"&
out "nto the center. /lack "s st"ll tak"n$ prof"t, and 'h"te "s "n &uch
&ore trou(le.
Can you tell the d"fference (eteen a $ood cut and a (ad + (e+
teen hat the ene&y can afford to sacr"f"ce and hat he cannot,
-n the ne#t to pa$es e have collected s"# e#a&ples of cuts, so&e
$ood and so&e not. 'h"ch are h"ch,
76
3"a. ;. Should /lack cut at A,
3"a. 5. Ho a(out 'h"te A,
3"a. 4=. /lack A ould cut off one stone. Is "t orthh"le,
3"a. 44. Th"s t"&e /lack A ould cut off to stones.
7;
3"a. 49. The h"te stones on the upper s"de are eak. Should
/lack cut at A,
3"a. 43. Should 'h"te cut at A,
75
3"a. 47. )oodA /lack 4 "s an "deal cut. 'h"te cannot eas"ly sur+
render e"ther $roup, (ut he "ll have a hard t"&e sav"n$ (oth of
the&. /lack 3 a"&s toard A and /.
3"a. 4:. /adA /lack "ll"n$ly $"ves up to stones, even add"n$
a th"rd at 7 "n order to s%uee0e 'h"te &ore effect"vely. 'h"te has
$a"ned a p"ttance "n the corner and lost a fortune on the outs"de.
Note "nc"dentally that /lack threatens a+(+c.
3"a. 48. If 'h"te plays : "n the last d"a$ra& at 4 here, /lackBs
outs"de pos"t"on (eco&es even stron$er.
3"a. 46. Dne#t pa$eE Instead of cutt"n$, 'h"te should approach
at 4 + the eye+steal"n$ tesu?". If /lack connects at 9 Dh"s (est replyE
'h"te can l"nk under at 3.
3"a. 4;. )oodA Althou$h /lack 4 cuts off only one stone, cap+
tur"n$ "t ould (e very ("$. 'h"te accord"n$ly tr"es to save "t "th 9
throu$h 8, (ut /lack 6 threatens A and /.
3"a. 45. /adA 'h"te "$nores /lack 4 and "nvades the r"$ht s"de
"th 9. Add"n$ to /lackBs pro(le&s "n the corner "s the fact that
'h"te A threatens /.
3"a. 9=. !ar fro& cutt"n$, /lack should connect at 4 and sacr"+
f"ce three stones to all off the r"$ht s"de "n sente. Th"s t"&e "f 'h"te
plays 9 at a /lack ed$es "n at 6.
:=
3"a. 94. /adA /lack 4 threatens A, so 'h"te has to anser at 9
and /lack catches four stones "th 3 to 6 for a $rand total of a(out
telve po"nts. In v"e of the (alance of terr"tory th"s "s not nearly
enou$h to "n the $a&e. 'h"te ; (e$"ns to threaten the tr"an$led
$roup and "pes out the "nfluence of the (lack all "n the loer left,
and the &a"n part of 'h"teBs $roup "s vastly stren$thened.
:4
3"a. 99. /lack should attack 'h"teBs $roup as a hole "th 4.
He &ay not (e a(le to k"ll "t, (ut he "s (u"ld"n$ a all that coord"+
nates "th h"s all "n the loer left and &ay lead to h"s $ett"n$ a
lar$e terr"tory "n the center.
3"a. 93. Dne#t pa$eE )oodA The ladder "s (roken, so 'h"te 4 d"+
v"des the tr"an$led collect"on of stones "nto to attacka(le parts.
Ne"ther part &ay (e captura(le, (ut as events unfold 'h"te can look
forard to dou(le attacks at A and C. 'h"te A ould attack the left+
hand tr"an$led $roup and threaten a corner "nvas"on at /. 'h"te C
ould attack (oth the r"$ht+hand tr"an$led $roup and the to stones
on the upper s"de D'h"te 3E. In add"t"on, 'h"te has lean"n$ attacks
at E or !. 'h"te 4 "s a pro&"s"n$ cut.
Th"s pro(le& co&es fro& a $a&e (eteen the 1apanese author
Dh"teE and ChBen Tsu+te, a lead"n$ player of the Ch"nese &a"nland.
To conclude th"s chapter, e ould l"ke to follo the attack that (e+
$an "th 4 out to "ts conclus"on. Note that 'h"te starts "th very l"t+
tle "n the ay of terr"tory, h"le /lack has terr"tory or potent"al terr"+
tory al&ost everyhere, so "f 'h"te can "n "t "ll (e test"&ony to
hat can (e acco&pl"shed (y attack"n$.
:9
3"a. 97. D4 + :E /lack ansered the cut at 4 "th a ladder+(lock
at 9 and 'h"te $ave atar" at 3. 'h"te could have &ade a dou(le atar"
at 7, (ut then /lack 3 ould have ended the usefulness of the cutt"n$
stone at 4. 'h"te 3 as played to prevent /lack 3. Ne#t 'h"te :
threatened to capture the three tr"an$led stones.
:3
3"a. 9:. D8 + 4:E /lack defended "th 8 and 'h"te cont"nued to
develop h"s cutt"n$ $roup "th 6 throu$h 4:. At the end of th"s se+
%uence /lackBs ar&y "n the loer r"$ht as "n acute dan$er. It had
no eyes yet and 'h"te could cut "t off "th a.
3"a. 98. -ne ay to defend "t ould (e to l"nk at /lack 4, (ut
th"s ould &erely "nv"te the dou(le attack at 7, one of 'h"teBs a"&s
hen he or"$"nally cut.
3"a. 96. D48 +93E So /lack atte&pted to l"ve locally "th 48.
/lack 9= captured one h"te stone for one sure eye and half+cap+
tured 'h"te 46 for a second. If 'h"te rescued 46 "th a, /lack could
resort to a ko + /lack (, 'h"te c, /lack d + for l"fe.
Rather than force the ko at once, 'h"te &ade the to dou(le at+
tacks he had (een plann"n$ "th 94 and 93. 'h"te 94 threatened e,
hereas 'h"te 93 &eant that /lackBs loer+r"$ht $roup as effec+
t"vely sealed "n and the ko fro& 'h"te a to /lack d as a ser"ous "s+
sue.
3"a. 9;. D97 + 37E /lack ansered the orst threat (y l"v"n$ "th
97 and 98. No "f 'h"te played a /lack could, as"de fro& f"$ht"n$
the ko, &ake an uncond"t"onal eye "th (.
'h"te sh"fted h"s attack to the upper left "th 96 to 33. /lack "$+
nored 'h"te 33 to play "n the center at 37. Th"s as a $ood &ove,
:7
defend"n$ (y threaten"n$ /lack c, (ut the fact that 33 had not (een
ansered &eant that the loer left corner as that &uch &ore
vulnera(le to "nvas"on.
3ur"n$ the course of these &oves, (oth 'h"te 96 and 34 threat+
ened the se%uence shon "n 3"a. 95 on the ne#t pa$e.
::
3"a. 95. If /lack ansers the tr"an$led &ove at 4, 'h"te ed$es
at 9, s%uee0es "th 7, 8, and ;, and cuts at 4=.
3"a. 3=. D3: + :3E 'h"te 3: protected the center and /lack 38
the (otto& left corner. Here 'h"te dec"ded to settle the ko on the
loer s"de and played 36. He had lots of ko threats, start"n$ "th 35.
Connect"n$ at 77, /lack offered h"& a chance to play a and &ake
the ko a l"fe+or+death affa"r, (ut 'h"te decl"ned th"s $a&("t and cap+
tured at 7:. /y do"n$ so he put h"s on loer+s"de $roup out of any
poss"(le dan$er and &ade /lack l"ve at :9.
So far, all 'h"teBs attack"n$ had not (rou$ht h"& &uch actual
terr"tory, (ut h"s attacks ere (eco&"n$ pro$ress"vely severe. 'h"te
:3 as the death+(lo. No that (oth the tr"an$led stone and 'h"te
73 had (een played, /lackBs to stones "n the upper r"$ht ere "n an
e#tre&ely (ad pos"t"on.
3"a. 34. As a s"de note, "nstead of play"n$ 38 "n 3"a. 3= /lack
could have captured four stones "th 4 to 6, (ut as"de fro& not de+
fend"n$ the (otto& left corner, these plays ould let 'h"te k"ll the
tr"an$led stones "th ;.
:8
3"a. 39. D:7 + ;:E Th"s shos the f"nal denoue&ent. /lackBs
upper+s"de $roup d"ed and he res"$ned. Note the lean"n$ &oves at
:6, 8:, and 86 that helped 'h"te capture "t. 'h"te :6 as a k"nd of
pro(e. 3epend"n$ on ho /lack ansered "t, 'h"te &"$ht have cho+
sen to play :5 at 8=.
:6
Chapter Three
Attacking Moves
In the last chapter e cons"dered the strate$y of attack. In th"s
one e turn to the tact"cs for "&ple&ent"n$ the strate$y.
Make Non-Contact Moves
In the real& of hu&an co&(at, the (as"c techn"%ue of attack "s
to &ake forceful contact "th the th"n$ you are attack"n$. A (o#er
attacks h"s opponent (y punch"n$ h"&, a restler (y $rappl"n$ "th
h"&* ne"ther can do anyth"n$ (y hover"n$ out of reach. CaesarBs
ar&"es used sords, spears, and (atter"n$ ra&s + all contact eapons
+ to con%uer )aul. <odern arfare su(st"tutes (o&(s and &"ss"les,
(ut forceful, s&ash"n$ contact re&a"ns the (as"c "dea.
/y analo$y "th th"s, a (e$"nn"n$ $o player &"$ht reasona(ly
assu&e that the stron$est attack"n$ &oves on the $o (oard are con+
tact &oves, h"ch actually touch the stones (e"n$ attacked. Th"s as+
su&pt"on &ay (eco&e stren$thened throu$h e#per"ence hen the
(e$"nner f"nds that h"s opponentsB contact &oves are the ones that
cause h"& the &ost trou(le. CCut and thrustB (eco&es h"s style, and
Cattack "n contactB h"s &otto. Th"s "s dan$erous, (ecause "t "s ron$.
The reader &"$ht l"ke to look (ack throu$h the last chapter and
see ho &any of the attack"n$ &oves shon there ere contact
&oves. If he does so he "ll &ake a useful d"scovery. E#cept for the
cuts, al&ost all ere non+contact &oves, and those that ere contact
&oves ere &ostly lean"n$ attach&ents, h"ch &ade contact "th
so&eth"n$ other than the $roup (e"n$ attacked. Th"s "s not a co"nc"+
dence. /e$"nnersB "ntu"t"on not"thstand"n$, there "s a (as"c pr"nc"+
ple of the $a&e h"ch says, C3onBt touch hat you are attack"n$.B
:;
The reason for th"s "s that hen one &akes a contact &ove, the
ene&y $enerally responds "th a sol"d e#tens"on or a sol"d connec+
t"on, so he sol"d"f"es + stren$thens + h"s pos"t"on. That "n "tself &akes
the contact attack a contrad"ctory &ove, and a pro(a(le fa"lure. To
&ake &atters orse, the attack"n$ stone, s"nce "t "s left s"tt"n$ "n
contact "th a stren$thened ene&y stone, "s very l"kely to f"nd "tself
counterattacked. The (est the contact player can usually hope for "s
a (ack+and+forth even f"$ht "n h"ch (oth s"des attack and defend s"+
&ultaneously.
3"a. l. !or a concrete e#a&ple, letBs take th"s pos"t"on. 'h"te
ants to attack the loose (lack $roup "n the loer r"$ht. 'hat "ll
happen "f he chooses one of the three l"kely+look"n$ contact plays, at
A, /, or C,
3"a. 9. DAE Suppose he plays the hane at 4. He can l"nk up alon$
the r"$ht ed$e, (ut h"le he "s &arch"n$, or rather cral"n$, alon$
the second l"ne, /lackBs for&erly loose $roup "s ac%u"r"n$ sol"d"ty,
terr"tory, and eye space. Th"s "s the orst poss"(le ay for 'h"te to
play.
:5
3"a. 3. D/E Ne#t "n l"ne for appra"sal "s the cut at 4, (ut th"s "s
the type of cut the reader as arned "n the last chapter not to &ake
(ecause the ene&y can afford to sacr"f"ce hat "s cut off. /lack re+
sponds "th 9 to 8. Th"s t"&e he &ay not $et terr"tory or eye space,
(ut he does $a"n sol"d"ty. 'h"te $ets ?ust one stone, the loss of h"ch
causes /lack no pa"n.
3"a. 7. DCE Th"rd co&es the h"te cla&p at 4. Th"s "s the &ost
"nterest"n$ of the three contact &oves + "t does the &ost da&a$e to
/lackBs shape + (ut note ho once a$a"n /lackBs $roup (eco&es sol+
"d as he responds "th 9 to 4=. Note also ho 'h"te 4 "s left "n a
eak pos"t"on. Note f"nally that /lack 9 "nfl"cts a lar$e loss on
'h"te at the ed$e + nearly tenty po"nts. P"cture /lack ?u&p"n$ to a
and sl"d"n$ to ( "n sente "n the end$a&e. 'h"te 4 "s an overplay, pro+
vok"n$ a response 'h"te does not ant to see.
None of these contact plays lead to $ood results. Ho then
should 'h"te attack,
3"a. :. Dne#t pa$eE He should keep h"s d"stance and play 4. !or
co&par"son "th the last d"a$ra&, letBs suppose /lack descends at 9.
'h"te can ?u&p to 3. Th"s looks l"ke 3"a. 7, (ut there are to "&por+
tant d"fferences. The f"rst "s that /lackBs $roup "s not as sol"d as
'h"te &ade "t (efore. cons"der 'h"te a for e#a&ple. The second "s
that 'h"te 4 "s left "n a stron$, not a eak pos"t"on. Th"s result "s
&uch (etter for 'h"te.
3"a. 8. Dne#t pa$e E Rather than descend, /lack "ll &ore l"kely
8=
respond "th a ?u&p l"ke 9 "n the center, so as to defend a$a"nst
'h"te a, (ut once a$a"n "t "s clear that 'h"te has a (etter result than
"n 3"as. 9 to 7. /lackBs $roup "s st"ll loose and devo"d of eye shape.
'hat as true here "s true "n $eneral. Contact attacks tend to
(ackf"re. Co&parat"vely "nnocent+look"n$ non+contact &oves are
&uch &ore effect"ve.
eek everity
Avo"d"n$ contact, hoever, does not "n "tself &ake for a stron$
attack. <ore "s re%u"red. An attack"n$ &ove &ust (e severe* "t &ust
h"t the ene&y here "t hurts. Indeed, sever"ty "s the heart of the &at+
ter, h"le (e"n$ a non+contact &ove "s
&ore a surface "ssue.
3"a. 4. -ne &"$ht ask hy "n the
prev"ous e#a&ple 'h"te d"d not attack
fro& the d"rect"on of 4, so as to $a"n
terr"tory on the loer s"de. Th"s ould
see& to &ake sense strate$"cally, (ut "f
e look deeper, e detect a lack of
sever"ty. /lack can e#tend to 9. If 'h"te
cont"nues h"s attack "th 3, /lack l"ves
"th 7. 'h"teBs attack "s no over and
/lack as never "n trou(le. /lack has
even $a"ned prof"t h"le l"v"n$, for later
he can play a etc. "n sente.
84
Anyone can tell the d"fference (eteen a contact and a noncon+
tact play, (ut d"st"n$u"sh"n$ (eteen a severe and a non+severe at+
tack "s a l"ttle harder. Could the reader f"nd the severe attack "n the
follo"n$ pos"t"on,
3"a. 9. Th"s happened to the 1apanese author. H"s opponent,
'h"te, had ?ust played the tr"an$led &ove. Apparently he anted
/lack to respond at a so that he could trade ( for c "n sente, then pro+
tect the upper r"$ht "th d. /lackBs upper+s"de $roup, hoever, as
not "n &ortal dan$er, so rather than respond as 'h"te hoped, "t
looked (etter to take the offens"ve "n the upper r"$ht, and th"s the au+
thor d"d. To &ake the &ost of h"s opportun"ty, /lack needs to attack
severely. 'here,
3"a. 3. Not here. Althou$h /lack 4 "s a standard &ove, "t $"ves
'h"te an easy defense at 9. /lack "s attack"n$ fro& the r"$ht $eneral
d"rect"on, (ut $ett"n$ only a &ed"ocre result.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE 'ell then, for a &ore severe &ove, ho
a(out cla&p"n$ at 4, The reader, hoever, already knos that th"s
contact play "s unl"kely to (e correct. 'h"te "ll respond at 9 and let
h"&self (e pushed out "nto the center, $"v"n$ /lack terr"tory (ut (e+
co&"n$ stron$ "n sente "n co&pensat"on. Th"s "s st"ll not sat"sfactory.
3"a. :. The severest attack l"es here, only one l"ne aay fro&
each of the to "ncorrect &oves ?ust cons"dered. Its sever"ty co&es
partly fro& the fact that 'h"te cannot ?u&p "n front of "t as he d"d "n
89
3"a. 7 and partly fro& the ay "t prepares for a cut at a. /lack a
&akes "t "nadv"sa(le for 'h"te to try to push past 4 "nto the r"$ht
s"de "th (.
3"a. 8. If he does try, th"s "s the result. 'h"te &ay have (roken
throu$h, (ut he has lost half h"s $roup "n the process, and the other
half has no eye shape and "s st"ll very &uch under attack.
3"a. 6. In the actual $a&e, 'h"te dec"ded he had no $ood re+
sponse to /lack 4, so he "$nored "t and played 9. /lack 3 to 6 ere
the cont"nuat"on. 'h"te 7 and 8 are a tesu?" co&("nat"on, (ut "n sp"te
of the& 'h"teBs $roup as left eyeless and poorly developed h"le
/lack (u"lt toard a lar$e terr"tory on the r"$ht. The attack as a
success.
It takes a certa"n a&ount of search"n$ to f"nd &oves l"ke /lack 4
"n 3"a. :, (ut "th e#per"ence one learns here to look. It helps that
so&e attack"n$ &oves recur fre%uently enou$h to %ual"fy as standard
for&ulas. !"ve of the &ost co&&on are descr"(ed ne#t.
83
The !ye-tealing Tesu"i
The stron$est attack"n$ &oves are those that ru"n the ene&yBs
eye shape, and fore&ost a&on$ the& "s the eye+steal"n$ tesu?".
3"a. 4. /lack to play and attack the h"te $roup on the r"$ht
s"de. There "s a key po"nt here that should leap to oneBs &"nd.
3"a. 9. That po"nt "s /lack 4. The relat"on "th the tr"an$led
stone &akes th"s the eye+steal"n$ tesu?".
3"a. 3. 'h"teBs standard reply "s 4. /lack ?u&ps (ack to 9, and
no hat can 'h"te do for eyes, 'h"te a, /lack ( ould $et h"&
nohere. 'h"te (, /lack c, 'h"te a ould (e (etter, (ut he can st"ll
&ake no &ore than one eye on the ed$e. He &ust therefore turn to+
ard the center "th 3.
The reader &ay (e onder"n$ "f 'h"te does not have a stron$er
reply than 4 "n 3"a. 3, (ut as the stones s"t, he does not.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE The place&ent at 4 "s conce"va(le, (ut
dou(tful, (ecause after 3 and : 'h"te cannot l"ve uncond"t"onally at
the s"de and /lack $ets to play 8.
3"a. :. The outer attach&ent "s also dou(tful. /lack hanes un+
derneath at 9, and h"s connect"on at 7 threatens to cut. Th"s t"&e
'h"te cannot $et even one eye at the ed$e.
87
3"a. 8. Take aay the (lack stone at A, hoever, and 'h"te 9
(eco&es effect"ve. No 'h"te ansers 3 (y e#tend"n$ at 7. /lack
can l"nk up "th : and 6 D"f 'h"te plays 8 (elo 6 to (lock h"&,
/lack cutsE, so h"s attack has not e#actly fa"led, (ut 'h"teBs result "s
not (ad e"ther. '"thout /lack A, then, there "s a %uest"on of the t"&+
"n$ of /lack 4.
Anyay, hen the t"&e does co&e to attack, /lack 4 "s the
po"nt. 3"a. 6. 3"fferent pos"t"on, sa&e tesu?". 'h"te to attack.
3"a. ;. The &ove "s 'h"te 4. -nce a$a"n there "s a %uest"on of
t"&"n$, (ecause $"ven certa"n cond"t"ons on the left s"de or "n the
center 'h"te &"$ht prefer to lean at A "nstead, (ut "f he ants to at+
tack the loer s"de, 4 "s the &ove. /lack ansers at / or C, (ut even
play"n$ on (oth these po"nts ould add only a false eye to h"s pos"+
t"on.
8:
The Angle Tesu"i
Th"s "s another &ove that str"kes at the ene&yBs eye
shape. A(stractly "t "s 4 at r"$ht, for&"n$ an an$ular H
"th the to ene&y stones.
3"a. l. 'h"te to play and attack the (lack $roup on the r"$ht.
3"a. 9. Th"s "s a clear case for the an$le tesu?".
3"a. 3. If /lack crals "th 4 and 3 'h"te dras (ack as
shon. /lack cannot $et &ore than one eye alon$ the r"$ht ed$e
D/lack a , 'h"te ( for e#a&pleE and there "s a $ood chance that h"s
ent"re $roup "ll d"e.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack plays 4 and 3 on top, 'h"te can sh"ft
to a lean"n$ attack at 7. -nce a$a"n, /lack cannot $et &ore than one
eye on the r"$ht ed$e.
3"a. :. /lackBs stron$est, or at least tr"ck"est, defense "s 4, h"ch
&akes &"a" of 9 and 3. 'h"teBs responses fro& 9 to 8, hoever,
leave /lack "th not even one eye on the ed$e, and as he runs "nto
the center 'h"te can &ake the sa&e lean"n$ attack as "n 3"a. 7. If
/lack plays 3 at 7 "n th"s se%uence 'h"te "ll play 3, /lack a, 'h"te
:, and /lack "ll (e dead.
3"a. 8. !or co&par"son, suppose 'h"te attacks &ore conserva+
t"vely at 4. /lack then takes the key po"nt at 9, and after 8 he "s "n no
trou(le at all.
88
The #night$s Attack
Th"s attack does not h"t d"rectly at the ene&yBs eye shape.
Rather, "t "s used to dr"ve h"& toard or a$a"nst so&eth"n$, or to
(u"ld a fra&eork h"le attack"n$, or to do (oth.
3"a. 4. A typ"cal e#a&ple "s th"s kn"$htBs attack, h"ch as
&ade a$a"nst the 1apanese author dur"n$ a telev"sed $a&e. /lack "s
a"&"n$ to dr"ve 'h"te toard the upper s"de.
86
3"a. 9. 'h"te defended at 9, and /lack attacked "th a second
kn"$htBs &ove at 3.
3"a. 3. 'h"te defended at 7 and /lack kept attack"n$ "th
kn"$htBs &oves at :, 6, and 5. Here the attack (e$an to endan$er the
upper s"de + th"s had (een /lackBs purpose all alon$ + and 'h"te had
to defend "th 4= and 49. The h"te $roup (elo had $ron too ("$
to tackle as a hole, (ut /lack as a(le to cut at 43, h"ch led to a
d"ff"cult f"$ht.
-ne could not ask for a (etter "llustrat"on than th"s of hat a
kn"$htBs attack "s.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE Here "s another typ"cal kn"$htBs attack. /lack
has a all "n the upper left. He ants to &ake use of "t (y push"n$
'h"te a$a"nst "t, hence the kn"$htBs &ove at 4.
3"a. :. If 'h"te flees "th 9, /lack leans a$a"nst the upper s"de
"th 3 and :, then attacks "th a second kn"$htBs &ove at 6. 'h"te
cannot $et out, so perhaps he "ll defend "th ; to 47. Th"s &akes
h"& secure, (ut "t also $"ves /lack a n"ce outer pos"t"on h"ch he
can use to (u"ld an "deal lar$e+scale fra&eork "th 4:. A result
l"ke th"s "s a hu$e success for the attacker.
8;
The Ca%%ing Attack
'hereas the a"& of the kn"$htBs attack "s to chase the ene&y, the
capp"n$ attack stops h"& head+on.
3"a. l. 'h"te to play and attack the to (lack stones "n the lo+
er left. The &ove should (e o(v"ous.
3"a. 9. 'h"te caps /lack at 4. /lack "s trapped. He cannot $et
out "nto the center. 'e "ll see "n the ne#t chapter hether or not he
can l"ve.
85
3"a. 3. The capp"n$ attack can (e effect"ve even hen "t does
not co&pletely conta"n the ene&y, as "n th"s case. /lack "s not actu+
ally trapped, (ut G
3"a. 7. If he &oves to escape "th 4, 'h"te caps h"& a$a"n "th
9. Althou$h /lack can $et out "th 3, he leaves a eakness at A "n
h"s rear, and h"s $roup as a hole "s (e"n$ stron$ly attacked.
3"a. :. If /lack &oves "n the other d"rect"on "th l, 'h"te takes
terr"tory "th 9. 'h"te 7 keeps /lack under f"re, &ak"n$ "t "&poss"+
(le for h"& to "nvade the loer r"$ht corner.
3"a. 8. Dne#t pa$eE The capp"n$ attack can even (e used a$a"nst
"solated ene&y stones, as here. Can 'h"te escape th"s t"&e,
3"a. 6. If 'h"te plays 4 /lack plays 9 + a capp"n$ attack fol+
loed (y a kn"$htBs attack. If 'h"te pushes "th 3 and :, /lack con+
ta"ns h"& "th 8. Play"n$ th"s ay, 'h"te "ll pro(a(ly d"e. Note
that /lack In "s s"tt"n$ on h"s an$le po"nt.
3"a. ;. 'h"te "s not really doo&ed, for he has a sav"n$ tesu?" at
4. The reader &ay e#plore the var"at"ons on h"s on. 'h"te can es+
cape, at the poss"(le sacr"f"ce of one or to stones, (ut /lack can
&ake prof"t and keep up h"s attack.
6=
Pee%ing Attacks
!"nally e have peep"n$ attacks, h"ch can (e used for a var"ety
of purposes. The f"rst "s to spo"l the ene&yBs eye shape, as "n the fol+
lo"n$ e#a&ple.
3"a. l. /lack to play and attack the h"te center $roup.
3"a. 9. /lack peeps at 4. 'h"te has l"ttle cho"ce (ut to connect
at 9, (ut then /lack ?u&ps forard to 3. 'h"te, "th h"s e&pty tr"an+
$le, has very poor shape* th"s "s a d"rect result of the 4+9 e#chan$e.
/lack has a n"ce attack $o"n$.
64
3"a. 3. 'hen the ene&y has the three+stone for&at"on cons"st+
"n$ of a to+space e#tens"on and a one+space ?u&p, the peep"n$ at+
tack at 4 "s fre%uently &ade. Th"s t"&e the peep "s not an assault on
/lackBs eye shape (ut a pro(e to see ho he connects.
3"a. 7. If he ansers at 4 'h"te can, "n th"s case, push throu$h
"&&ed"ately "th 9. The ladder at a does not ork, so /lack has no
$ood ay to cont"nue. If he defends h"s stones on the left s"de, 'h"te
"s $o"n$ to $et a lar$e terr"tory (elo.
3"a. :. /lack "ll therefore connect at 4, (ut then "t suff"ces for
'h"te to play 9. The fact that /lack has connected at 4 "nstead of
play"n$ as "n 3"a. 7 &eans that he has 'h"te a etc. left to orry
a(out.
3"a. 8. Dne#t pa$eE Co&("nat"ons "n h"ch the f"rst &ove "s a
peep"n$ &ove and the second "s so&eth"n$ else are a co&&on for&
of attack. 'e have already seen to e#a&ples, and here "s a th"rd.
No the purpose of the peep "s to conta"n /lack. 'h"te cont"nues
"th 3, (u"ld"n$ toard lar$e terr"tor"es a(ove and to the r"$ht.
'h"te 3 "s the pr"nc"ple &ove, (ut 'h"te 4 "s e%ually "&portant.
3"a. 6. If 'h"te ?ust attacked at 4, "thout peep"n$, /lack could
$et past h"& "th 9. No 'h"teBs fra&eork+(u"ld"n$ strate$y
69
ould (e &uch less l"kely to succeed.
Th"s co&pletes our rundon of standard attack"n$ &oves* ne#t
co&e so&e pro(le&s.
63
Pro&le's
The follo"n$ ten pro(le&s are appl"cat"ons of the f"ve attack+
"n$ &oves presented on the preced"n$ pa$es. In so&e pro(le&s the
&oves appear "ndependently (ut "n so&e they are co&("ned, for e#+
a&ple, a kn"$htBs attack &ay (e at the sa&e t"&e an an$le tesu?". An+
sers follo on pa$es 6; to ;:.
In do"n$ these pro(le&s, (ear "n &"nd that the &oves you
choose should (e strate$"cally as ell as tact"cally correct, that "s,
they should attack fro& the r"$ht d"rect"on. Several of the pro(le&s
concern runn"n$ (attles. In these the d"rect"on of attack "s part"cular+
ly "&portant.
Pro(le& 4. 'h"te to play. 3esp"te "ts pon+nuk" shape, the (lack
$roup "n the upper r"$ht "s r"pe for attack"n$.
Pro(le& 9. /lack to play. Th"s t"&e "t "s the h"te $roup "n the
&"ddle of the r"$ht s"de that "s to (e attacked.
67
Pro(le& 3. /lack to attack the to h"te stones on the left s"de.
Pro(le& 7. /lack to play a$a"nst the to h"te stones "n the
loer left.
Pro(le& :. /lack to
play. Th"s t"&e he has a
lar$er $roup to attack, con+
s"st"n$ of the four h"te
stones on the r"$ht s"de.
6:
Pro(le& 8. 'h"te to play. The $roup to attack "s the (lack one
"n the upper r"$ht corner.
Pro(le& 6. 'h"te to attack the (lack $roup "n the center.
68
Pro(le& ;. /lack to play. Ho should he attack the three h"te
stones on the r"$ht s"de,
Pro(le& 5. 'h"te to play. '"th a cho"ce of tar$ets, he should at+
tack the lar$er one. the (lack $roup "n the loer left.
Pro(le& 4=. 'h"te to attack the (lack $roup "n the upper r"$ht.
66
Answers
Answer to ,robem %
3"a. 4. 'h"te 4, a co&("nat"on kn"$htBs attack and an$le tesu?",
h"ts /lack at a pa"nful po"nt. If he "$nores th"s attack, 'h"te a cap+
tures h"&, so G
3"a. 9. He runs out "th 9, 7, and 8, (ut "n the process he has to
push 'h"te "nto the valua(le area "n front of the loer r"$ht co&er
enclosure. 'h"te stren$thens h"s upper pos"t"on "th 6 and aa"ts
further attack"n$ opportun"t"es.
Answer to ,robem '
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE The &ove that $"ves /lack the upper hand "n
th"s runn"n$ (attle "s the eye+steal"n$ tesu?" at 4. It threatens a, a cut
that 'h"te cannot allo.
3"a. 7. 'h"te defends "th 9 + he cannot avo"d &ak"n$ an e&pty
tr"an$le + and /lack develops h"s $roup "th 3, leav"n$ 'h"te s"tt"n$
(eh"nd "th very poor shape.
Answer to ,robem (
3"a. :. /lack 4 "s a natural peep"n$ attack. If 'h"te connects,
/lack follos "th a lean"n$ attack at 3. If 'h"te ansers that at a,
/lack keeps lean"n$ "th (* th"s could lead to trou(le for 'h"teBs
6;
left+s"de $roup. 'h"te accord"n$ly defends "th 7 and 8, lett"n$
/lack &ake an "deal press"n$ &ove at 6.
3"a. 8. If 'h"te ants to (e def"ant he can res"st /lackBs peep
"th 4, (ut the result th"s leads to has l"ttle to reco&&end "t. Con+
nect"n$ at 9 "n 3"a. : "s correct.
65
Answer to ,robem -
3"a. 6. Th"s "s a perfect set+up for /lack 4, h"ch could (e
called e"ther a kn"$htBs attack or a capp"n$ attack. Enlar$"n$ /lackBs
area on the loer s"de h"le dr"v"n$ 'h"te toard the th"ckness "n
the upper left, /lack 4 does e#actly hat a $ood attack should do.
3"a. ;. If 'h"te defends "th 9, /lack keeps attack"n$ fro& the
sa&e d"rect"on "th the kn"$htBs &ove at 3.
Answer to ,robem .
3"a. 5. /lack se"0es control "th the capp"n$ attack at 4. Th"s
pos"t"on has ar"sen fro& a runn"n$ (attle on the r"$ht s"de, and /lack
4 "s the key po"nt that defends the fr"endly $roup h"le attack"n$ the
ene&y one.
3"a. 4=. If 'h"te repl"es "th 9, /lack &akes a second capp"n$
attack at 3. /es"des h"s $roup on the r"$ht s"de, 'h"te has to orry
a(out the lar$e fra&eork /lack has (u"lt "n the upper left, the even
lar$er e#tens"on of "t he can &ake on the left s"de, and /lack a and (
on the loer s"de. /lack pract"cally has the $a&e on already.
;=
Answer to ,robem /
3"a. 44. The correct &ove "s the kn"$htBs &ove at 4. 'h"le at+
tack"n$ the $roup a(ove, "t tharts any plans /lack &ay have had
for the tr"an$led stone (elo and (u"lds toard a n"ce terr"tory "n the
center.
;4
3"a. 49. Dprev"ous pa$eE If /lack defends "th 9, 'h"te plays 3
and : "n sente, then enlar$es h"s center area "th 6.
Anser to pro(le& 6.
3"a. 43. Here e have the eye+steal"n$ tesu?" a$a"n. Th"s "s the
key po"nt. If 'h"te attacked fro& any other d"rect"on, /lack ould
defend (y play"n$ 4 h"&self, "nstantly ach"ev"n$ $ood shape.
3"a. 47. /efore connect"n$ at 3 /lack plays the hane at 4 + "f he
played 4 after 3 'h"te &"$ht respond at a, + (ut desp"te the cutt"n$
stone at 4 'h"te has /lack "n ser"ous d"ff"cult"es. 'h"te 7 takes an+
other key po"nt "n h"s shape.
3"a. 4:. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack ?u&ps to 4, 'h"te caps h"& "th 9.
/lack &ay l"ve, (ut the poer 'h"te ac%u"res "n the center, here
he can capture four stones at "ll "th a, &eans that the upper s"de
stands naked to "nvas"on.
Answer to ,robem 0&
3"a. 48. The key po"nt "n th"s runn"n$ (attle "s the capp"n$ play
at 4, h"ch defends the (lack $roup h"le attack"n$ the h"te one.
To &ake th"s clearer, (efore look"n$ at the cont"nuat"on fro& 4 letBs
e#a&"ne to other conce"va(le (ut "ncorrect ays of attack"n$.
;9
3"a. 46. Suppose /lack attacks fro& th"s d"rect"on "th 4.
'h"teBs escape at 9 forces /lack to flee "th 3, and 'h"te cont"nues
to chase h"& "th 7 and 8, push"n$ h"& a$a"nst the sol"d pos"t"on on
the loer s"de. /lackBs plays have no effect on the already settled
h"te $roup there, h"le
'h"teBs &ove shave a
lar$e effect on the open
upper s"de. In add"t"on,
the upper r"$ht corner "s
st"ll "nvada(le at a, so
/lackBs strate$y "s co&+
pletely (ankrupt.
;3
3"a. 4;. Another attack to avo"d "s the peep"n$ attack at 4.
'h"te 9 and 7 $reatly eaken the (lack $roup (elo, and /lack "s
also vulnera(le to a lean"n$ attack at a fro& a(ove. Note that /lack
cannot play 3 at 7, (ecause of 'h"te (.
3"a. 45. That (r"n$s us (ack to the correct capp"n$ attack at 4.
Th"s pro(le& as taken fro& one of the 1apanese authorBs $a&es,
and hen he played 4 'h"te defended "th 9 and 7. /lack as then
a(le to cont"nue "th a n"ce an$le attack at :. The ensu"n$ f"$ht $ave
/lack a stron$ center pos"t"on and a clear lead.
Answer to ,robem 1&
3"a. 9=. The (est &ove "s the peep"n$ attack at 4. If /lack con+
nects at 9, 'h"teBs descent at 3 leaves h"& "th l"ttle "n the ay of
eye shape. /lack then &ust escape, and (y chas"n$ h"& 'h"te
should (e a(le to &ake a lar$e capture of terr"tory "n the center.
3"a. 94. /lack should pro(a(ly defend "th 4 and 3, lett"n$
'h"te cut at 7. /y thro"n$ half h"s $roup over(oard, he $a"ns
s&ooth sa"l"n$ for the other half. St"ll, 'h"teBs center prospects are
$ro"n$ very lar$e, not to &ent"on the tenty+f"ve po"nts safely cap+
tured (y 8 and ;. The reason for 'h"te ; "s to prevent a (lack ed$+
"n$ tesu?" (eteen 9 and 8.
;7
Answer to ,robem %2&
3"a. 99. 'h"te 4, an an$le attack, "s &ost severe. It "s very hard
to see ho /lack can l"ve after th"s. He can $et an eye "n $ote on the
upper ed$e D/lack a to eE (ut to &ake another eye "n sente f"rst
see&s ?ust a(out "&poss"(le.
3"a. 93. The &"stake to avo"d "s the peep"n$ &ove at 4. That
ould (e f"ne "f /lack connected, (ut he does not connect* he plays
9. Th"s threatens to l"nk "th the $roup "n the loer r"$ht, and /lack+
Bs chances of l"v"n$ "&prove &arkedly.
;:
Chapter Four
Defense
Hav"n$ taken a lon$ and deta"led look at the strate$y and tact"cs
of attack, "t "s t"&e for us to turn the pro(le& around and v"e "t
fro& the s"de of the defender. Th"s "ll re%u"re less space. The &a"n
po"nts "ll (e covered "n one chapter.
-ne reason for th"s "s that defense "s "ntr"ns"cally eas"er than at+
tack. To see hy, cons"der the s"&plest poss"(le case, the attack and
defense of an "solated stone. It takes four &oves to capture one
stone, even "n the eff"c"ent shape shon "n 3"a. 4. It ould take only
one &ove to defend "t + /lack 7 after 'h"te 3 for e#a&ple. Escape "s
easy, captur"n$ hard. 2"ll"n$ $roups that cons"st of several stones "s
even harder. That "s hat &akes the "nd"rect and dou(le attack"n$
strate$"es of chapter to necessary. In $o, the odds are e"$hted "n
favor of the defender.
;8
/ecause of th"s, one &ay develop a tendency to sh"rk defens"ve
dut"es + to let non+fatal eaknesses $o unprotected "n order to keep
for$"n$ ahead. To an e#tent th"s "s a healthy th"n$. 3efense "s less
product"ve than offense, and the co&puls"ve defender $enerally los+
es. -n the other hand, ne$lect"n$ defense can eas"ly (e carr"ed too
far. 'e have seen nu&erous e#a&ples of ho the attacker can &ake
terr"tory or $a"n other advanta$es "thout actually k"ll"n$ the $roup
he "s attack"n$. These Cs"de effectsB &ust not (e for$otten. -ne of the
f"rst th"n$s one not"ces a(out the ay profess"onals play "s that they
do defend, fre%uently even hen "t see&s that they could $et (y
"thout defend"n$.
3"a. 9. Th"s pos"t"on arose "n a $a&e "n the second <e"?"n
>ea$ue (eteen 2"tan" and )o Se"$en. It "s 'h"teBs D2"tan"BsE &ove.
Should he "nvade the fra&eork /lack "s (u"ld"n$ on the upper s"de,
or try to (reak up /lackBs &ore esta(l"shed loer+s"de terr"tory, or
should he enlar$e h"s on area on the left s"de, 'hat ould the
reader have done,
;6
3"a. 3. 2"tan" played 'h"te 4. Ad&"ttedly th"s &ove does not
look l"ke &uch. It destroys no (lack terr"tory, "t creates no h"te ter+
r"tory* "t ?ust s"ts there out "n the open. 'hat (us"ness, one &"$ht
ask, d"d a fa&ous 5+dan profess"onal have play"n$ a &ove l"ke th"s,
;;
3"a. 7. The anser (eco&es clear hen e "&a$"ne 'h"te not
defend"n$ and /lack attack"n$ "th 4 and 3. Th"s "s the class"c
strate$y of e#pand"n$ a terr"tor"al fra&eork "n one place Dthe loer
s"deE (y attack"n$ an ene&y $roup "n another place, and /lack "s
&ak"n$ perfect use of h"s th"ckness "n the upper r"$ht (y push"n$
'h"te a$a"nst "t. -f course he cannot actually k"ll the h"te $roup,
(ut "f he $ets f"fty po"nts of terr"tory on the loer s"de he "ll not
need to k"ll "t*he "ll "n anyay.
Seen "n th"s l"$ht, 'h"te 4 "n 3"a. 9 (e$"ns to look &uch (etter,
(ut there "s &ore to cons"der. !or one th"n$, there "s the (alance of
terr"tory. 'h"te has secure terr"tory "n three corners and $ood pros+
pects on the left s"de, so he does not have to "nvade "&&ed"ately* he
can afford to defend. !or another th"n$, "f he ever does have to "n+
vade the upper or loer s"de, 'h"te 4 "ll furn"sh valua(le (ack+up
support.
3"a. :. Th"s "s a Hon"n(o t"tle $a&e (eteen Sakata Dh"teE and
Taka$aa + 'h"te to play. -ne notes so&e sl"$htly eak stones on
the (oard, (ut Sakata "s fa&ous for h"s a("l"ty to escape fro& trou+
(le, so "t see&s too early for h"& to defend. Surely he e#tended on
the loer or left s"de, or perhaps &oved to reduce /lackBs fra&e+
ork on the upper s"de.
;5
3"a. 8. Sakata, hoever, d"d noth"n$ of the k"nd. He defended
the s&all knot of h"te stones "n the loer &"ddle area (y play"n$ 4,
and "f /lack had responded at a, he as plann"n$ to defend h"s r"$ht
s"de $roup "th (.
'h"te 4 "s not the k"nd of defens"ve &ove that one feels
asha&ed to &ake. It "s clearly a &a?or po"nt as re$ards the (alance
of poer, "th a lar$e "nd"rect effect on the loer, left, and upper
s"des. -nce one sees "t played, "t looks %u"te "&press"ve. St"ll, "ts
&a"n funct"on "s to defend.
3"a. 6. /lack 4, "f per&"tted, ould attack (oth the f"ve h"te
stones (elo, h"tt"n$ the"r an$le po"nt, and the lar$e $roup on the
r"$ht s"de. 'h"te could undou(tedly save (oth $roups, (ut he ould
have to scra&(le, and h"le he as scra&(l"n$ he ould not (e a(le
to do anyth"n$ else. Psycholo$"cally too, (e"n$ attacked stron$ly "s
not an en?oya(le e#per"ence. >ook at the e#press"on on a playerBs
face hen he "s on the ver$e of los"n$ a lar$e $roup + the t"$htly
clenched ?a &uscles, the kn"tted (ro, the $l"nt of despa"r "n the
eyes. It "s &uch eas"er on the nerves to n"p the attack "n the (ud (y
defend"n$ early, (efore "t (eco&es severe, as Sakata d"d "n 3"a. 8.
5=
3"a. ;. Th"s "s a &ore recent Hon"n(o $a&e, the players (e"n$
@osh"o Ish"da Dh"teE and R"n 2a"ho. 'h"te to play. /y no the
reader &ust real"0e that Ish"daBs ne#t &ove "s $o"n$ to (e defens"ve,
(ut even so, he &ay (e surpr"sed hen he sees "t.
54
3"a. 5. Ish"da played 4. Surely, one feels, th"s as a &"stake +he
as play"n$ "ns"de h"s on terr"tory + (ut 'h"te 4 as correct. Note
f"rstly that th"s &ove, and no other, &akes the r"$ht+s"de h"te $roup
a(solutely al"ve. Note secondly that 'h"te has another eak $roup
"n the loer left, so (y defend"n$ at 4 he "s prevent"n$ a dou(le at+
tack. Note th"rdly that 'h"te 4 "s not s&all "n ter&s of terr"tory, for
ne#t 'h"te can ?u&p "nto the upper r"$ht corner at a, and on the r"$ht
s"de he has a sente play at (. Play"n$ 4 "s orth &ore than play"n$ "n
the lar$ely neutral area "n the center ould (e.
3"a. 4=. Suppose /lack (locks f"rst at l. 'h"te 9 "s the correct
response, (ut /lack $"ves atar" at 3. Co&pare th"s "th /lack c,
'h"te d "n 3"a. 5. The dan$er of (e"n$ rendered eyeless (y a (lack
place&ent at 9 "nstead of 4 "s an add"t"onal ar$u&ent "n favor of oc+
cupy"n$ th"s key po"nt early.
If even top+rank"n$ profess"onal players &ake defens"ve &oves
l"ke these and $o on to "n D'h"te on all three of the $a&es
a(oveE, there &ust (e so&eth"n$ (as"cally correct a(out the&. It
co&es don to the (alance of poer. 'hen you defend your eak
$roups, you $a"n poer, and that helps you to do hatever you have
to do ne#t. If you leave your $roups eak, you keep hav"n$ to play
59
around the& + to restr"ct your act"v"t"es elsehere to avo"d $ett"n$
the& "nto trou(le. 'e put attack (efore defense "n th"s (ook, (ut "n
pract"ce "t "s $enerally the other ay around. !"rst to defend and
&ake sure that your on $roups are all healthy, then to $o forth and
attack "th conf"dence "s one of the (as"c strate$"es of the $a&e.
It takes no spec"al sk"ll to defend "n $ood t"&e l"ke th"s. The
&oves co&&only re%u"red are one+space ?u&ps, e#tens"ons, hanes +
&oves that everyone knos. Spec"al sk"ll "s needed only hen one "s
f"$ht"n$ for oneBs l"fe.
So the "deal "s to stay out of trou(le and never (e called upon to
e#erc"se spec"al sk"lls + (ut as very $o player knos, that "s "&poss"+
(le. The $a&e "s too co&ple#, and &ak"n$ the &ost of your pos"t"on
so&et"&es re%u"res that you play close to the l"ne (eteen l"fe and
death. !or that reason, e turn ne#t to the su(?ect of defens"ve tesu?".
Defend with Contact Plays
'e sa "n the last chapter that the stron$est attack"n$ &oves
usually avo"d &ak"n$ contact "th the $roup (e"n$ attacked. -ne
&"$ht e#pect &oves &ade for the oppos"te purpose to have the op+
pos"te property, and "n fact they do. Contact plays, or near+contact
plays, are $enerally stron$est for defense. They are the &oves to use
"n e&er$enc"es. 'e shall look at a
nu&(er of standard ones, then e#+
a&"ne a fe cases fro& profes+
s"onal play.
3"a. l. 'h"te to play. Ho can
he defend h"s to stones "n the up+
per r"$ht,
3"a. 9. The contact play at 4 "s
the tesu?". S"nce "t threatens to l"nk
'h"teBs to pos"t"ons to$ether,
/lack "ll reply "th a hane a(ove
or (elo.
53
3"a. 3. If /lack repl"es at 9, 'h"te peeps at 3 then dras (ack at
:. /lack has to connect "n (ad shape "th 8. The order of 'h"teBs
&oves (ears not"n$.
3"a. 7. If 'h"te dre (ack at 4 f"rst, then peeped at 3, /lack
ould &ake a (a&(oo ?o"nt "th 7, $ett"n$ $ood shape.
3"a. :. Cont"nu"n$ fro& 3"a. 3, 'h"te
plays 6 "n sente, then l"ves "th 5. /lack ;
hurts 'h"teBs loer pos"t"on so&ehat, (ut
th"s "s a pr"ce that can eas"ly (e pa"d.
3"a 8. If /lack hanes fro& a(ove "th 9,
'h"te can l"nk up "th 3 to 6. The result "s an
e#chan$e, each s"de da&a$"n$ the otherBs po+
s"t"on, (ut 'h"te has the (est of "t, (ecause
h"s stones are connected and /lackBs are (adly
cut up. /lack should st"ck "th the less dras+
t"c l"ne of play shon "n 3"as. 3 and :.
3"a. 6. Th"s pos"t"on &"$ht ar"se "n a
hand"cap $a&e. 'h"te has to defend h"s "n+
vad"n$ stone on the left s"de.
57
3"a. ;. He can escape (y play"n$ 4 and 3, (ut then he faces a
dou(le attack at 7. If he "s to save h"s left+s"de $roup, he "ll have to
a(andon the stone on the loer s"de, so th"s "s not a very sat"sfactory
defense. 'h"te 4 "s correct, (ut 'h"te 3 "s too slo.
3"a. 5. The r"$ht play "s the contact play at 3. A$a"nst /lack 7,
'h"te descends at :. Th"s attach&ent and descent are a &uch+used
defens"ve co&("nat"on.
3"a. 4=. If /lack pers"sts at 4, 'h"te can $et out "th 9 and 7.
Th"s "s not at all l"ke 3"a. ;. 'h"te has (etter shape and /lackBs cor+
ner "s start"n$ to look eak. If /lack plays 3 at a, 'h"te cuts at 3 and
captures h"s ay "nto the open. The reader should ork "t out for
h"&self.
3"a. 44. /lack does (etter to connect at 4. No he can cut at :
hen 'h"te hanes at 7, (ut 'h"te l"ves and has several cuts of h"s
on to a"& toards. <ost "&portant, he has &ana$ed to avo"d hurt+
"n$ h"s stone on the loer s"de.
5:
3"a. 49. Here 'h"te has to care for h"s to stones on the r"$ht
s"de. H"s "n"t"al tesu?" "s the sa&e as (efore.
3"a. 43. He &akes the attach&ent at 4. If /lack hanes at 9,
'h"te crosscuts at 3. !ro& th"s there are &any var"at"ons, and 'h"te
&ay lose a stone or to or three, (ut there "s no ay he can (e de+
stroyed as a hole. /y start"n$ a f"$ht, /lack 9 actually &akes "t
eas"er for 'h"te to defend.
3"a. 47. /lack does (etter to hane on th"s s"de "th 4. 'h"te
hanes (ack at h"& "th 9 and 7, play"n$ contact &oves to the h"lt.
3"a. 4:. /lack can capture a stone "th 4 and 3, (ut then 'h"te
plays 7, h"ch $"ves h"& a sat"sfactory pos"t"on.
3"a. 48. If /lack tr"es to prevent 'h"te 7 "n the last d"a$ra& (y
e#tend"n$ at I here, 'h"te l"ves as shon. Ne#t he can "nvade the
corner at A* th"s result "s "ntolera(le for /lack.
58
3"a. 46. Another cont"nuat"on fro& 3"a. 47 sees /lack sacr"f"c+
"n$ 4 and 3, hop"n$ to &ake 6 and 5 sente. 'h"te spurns the sacr"f"ce
and ?u&ps "nto the center "th 4=. E"ther th"s se%uence or the one "n
3"a. 4: ould (e reasona(le for (oth s"des.
3"a. 4;. 'hat "f /lack ansers 'h"te 4 (y connect"n$ at 9, He
e#pects 'h"te 7, /lack 3, leav"n$ 'h"te "th "nade%uate eye shape,
(ut 'h"te e#tends at 3 and e#chan$es the outs"de for the corner. The
e#chan$e favors h"&. the corner "s lar$e and /lack "s left "th var"+
ous cutt"n$ po"nts and eaknesses.
3"a. 45. Hav"n$ seen three e#a&ples of attach&ents &ade un+
derneath ene&y stones, letBs look at to e#a&ples of attach&ents
&ade on top. Here 'h"te ants to $"ve h"s $roup on the left s"de a
&ore sol"d foot"n$ "n the center.
3"a. 9=. He does th"s "th the contact play at 4. /y play"n$ 9+8
/lack $a"ns sente and forces 'h"te to &ake an e&pty tr"an$le, (ut
he also helps 'h"te $et eye shape* v"sual"0e 'h"te a "n t"&e of need.
There "s also the cut at (. 'h"te has re"nforced h"&self %u"te suc+
cessfully.
3"a. 94. If /lack repl"es at 9, 'h"teBs pos"t"on "&proves cons"d+
era(ly even "thout further play. !or e#a&ple, /lack can no lon$er
peep at a "n sente. After 'h"te (, he has to play once &ore at c.
56
3"a. 99. Th"s "s a runn"n$ (attle. /lackBs "&&ed"ate concern "s
to defend h"s >+shaped $roup of four stones, and there "s a standard
contact tesu?" for h"& to use.
3"a. 93. /lackBs play "s 4. If 'h"te dras (ack at 9, /lack can
advance to 3 "n the center "th no fear of (e"n$ cut. /lack 4 &ay
also prove useful "n &ak"n$ eyes later on, or "n hold"n$ don hat+
ever terr"tory 'h"te tr"es to take on the upper s"de.
3"a. 97. If 'h"te res"sts /lack 4 "th the hane at 9, /lack &akes
the counter hane at 3, a second contact tesu?".
3"a. 9:. Dne#t pa$eE 'h"te $"ves atar" at 7, (ut /lack $"ves
counter+atar" at : + a th"rd contact tesu?". 'h"te 8 and /lack 6
follo. The ko "s not very attract"ve to 'h"te, so he "ll $enerally
connect at ;. /y $lu"n$ h"s stones on top of 'h"teBs l"ke th"s /lack
has orked h"s ay neatly "nto the center. The d"a$onal connect"on
at 5 co&pletes h"s shape and $"ves h"& $ood ne#t &oves at a and (.
Sacr"f"c"n$ un"&portant stones, as /lack does "n 3"a. 9:, "s an
"&portant defens"ve techn"%ue. A player ho co&&"tted h"&self to
defend every stone that he put on the (oard ould (e assu&"n$ an
"&poss"(le task. >earn"n$ to sacr"f"ce "s one of the keys to learn"n$
to defend.
5;
!or 'h"te, hether to anser /lack 4 "th 9 "n 3"a. 93 or 9 "n
3"a. 97 "s a d"ff"cult cho"ce. There "s a sense "n h"ch 3"a. 93 "s
rather su(&"ss"ve, (ut there "s a sense "n h"ch 3"a. 97 ?ust helps
/lack to develop. So&et"&es one play "s prefera(le, so&et"&es the
other.
A close relat"ve of the contact play "s the shoulder play, h"ch
l"es d"a$onally ad?acent to an ene&y stone. S"nce contact plays are
such useful defens"ve &oves, "t "s reasona(le to e#pect shoulder
plays to co&e "n handy too. 'e do not ant to $"ve the false "&pres+
s"on that contact plays are correct 4== per cent of the t"&e, so ne#t "s
an e#a&ple "n h"ch a shoulder play "s (etter.
3"a. 98. 'h"te has to defend h"s $roup on the left s"de. -ne
naturally recalls the contact tesu?" at a h"ch he used "n 3"as. 4 to 8
(efore, (ut after /lack (, 'h"te c, /lack d he "s not $o"n$ to have
such an easy t"&e as he d"d then. The reader can try th"s se%uence
and d"scover 'h"teBs pro(le&s for h"&self.
3"a. 96. The alternat"ve to play"n$ at the ed$e ould see& to (e
to ?u&p "nto the center "th 'h"te 4, (ut that "nv"tes the peep at 9
and d"a$onal play at 7, a n"ce attack"n$ co&("nat"on. 'h"te 4 "s a l"t+
tle slo* one has to &ove faster hen under attack.
55
3"a. 9;. The correct &ove "s the shoulder &ove at 4* th"s "s
&uch &ore v"$orous and effect"ve than the one+space ?u&p "n the
last d"a$ra&. If /lack "$nores "t, 'h"te has a stron$ cont"nuat"on at
a.
3"a. 95. If /lack &akes the natural response of push"n$ "th 9,
'h"te &eets h"& "n contact at 3. After 7 to 5 D&ore contact playsE, a
and ( are &"a" and 'h"te has escaped. Th"s "s (etter for h"& than
3"a. 96.
3"a. 3=. 'hat "f /lack tr"es to p"erce the $ap at 4, 'h"te e#+
chan$es 9 for 3 "n preparat"on, then pushes throu$h at 7. After 49,
'h"te a and ( are &"a" and /lackBs attack has fa"led (adly.
Case tudies fro' Professional Ga'es
!"nally let us see so&e of these contact and shoulder tesu?"s (e+
"n$ used "n profess"onal play. The follo"n$ are f"ve case stud"es.
3"a. l. Case 4. 'h"te to play. /lack "s threaten"n$ to play the se+
%uence /lack a, 'h"te (, /lack c and &ake terr"tory on (oth the
r"$ht and loer s"des h"le attack"n$, so 'h"te has to defend h"s to
stones. The reader can pro(a(ly $uess hat h"s ne#t &ove "ll (e.
3"a. 9. It "s the contact play at I. /lack ants to $et a decent
a&ount of terr"tory on the r"$ht s"de, so he hanes at 9. Th"s "s not the
4==
place for h"& to dra (ack at
a. -ne &"$ht no e#pect
'h"te to crosscut at a, (ut
here that does not ork out
so ell. It "s (etter for h"& to
play 3, threaten"n$ to
crosscut. /lack defends "th
7 and 'h"te develops toard
the center "th :.
3"a. 4 Take&"ya Dh"teE
v. Su$"uch"
3"a. 3. If 'h"te crosscut at 4, /lack ould descend at 9. Ne#t
ould co&e 'h"te 3 and /lack 7. 'h"teBs pos"t"on "s a l"ttle (etter
than after 3 and 7 "n 3"a. 9 + he can $"ve atar" a(ove 3 + (ut the "&+
prove&ent "n /lackBs pos"t"on "s o(v"ously &uch $reater. That e#+
pla"ns hy 'h"te st"cks "th the pla"n &oves of 3"a. 9.
4=4
3"a. 7. Case 9. /lack to play. The ur$ent pro(le& concerns the
to stones on the loer s"de. Ho should /lack $o a(out sav"n$
the&,
3"a. :. The shoulder &ove at 4 "s rout"ne "n th"s type of conf"$u+
rat"on. If 'h"te responds at 9, /lack plays another shoulder &ove at
3. Th"s co&("nat"on &ay look th"n, (ut "t "s une#pectedly res"l"ent*
can the reader f"nd any ay for 'h"te to (reak throu$h, If 'h"te
cannot (reak throu$h, then /lack has l"nked h"s to eak $roups
to$ether and 'h"te, "nstead of attack"n$, "ll have to defend the
corner.
If 'h"te plays 9 at a to keep /lack spl"t apart, /lack pushes at 9.
If ne#t 'h"te (, /lack c, 'h"te &ay have "solated /lackBs left+s"de
$roup, (ut "t should (e safe (ecause the h"te left+s"de $roup "s
e%ually eak, and 'h"teBs loss on the loer s"de "s enor&ous.
3"a. 8. Th"s as the actual cont"nuat"on. 'h"te played 7 to ; "n
sente, then attacked (y peep"n$ at 4=. Althou$h he succeeded "n
(reak"n$ throu$h, /lack l"ved "th prof"t on the loer s"de, and
/lack 44 and 46 eakened the left+s"de h"te $roup, so that 'h"te
had to defend "t "th 4;.
4=9
3"a. 6. Case 3. /lack to play. H"s to stones on the left s"de
have ?ust (een capped (y 'h"te Ia* can they (e rescued,
3"a. ;. If they can, "t "s only (y /lack 4. The ensu"n$ var"at"ons
prov"de so&e $ood e#a&ples of defens"ve techn"%ue, so e shall e#+
a&"ne the& "n deta"l. !"rst there "s the %uest"on of 'h"teBs reply.
4=3
3"a. 5. Suppose 'h"te plays 4. He ants /lack to anser at a,
so that he can cut at (, (ut /lack dod$es th"s trap "th the attach+
&ent at 9. That &akes &"a" of /lack a Dl"nk"n$ to the centerE and
/lack c Dl"v"n$ alon$ the s"deE, so 'h"te 4 does not ork.
3"a. 4=. That leaves 'h"te only th"s hane for 4. /lack naturally
cuts at 9. 'h"te 3 and : are a tesu?" co&("nat"on, (ut /lack plays 8
and ;. He has no o(?ect"on to sacr"f"c"n$ 7 and In "f he can there(y
save h"s &a"n $roup. If 'h"te cuts at a, /lack repl"es at (. 'h"te c,
/lack d, 'h"te e ould then p"ck up one stone, (ut 'h"te ould (e
left "th f "n the corner and $ "n the center to contend "th + a (ad
result for h"&.
3"a. 44. -r "f 'h"te peeps at 4, threaten"n$ a, /lack counters
"th 9. The 3+7 e#chan$e "s not $ood for 'h"te.
4=7
3"a. 49. In the actual $a&e after /lack 4 and 3 'h"te e#tended
at 7 to keep /lack fro& $"v"n$ atar" there and escap"n$. That left
/lack free to $"ve atar" to 'h"te 9, (ut f"rst he ?u&ped to :. If 'h"te
a, /lack escapes "th (. /lack ( as the "&&ed"ate threat (eh"nd
/lack :, (ut "ts deeper purpose as to help /lack for& eye shape, as
e shall see.
3"a. 43. 'h"te played 8 to prevent /lack a. /lack $ave atar" at
6, and no there ere to poss"(le &oves for 'h"te. ( and c.
3"a. 47. 'h"te chose the for&er, co&"n$ out at ;. /lack drove
h"& ahead "th 5 and 44, then haned at 43 and 4:. '"th a and ( as
&"a", he as al"ve. Here e see the reason for the tr"an$led stone* "t
co&("nes "th /lack ( to &ake an eye
(elo 5.
3"a. 4:. If 'h"te had attacked fro&
the outs"de "th 4 and 3, /lack as
ready "th the se%uence shon. The key
&oves are the cutt"n$+across tesu?" at 49
and the hane at 47. If 'h"te pers"sts
"th 4:+45, /lack conf"nes h"& "th 9=
and "ns the captur"n$ race.
The reader "s certa"nly not asked to
learn these se%uences (y heart, (ut the
ay /lack dod$es 'h"te "n 3"as. 5 and
44 and dr"ves h"& around "n 3"a. 47 "s
orth re&e&(er"n$.
4=:
3"a. 48. Case 7. 'h"te to play. The pro(le& l"es "n the loer
left. It "s not so &uch that 'h"te has to save the "solated stone (es"de
the star po"nt as that he has to develop so&e k"nd of v"a(le shape "n
the area as a hole.
3"a. 46. The standard ay to (e$"n "s "th the contact play at 4
a$a"nst the corner enclosure.
3"a. 4;. If /lack e#tends at 9, 'h"te e#tends "n contact at 3,
$ett"n$ the "dest poss"(le eye space "n the roo& ava"la(le.
3"a. 45. If /lack hanes fro& a(ove "th 9, 'h"te counter+hanes
"th 3 and :, forc"n$ 8 and ;, then ?u&ps to 5, a &ove h"ch e#+
plo"ts the cutt"n$ potent"al at a.
4=8
3"a. 9=. In the actual $a&e /lack haned fro& underneath "th 9
to destroy 'h"teBs eye space alon$ the ed$e. 'h"te repl"ed (y sacr"+
f"c"n$ a stone at 3, so as to play : and 6 "n sente.
3"a. 94. 'h"te folloed "th another attach&ent and crosscut at
5 and 44. Sacr"f"c"n$ 44 let h"& play 43 "n sente, then dra (ack at
4:, and "th th"s he had defended the loer s"de "n such a ay as to
s"&ultaneously develop h"s fra&eork "n the upper left. H"s only re+
&a"n"n$ orry as the cut at A. 'e shall see ho he handled that,
(ut f"rst letBs $o (ack for a closer look at 44.
3"a. 99. '"thout sacr"f"c"n$, 'h"te cannot hane at 4. If he s"&+
ply plays 4, /lack 9 and 7 separate h"s loer+s"de $roup fro& the tr"+
an$led stone and leave the latter "n a (ad state.
4=6
3"a. 93. Dprev"ous pa$eE 'h"te 4, copy"n$ the attach+and+e#tend
?osek", "s also (ad. The reader should (e a(le to reco$n"0e 8 as a
stron$ cut.
3"a. 97. !ollo"n$ 'h"te 4: "n 3"a. 94, /lack cut at 48 here
Dnote that the ladder at a favored h"&E. 'h"teBs response as to
&ore contact plays at 46 and 45, then 94. If /lack no escaped "th
a, 'h"te ould follo "th (, /lack c, 'h"te d, /lack e, 'h"te f, at
h"ch po"nt /lack faces e"ther a h"te hane a(ove 9= or a captur"n$
&ove (elo e.
'hat 'h"te d"d "n 3"as. 9=, 94, and 97 as to (eat a s"ft re+
treat, spr"nkl"n$ stones "n h"s rear to slo don /lackBs pursu"t. Th"s
type of l"$ht play ep"to&"0es sk"llful defense. /lack has captured a
couple of the stones 'h"te spr"nkled, and could eas"ly p"ck up a fe
&ore, (ut he has no attack on 'h"teBs $roup as a hole.
3"a. 9:. Case :. /lack to play. H"s pro(le& "s to defend the
stone "n the &"ddle of the left s"de.
3"a. 98. Dne#t pa$eE He (e$an "th a shoulder+type &ove at 4
and folloed "th contact plays at 3 and :, push"n$ for &a#"&u&
space. 'h"te 7 as a sl"$ht &"stake +A as correct. Not that 'h"te
A ould have k"lled /lack, (ut 'h"te 7 $ave h"& a helpful tesu?" to
play ne#t.
4=;
3"a. 96. The tesu?" as the cut at 6. 'h"te ; as forced, so
/lack as a(le to play 5 "n sente (efore &ak"n$ the d"a$onal con+
nect"on at 44. 'h"te 49 as the only ay to cont"nue the attack, (ut
/lack played 43 and 4 : and as out of dan$er.
3"a. 9;. 'hen /lack sacr"f"ced 6 "n 3"a. 96, 'h"te as free to
capture "th 4 here, (ut then /lack ould l"nk up "th 9 and 7.
3"a. 95. If /lack &ade the d"a$onal connect"on at 4 "thout the
sacr"f"ce at A, 'h"te could reply at 9. /lack ould no (e rather
less sure of eyes.
4=5
Chapter Five
Forcing Moves
In the course of do"n$ all the th"n$s descr"(ed "n the preced"n$
chapters, a player has fre%uent opportun"t"es to &ake s&all, unrelat+
ed, (ut coerc"ve &oves that "ll help h"s cause and "rr"tate h"s oppo+
nent. 'e have already alluded to the&, (ut they are such a pervas"ve
part of the $a&e that they deserve a chapter of the"r on.
3"a. l. 'h"te to play. The ("$ &ove "s 'h"te a. /lack has a $ap
at ( "n the loer left, (ut 'h"te cannot d"v"de h"& (y ed$"n$ there,
for /lackBs reply ould (e a dou(le atar". St"ll, th"s $ap "s a defect "n
/lackBs shape, and there "s a ay for 'h"te to e#plo"t "t (efore e#+
tend"n$ to a.
3"a. 9. 'h"te peeps at 4. /lack has l"ttle cho"ce (ut to connect
at 9. 'hat "s the effect of th"s e#chan$e, -n the one hand, "t "s clear
that 'h"te 4 "n so&e ay helps the h"te $roup on the left s"de. It
"nterferes "th /lack a, 'h"te (, /lack c for e#a&ple. -r "f a f"$ht
44=
(reaks out, "t &ay (eco&e the cruc"al stone that $"ves 'h"te an e#tra
l"(erty, or puts /lack "n atar". It &ay also affect ladders. At any rate,
"t "s "n a pos"t"on here "t "ll pro(a(ly do 'h"te so&e $ood and
cannot do h"& any har&.
/lack 9, on the other hand, "s a orthless stone. It connects
here /lack as effect"vely connected anyay, a hu&"l"at"n$ &ove
to have to &ake. To /lack, the 4+9 e#chan$e feels l"ke a rap on the
knuckles.
Hav"n$ scored off /lack "n th"s ay, 'h"te s"&ply for$ets a(out
4 and turns aay to 3. Th"s "s not f"ckleness on h"s part* "t "s essen+
t"al for h"& to a(andon 'h"te 4.
3"a. 3. If he allos h"s attent"on to (eco&e sna$$ed on 4 and
defends "t "th a second &ove at 3, /lack $ets to &ake the lar$e e#+
tens"on at 7. The hole po"nt of 'h"te 4 "s that "t does not need to
(e defended. Even "f "t actually $ets captured and re&oved, so that
"ts value to 'h"te falls to 0ero, that "s st"ll no less than the value of 9
to /lack. -nce played, a stone l"ke 'h"te 4 should (e re$arded as
e#penda(le and left alone.
'h"te 4 "s called a forc"n$ &ove D"n 1apanese a k"kash"E. A forc+
"n$ &ove &ay (e def"ned as a sente &ove that (r"n$s "ts player so&e
potent"al advanta$e "thout hav"n$ to (e folloed up or defended.
Peep"n$ plays l"ke 'h"te 4 "n 3"a. 9 are one co&&on var"ety of
forc"n$ &ove. Atar"s are another. '"th that for a h"nt, can the reader
f"nd the forc"n$ &oves Dfour "n allE for 'h"te to &ake "n the ne#t
three d"a$ra&s (efore he plays a "n each, /e careful of the order "n
3"a. 8.
444
3"a. 6. 'h"te 4 "s the forc"n$ &ove* 'h"te plays "t, then leaves
"t and sk"ps to 3. >ater on "t &ay help h"& (y affect"n$ ladders, o(+
struct"n$ /lackBs &ove&ents, etc., h"le /lack 9 has no such pos"+
t"ve value.
3"a. ;. 'h"te 4 "s the forc"n$ &ove. /y &ak"n$ "t poss"(le to de+
tach the to &arked stones, 'h"te 4 "ncreases the value of 'h"te a
or any other &ove 'h"te &akes "n th"s area. Note also ho /lack "s
forced "nto an e&pty tr"an$le.
3"a. 5. If 'h"te plays 4 "thout forc"n$ at a, he loses h"s chance.
'h"te 3 at a ould (e too late, s"nce /lack ould reply at 7 and
'h"te ould then (e una(le to play 3 "n sente. After 4 to 7, "f 'h"te
cuts at a /lack can net h"& "th (.
3"a. 4=. 'h"te 4 "s the f"rst forc"n$ &ove. /lack has to connect
(ecause 'h"te 9 ould (e an atar", Dor at least "f he $ets fancy and
plays 9 at a, 'h"te ( (eco&es sente "nstead of $oteE. The value of 4
"s that "t &ay later help 'h"te "nvade the corner.
449
3"a. 44. 'h"te 3 "s the second forc"n$ &ove. Its value "ll (e+
co&e apparent "n the cont"nuat"on, (ut (efore look"n$ at that letBs see
hy the order of 4 and 3 "s "&portant.
3"a. 49. If 'h"te $"ves atar", then peeps, "nstead of v"ce versa,
/lack repl"es at 7. Th"s "s d"sastrous. In other ords, 'h"te cannot
peep at 3* he has to play a f"rst. Nor can he peep at 3 after play"n$ a,
(ecause /lack repl"es at ( and c, so he loses h"s forc"n$ &ove ent"re+
ly. No (ack to 3"a. 44.
3"a. 43. In the cont"nuat"on fro& 3"a. 44, /lack $"ves atar" at 4
and $r"ps 'h"te Ia "th 3. 'h"te Ia, hoever, serves "ts purpose (y
&ak"n$ 'h"te 7 a(solute sente, forc"n$ /lack to anser at : so that
'h"te can push onard at 8. In add"t"on, at the end of th"s d"a$ra&
'h"te Ia re&a"ns "n a potent"ally useful pos"t"on h"le /lack In ,
the stone "t as e#chan$ed for, "s pract"cally useless.
3"a. 47. If /lack dec"des to r"d h"&self of 'h"te Ia (y captur"n$
"t, 'h"te can press around h"& at 9. /lackBs $roup "s start"n$ to re+
se&(le a lu&p.
3"a. 4:. If 'h"te ne$lected to force /lack at 3 (efore play"n$ :
"n 3"a. 44, /lack could no connect at 3 after 4. Then he could
&eet 'h"te 7 at :, or "$nore "t "f he l"ked. Co&pare th"s "th 3"a. 43
and you can see the d"fference 'h"teBs forc"n$ &ove &akes.
443
3"a. 48. A po"nt that ould (e a forc"n$ &ove for e"ther s"de "s
part"cularly "&portant. Such a po"nt e#"sts "n th"s pos"t"on. Can the
reader f"nd "t, and there(y f"nd 'h"teBs ne#t &ove,
3"a. 46. 'h"te 4 "s not the po"nt. -f course 'h"te has to play
here, (ut "f he does so "&&ed"ately, /lack can force h"& t"ce at 9
and 7. Th"s "s rather (ad. /lack $ets a lar$e corner and 'h"te can
st"ll (e attacked at a.
3"a. 4;. It does not help for 'h"te to capture "th 4 "nstead of
play"n$ 3 "n the last d"a$ra&. Th"s keeps /lack fro& forc"n$ at a, (ut
"t per&"ts the an$le tesu?" at 9, h"ch "s even orse D'h"te (eco&es
se&"+surroundedE. The correct ay for 'h"te to avo"d (e"n$ forced
at a does not enta"l such a h"$h cost.
3"a. 45. Dne#t pa$eE 'h"te 4 "s the key po"nt, and 'h"te should
start (y tak"n$ "t for h"&self. No /lack "s the one to (e forced + he
has to anser at 9. After 3 and : 'h"te "s &uch (etter off, for (oth
terr"tory and eye shape, than "n 3"a. 46.
3"a. 9=. 'hen 'h"te plays 4, there "s the r"sk that /lack "ll re+
ply at 9, (ut then 'h"te takes the corner "th 3. The feas"("l"ty of
/lackBs play"n$ th"s ay depends on the surround"n$ cond"t"ons, par+
t"cularly on the ladder at a, (ut even "f the ladder orks, 'h"te $ets
to play a ladder (lock, and th"s e#chan$e "s (etter for h"& than (e"n$
forced as he as "n 3"a. 46.
3"a. 94. Inc"dentally, after play"n$ 4 and forc"n$ /lack to reply
at 9, 'h"te could e#tend to 3 and thus avo"d (e"n$ forced (y /lack
a, (ut th"s ould (e un"se. /lack could then play ( "n sente, or at+
tack fro& the other s"de "th c.
447
Th"s d"scuss"on has dran us aay fro& our su(?ect, h"ch as
po"nts that ould (e forc"n$ &oves for e"ther s"de. Here "s one &ore
e#a&ple.
3"a. 99. Th"s pos"t"on co&es fro& one of the 1apanese authorBs
$a&es + 'h"te to play. The &a"n th"n$ he ants to do "s to play a to
l"&"t /lackBs terr"tory and "nfluence "n the center and upper s"de +
co&pare /lack ( + (ut f"rst he has a forc"n$ &ove to &ake, h"ch
ould also (e a forc"n$ &ove for /lack. It &ay not (e easy to see,
(ut "f the reader feels "ncl"ned to hunt for "t, he "ll f"nd "t on the
th"rd l"ne.
44:
3"a. 93. The forc"n$ &ove "s 'h"te 4. It "s forc"n$ (ecause "f
/lack "$nores "t, 'h"te can cont"nue at a or ( and ru"n h"s only lar$e
terr"tory.
3"a. 97. /lack ansers at 9, (ut 'h"te can also play 3 "n sente,
a$a"n threaten"n$ (. After /lack defends "th 7 'h"te $oes (ack to
the &a"n "ssue, h"ch "s the push"n$ (attle "n the center. In that
'h"te 5 "s another forc"n$ &ove, sett"n$ up a poss"(le ladder after
44, $"v"n$ /lack an e&pty tr"an$le, and "n $eneral perfor&"n$ the
sa&e sort of duty as d"d 'h"te 3 "n 3"a. 44 a fe pa$es (ack.
448
3"a. 9:. 'hat "f 'h"te played 4 "thout &ak"n$ the forc"n$
&ove, /lack ould take "t for h"&self "th 9 and 'h"te ould have
to anser at 3 to save the corner. /lack ould then leave 9 and 3 as
a forc"n$ e#chan$e and proceed "th 7. Clearly he ould have
$a"ned "n co&par"son "th 3"a. 97.
3"a. 98. If 'h"te d"d not anser /lack In, /lack 4 ould k"ll
h"s corner.
In end$a&e ter&"nolo$y 'h"te 4 "n 3"a. 93 or /lack 9 "n 3"a.
9: ould (e called a dou(le sente po"nt. Such po"nts are pure prof"t
for h"chever s"de $ets the&.
446
Resistance
So far, the forc"n$ &oves e have seen have $one s&oothly, the
ene&y reply"n$ as e#pected. The ene&y repl"es $rud$"n$ly, hoever
+ he does not en?oy (e"n$ forced + so henever poss"(le he "ll try to
res"st.
3"a. 4. Th"s peep as once played a$a"nst the A&er"can author.
/lack "s try"n$ to force 'h"te as a prelude to "nvad"n$ the loer
r"$ht. If 'h"te connects at a he "ll "ndeed have (een forced.
3"a. 9. 'h"te, hoever, "s not $o"n$ to (e so o(ed"ent. He re+
s"sts "th 9. No he "s the one to prof"t fro& the e#chan$e. 'h"te 9
does a $reat deal to enlar$e h"s loer+r"$ht fra&eork, h"le /lack
4 does not do &uch of anyth"n$. /lackBs atte&pted forc"n$ &ove has
(ackf"red.
/efore 'h"te res"sts l"ke th"s he &ust check that he "s not en+
dan$er"n$ h"s pos"t"on, (ut "n th"s case that "s fa"rly o(v"ous.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack cuts, 'h"te s%uee0es h"& "n sente,
then closes the corner at ;. Th"s "s certa"nly not hat /lack "ntended
hen he peeped at 4 "n 3"a. 4.
44;
3"a. 7. !or a second e#a&ple of res"stance, take th"s ?osek" pos"+
t"on. 'h"te peeps at 4. Ho should /lack reply,
3"a. :. If he connects at 9, he "s forced.
3"a. 8. He can res"st, hoever, "th th"s shoulder &ove. If
'h"te lets 4 (e captured, h"s "ntended forc"n$ stone (eco&es a $"ft
to /lack. 3"a. 6. /ut "f he escapes "th 4 and 3, he saddles h"&self
"th an
unanted eak $roup to care for. A real forc"n$ &ove stands (y
"tself* "t does not dra$ one "nto co&pl"cat"ons l"ke th"s. 'h"te 4 "n
3"a. 7 "s accord"n$ly a fa"lure + prov"ded, that "s, /lack ansers "t
properly (y res"st"n$.
445
Thank34ou 5oves
The essent"al %ual"ty of a forc"n$ &ove "s that "t forces the ene+
&y to anser a$a"nst h"s "ll + to $"ve "n, to suffer so&e k"nd of
loss. 'hen the ene&y "s $lad to anser, the ter& Cforc"n$B no lon$er
appl"es.
3"a. l. It does not apply to th"s 'h"te 4, for e#a&ple, h"ch only
forces /lack to do hat he ants to do anyay, na&ely defend the
cutt"n$ po"nt at 9. 'h"te &ay (e plann"n$ to cont"nue "th so&e+
th"n$ l"ke a, (ut no that /lack has connected, any h"te "nvad"n$
force "ll co&e under fa"rly heavy f"re. 'h"te 4 &ay (e sente, (ut "t
"s not a forc"n$ &ove. Techn"cally speak"n$, "t "s a potent"al+destroy+
"n$ &ove + 'h"te loses the potent"al of cutt"n$ at 9. In s"&ple lan+
$ua$e 'h"te 4 "s a Cthank+youB &ove + /lack thanks 'h"te for play+
"n$ "t.
3"a. 9. 'hat 'h"te should do here "s to cut d"rectly at 4, d"v"de
/lack "n to, and attack. That puts /lack "n an unco&forta(le pos"+
t"on on the r"$ht s"de. >ook"n$ at th"s se%uence, one can apprec"ate
the depth of /lackBs $rat"tude to 'h"te "n 3"a. 4.
-nce a (e$"nner learns to &ake forc"n$ &oves, he tends to &ake
the& at rando&, h"ch leads to &"stakes l"ke the a(ove. There "s a
$o prover( that arns one not to play ne#t to a cutt"n$ po"nt.
49=
3"a. 3. /lack 4 "n th"s d"a$ra& "s another co&&on &"stake. No
&atter ho Cforc"n$B "t appears, 'h"te "s $rateful to /lack for play+
"n$ "t for at least three reasons.
4. /lack loses a l"(erty.
9. /lack loses a ko threat.
3. /lack loses the potent"al shon "n the ne#t d"a$ra&.
3"a. 7. If /lack leaves the pos"t"on alone, he can play 4 here,
threaten"n$ a place&ent at a. Th"s place&ent opt"on "s &uch &ore
useful to h"& than the &ove h"ch destroyed "t "n 3"a. 3.
So&et"&es "t "s hard to dra the l"ne (eteen forc"n$ &oves
and thank+you &oves. Stron$er players tend to hold off "n (orderl"ne
cases, not ant"n$ to co&&"t the&selves to forc"n$ &oves of dou(t+
ful value. 'eaker players $enerally do the oppos"te, play"n$ sente
&oves herever they f"nd the& "th l"ttle re$ard for h"ch s"de
(enef"ts the &ore.
3"as. : and 8. 'hat ould the reader &ake of the to &oves "n
these d"a$ra&s, 'h"ch of the& "s a forc"n$ &ove and h"ch a
thankyou &ove, -r are they (oth forc"n$ &oves, or (oth thank+you
&oves,
494
3"a. 6. /lack 4 "s a $enu"ne forc"n$ &ove. 'hen 'h"te con+
nects at 9, 'h"te Ia (eco&es a asted stone. D'h"te &ay o&"t 9, or
play "t a l"ne loer, (ut then /lack has defended h"s cutt"n$ po"ntsE.
3"a. ;. Th"s t"&e /lack 4 "s a thank+you &ove, (ecause "t
stren$thens 'h"teBs all. /lack, for h"s part, st"ll needs to connect at
a, (ut "n that case G
3"a. 5. It ould (e (etter to play 4 alone and leave the cutt"n$
po"nt at a open.
More !(a'%les fro' Actual Play
!orc"n$ &oves &ay see& l"ke s"de "ssues "n the $a&e as a
hole, (ut "n ser"ous play they assu&e $reat "&portance. If one can
out force oneBs opponent and there(y ac%u"re a ser"es of s&all
advanta$es, that "n "tself &ay (e suff"c"ent to dec"de the outco&e.
Play"n$ forc"n$ &oves (eco&es "nst"nct"ve. So does res"st"n$ the&*
the player ho alays lets h"&self (e forced never "ns. It "s not
unusual to f"nd "n a profess"onal $a&e a lon$ se%uence of &oves,
each of h"ch "s a forc"n$ &ove, a reply to or res"stance to a forc"n$
&ove, or a cont"nuat"on fro& a forc"n$ &ove. !or e#a&ple G
!"$ure =. The 1apanese author as h"te "n th"s $a&e. It "s lo
pos"t"oned and there "s no f"$ht"n$ $o"n$ on, so (oth s"des are press+
"n$ hard for any advanta$e they can $et. Note the (lack area "n the
loer r"$ht. Th"s "s terr"tory + there "s no ay for 'h"te to "nvade "t.
'hat 'h"te ould l"ke to do, then, "s to play &oves l"ke a, (, and c,
h"ch ould threaten "nvas"ons and force /lack to defend, as ell
as &ak"n$ the (lack terr"tory s&aller and the surround"n$ h"te
$roups ("$$er and stron$er.
499
!"$ure l. 'h"te (e$an at 4, h"ch threatened to "nvade at a.
/lack repl"ed at 9.
3"a. 4. The usual response to 'h"te 4 "s to (lock at 9, (ut "f
/lack plays th"s ay he "s co&pletely forced. The 4+9 e#chan$e "s
ent"rely "n 'h"teBs favor, and 'h"te can force a$a"n at a. /lack $a"ns
noth"n$ "n co&pensat"on.
/lack 9 "n !"$ure 4 res"sts (e"n$ forced. 'h"le defend"n$
a$a"nst 'h"te a, "t also has offens"ve &ean"n$. "t threatens to peep at
(. Ne#t 'h"te ould l"ke to force /lack at to &ore po"nts, c and
d, (ut the order "s "&portant. 'h"ch should he play f"rst,
493
3"a. 9. 'h"te 4 "s correct. If /lack repl"es at 9, 'h"te can force
h"& a$a"n at 3. 'h"te 4 sl"$htly reduces /lackBs terr"tory, and also
reduces the threat of /lack a.
3"a. 3. If 'h"te plays 4 here f"rst, /lack "ll not have to anser
'h"te 3. Ne#t "f 'h"te a, /lack (.
!"$ure 9. Dne#t pa$eE 'h"te played 3 correctly, (ut "nstead of
anser"n$ as e#pected /lack res"sted (y ?u&p"n$ out to 7. To a pro+
fess"onal th"s "s only natural. If /lack &eekly su(&"ts as "n 3"a. 3
a(ove, h"s loer r"$ht terr"tory shr"nks to (arely f"fteen po"nts and
the advanta$e "s all 'h"teBs. He cannot e#pect to "n (y play"n$ that
ay.
'h"te, for h"s part, as not $o"n$ to s"t st"ll and let 3 (e sal+
loed up. /lack had left h"s terr"tory e#posed, so the natural th"n$
ould (e to try to "nvade "t. In the ne#t to f"$ures e shall see ho
'h"te ent a(out do"n$ th"s.
!"$ure 3. He started "th a preparatory &ove at :, then pushed
at 6 and ed$ed at 5. /lack could not capture 5 "th a (ecause of
the se%uence shon "n 3"a. 7.
497
3"a. 7. /lack lacks the ko threats to do anyth"n$ (ut connect
a$a"nst 'h"te 7. 'h"te 8 &eans the capture of half h"s $roup. Note
ho 'h"te : "n !"$ure 3 supports th"s se%uence.
49:
!"$ure 7. /lack connected at 4=, 'h"te took prof"t "th 44 to
4:, and /lack 48 captured to h"te stones. @ou should ver"fy that
they cannot escape. /lackBs co&pensat"on for 'h"teBs prof"t as
these to stones plus the tr"an$led $"ft stone 'h"te had to thro "n
to &ake the hole se%uence ork. 'h"teBs atte&pted forc"n$ &ove
and /lackBs res"stance had led to an "nterest"n$ e#chan$e.
!"$ure :. 'h"te forced /lack at 46, 45, and 93. /es"des reduc+
"n$ /lackBs terr"tory, these &oves prevented /lack a. Th"s t"&e
/lack had no ay to res"st, (ut had to anser at 4; and 9=.
In the &"dst of th"s se%uence 'h"te sl"pped "n a forc"n$ &ove "n
the upper r"$ht corner at 94. Its funct"on "s e#pla"ned "n the ne#t four
d"a$ra&s.
3"a. :. Dne#t pa$eE !"rst of all, "f 'h"te does not play 94 "n the
f"$ure, /lack can force h"& "th 4 and 3. Apart fro& the &er"ts or
other"se of 4 and 9, the 3+7 e#chan$e "s pure prof"t for /lack.
498
3"a. 8. >ater, "f /lack connects at :, 'h"te &ay have to &ake
to eyes "th 8.
3"a. 6. -nce 'h"te has &ade the tr"an$led e#chan$e, he "s safe
fro& 3"a. :. Althou$h /lack can trade 4 for 9 as (efore, th"s has no
value "n "tself, and /lack cannot cont"nue at a as he d"d "n 3"a. :.
'h"te ould reply "th (.
3"a. ;. If /lack captures at 3 and 'h"te has to &ake to eyes,
no 7 "s h"s &ove. Th"s $"ves h"& &ore terr"tory and a (etter devel+
op&ent toard the center than "n 3"a. 8 + all th"s fro& the forc"n$
&ove at 94 "n !"$ure :.
496
!"$ure 8. /lack st"ll had to reply to 'h"te 93 "n the prev"ous f"$+
ure, (ut (efore he d"d so (y connect"n$ at 98 he forced 'h"te at 97.
'"th 98 the lon$ se%uence "n the loer r"$ht ca&e to a halt.
Ne#t, even thou$h 'h"te Ia as or"$"nally "ntended as a forc"n$
&ove, 'h"te folloed "t up and connected at 96. Th"s connect"on
as e#tre&ely lar$e for the follo"n$ reason.
3"a. 5. If /lack "$nores "t, 'h"te 4 threatens an "nvas"on of the
corner. /lackBs pos"t"on "s so eak that he has to anser at 9, Delse
'h"te 9E, (ut he "s (e"n$ e$re$"ously forced. To prevent th"s /lack
played 9; "n !"$ure 8, or 4 "n the ne#t d"a$ra&.
3"a. 4=. /lackBs "dea "n play"n$ I as to force 'h"te. If 'h"te
ansers at 9, /lack 3 defends the corner "n sente, 'h"te hav"n$ to
connect at 8. There "s a ("$ d"fference (eteen 3"as. 5 and 4=.
!"$ure 6. Dne#t pa$eE So as not to (e forced, 'h"te played 95 "n+
stead of a, forced /lack a$a"n at 34 Dthreaten"n$ (E, and f"nally
played 33, h"ch "s o(v"ously lar$er than a. He d"d not, hoever, try
to force /lack at c* that ould have (een a thank+you &ove.
49;
3"a. 44. The l+9 e#chan$e helps /lack (y el"&"nat"n$ hat po+
tent"al st"ll e#"sts "n the corner. 'h"te 4 enlar$es 'h"teBs terr"tory
sl"$htly, (ut "s not an ur$ent play.
3"a. 49. /lack ould hardly (e l"kely to &ake a (ad+shape
&ove l"ke 4, and "f he d"d 'h"te could "$nore "t, a(andon"n$ the tr"+
an$led stone "th a clear consc"ence.
3"a. 43. /y not $"v"n$ atar" at a 'h"te leaves th"s potent"al. "f
/lack ansers 4 at 9 and 3 at 7, 'h"te Ia (eco&es sente, threaten"n$
the "nvas"on fro& : to 44.
At th"s po"nt e shall stop follo"n$ the $a&e, (ut the reader
should (e pleased to kno that the f"nal result as a 34J9 po"nt v"c+
tory for 'h"te.
495
Chapter Six
Inducing Moves
Closely related to the forc"n$ &oves of the last chapter are hat
e shall call "nduc"n$ &oves. They can (e looked at as a spec"al
k"nd of forc"n$ &ove, (ut "th the d"fference that "nstead of s"&ply
try"n$ to &ake the ene&y su(&"t, they try to &ake h"& cooperate.
3"a. l. /lack to play, and "t "s o(v"ous that he has to ?u&p out at
A to protect h"s lar$e $roup. 'hat "s less o(v"ous "s that he has a
ay to prepare the $round for th"s ?u&p and &ake "t &ore effect"ve .
3"a. 9. !"rst he hanes at 4. /lack 3 then (eco&es a natural and
necessary response to 'h"te 9. /lack 4 "nduces 'h"te 9 h"ch "n
turn "nduces 3, the &ove /lack anted to &ake "n the f"rst place.
Another ay of look"n$ at "t "s that "f /lack "s $o"n$ to play 3 he can
afford to have 'h"te play 9, so he &ay as ell $et the &a#"&u& out
of h"s &ove (y forc"n$ 'h"te at 4 f"rst. /lack 4 "ncreases h"s poten+
t"al on the r"$ht s"de*later /lack A, threaten"n$ /, &ay (eco&e a
$ood cont"nuat"on.
43=
3"a. 3. If /lack ?u&ps d"rectly to 4,
'h"te e#tends to 9, end"n$ any
relat"onsh"p (eteen the tr"an$led stone
and the center $roup and leav"n$ /lack
"th &uch less potent"al on the r"$ht s"de.
Enl"st"n$ the ene&yBs cooperat"on for
a &ove you are plann"n$ (y &ak"n$ h"&
&ake you &ake "t "s a useful techn"%ue.
Here are to &ore e#a&ples.
3"a. 7. /lack ants to play A. Ho
should he "nduce th"s &ove,
3"a. :. /lack ants to play A. 3"tto.
434
3"a. 8. /lack 4 "nduces 'h"te 9 h"ch "nduces /lack 3. If /lack
s"&ply played 3, 'h"te ould attack at 4 and sand"ch the tr"an$led
(lack $roup a$a"nst the tr"an$led h"te one.
3"a. 6. /lack 4 "nduces 9 h"ch "nduces 3* the se%uence runs
l"ke clockork. Hav"n$ 'h"te play 9 f"rst ra"ses the eff"c"ency of
/lack 3. /lack 4 "s ("$ terr"tor"ally, and "t secures the eye space of
the loer s"de $roup.
Force "e)ore De)endin!
3"a. 4. Dne#t pa$eE /lack needs to defend h"s for&at"on (y
add"n$ a stone to "t at 3. To "nduce th"s &ove, he forces 'h"te (y
peep"n$ at 4. If 'h"te does not connect at 9, /lack can push throu$h
there and "ll not have to play 3, h"le "f 'h"te does connect at 9,
the added stren$th that $"ves h"& "s canceled (y /lack 3. /lack 4
"ll (e useful "n the center, part"cularly "f /lack $ets to play a
D'h"te (, /lack cE, h"ch "s hat he "s a"&"n$ at ne#t.
3"a. 9. If /lack plays 4 f"rst, then tr"es to force 'h"te at 3,
'h"te "ll res"st "th 7, or perhaps even "$nore /lack 3 co&pletely.
In th"s d"a$ra& /lack 4 $oes to aste. It should (e on the po"nt (e+
lo 3.
439
C!orce (efore defend"n$B "s a (as"c pr"nc"ple of $o, "th appl"ca+
t"ons ar"s"n$ "n every $a&e. Nu&erous e#a&ples occurred "n the last
chapter "thout (e"n$ "dent"f"ed as such.
3"as. 3 + :. In each case 'h"te ants to defend at the po"nt
&arked A, and "n each he has a forc"n$ &ove that he should &ake
f"rst. See "f you can f"nd these three forc"n$ &oves.
433
3"a. 8. 'h"te peeps at 4, a"ts for /lack to connect at 9, then
defends at 3. If he played 4 after 3, /lack ould anser at A, not 9.
3"a. 6. 'h"te 4 $"ves /lack an e&pty tr"an$le and ass"sts Ia . If
'h"te s"&ply played 3, /lack ould reply at 4. The e#chan$e that
starts "th /lack 9 at A, 'h"te 9 "s (ad for /lack.
3"a. ;. If 'h"te played 4 after 3, /lack ould %u"te poss"(ly re+
ply at A. 'h"te 3 ould then (eco&e superfluous.
Tactica Situations
3"a. l. Induc"n$ &oves furn"sh clues to
&any tact"cal s"tuat"ons. Here /lack has one
eye on the left ed$e + f"ve stones "n a ro on
the second l"ne e%ual one eye + (ut he needs to
&ake a second.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE He can $et "t (y play"n$
4, and as a (onus, /lack 3 later on captures to
h"te stones, (ut th"s "s a ("t asteful. /oth 4
and 3 are $ote.
437
3"a 3. /lack should start "th 4. If 'h"te repl"es at 9, /lack 3
(eco&es an atar" and /lack l"ves "n sente. /lack 4 pr"&es the pu&p*
"t "nduces 'h"te 9, h"ch then &akes /lack 3 ork to "ts fullest.
3"a. 7. /lack cannot really e#pect to l"ve "n sente (ecause 'h"te
"ll "$nore 4. Then, hoever, /lack need not accept $ote "n captur+
"n$ the to h"te stones, so th"s "s (etter than 3"a. 9.
3"as. : + 6. In each case /lack ants to play A. Ho should he
"nduce these &oves,
43:
3"a. ;. Th"s co&("nat"on orks so ell that 'h"te 9 and Ia are
actually captured. If /lack played only 3, 'h"te ould e#tend to 4
and $et aay.
3"a. 5. If /lack played only 3, 'h"te ould l"nk up "th 4 and
(e safe. As "t "s, h"s $roup re&a"ns under attack.
3"a. 4=. -nce a$a"n, "f /lack played only 3, 'h"te ould reply
at 4.
Resistance
3"a. 4. Induc"n$ &oves, l"ke forc"n$ &oves, &ust at t"&es (e
res"sted lest they turn "nto traps. -ne "nduc"n$ &ove for h"ch th"s "s
often true "s the cut across the kn"$htBs &ove, of h"ch 'h"te 4 "s an
e#a&ple.
438
3"a. 9. It see&s natural to "ntercept (eh"nd 'h"te "th 4, (ut
that "s hat 'h"te "s hop"n$ for. /lack 4 "nduces 'h"te 9.
3"a. 3. If /lack holds 'h"te "n at 4, 'h"te (reaks out on the
other s"de "th 9 throu$h ;, $ett"n$ a (eaut"ful s%uee0e.
3"a. 7. So /lack plays 4 here, lett"n$ 'h"te out at 9. Ne#t he has
to capture at 3, so 'h"te escapes "n sente, l"ke a foot(all player fak+
"n$ h"s ay past a ould+(e tackler and leav"n$ h"& (l"nk"n$ "n d"s+
(el"ef. /lack has (een "nduced.
3"a. :. To avo"d "nduce&ent, /lack should play the outer hane
at 4. If 'h"te follos "th 9 and 7, /lack alls h"& "n "th 3 and :.
'h"te no has a l"fe+and+death pro(le& to solve, and even "f he
solves "t and l"ves, /lackBs outer all "s an e#cellent result.
3"a. 8. 'h"te can perhaps f"$ht h"s ay out of conf"ne&ent "th
the dou(le hane at ,l, (ut 'h"te 4 $ets stranded and 'h"te e&er$es
"n $ote. Co&pare th"s "th 3"a. 7.
3"a. 6. 'h"te 4 "s a standard "nduc"n$ &ove. /lackBs response,
3"a. ;. 'hat "s 'h"te try"n$ for "th the crosscut at 4 and 3, 'here
should /lack play ne#t,
436
3"a. 5. /lack 4 "s correct. 'h"te has to l"ve "n $ote "th 9. If he
played 9 at A, /lack 9 ould k"ll h"&.
3"a. 4=. If /lack descends at 4, 'h"te 9l"ves h"le threaten"n$
A. !or /lack th"s "s so&ehat e&(arrass"n$.
3"a. 44. /lack 4 "s correct, even thou$h "t &eans $"v"n$ 'h"te
the end$a&e &ove at A. 'h"teBs $roups re&a"n separated.
3"a. 49. If /lack plays 4 here, he falls "nto the trap. 'h"te 9 (e+
co&es sente, after h"ch 'h"te can cross under at 7, l"nk"n$ h"s to
$roups safely to$ether.
Inducin! an Attack
3"a. l. Dne#t pa$eE 'e ould l"ke to conclude "th one h"$her
level e#a&ple of "nduc"n$ techn"%ue, taken fro& profess"onal play.
The pos"t"on as as shon. T. @a&a(e, 5+dan, as play"n$ h"te,
and "t as h"s &ove. He "s look"n$ for a ay to attack the (lack
$roup on the left s"de.
3"a. 9. It "ll not do, of course, to start "th 'h"te 4. /lack "ll
l"nk up "th 9, h"ch also helps h"s (otto& left corner.
3"a. 3. The d"rect attack ould (e 'h"te 4 here, (ut after /lack
9 and 7, 'h"te 4 "s eaker than the (lack $roup a(ove "t and 'h"te
has no clear cont"nuat"on. 'h"te a, /lack (, for e#a&ple, ould
eaken 'h"te 4 st"ll further. DNote that /lack 7 at a, 'h"te 7 ould
leave /lack surrounded "th only one def"n"te eye.E
43;
3"a. 7. S"nce d"rect attack"n$ does not succeed, 'h"te has to
ork h"s ay up to the attack &ore sloly. The &ove he chose to
(e$"n "th as 'h"te 4. If you l"ke, you can v"e th"s as a k"nd of
lean"n$ attack.
435
3"a. :. If /lack ansers 4 at 9, 'h"te co&es $lanc"n$ off h"&
"th 3, :, and 6. No he has a dou(le attack $o"n$ a$a"nst the (lack
$roup a(ove and the one "n the corner, here he threatens A. Even
cons"der"n$ only the top $roup, he "s do"n$ (etter than (efore (e+
cause he has (rou$ht three stones to (ear a$a"nst "t "nstead of ?ust
one. 'h"te 4, 3, and :, "nc"dentally, are ?osek" &oves, (ut 'h"te 6
departs fro& the ?osek", h"ch has 'h"te connect"n$ at /. 'h"te /
ould allo /lack 6.
3"a. 8. /lack could foresee 'h"te 6 "n the last d"a$ra&, so he
avo"ded "t (y play"n$ 4 and 3 here. /ear"n$ "n &"nd 'h"teBs overall
o(?ect"ve, h"ch &ove should he choose ne#t. A or /,
3"a. 6. Dne#t pa$eE The ?osek" &ove "s 'h"te 4, (ut here that
ould (e cr"&"nally ron$. /lack ould $a"n perfect safety.
3"a. ;. 'h"te (locked at 4. /lack had to hane at 9 Delse 'h"te
AE, (ut that "nduced 'h"te 3. -nce a$a"n 'h"te had a dou(le attack
$o"n$ a$a"nst /lackBs $roup a(ove and the corner, h"ch 'h"te :
threatened to k"ll.
3"a. 5. To l"ve "n the corner, /lack ould have to play 4 to 5,
provok"n$ 'h"te 7, 8, and ;. Th"s ould spell d"saster on the outs"de
+ 'h"te 4= and 49 for e#a&ple.
47=
3"a. 4=. It ould (e n"ce to report that 'h"te actually captured
one of the $roups, (ut profess"onal $a&es rarely have such sto+
ry(ook end"n$s. /lack DA. Ish"daE countered "th 4, 3, and :, saved
(oth h"s $roups, and took the corner. A fa"lure for 'h"te, No, (e+
cause "th ;+9= he (u"lt a &a$n"f"cent outs"de all, ended "n sente,
and left h"&self the potent"al of a+(+c+d+e. 3esp"te /lackBs sk"llful
counter&oves, 'h"teBs attack had succeeded.
474
Chapter Seven : educing and In!
vading "arge Fra#eworks
The &"ddle $a&e "s, a&on$ other th"n$s, the part of the $a&e "n
h"ch the fates of lar$e fra&eorks are dec"ded. /y Clar$e fra&e+
orksB e &ean lar$e areas of the (oard that are part"ally surround+
ed or occup"ed (y one s"de, (ut not yet co&pletely secured. that can
st"ll (e "nvaded or reduced. <uch of the &"ddle+$a&e f"$ht"n$ tends
to ar"se fro& "ncurs"ons "nto such areas, and attack, defense, forc"n$
&oves, "nduc"n$ &oves, and the (alances of terr"tory and poer all
co&e "nto play.
There are to approaches one can take toard a lar$e ene&y
fra&eork. The f"rst "s to reduce "t fro& the outs"de, (y "ndent"n$ "t
here "ts (oundar"es are st"ll open. The second "s to "nvade "t fro&
"th"n and try to l"ve or escape. The reduct"on approach "s safer, (ut
&"lder. The "nvas"on approach "s r"sk"er, (ut "f successful, "t usually
destroys &ore of the fra&eork. 'e shall e#a&"ne (oth approaches.
Ho does one choose (eteen the to, Partly on the (as"s of
the (alance of terr"tory. "f one "s (eh"nd "n terr"tory, a drast"c "nva+
s"on &ay (e necessary to restore e%u"l"(r"u&* "f one "s ahead "n terr"+
tory, a &odest reduct"on of the fra&eork &ay (e enou$h.
-ne chooses on the (as"s of the (alance of poer as ell* "nva+
s"ons ork (est hen one has the poer to (ack the& up. These
po"nts have already (een &ade "n Chapter -ne.
Tact"cally, there are several spec"f"c "nvad"n$ and reduc"n$
&oves to kno + the shoulder and capp"n$ &oves, for e#a&ple + and
they "ll (e found "n the pa$es ahead. Strate$"cally, there are three
eternal, funda&ental pr"nc"ples.
4. Cons"der relat"ons "th ad?acent areas.
9. Str"ke at ene&y eaknesses.
3. Play fle#"(ly.
479
Th"s chapter "s or$an"0ed around these three pr"nc"ples, tak"n$
the& "n turn, "th a t"&e+out dur"n$ the f"rst to $o over shoulder and
capp"n$ tact"cs.
)unction Points
3"a. l. 'h"te to play a$a"nst the (lack fra&eork on the r"$ht
s"de. Should he "nvade "t, or ?ust reduce "t, Prec"sely hat po"nt
should he a"& for,
If one looks only at the (lack fra&eork, the ansers to these
%uest"ons are not "&&ed"ately clear. E"ther an "nvas"on or a reduc+
t"on &"$ht (e ?ust"f"ed. >ook"n$ at the loer s"de, hoever, e see
that the (lack fra&eork ad?o"ns a h"te fra&eork h"ch "s no less
lar$e and open. The relat"on (eteen these to ad?o"n"n$ fra&e+
orks d"ctates 'h"teBs &ove.
3"a. 9. 3ra a hypothet"cal (oundary "th #Bs &"day (eteen
the to fra&eorks. If (oth fra&eorks (eco&e terr"tory alon$ th"s
?unct"on l"ne, "t "ll &ean an even result. If 'h"te can se"0e th"s l"ne
and push /lack a(ove "t, he "ll have the advanta$e. 'h"te should
therefore play r"$ht on the ?unct"on l"ne. 'h"ch of these ?unct"on
po"nts ould the reader choose,
473
3"a. 3. 'h"te 4 "s (est. If /lack repl"es at 9, 'h"te pushes
stra"$ht ahead "th 3 and :. Co&pare th"s result "th the hypothet"+
cal even result "n 3"a. 9 and see ho &uch 'h"te has $a"ned.
It &"$ht (e ar$ued that /lackBs fra&eork, althou$h reduced, "s
no secure terr"tory, h"le 'h"teBs, althou$h enlar$ed, "s st"ll open
to "nvas"on. That "s true, (ut 'h"te has kept sente, so "f he ants, he
can use h"s ne#t &ove to defend h"s fra&eork. /es"des, ?ust look at
the d"fference "n scale (eteen h"s fra&eork and /lackBs.
If /lack does not reply at 9 (ut "nvades "th 9 at A, 'h"te 4 (e+
co&es a $ood dual+purpose &ove, (oth attack"n$ /lack A and re+
duc"n$ /lackBs fra&eork.
'h"te / "nstead of 4 ould (e the second+(est &ove. After
/lack C and 'h"te 4, /lack could dou(le+hane at 3 and cl"&( a l"ne
h"$her than (efore.
3"a. 7. It should (e as pla"n as day that 3"a. 3 "s correct, (ut letBs
suppose 'h"te "s one of those un(alanced players "th a co&ple#
a(out ene&y terr"tory and that he "nvades at 4. Is there anyth"n$
ron$ "th th"s, Indeed there "s. /lack &akes lean"n$ attacks at 9
and 7, caps 'h"te "th 8, and 'h"te "s "&&ed"ately "n trou(le. He
should not actually d"e, (ut /lack "ll $a"n poer (y attack"n$ h"&
477
and th"s "ll have &any
conse%uences. -ne conse+
%uence &"$ht (e a counter+
"nvas"on (y /lack at A,
h"ch "ll do &ore da&a$e
to the (otto& than 'h"te 4
and 3 do to the r"$ht.
Another th"n$ to note "s
that /lack 9 and 7 cross the
?unct"on l"ne of 3"a. 9 "n
the sa&e ay that 'h"te 4,
3, and : cross "t "n 3"a. 3.
Th"s "s e#actly hat 'h"te
does not ant.
3"a. :. 'h"te to play.
Can the reader f"nd to
lar$e, ad?acent, open fra&e+
orks and "dent"fy the ?unc+
t"on l"ne (eteen the&,
'here ould he play,
Sharp+eyed readers
&ay actually f"nd to ?unc+
t"on l"nes. To help the&
choose (eteen the&, a
ord of adv"ce. donBt play
near th"ckness.
3"a. 8. A$a"n 'h"te to
play. sa&e %uest"on as a(ove. Th"s t"&e 'h"te &ay (e safe "n sl"$ht+
ly overstepp"n$ the ?unct"on l"ne.
3"a. 6. 'h"te 4 "s the ?unct"on po"nt, reduc"n$ /lackBs r"$ht s"de
47:
and center h"le enlar$+
"n$ 'h"teBs upper s"de.
A second cho"ce ould
(e 'h"te A. the "&por+
tant ?unct"on l"ne runs
throu$h these to
po"nts. 'h"te 4 "s so&e+
hat the (etter &ove,
(ecause 'h"te A can (e
stopped (y /lack /, (ut
hen th"s pos"t"on arose
"n a $a&e (eteen R"n
2a"ho, 5+dan and the
1apanese author, R"n
played A.
3"a. ;. 'h"te 4 oc+
cup"es the ?unct"on (e+
teen /lackBs left s"de
fra&eork and 'h"teBs
center+and loer+s"de
fra&eork. It so&ehat
oversteps the ?unct"on
l"ne, h"ch runs throu$h
/, (ut that "s ?ust"f"ed (y
the stren$th of the tr"an+
$led stones. 'h"te A, /,
and C ould also (e
$ood po"nts, althou$h
less severe.
478
Reations with Attack and De)ense
3"a. 4. In th"s pos"t"on there "s a rather lar$e h"te fra&eork "n
the loer left. 'hat type of &ove should /lack use a$a"nst "t. a deep
"nvas"on or a shallo reduct"on, If a reduc"n$ &ove, at hat po"nt,
>ook"n$ at the ad?acent areas, e f"nd no (lack fra&eork,
hence no ?unct"on po"nt to occupy. -n the left s"de, hoever, e
f"nd an eyeless l"ne of (lack stones "n ur$ent need of stren$then"n$.
An "deal &ove ould (e one that s"&ultaneously stren$thened "t and
reduced the h"te fra&eork.
So&e related factors to cons"der "n th"nk"n$ a(out th"s pro(le&
are. 4. S"nce the (lack and h"te $roups "n the loer r"$ht corner are
rou$hly e%ual, all /lack has to do "n the loer left "s to hold 'h"te
to an a&ount he can &atch "th h"s top left and r"$ht corners.
9. If he "nvades too deeply, 'h"te "ll su(?ect h"s "nvad"n$
stone and left+s"de $roup to a dou(le attack.
3. If he stren$thens h"s left+s"de $roup, he can e#pect add"t"onal
prof"t fro& attack"n$ the h"te $roup a(ove "t.
/lackBs &ove,
476
3"a. 9. /lack 4 "s the sou$ht+after &ove, and the reader already
knos the reasons for "t. >"ke the ?unct"on po"nts on the preced"n$
pa$es, "t &arks the "ntersect"on of to &a?or "ssues "n the $a&e. the
fr"endly eak $roup and the ene&y fra&eork.
3"a. 3. Th"s /lack 4 &ay not see& l"ke a very dar"n$ "nvas"on,
(ut even "t $oes too far. 'h"te leaps onto the key po"nt at 9 and e#e+
cutes a spl"tt"n$ attack. 'h"te 8 &akes &"a" of A, capp"n$ the left+
s"de $roup, and /, to push throu$h and cut. /y "nvad"n$ too deeply
/lack has $otten h"&self "nto deep trou(le.
So&eone once o(served that $o as a topolo$"cal $a&e (ecause
"t as &a"nly a(out cont"nu"ty and connect"v"ty. Certa"nly "n th"s po+
s"t"on, here /lack "s suffer"n$ fro& a lack of poer, h"s &a"n con+
cern "s to stay connected.
Co&ple&ent"n$ the type of &ove that defends a fr"endly eak
$roup h"le reduc"n$ a fra&eork e have the type that attacks an
ene&y $roup h"le reduc"n$ a fra&eork. >ean"n$ attacks often do
th"s, /lack 9 and 7 "n 3"a. 7 on pa$e 477 for e#a&ple. !or a non+
lean"n$ &ove
47;
3"a. 7. 'h"te to play and reduce the (lack fra&eork "n the up+
per r"$ht. Need e po"nt out that the key to th"s pro(le& "s the eak
(lack $roup e#tend"n$ up fro& the &"ddle of the loer s"de,
3"a. :. 'h"te 4, a lar$e
kn"$htBs attack, "s the r"$ht &ove.
It reduces /lackBs fra&eork, "t
threatens a capp"n$ attack at A
Dpush"n$ /lack a$a"nst the th"ck
h"te all to the leftE, and "t "s
safe, s"nce "t "s &ore or less con+
nected to the tr"an$led stone.
>"ke /lack "n 3"as. 9 and 3,
'h"te ants to stay connected.
After reduc"n$ the fra&eork
fro& the center l"ke th"s, he can
th"nk a(out "nvad"n$ the r"$ht or
upper s"de.
475
3"a. 8. -ne &"$ht also th"nk of
the capp"n$ play at 4, (ut th"s "s
ron$ for a nu&(er of reasons. To
(e$"n "th, "t dr"ves /lack aay fro&
the h"te all "nstead of toard "t.
/lack l"nks to safety "th 9, 7, and 8.
Also, 'h"te 4 "s d"sconnected fro&
'h"teBs other pos"t"ons* "t looks
rather forlorn after /lack 7 and 8.
Also, "t "s ("ased toard the ell+de+
fended upper s"de and aay fro& the
th"nly+defended r"$ht s"de. It "s fac+
tors l"ke these that &ust (e cons"d+
ered hen reduc"n$ fra&eorks.
The houlder Move
3"a. 4. Dne#t pa$eE /lack to play a$a"nst the h"te fra&eork "n
the upper r"$ht. Th"s t"&e there are no ad?acent fra&eorks or near+
(y eak $roups to (e attacked or defended, so /lack &ust set to
ork fro& scratch, so to speak. In look"n$ for the r"$ht &ove, "t &ay
help to kno that the po"nt 'h"te ould l"ke to take "n th"s pos"t"on
"s A.
3"a. 9. /lack 4, accord"n$ly, ould not (e very $ood, for "t
ould only "nduce the &ove 'h"te anted to &ake to (e$"n "th.
3"a. 3. Should /lack "nvade, As"de fro& the %uest"on of
hether or not the (alance of terr"tory calls for an "nvas"on, there "s
the %uest"on of hether or not he can l"ve. The anser "s dou(tful.
To "nvade and (e k"lled ould &ean a dec"s"ve defeat, h"le to "n+
vade and l"ve ould not necessar"ly (e a dec"s"ve success. /lack
ould l"ve "n $ote "f at all, 'h"te ould (u"ld another stron$ outer
all "n the process of attack"n$ h"&, and "th sente he could recre+
ate h"s fra&eork on the outs"de.
3"a. 7. Instead of r"sk"n$ an "nvas"on, /lack should reduce
'h"teBs fra&eork fro& a(ove. The stron$est reduc"n$ &ove "s the
shoulder &ove at 4, and "n th"s pos"t"on "t orks very ell. 'hat
4:=
result "ll "t $"ve, There are so&e standard patterns to kno, and e
shall f"rst &ake a %u"ck survey of the&, then return to see h"ch f"ts
th"s part"cular case.
4:4
3"a. :. 'h"teBs reply to a shoulder &ove "s usually to push at A
or /. The hor"0ontal push at / "s e&ployed &a"nly "n to s"tuat"ons.
3"a. 8. The f"rst "s hen 'h"te has a stone l"ke the tr"an$led one
to push /lack toard, so that he can $et up off the th"rd l"ne "th 6.
D'h"te 6 at A "s also so&et"&es poss"(le.E
3"a. 6. 'hen the tr"an$led stone "s further aay 'h"te 4 "s st"ll
$ood, (ut /lack no has the opt"on of sk"pp"n$ a space "th 9. If
'h"te plays 3, /lack can sk"p toard the center "th 7. After 'h"te
: /lack can turn aay, and h"s stones have a l"$hter shape than "n
3"a. 8. If 'h"te ed$es "n "th 3 at A, then /lack /, 'h"te 3, /lack
7, 'h"te : ould (e standard. If 'h"te "$nores /lack 9, /lack 3 (e+
co&es a $ood &ove.
3"a. ;. The second s"tuat"on "n h"ch 'h"te pushes hor"0ontally
"s hen he has a to+space e#tens"on Dtr"an$ledE "n the oppos"te d"+
rect"on. /lack 9 to 7 are the standard cont"nuat"on, and th"s t"&e
'h"te keeps sente. '"thout the tr"an$led stone, hoever, th"s se+
%uence ould have so&e d"sadvanta$es for h"&.
3"a. 5. -ne d"sadvanta$e ould (e that /lack 4 ould threaten
to push throu$h and cut D/lack a, 'h"te (, /lack cE. Another d"sad+
vanta$e ould (e that /lack could force 'h"te at d + th"s "thout
hav"n$ to play 4.
4:9
3"a. 4=. 'h"te can avo"d these eaknesses (y play"n$ t"$htly
"th 3 and :. Th"s se%uence "s so&et"&es useful, (ut &ore often
3"a. 44. 'h"te pushes vert"cally to (e$"n "th. After /lack 9,
'h"te can keep push"n$ at A or he can sl"de to 3, h"ch "s usually
(etter than turn"n$ at /. /lackBs cont"nuat"on after 3 &"$ht (e to turn
at A, or to ?u&p toard the center "th C.
3"a. 49. 'h"te 4 can also (e an attack"n$ &ove. Here "f /lack
plays 9, 'h"te 3 captures h"&.
3"a. 43. To play 'h"te 4 "n th"s pos"t"on ould (e a ("t coard+
ly. /lack could escape (y ?u&p"n$ to A, or he could s"&ply a(andon
h"s shoulder stone for the t"&e (e"n$, treat"n$ "t as a forc"n$ &ove.
3"a. 47. 'hen /lack needs to &ake a l"$hter escape "nto the
center Das "n 3"a. 49, for "nstanceE, he sk"ps to 9. 'h"te 3 "s one pos+
s"(le reply. Ne#t "f /lack A, 'h"te /.
3"a. 4:. 'ed$"n$ "n at 4 "s another, &ore a$$ress"ve reply.
3"a. 48. -r 'h"te can s"&ply e#tend at 4 and let /lack connect
at 9, then sl"de to 3 and $et a result l"ke 3"a. 44.
4:3
3"a. 46. To return to our or"$"nal pos"t"on, 'h"te &eets /lack 4
(y push"n$ toard the center "th 9 and 7, then sl"d"n$ to 8. In v"e
of h"s center stren$th, 'h"te 9 at A ould (e too ta&e. /lack de+
fends (y turn"n$ at 6. The reason 'h"te pushes t"ce (efore sl"d"n$
"s that G
3"a. 4;. If he pushes only once, /lack can turn at the head of
to stones "th 7. Th"s su(?ects 'h"te to a certa"n shortness of l"(+
ert"es.
3"a. 45. Ne#t, for e#a&ple, /lack can play 4 to :. -rd"nar"ly
/lack could not $et aay "th &oves l"ke these (ecause 'h"te
ould capture : "th a, /lack (, 'h"te c, (ut here that co&("nat"on
does not ork, s"nce /lack d threatens to capture three stones.
)o"n$ (ack to 3"a. 46, note ho sharply /lackBs shoulder &ove
reduces 'h"teBs fra&eork. The reduct"on "n the upper r"$ht "s al+
&ost as lar$e as (y a successful "nvas"on, and /lack has $otten out
"nto the center as ell. Note also that the all 'h"te (u"lds "th 9
and 7 "s "neffect"ve a$a"nst /lackBs corner enclosure (elo* th"s "s
another factor &ak"n$ /lack 4 $ood.
4:7
The shoulder &ove "s not
l"&"ted to use a$a"nst a stone
on the th"rd l"ne. It can (e
used "n the sa&e ay a$a"nst
a stone on the fourth l"ne, for
e#a&ple, althou$h "n that
case the ene&y keeps &ore
terr"tory alon$ the s"de. It can
also (e used "n the center.
3"a. 9=. Ho should
'h"te reduce /lackBs lar$e
fra&eork, Th"s pro(le& "s
confus"n$ unt"l one th"nks of
the shoulder &ove.
3"a. 94. 'h"te 4 "s the
shoulder &ove, and the
cont"nuat"on throu$h 'h"te
6, rese&(l"n$ 3"a. 4:, "s
the se%uence played hen
th"s pos"t"on arose "n a
Hon"n(o t"tle $a&e (e+
teen Sakata Dh"teE and
Taka$aa. Ne#t "f /lack
cuts un"sely at a. 'h"te
dr"ves h"& around "th (,
/lack c, 'h"te d etc.,"ll+
"n$ly d"scard"n$ 4 and :.
4::
The Ca%%ing Play
3"a. 4. Here e have another lar$e fra&eork to "nvade or re+
duce fro& scratch. An "nvas"on, There "s not &uch po"nt "n "nvad"n$
the upper s"de (ecause "t "s open at the ed$e. An "nvas"on of the up+
per left area ould serve &ore purpose, (ut p"cture 'h"te A, /lack
/. The dan$er "s all too clear that as /lack attacks the "nvad"n$
$roup he "ll (e a(le to construct a hu$e terr"tory "n the loer left
area. 3oes that &ean 'h"te should start (y "nvad"n$ the loer left,
No, (ecause then /lack could e#pand h"s upper area h"le attack"n$.
3"a. 9. S"nce an "nvas"on "s contra"nd"cated, 'h"te tr"es a reduc+
"n$ play, (ut th"s t"&e the shoulder &ove does not ork ell. If
'h"te h"ts the shoulder on one s"de, /lack pushes toard the center
and for&s a very lar$e terr"tory on the other s"de. 'h"te 4 "n th"s d"a+
$ra& &"$ht (e orth cons"der"n$ "f /lackBs tr"an$led stone ere at
A, &ak"n$ the upper left area flatter, (ut not "n the pos"t"on as "t
stands. 'hat e need "s a &ove that avo"ds ("as "n e"ther d"rect"on.
4:8
3"a. 3. That &ove "s the capp"n$ play at 4. /e"n$ a standard
&ove, "t has so&e standard cont"nuat"ons, h"ch e "ll look at (e+
fore $o"n$ on "th th"s pos"t"on.
3"a. 7. Perhaps the &ost co&&on response to a capp"n$ play "s
a kn"$htBs &ove.
3"a. :. 'h"teBs stron$est cont"nuat"on fro& that "s the attach+
&ent at 4. If /lack hanes at 9, 'h"te can dra (ack at 3, press"n$
h"& don to the second l"ne.
3"a. 8. -r 'h"te can crosscut "th 3, a sacr"f"ce tesu?".
3"a. 6. Cont"nu"n$ fro& 3"a. 8, h"le /lack "s (usy captur"n$
the sacr"f"ce stone, 'h"te &akes shape "th three &oves on the out+
s"de. There are several var"at"ons to th"s se%uence + 'h"te : at 8, for
e#a&ple + h"ch can also (e played.
4:6
3"a. ;. There are &any t"&es, hoever, hen the attach&ent at
4 "s unplaya(le. Suppose /lack hanes on top "th 9, then dras (ack
"th 7. If 'h"te cannot capture /lack 9 "n a ladder "th A, he &ay
have to surrender 'h"te 4.
3"a. 5. Another r"sk "s that /lack "ll play th"s cutt"n$ co&("na+
t"on. If 'h"te "s unprepared to deal "th e"ther th"s or 3"a. ;, he had
(etter for$et a(out the attach&ent at 4.
3"a. 4=. 'hen the attach&ent does not ork, 'h"te &ust resort
to so&eth"n$ l"$hter. The kn"$htBs &ove at 4 "s a poss"("l"ty, al+
thou$h "t too depends on a ladder + /lack a, 'h"te (, /lack c, 'h"te
d. If 'h"te cannot f"nd any $ood cont"nuat"on, he should ?ust leave
h"s capp"n$ stone as a forc"n$ &ove and turn elsehere.
3"a. 44. /lack has several alternat"ves to the kn"$htBs response.
-ne that "s used al&ost as fre%uently "s the s"de attach&ent at 4.
There are to s"tuat"ons "n h"ch th"s attach&ent "s arranted.
3"a. 49. The f"rst hen /lack ants to defend terr"tory on (oth
s"des, "n h"ch case he cont"nues fro& the last d"a$ra& "th the d"+
a$onal &ove at :.
3"a. 43. The second "s hen he ants to surround a lar$e terr"+
tory on one s"de, "n h"ch case he cont"nues fro& 3"a. 44 (y &ak"n$
the dou(le hane at : and 6.
4:;
3"a. 47. 'h"te can thart /lack (y e#+
tend"n$ at 4, (ut then /lack cuts at 9. The pos+
s"("l"ty of th"s cut &akes /lackBs or"$"nal s"de
attach&ent &ore a$$ress"ve than the kn"$htBs
&ove, althou$h at the sa&e t"&e "t tends to
stren$then 'h"te.
3"a. 4:. In the pos"t"on e started the sec+
t"on fro&, there "s no need for /lack to stren$then 'h"te "th a con+
tact play, for even a$a"nst the relat"vely soft kn"$htBs &ove at 4
'h"te has no stron$ cont"nuat"on. 'h"te A ould (e (ad for the rea+
sons shon "n 3"as. ; and 5, and the kn"$htBs &ove at 9 $ets cut (y
/lack 3 and :, the ladder (e"n$ unfavora(le. The last th"n$ 'h"te
ants "s to have to defend to separated $roups "ns"de /lackBs
fra&eork.
3"a. 48. Accord"n$ly 'h"teBs proper cont"nuat"on "s so&eth"n$
even l"$hter, l"ke 4 to 6, h"ch $"ves h"& a v"a(le pos"t"on "n the
&"ddle of /lackBs fra&eork. The a&ount of terr"tory /lack $ets
alon$ the s"de "s not unreasona(le, cons"der"n$ the or"$"nal s"0e of
h"s fra&eork, and 'h"te "s ac%u"r"n$ useful poer "n the center.
4:5
*nvasions
So far e have (een pra"s"n$ reduc"n$ &oves and conde&n"n$
"nvas"ons. >et us no do the oppos"te.
3"a. 4. 'h"te to play. !"rst of all, the (lack stones "n the top
r"$ht corner are dead. "f /lack A, 'h"te / "ns the captur"n$ race.
The h"te stones "n the (otto& left corner are al&ost dead too.
Actually they have a l"ttle "nd"rect ko potent"al, (ut "$nor"n$ that, the
$a&e "s a contest (eteen 'h"teBs upper+s"de fra&eork and /lack+
Bs r"$ht+s"de one.
As far as ?ust these to fra&eorks are concerned, the correct
&ove "s 'h"te C on the ?unct"on l"ne (eteen the&. In th"s $a&e,
hoever, 'h"te C ould (e ron$ for to reasons.
The f"rst "s that the $roth of 'h"teBs fra&eork "s already l"&+
"ted (y /lackBs poer "n the &"ddle of the left s"de. 3esp"te 'h"te C,
/lack could ?a( "n at 3, E, or ?ust a(out anyhere, secure "n the
rock+sol"d support (eh"nd h"&.
The second "s 'h"teBs poer at (otto& left. Star"n$ don "nto
/lackBs fra&eork, "t pract"cally co&&ands 'h"te to "nvade and
f"$ht + erenBt those the ords "n Chapter -ne, If 'h"te plays C,
/lack "ll reply at ! and 'h"teBs chance to "nvade "ll (e $one.
48=
3"a. 9. S"nce an "nvas"on "s called for, 'h"te &ust choose the
po"nt. 'h"te 4, the &"dpo"nt on the th"rd l"ne, /lack caps 'h"te
"th 9. Th"s "s a fa"rly stron$ attack, espec"ally s"nce /lack can play
A or / "n sente, threaten"n$ C.
3"a. 3. >etBs &ove 'h"te 4 up to the fourth l"ne. That orks
&uch (etter. No "f /lack caps at 9, 'h"te can $et out "th 3 to 6,
h"s "nvad"n$ $roup start"n$ to attack /lackBs all a(ove.
3"a. 7. /lack cannot per&"t 3"a. 7, so he pulls 9 (ack a l"ne, and
'h"te tr"es the attach&ent at 3. If /lack 7, 'h"te can safely play :,
'h"te 3 serv"n$ to prevent /lack a, 'h"te (, /lack c. Th"s pos"t"on
co&es fro& one of the 1apanese authorBs $a&es, and 'h"te 4 to :
ere the &oves actually &ade. /lack chose 7 (ecause
3"a. :. If he hanes at 4, he (eco&es "nduced + he helps 'h"te to+
ard a l"v"n$ shape. The reader can e#plore the var"at"ons "n h"ch
/lack plays 3 at 7 on h"s on.
There are to $eneral $u"des to choos"n$ "nvas"on po"nts. -ne "s
to a"& for hat looks l"ke a(out the &"ddle of the ene&y fra&e+
ork. that "s hat 'h"te does "n 3"a. 7. The other "s to a"& at spe+
c"f"c eak po"nts "n the fra&eork. the second pr"nc"ple $"ven at the
start of th"s chapter. Three cases "n h"ch the "nvader does that are
shon ne#t.
484
3"a. 8. Case I. In th"s pos"t"on 'h"te should "nvade at 4, tak"n$
advanta$e of the fact that 'h"te I sand"ches to (lack stones
a$a"nst a stron$ h"te all and a"&s toard A.
3"a. 6. /lack naturally caps 'h"te at 4. 'h"te does not play A
"&&ed"ately, (ut holds th"s tru&p card "n reserve and e#tends for+
ard to 9, threaten"n$ /. If /lack plays 3 to prevent /, 'h"te sl"des
to 7. 'h"te 7 &ay look dan$erous, (ut G
3"a. ;. If /lack attacks "th 4 to :, 'h"te l"ves "th 8. S"nce he
also keeps the potent"al of 'h"te a, /lack (, 'h"te c, h"s "nvas"on "s
a ("$ success.
3"a. 5. /lack therefore plays 4 and 3, and no 'h"te f"nally
str"kes at 7, sett"n$ "n &ot"on a se%uence stud"ed on pa$e 57. S"nce
after 4= /lack has to deal "th the threat of 'h"te A, th"s "s another
success.
Is the reader say"n$ that such success could never (e h"s (ecause
he ould never th"nk of 'h"te 7 "n 3"a. 6, 'ell, the A&er"can au+
thor ould not have thou$ht of "t e"ther. There are, hoever, several
&ore pedestr"an &oves that ould st"ll serve the purpose. As lon$ as
one "nvades at 4 "n 3"a. 8 and "s d"&ly aare of 7 and 8 "n 3"a. 5,
the "nvas"on "ll not fa"l.
489
3"a. 4=. Case II. Here /lack has a $ood "nvas"on at 4, the an$le
tesu?" stud"ed "n Chapter Three. The reason "t orks ell as an "nva+
s"on "s that G
3"a 44 If 'h"te attacks "th 4, /lack can
l"nk up "th 9.
3"a. 49. 'h"te "ll nor&ally descend at 4 to
keep /lack separated and "nsecure. D'h"te 4 "s
also ("$ "th respect to the corner terr"toryE.
/lack has var"ous cont"nuat"ons, one (e"n$
/lack 9. If 'h"te pushes throu$h and cuts "th
'h"te a, /lack (, 'h"te c, h"ch he should not
do, /lack $"ves up a stone "th /lack d, 'h"te
e, /lack f. /lack f "s a standard tesu?" that $"ves
/lack splend"d shape.
3"a. 43. Case III. /lack 4, a"&"n$ at A, "s a
$ood "nvas"on. Th"s kn"$htBs approach "s alays
a eakness of a stone DIaE on the fourth l"ne. If
'h"te "$nores /lack 4 G
483
3"a. 47. /lack plays 4 and 3. The h"te $roup (elo no co&es
under attack.
3"a. 4:. If 'h"te defends h"s $roup "th 9, /lack $ets an e#cel+
lent result (y e#tend"n$ to 3. /lack 4 + 'h"te 9 (eco&es a n"ce forc+
"n$ e#chan$e.
3"a. 48. 'h"teBs (est reply to /lackBs "nvas"on "s to check fro&
a(ove "th 4. Th"s keeps /lack fro& e#tend"n$ upard, and "nd"+
rectly prevents /lack A as ell.
3"a. 46. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack no plays 4 and 3, 'h"te can all
h"& "n "th 7 to 49. Th"s "s not a $ood result for /lack. 'h"te "s
safely l"nked to$ether, h"s all rad"ates poer, /lack "s conf"ned,
and 'h"te A ould threaten (oth /lackBs s"de $roup and the (otto&
r"$ht corner. /ut of course /lack need not play th"s ay.
3"a. 4;. He should seek the freedo& of the center (y ?u&p"n$ to
4, keep"n$ 'h"te d"v"ded and eaker. After : /lack "s a"&"n$ at A
and / and has a fa"r f"$ht $o"n$. H"s "nvas"on "s a success.
3"a. 45. Invad"n$ here and lett"n$ 'h"te cover h"s eakness
"th 9 ould earn /lack less of a success. In contrast to 3"a. 4;, he
ould have a eak $roup p"ncered (eteen to sta(le h"te $roups,
and ould have to f"$ht at a cons"dera(le d"sadvanta$e.
487
+le(i&ility in ,educing and *nvading
Reduc"n$ operat"ons and "nvas"ons can often (e helped alon$ (y
a $enerous use of forc"n$ &oves, pro(es, and hat &"$ht (e called
h"t+and+run tact"cs. The "dea "s to take a fle#"(le, opportun"st"c ap+
proach, and not t"e yourself
don to defend"n$ every
stone you play "ns"de the
fra&eork. !or e#a&ple
3"a. 4. )"ven th"s pos"+
t"on, 'h"te &"$ht reduce
fro& a(ove "th 4 and
"nvade fro& (elo "th 3,
f"rst tak"n$ a s"pe at the
outs"de, then dod$"n$ "nto
the corner (efore /lack has
a chance to close "t.
48:
3"a. 9. Cont"nu"n$, /lack ould l"ke to (lock at 7, (ecause h"s
fra&eork "s "der on that s"de, (ut "f he does so, the to tr"an$led
stones (eco&e a horr"(le forc"n$ e#chan$e a$a"nst h"&.
3"a. 3. If 'h"te "nvaded the corner f"rst, then played 43, /lack
ould not drea& of anser"n$ at
A. He ould use h"s poerful all
(y attack"n$ "th 47.
3"a. 7. Rather than let 'h"te
$et aay "th the forc"n$ e#chan$e
"n 3"a. 9, /lack "ll (lock on the
narro s"de of h"s fra&eork "th
7 and play the dou(le+hane ?osek"
at 8 and ;. In th"s ay he can turn
the tr"an$led e#chan$e to h"s ad+
vanta$e + "t &eans that 'h"te has
helped h"& connect. -n the other
hand, hav"n$ to (lock on the
narro s"de "s a &a?or strate$"c
set(ack, and 'h"te Ia has done "ts
?o( (y "nduc"r"$ "t.
488
In the preced"n$ pos"t"on 'h"te tapped the outs"de, then "nvaded
the corner. In pos"t"ons here the corner "s less open, the oppos"te
procedure can (e effect"ve.
3"a. :. Here 'h"te starts (y pro("n$ at the corner "th 4. If
/lack connects at 9, 'h"te sh"fts to the outs"de "th 3 and :. >ater
he can $o (ack and react"vate h"s corner stone (y "nvad"n$ at a, or (y
play"n$ 'h"te (, /lack c, 'h"te d etc. up to 'h"te h and &ak"n$ the
corner a ko. Th"s ko potent"al "s part"cularly annoy"n$, and /lack
no "shes that he had played 9 at ( or c to prevent "t. /lack 9
see&s a l"ttle overconcentrated after 7 and 8.
3"a. 8. So /lack ansers 4 at 9, depr"v"n$ 'h"te of the ko po+
tent"al "n the corner. As co&pensat"on, hoever, 'h"te can take a
sharper approach to reduc"n$ the outs"de "th 3 and :. In 3"a. :
these &oves ould have (een a tr"fle deep, (ut no they are $ood
(ecause they a"& at the eakness at a. After 'h"te :, /lack ould
l"ke to sh"ft /lack 9 (ack to a.
/lack "s "n so&eth"n$ of a ("nd here. He cannot choose the (est
anser to 'h"te 4 (ecause he does not kno yet ho 'h"te "ll
play on the outs"de. That "s of course the hole po"nt of 'h"teBs
pro("n$ at 4 f"rst.
486
3"a. 6. Th"s co&es fro& a Hon"n(o t"tle $a&e (eteen R"n
D(lackE and @. Ish"da. 'h"te has a lar$e fra&eork "n the loer left.
/lack sets to ork on "t (y peep"n$ at 4 to see ho 'h"te "ll
respond. -nce a$a"n, he "ll deter&"ne h"s ne#t &ove fro& 'h"teBs
response.
3"a. ;. 'h"te connected at 9. Th"s &ade the outs"de the &ost
"&portant part of the fra&eork, so /lack sh"fted to reduce "t "th 3
and :. /lack 4 re&a"ned "n a potent"ally useful pos"t"on.
3"a. 5. Suppose that 'h"te pushes /lack toard the left s"de
"th the capp"n$ attack at 4. DTh"s actually happened "n the $a&e.E
After 9 to 8, the tr"an$led stone falls "nto place as a natural e#tens"on
of /lackBs l"ne. -ne e#tra stone l"ke th"s often &eans the d"fference
(eteen l"fe and death.
3"a. 4=. It ould do /lack no $ood to try to play 4 after the
&oves of the last d"a$ra&. 'h"te ould cap h"& "th 9, co&pletely
shutt"n$ off h"s escape. Th"s shos the necess"ty of play"n$ 4 early and
&ak"n$ 'h"te co&&"t h"&self (efore he knos hat /lack "ll do.
3"a. 44. If 'h"te co&&"ts h"&self d"fferently (y anser"n$
/lackBs tr"an$led peep"n$ &ove "th 4 , /lack ad?usts accord"n$ly.
The upper part of 'h"teBs fra&eork "s not so "&portant no, (e+
48;
cause /lack can reduce "t at "44 "th a, 'h"te (, /lack c, 'h"te d,
/lack e, so he $oes to ork on the loer part (y &ak"n$ the
attach&ent at 9. After the ?osek" fro& 3 to 49, 'h"te 4 has (eco&e a
(ad &ove, overconcentrated "n relat"on to 'h"te 5 and 44.
!le#"(le play "s an art, and (efore e close th"s sect"on the
reader &"$ht l"ke to see a
fe &ore art"st"c se%uences
fro& profess"onal $a&es to
help h"& $et the feel. Here
are three.
3"a.49. 'h"te (e$"ns (y
tapp"n$ the loer s"de "th
4 and 3, then sh"fts to tap the
r"$ht s"de "th :. !"nally he
?o"ns h"s stones to$ether "nto
a coherent $roup "th 6 + a
(eaut"ful co&("nat"on.
485
3"a.43. 'h"te starts
reduc"n$ at 4, (ut ansers
the call of /lack 9 (y
sh"ft"n$ to 3. After pro("n$
"th :, he &oves l"$htly
(ack "th 6 to 4:, (landly
"$nor"n$ the cutt"n$ po"nts
around 5, and hat started
out as a reduct"on of
/lackBs fra&eork ends
up (e"n$ (oth that and an
e#pans"on of 'h"teBs left
s"de.
3"a.47. /lackBs central
poer ?ust"f"es a deep
"nvas"on at 4. 'h"te 7 and 8
defend the corner stron$ly,
so /lack sh"fts h"s attent"on
to the upper s"de and pro(es
at 6. /lack 5 and 44 are
sacr"f"ces that &ake 43 and
4: sente. /lack 4 : co&+
f"nes perfectly "th 46. The
h"te stones around ; are
(adly eakened* /lack 3,
:, 5, and 44 reta"n useful
potent"al.
These spec"f"c
se%uences re%u"red careful
ork"n$ out, (ut hat e
are try"n$ to co&&un"cate
"s the $eneral feel"n$ of
fle#"("l"ty + of sh"ft"n$ around + of (e"n$ "ll"n$ to sacr"f"ce + of not
$ett"n$ t"ed don. That "s so&eth"n$ the reader can apply hatever
h"s level.
46=
Fe6ibiity in Res,ondin!
!le#"("l"ty "s not the e#clus"ve pr"v"le$e of the s"de that "s reduc+
"n$ or "nvad"n$. The other s"de can often use the sa&e dev"ous &eth+
ods "n respond"n$.
3"a. 4. 'h"te has "nvaded at 4. Ho shall /lack reply,
3"a. 9. If he &akes the stra"$htforard &oves at 4 and 3 h"ch
e shall &eet "n the ne#t chapter, 'h"te can l"nk to h"s corner "th
no pro(le&s. Th"s "s (e"n$ too cooperat"ve.
3"a. 3. Instead of reply"n$ d"rectly to 'h"teBs "nvas"on, hy not
lean a$a"nst the corner "th /lack 4, If 'h"te &akes the standard
repl"es at 9 and 7, /lack "s ready to play :. 'h"te can no lon$er l"nk
up as (efore* h"s "nvas"on "s "n ser"ous trou(le.
3"a. 7. In that case 'h"te "ll use 7 to escape h"le he has the
chance, (ut /lack takes the corner "th : and 6, a lar$e terr"tor"al
$a"n. It "s true that /lack has (een spl"t apart, (ut (oth of h"s $roups
are stron$ and the h"te one (eteen the& "s eak and st"ll vulnera+
(le. Th"s "s &uch (etter than 3"a. 9.
In $a&es (eteen $ood players, one f"nds that nearly half the t"&e
the response to an "nvas"on "s so&e sort of "nd"rect attack l"ke th"s.
464
3"a. :. The 1apanese author v. Haruya&a. /ear"n$ "n &"nd the
(lack fra&eork at (otto&, ho should 'h"te anser /lack 4,
3oes the reader recall the standard responses on pa$es 4:9+3,
3"a. 8. 'h"te 4 as one, (ut /lack "ll sk"p to 9. If 'h"te 3 and
:, 8 $"ves /lack an "deal result. He has crossed the ?unct"on l"ne (e+
teen the to fra&eorks and really flattened 'h"te out.
3"a. 6. If 'h"te sh"fts 3 to keep fro& (e"n$ shut "n, /lack "ll
(lock at 7. The to h"te stones a(ove 7 are no eak and /lack "s
threaten"n$ A, so th"s "s no $ood e"ther.
3"a. ;. 'hat a(out push"n$ "n th"s d"rect"on "th 4, the other
standard reply to a shoulder &ove, /ut /lack 9, 7, and 8 st"ll ork
perfectly "th /lackBs fra&eork, h"le the poer of 'h"te 4 and 3
"s null"f"ed (y the (lack $roup ly"n$ a(ove.
It see&s that none of the standard &oves succeed. 'ell, part of
the reason for kno"n$ the standard &oves "s to kno hen they fa"l
and so&eth"n$ d"fferent "s re%u"red. 'hat the author tr"ed "n th"s po+
s"t"on "s shon ne#t.
3"a. 5. He played 'h"te 4.
3"a. 4=. 'h"teBs a"& "s to "nduce /lack 4 to 'h"te 7, attack"n$
"nd"rectly. Ne#t "f /lack cuts (eteen 9 and 7 G
469
3"a. 44. 'h"te $ets an e#cellent result. /lackBs or"$"nal shoulder
&ove (eco&es utterly &ean"n$less.
3"a. 49. /lack as a(le to see the trap "n 3"as. 4= and 44, so he
steered aay fro& "t (y turn"n$ at 4. The e#chan$e throu$h 7 fol+
loed. Th"s as a surpr"s"n$ result fro& /lackBs shoulder play, (ut
"n $o such surpr"ses are nor&al.
463
Chapter Eight Invasions into
three!space e$tensions
There are three $eneral pr"nc"ples, covered "n the prev"ous chap+
ter, for "nvad"n$ and reduc"n$ lar$e fra&eorks. !or s&all fra&e+
orks, there are actual ?osek"s. spec"f"c &oves and se%uences that
occur repeatedly. Th"s chapter deals "th three+space e#tens"ons
alon$ the s"de, h"ch are a&on$ the s&allest and &ost fre%uently
encountered fra&eorks. Invas"ons of the& tend to start "n fa"rly re+
str"cted patterns. Knfortunately, they then tend to (ranch "nto &ore
var"at"ons than e can e#haust"vely cover, so e plan to e#pla"n the
cho"ces for the f"rst to &oves + here to "nvade and ho to &eet
the "nvas"on + then sho ?ust one or to of the &ost typ"cal
cont"nuat"ons fro& each, hop"n$ that th"s "ll $"ve the reader a use+
ful $u"de "thout over(urden"n$ h"s &e&ory.
%& The (3S,ace E6tension on the Third #ine
3"a. l. Here /lack has &ade the s"&plest type of three+space e#+
tens"on.
3"a. 9. The (est place to "nvade "t "s on the th"rd l"ne d"rectly (e+
teen the to stones. E#cept"ons to th"s rule are so rare they do not
&atter. The "nvas"on "s &ost effect"ve hen there "s a h"te stone
out to one s"de, at a or ( for e#a&ple, so that at least one of the (lack
stones "s cau$ht "n a p"ncer effect.
There are three &a"n ays, shon "n the ne#t three d"a$ra&s,
for /lack to respond.
467
3"a. 3. 'hen he "s "n a pos"t"on to attack stron$ly, he "ll &ake
a d"a$onal play.
3"a. 7. 'hen he "s less stron$, he "ll choose a less d"rect for&
of attack, often a one+space ?u&p, or a lean"n$ contact play a$a"nst
so&e near(y h"te stone.
3"a. :. 'hen he "s not stron$ at all, he "ll &ake the purely de+
fens"ve loer attach&ent.
*a- The Diagonal Play
3"a. 4. Here /lackBs three+space e#tens"on co&es fro& a
kn"$htBs &ove corner enclosure. He uses h"s stron$ corner pos"t"on
(y push"n$ 'h"te a$a"nst "t "th the d"a$onal &ove at 9. 'h"te, for
h"s part, "ll not usually "nvade at 4 "thout support"n$ stones at or
near at least one of the to places shon.
3"a. 9. 'h"te ould l"ke to cont"nue (y push"n$ (ack a$a"nst
/lackBs d"a$onal &ove "th 3 and (end"n$ out past 7 "th :, (ut
then /lack cuts at 8. 'h"te can l"ve (y play"n$ a and dra"n$ (ack,
then ( and dra"n$ (ack, (ut a t"ny l"fe, "n $ote, "th /lack (eco&+
"n$ very stron$ on the outs"de, as not hat he had "n &"nd hen he
"nvaded.
46:
3"a. 3. 'h"teBs correct play "s 3. If /lack tr"es to conta"n h"&
"th 7, he can $et out "th the help of a to+stone sacr"f"ce, 'h"te 6
and 5 serv"n$ to keep /lack fro& push"n$ throu$h at a and cutt"n$.
/lack 7 "s a fa"lure.
3"a. 7. A (etter &ove for /lack "s 7 "n th"s d"a$ra&, or so&e+
t"&es 7 at :. 'h"te 6 and /lack ; are the start of a runn"n$ (attle,
h"ch "s &ore l"ke hat 'h"te as hop"n$ for. He can attack the
to (lack stones to the r"$ht, (ut (oth runn"n$ $roups lack eyes, so
the f"$ht "s fa"r.
468
*&- An *ndirect Attack
3"a. l. Dfac"n$ pa$eE Here hen 'h"te "nvades at 4, /lack "s not
stron$ enou$h for the d"a$onal play, (ut he "s st"ll stron$ enou$h to
&ake so&e k"nd of attack. -ne+space ?u&ps and contact plays ere
&ent"oned as (e"n$ typ"cal "n th"s "nter&ed"ate s"tuat"on, and /lack
9 "s (oth. >ean"n$ a$a"nst 'h"te Ia, /lack $a"ns &o&entu& for an
attack on 4.
3"a. 9. 'h"te escapes "th :, /lack turns at 8 to cap h"& at ;,
and a$a"n a runn"n$ (attle develops. 'h"te &ust alays (e prepared
to run hen he "nvades. Inc"dentally, "f "t ere not for the presence
of the tr"an$led stone, /lack could use 8 to cut at a.
*c- The .ower Attach'ent
3"a. 4. D(eloE Th"s t"&e hen 'h"te "nvades at 4 /lack has
only to stones on the left s"de, so he does not ant to $et "nvolved
"n a runn"n$ f"$ht. He plays the evas"ve loer attach&ent at 9. Th"s
"s not so &uch an atte&pt to l"nk up as a sacr"f"ce to &ake shape on
the outs"de. 'h"te can, "f he "shes, "$nore "t and leave 4 and 9 as a
forc"n$ e#chan$e.
466
3"a. 9. 'h"te often has a $ood cont"nuat"on, hoever, "n the
hane at 3, sett"n$ "n &ot"on the f"#ed se%uence up to ; "n h"ch he
takes the sacr"f"ce stone h"le /lack plays three &oves on the out+
s"de. 'hat &akes th"s attract"ve for 'h"te here "s that he can cut at
5. /lack 4= "s not an atte&pt to l"ve "n the corner, (ut a second sacr"+
f"ce.
3"a. 3. /lack 49, h"ch 'h"te has to anser at 43, "s another
part of the sacr"f"ce &aneuver. /lack plays 47 and 48 "n sente, then
f"n"shes the se%uence "th 4;, or perhaps a. The effect of the 49+43
e#chan$e "s that later on /lack can play e"ther ( or c "n sente. Th"s
"ll prove useful "f, for e#a&ple, he "nvades the loer left corner at
d and f"$ht"n$ develops on the left ed$e. At any rate, he has conced+
ed terr"tory (ut $a"ned th"ckness "n e#chan$e.
3"a. 7. /lack can &ake hat looks l"ke the oppos"te e#chan$e
(y start"n$ "th the upper attach&ent at 4, (ut th"s "s &ore an out+
r"$ht loss than an e#chan$e. 'h"te can cla"& to have (oth reduced
/lackBs terr"tory and $a"ned a $reat deal of th"ckness "n sente (y cap+
tur"n$ /lack 4. /lack 4 "s occas"onally correct, (ut /lack : "s a
&ove (est for$otten.
46;
**- The /-%ace !(tension fro' the Third
.ine to the +ourth .ine
3"a. 4. Th"s "s pro(a(ly the &ost co&&on three+space e#ten+
s"on, and the one that "nvolves the &ost var"at"ons. The f"rst pro(le&
"s here to "nvade "t.
3"a. 9. The (est po"nts to str"ke at are arran$ed "n the shape of a
H. The one on the th"rd l"ne, at the ape# of the H, "s the only true "n+
vas"on. The other to are reduc"n$ &oves.
3"a. 3. These three po"nts + the other H + are usually "nfer"or.
3"a. 7. In part"cular e ould l"ke to "ssue a arn"n$ a$a"nst
th"s 'h"te 4, a &ove h"ch see&s to appeal stron$ly to those ho
"sh to "nvade (ut cannot su&&on the coura$e to "nvade deeply.
/lack can $enerally $et a $ood result "th the contact play at 9, es+
pec"ally "f 'h"te falls "nto the trap "n the ne#t d"a$ra&.
465
3"a. :. 'h"te hanes at 3, perhaps a reasona(le cont"nuat"on, and
/lack cuts at 7. Ne#t 'h"te sp"es the atar" at : + oh (oy + and /lack
descends at 8. Here 'h"teBs rush "s checked (y aareness of the
threat of /lack 6, so he connects at 6 and /lack l"nks under at ;.
Each of 'h"teBs &oves &ay have so&e ?ust"f"cat"on, (ut they su& to
a horr"(le result. /lackBs terr"tory has (een hardened rather than "n+
vaded, and 'h"teBs stones are left eak, heavy, and short of l"(ert"es.
3"a. 8. The correct "nvas"on po"nt "s 4. 'e shall deal "th "ts
var"at"ons f"rst, then return (r"efly to cons"der 'h"te a, 'h"te ( hav+
"n$ (een dealt "th "n the last chapter. /lack has three &a"n repl"es
to 'h"te 4.
3"a. 6. The &ost natural and &ost often correct reply "s the at+
tach&ent at 4. 'h"te has several standard cont"nuat"ons. e shall
sho e#a&ples of a, (, and c, and 'h"te d "s another poss"("l"ty to
keep "n &"nd. 'h"te ( "s cond"t"onal on a ladder.
3"a. ;. /lackBs second reply to 'h"teBs "nvas"on "s th"s d"a$onal
&ove. As a non+contact play, "t "s a stron$er attack than the attach+
&ent, so "t "s fre%uently correct.
3"a. 5. -ccas"onally "t "s (est for /lack to descend to 4, or ?u&p
don to a.
4;=
** a- Attach'ent - 0edge
3"a. l. 'h"teBs ed$e at 9 "s the stron$est reply to the attach+
&ent at 4, (ut "t "s playa(le only hen the ladder at a orks. If th"s
ladder "s (roken, then /lack 3 and : place 'h"te "n a d"ff"cult pos"+
t"on. -n the other hand, "f the ladder orks then /lack 3 and : are
rarely $ood.
3"a. 9. If the ladder orks, /lackBs only cont"nuat"on "s to l"nk
up "th 6 and 5, (ut th"s $"ves 'h"te th"ckness "n sente, an e#cellent
result fro& h"s "nvas"on. /lack should look for so&e other ay to
f"$ht (ack.
3"a. 3. -ne poss"("l"ty "s to play : here "nstead of connect"n$ at
8. The %uest"on then (eco&es hether
or not 'h"te can capture /lack In "n a
ladder.
3"a. 7. In th"s pos"t"on the ladders of
3"as. 4 and 3 ould (oth ork, so 'h"te
unhes"tat"n$ly ed$es at 3. Ho "s
/lack to anser, 3"as. 4 and 3 are out.
In one var"at"on he $"ves atar" at 7 and
'h"te cont"nues "th : to 5, (ut the
cutt"n$ po"nts left at a and ( &ake th"s
result so&ehat unfavoura(le.
4;4
3"a. :. Perhaps he should $"ve atar" fro& (elo "th 4, then
push out (es"de 'h"te at 3. 'h"te 7 to 4= are the standard cont"nua+
t"on, 'h"te 8 (e"n$ the key &ove "n the se%uence. /lack saves h"s
s"de terr"tory and ends "n sente, (ut 'h"teBs center all "s st"ll an
a&ple harvest fro& the "nvas"on. Note that 'h"te a and ( have (e+
co&e sente, threaten"n$ c.
**&- Attach'ent - !(tension
3"a. 4. Here "s a case here the ladder "s a$a"nst 'h"te D/lack
In (reaks "tE so he cannot ed$e at 7. >"nk"n$ to h"s corner stones
"th 3 and : "s the lo$"cal th"n$ to do "nstead. 'h"te : can (e at a,
and there "s a co&ple# fa&"ly of var"at"ons start"n$ "th : at 8, (ut :
as shon &akes a $ood l"nka$e and assures 'h"te of sente. /oth
s"des can (e sat"sf"ed "th th"s result* 'h"te has $a"ned prof"t, (ut
/lack has $a"ned th"ckness.
4;9
**c- Attach'ent - Thrust
3"a. l. In th"s case 'h"teBs escape route l"es up the s"de "nstead
of don "t, so he thrusts upard "th 3 and l"nks to Ia . If he played
3 at ;, he ould r"sk los"n$ h"s hole "nvad"n$ force, and there "s a
s"&ple refutat"on to the ed$"n$ &ove D3 at aE h"ch you should
have no trou(le f"nd"n$. The se%uence to ; "s standard, althou$h
there "s one poss"(le var"at"on at /lack 8.
3"a. 9. If /lack ants sente (adly enou$h, he can play 8 here "n+
stead of connect"n$ at 6, (ut h"s pos"t"on "s left &uch th"nner, and
'h"teBs &uch th"cker, than "n 3"a. 4. Note the cut poss"(le at a.
3"a. 3. The reason /lack 8 "n 3"a. 9 "s sente "s that "f 'h"te "$+
nores "t, /lack can play 4 to 5 here. 'h"te ould (e (etter off not
"nvad"n$ "n the f"rst place than allo"n$ th"s to happen.
4;3
**d- Diagonal Move
3"a. 4. Here hen 'h"te "nvades at 4 /lack "s "n a $ood pos"+
t"on to attack, for not only "s 'h"te 4 eak, (ut so are the to h"te
stones "n the loer r"$ht. /lack chooses, accord"n$ly, the d"a$onal
&ove at 9.
3"a. 9. 'h"teBs usual cont"nuat"on "s to push at 3, then h"t under
at :. /lack cannot play 8 at 6 + that ould run "nto a dou(le atar" + so
'h"te l"ves "th 6 to 44. /lack, hoever, then devastates the loer
r"$ht "th 49. 'h"te 4 "n 3"a. I turns out to have (een an overplay.
The &a"n r"sk /lack runs "n &ak"n$ the d"a$onal play "s that
so&et"&e dur"n$ the se%uence 'h"te "ll cut at a. 'hen /lack "s
prepared to cope "th th"s cut, hoever, the d"a$onal play "s
stron$er than the attach&ent.
3"a. 3. The attach&ent at 9 ould (e a &"stake "n th"s s"tuat"on.
'h"te ould l"nk up "th 3 to 6, and h"s "nvas"on ould end up ac+
tually stren$then"n$ h"s to stones "n the loer r"$ht.
4;7
**e- Descent
3"a. 4. In th"s pos"t"on, /lack should descend at 9 to keep 'h"te
out of the corner.
3"a. 9. Th"s /lack 4 "s also correct. Co&pared "th 3"a. 4, "t
&akes cross"n$ under at a eas"er, (ut leaves a sl"$ht eakness at (.
3"a. 3. If /lack &ade the attach&ent at 4, 'h"te ould take the
corner terr"tory "th 9 and 7, and the outer all /lack $ot "n co&+
pensat"on ould (e neutral"0ed (y the to h"te stones on the left
s"de. 'h"te 9 at a &"$ht also (e effect"ve.
3"a. 7. If /lack &ade the d"a$onal play, 'h"te ould dod$e
"nto the corner "th 9. If cut off (y /lack 3, he ould a(andon Ia
and l"ve "th 7 to 49. In contrast to 3"as. 4 and 9, he ould have no
eak $roup to orry a(out, h"le /lack ould have the ser"ous cut+
t"n$ po"nt at a.
4;:
**f- Attaching *nstead of *nvading
3"a. 4. The attach&ent at /lack 4 looks l"ke a stron$er &ove
than the "nvas"on at a, (ut actually the reverse "s true. !or all "ts
co&"n$ "n contact "th the h"te stone, "t "s a l"$hter, shalloer
penetrat"on of 'h"teBs three+space e#tens"on than /lack a. )enerally
speak"n$, /lack cons"ders play"n$ 4 "n cases here 'h"te ould at+
tack /lack a "th (.
3"a. 9. 'h"te has three &a"n ansers to /lackBs attach&ent. In
the f"rst he hanes underneath "t at 4. /lack also hanes, at 9, and
'h"te cuts at a, or so&et"&es connects at (. /lack e#pects to use 9
as a sacr"f"ce to $a"n poer "n the center. He &ust (e a(le to capture
'h"te a "n a ladder "f 'h"te cuts there, then connects at (.
3"a. 3. If 'h"te ants to (e &ore a$$ress"ve he can hane on top
of the (lack stone "th 4. /lack 9 starts a runn"n$ (attle.
3"a. 7. A th"rd poss"("l"ty "s for 'h"te to stand stra"$ht out "th
4. /lack repl"es "th 9 or a and a$a"n starts a runn"n$ (attle.
3"a. :. Dne#t pa$eE BTh"s "s an e#a&ple fro& profess"onal play.
/lack uses 4 to reduce 'h"teBs four+stone fra&eork "n the loer
r"$ht. Cons"der"n$ the (lackness of the upper r"$ht corner, 'h"te
does not ant to $et Ia "nvolved "n a runn"n$ (attle, so he ansers
"th 9 and 7, and the se%uence reverts to the one encountered on
pa$e 4;9. 'h"te pushes at 8, rather than a, so as to develop h"s cut+
t"n$ stone.
4;8
3"a. 8. The ?osek" ends "th 'h"te 49. /lack (u"lds center
th"ckness "n sente.
3"a. 6. H"s ne#t &ove takes a lar$e ("te out of 'h"teBs fra&e+
ork. Rather than challen$e /lackBs center th"ckness, 'h"te $"ves
up Ia and plays 47 and 48. As far as the r"$ht s"de "s concerned
/lack has not done very &uch + that as to (e e#pected s"nce he
&ade the shallo &ove at I "n 3"a. : + (ut as far as the center and
loer s"de are concerned he has done e#cellently. Inc"dentally, e
have no reached the pos"t"on d"scussed fro& 'h"teBs po"nt of v"e
on pa$es 44:+446 "n Chapter :.
4;6
***- The /-%ace !(tension fro' a 1-
tone 0all
3"a. 4. The three+space e#tens"on fro& a to+stone all shares
features of (oth of the other three+space e#tens"ons stud"ed so far.
'h"te 4 "s the only "nvas"on po"nt, and /lack can choose h"s reply
fro& a&on$ a, (, and c. /lack a "s the stron$est &ove, the one /lack
ould use "f he thou$ht he could actually capture 'h"teBs "nvad"n$
stone. /lack ( "s &ore defens"ve, and /lack c "s &ost defens"ve of
all, an e&er$ency &easure.
3"a. 9. Here /lack 4 "s correct. 'h"te can play 9 at a, folloed
(y /lack 3, 'h"te (, etc., and l"nk up to h"s stone a(ove, or he can,
as shon, descend to 9, fro& here he can l"nk up at e"ther ( or 7.
/lack 3 and 'h"te 7 (r"n$ the operat"on to a close.
3"a. 3. The d"a$onal &ove at 4 ould (e dan$erous here. 'h"te
pushes at 9, cuts at 7, plays 8 and ; "n sente, then descends to 4=, to
l"nk up at a or (. /lack "s d"v"ded "nto to eak $roups and "s "n
trou(le.
4;;
3"a. 7. Here "s another e#a&ple fro& profess"onal play. 'h"te "s
%u"te eak th"s t"&e (ecause of the to tr"an$led stones, hence the
defens"ve reply at 9.
3"a. :. If 'h"te &akes the upper attach&ent at 4, /lack thrusts
s"deays "th 9 and cuts at 7. 'h"te can and &ust capture /lackBs
to stones "th :, (ut G
3"a. 8. /lack scores a hu$e success (y sacr"f"c"n$ the&. He so+
l"d"f"es h"s on terr"tor"al fra&eork "th ; and 4= and destroys
'h"teBs "th 49 and 47. Th"s result "s unth"nka(le for 'h"te.
4;5
3"a. 6. Accord"n$ly 'h"te plays 4 underneath. The 4+9 e#+
chan$e keeps /lack fro& thrust"n$ and cutt"n$ as he d"d "n 3"a. :.
The rest of the se%uence "s rather co&ple#, (ut "t f"ts the $eneral pat+
tern of 'h"teBs sacr"f"c"n$ 4 Dand here four other stonesE to &ake
shape on the outs"de. /lack $ets so&ehat the (etter end of the deal
"th h"s lar$e capture, (ut 'h"te "s not too (adly off (ecause he
ends "n sente.
These var"at"ons $"ve ?ust a sa&ple of the co&pl"cat"ons that can
ar"se fro& an "nvas"on "nto th"s e#tens"on.
I7& The (3S,ace E6tension on the Fourth #ine
3"a. 4. 'hen the three+space e#tens"on "s on the fourth l"ne,
there are to "nvas"on po"nts to choose fro&, at a and (.
45=
3"a. 9. The lo "nvas"on "s the s"&pler of the to. N"ne t"&es
out of ten /lack should anser "t "th the attach&ent at 9 and (u"ld
an outer all h"le 'h"te l"ves alon$ the s"de. 'hen /lack feels he
has to defend the s"de he can play 9 at a or (, (ut then 'h"te ?u&ps
out "nto the center.
3"a. 3. The h"$h "nvas"on creates d"ff"cult"es for (oth s"des + for
/lack (ecause he cannot l"nk h"s to stones to$ether and for 'h"te
(ecause he cannot eas"ly $a"n eye space alon$ the s"de. /lack often
repl"es "th a d"a$onal play l"ke 9 or a one+po"nt ?u&p l"ke a, "nv"t+
"n$ a runn"n$ f"$ht. Another fre%uent response "s /lack (, h"ch pre+
pares to cross under at c. /lack 9 at c "s also seen, "n cases here
/lack "ntends to $"ve up one of h"s stones.
*2 a- The 3igh *nvasion
3"a. l. Here the h"$h "nvas"on at 4 "s (est. If /lack runs out "th
9 and 7. 'h"te $ladly runs out "n tande&, head"n$ toard the fra&e+
ork "n the upper r"$ht. 'h"teBs enclosure "n the loer left corner
orks as a p"ncer a$a"nst the pa"r of (lack stones "nclud"n$ 7.
454
3"a. 9. It &"$ht actually (e (etter for /lack to play the d"a$onal
&ove at 9 and a(andon In "n order to (u"ld up h"s fra&eork to the
r"$ht "th 7, 8, and ;.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE !or 'h"te, the lo "nvas"on ould (e a &"s+
take here. /lack repl"es "th 9, and $a"ns added center th"ckness
"th 7 and 8. 'h"teBs pos"t"on on the left s"de "s lo and redundant.
3"a. 7. Th"s "s the type of s"tuat"on here "f 'h"te &akes the
h"$h "nvas"on at 4, /lack should descend at 9. /es"des "nd"rectly at+
tack"n$ 'h"te 4 D"t prevents 'h"te 9E, th"s descent stren$thens
/lackBs hold on the loer half of the left s"de. -rd"nar"ly /lack
ould cons"der attack"n$ &ore a$$ress"vely "th a, (ut 'h"te has
stron$ stones at Ia toards h"ch "t "ll not do any $ood to push
h"&.
3"a. :. If 'h"te ?u&ps out to 4, /lack can cross under at 9.
3"a. 8. If 'h"te ?u&ps don to 4 he can keep /lack separated,
(ut the e#chan$e of In for 4 has (een "n /lackBs favor.
459
453
*2&- The .ow *nvasion
3"a. 4. Here 'h"teBs stren$th "n the upper left &akes the lo "n+
vas"on at 4 "deal. /lack plays 9 and 'h"te e#chan$es 3 for 7, then
heads for the open space (elo "th : to 5. If /lack plays 4= at a,
'h"te $r"ps h"& "th (, and "f /lack then captures 4 and 3, 'h"te
e#tends to d. 'hatever happens, the th"ck all /lack &akes "n the
center "s neatly cancelled (y the h"te stones a(ove.
3"a. 9. The h"$h "nvas"on at 4 turns out (adly "n th"s pos"t"on.
/lack h"ts under 'h"te 4 "th 9, descends to 7, and sol"d"f"es h"s ter+
r"tory "th 8 and ;, leav"n$ 'h"te (adly overconcentrated "th no
prof"t to speak of. If /lack tr"ed to save In (y play"n$ 9 at a, 'h"te
ould co&e out at (, catch"n$ In and /lack a "n a (eaut"ful p"ncer
attack and $ett"n$ a very $ood result, (ut "f /lack sacr"f"ces In as
shon, 'h"teBs result "s $rotes%ue.
457
7& The (3s,ace E6tension )rom the Third #ine to
the Second #ine
3"a. 4. The last pattern e shall e#a&"ne "s the three+space e#+
tens"on fro& the th"rd l"ne don to the second. It has so&e of the
sa&e propert"es as the e#tens"on fro& the fourth l"ne don to the
th"rd, (ut "s less co&&on.
3"a. 9. The (est po"nts to attack are a$a"n arran$ed "n a H, (ut
there "s no a fourth po"nt to keep "n &"nd.
3"a. 3. 'hen Ia "s played on the second l"ne, "t "s usually (ecause
there "s an ene&y stone a(ove "t on the fourth l"ne, and "t "s then
so&et"&es correct for /lack to thrust don at 4, and hane at 3 "f 'h"te
dras (ack to 9. If 'h"te plays 9 at 3, the "dea "s for /lack to play 9 "f
the ladder orks so that 'h"te cannot cut, or a other"se.
The three &oves su$$ested "n 3"a. 9, hoever, are &ore v"$or+
ous and "nterest"n$, and e shall sho one e#a&ple of each.
7 a& The Shouder 8ay
3"a. 4. The shoulder play at 4 "s effect"ve "n th"s hand"cap+$a&e
pos"t"on. 3r"v"n$ 'h"te alon$ the (otto&, /lack $ets a th"ck all and a
$ood result. /lack 5 "s a key play. If /lack (locks at a and lets 'h"te
play 5, cracks appear "n h"s all. /lack 5 "nd"rectly defends the corner
(y plac"n$ 'h"te "n a shorta$e of l"(ert"es. 'h"te a, /lack (, 'h"te c,
/lack d for e#a&ple.
45:
2&- The *nvasion
3"a. 4. Here the "nvas"on at 4 "n an "nterest"n$ "dea. If 'h"te
plays 9, /lack l"nks to h"s corner "th 3 and :. That $"ves h"& a
lar$e prof"t, and /lack In "s left "n ?ust the r"$ht place to attack
'h"teBs $roup.
3"a. 9. 'h"te &"$ht cont"nue "th 8 to 4=, (ut he st"ll lacks
clear eye shape and /lack "s $ett"n$ a n"ce all. Note the forc"n$
&ove /lack has at a.
3"a. 3. 'h"te ould l"ke to "ntercept /lack (y play"n$ 4 here "n+
stead of 7 "n 3"a. 4, (ut /lack has a crush"n$ reply "n 9 to 4=.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE If 'h"te plays 4 d"a$onally, /lack 9 $"ves
the sa&e k"nd of result as "n 3"as. l+9. Note that /lack ould not
ant to play 9 at a* that ould only help 'h"te to play 3.
7 c& The Attachment
3"a. 4. Dne#t pa$eE !"nally, th"s "s a pos"t"on here the attach+
&ent at 4 orks ell. 'h"te hanes at 9 and /lack counter+hanes at
3, a pattern that e have seen (efore.
458
3"a. 9. 'hen 'h"te $"ves atar" "th 7, /lack co&es out at :,
then captures 'h"te Ia "n a ladder. Th"s capture orks (eaut"fully
"th h"s stones on the left s"de.
3"a. 3. /lack 4 and 3, to capture 'h"te Ia , are another var"a+
t"on, h"ch ould (e su"ta(le "n a pos"t"on l"ke th"s.
456
Chapter Nine
%o Fights
-ne co&pl"cat"on that e have so far avo"ded "s that of ko f"$ht+
"n$. There are &any thorny pro(le&s here, e. $. ho to choose ko
threats, and these e "ntend to keep on avo"d"n$, (ut perhaps e
should at least &eet the &a"n var"et"es of ko f"$hts. Th"s chapter
"ntroduces the&, and also d"scusses to co&parat"vely easy %ues+
t"ons. hen Dor hetherE to start a ko and hen to end one.
3"a. 4. 'h"te can start a ko at A. Should he, The f"rst step "n
anser"n$ th"s %uest"on "s to co&pare three results.
3"a. 9. Result nu&(er one "s hen 'h"te does not start the ko
and /lack connects at 4.
3"a. 3. Result nu&(er to "s hen 'h"te starts the ko and loses
"t.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE In that case the pos"t"on looks l"ke th"s. Co&+
pared "th 3"a. 9, 'h"te has lost e#actly one pr"soner, ". e. one
po"nt.
3"a. :. Result nu&(er three "s hen 'h"te "ns the ko.
3"a. 8. The f"ve (lack stones on the left ed$e are dead, and
'h"teBs $a"n a&ounts to tenty+one or tenty+to po"nts.
45;
-(v"ously 'h"te has the advanta$e here, for he only r"sks los"n$
one po"nt h"le /lack r"sks los"n$ over tenty. Th"s one+s"ded type
of ko "s called a hana&" ko "n 1apanese + l"terally a Cfloerv"e"n$B
ko. The l"teral translat"on &ay su$$est an elderly lady %u"etly con+
te&plat"n$ a rose, (ut "n 1apan hana&" tends &ore often to &ean a
$roup of people $athered under the spr"n$ cherry (losso&s, eat"n$,
dr"nk"n$, s"n$"n$, and $enerally &ak"n$ &erry + "n other ords, a
p"cn"c + and the a(ove ko could "ndeed (e called a p"cn"c for 'h"te,
ho has everyth"n$ to $a"n fro& "t and pract"cally noth"n$ to lose.
3oes th"s &ean that 'h"te should rush to start the ko, Perhaps,
(ut there "s another %uest"on to (e asked, na&ely hether or not the
ko "s lar$e enou$h to (e orth f"$ht"n$. That depends on var"ous
factors + the s"0es of &oves elsehere on the (oard, the secur"ty or
"nsecur"ty of the (lack $roup and upper h"te $roup "n the d"a$ra&,
the nature of the ko threats ava"la(le + (ut at any rate 'h"te does not
ant to start the ko, see /lack &ake an ord"nary &ove elsehere as
a ko threat, connect the ko, see /lack &ake another ord"nary &ove,
and have /lack $a"n &ore fro& h"s to ord"nary &oves than the ko
"s orth. S"nce the ko "s orth only sl"$htly over tenty po"nts, that
"s a real dan$er. Th"s ko ould see& to (e (est left unt"l
theend$a&e. 'hen the t"&e co&es, hoever, 'h"te need not hes"+
tate to start "t, for he r"sks noth"n$* that "s the n"ce feature of a one+
s"ded ko.
455
3"a. 6. A second e#a&ple. 'h"te to play. Should he cut at A
and f"$ht the ko D"f /lack /, 'h"te CE or should he connect at 3, If
he "ns the ko, he $a"ns a $ood f"fteen po"nts as co&pared "th
'h"te 3, /lack A.
3"a. ;. /ut hat "f he loses "t, If he carr"es out h"s ko threat af+
ter /lack 7, /lack A k"lls h"s ent"re $roup, and that costs h"& over
fortyf"ve po"nts. To prof"t fro& th"s ko, then, 'h"te has to &ake ko
threats orth over forty+f"ve po"nts, h"le /lack need only &ake ko
threats orth over f"fteen po"nts. The s"tuat"on "s not co&pletely
one+s"ded, (ut the advanta$e "s clearly /lackBs. Knder nor&al cond"+
t"ons, 'h"te should not play 4 "n 3"a. ;, (ut connect at 3 "n 3"a. 6.
3"a. 5. The &ost l"kely result, "f 'h"te starts the ko, "s that he
"ll d"scover that he cannot afford to $"ve up h"s $roup and "ll de+
fend "t "th : and 6. Then /lack "ll have sente to $o (ack and an+
ser 'h"te 3, and 'h"te "ll have lost a(out seven po"nts Dco&+
pared "th 'h"te 3 "n 3"a. 6E to no purpose.
A 'h"te player ho cons"dered only the poss"(le $a"n and "$+
nored the poss"(le loss ould pro(a(ly fall r"$ht "nto 3"a. 5. /oth
s"desB r"sks have to (e evaluated fa"rly.
3"a. 4=. Dne#t pa$eE There are t"&es hen one starts a ko (e+
cause there "s no other cho"ce. If /lack ansers 'h"te 4 "n th"s d"a+
$ra& (y connect"n$ at 9, for e#a&ple, he "s co&pletely forced.
9==
'h"te $a"ns terr"tory and secure eye space* /lack $ets noth"n$ (ut a
heavy, (ad shape.
3"a. 44. The only alternat"ves /lack has hen 'h"te plays 4 are
to "$nore "t or to anser "n ko "th 9. -ne &ay feel uneasy a(out
play"n$ a &ove l"ke 9 (ut anyth"n$ "s (etter than 3"a. 4=. If /lack
$ets to play, for e#a&ple, A and / h"le 'h"te captures and con+
nects the ko, he should (e perfectly happy.
3"a. 49. Nor "s th"s ko a one+s"ded one "n 'h"teBs favor. If /lack
has the &ore ko threats, he "ll not connect the ko (ut enlar$e "t
"th 4. No "f 'h"te loses "t, h"s $roup "ll (e under stron$ attack.
Here are to pro(le&s.
3"a. 43. 'h"te has played 4. Should /lack f"$ht th"s ko, or
should he $"ve "n and connect at A,
3"a. 47. Should 'h"te anser /lack 4 at A or /,
9=4
3"a. 4:. /lack has pract"cally noth"n$ to $a"n and everyth"n$ to
lose, so he should connect at 4. 'h"te 4 ould start a very ser"ous
ko, threaten"n$ (oth a further capture at A and a dou(le atar" at /.
3"a. 48. 'h"te ould (e a coard to connect at 9. All he needs
"s one &oderate ko threat, and hen he recaptures at : the stakes are
too h"$h Dthe hole cornerE for /lack to do anyth"n$ (ut play 8.
'h"te 6 "s also sente, and /lackBs tr"an$led &ove tu&s out to have
(een a &"stake.
/oth of the kos "n these pro(le&s ere one+s"ded "n favor of
'h"te.
7ery Indirect Kos
'e have seen that "t does not pay to start an adversely one+s"ded
ko, here the r"sk "s h"$h and the $a"n "s lo. Another k"nd of ko to
avo"d "s a very "nd"rect ko, "n h"ch one has to &ake a lar$e nu&(er
of e#tra approach &oves.
3"a. 4. Th"s "s an e#a&ple. If /lack plays 4, 'h"teBs $roup "s
9=9
don to one eye and a ko (eteen "t and the (lack $roup "n the
corner "s unavo"da(le. /efore the ko (eco&es d"rect, hoever,
/lack has to &ake four &ore approach &oves to f"ll 'h"teBs
l"(ert"es, so th"s "s a f"ve+step ko and the "sdo& of play"n$ 4 "s
h"$hly %uest"ona(le. 'h"te can anser (y captur"n$ at A and forc"n$
/lack to &ake a ko threat, or he can s"&ply "$nore /lack 4 and play
9 elsehere.
3"a. 9. Suppose /lack cont"nues "th 3, :, and 6 and 'h"te "$+
nores h"& at 7, 8, and ;. /lack 5 puts the h"te $roup "nto atar", (ut
'h"te has to attract"ve cho"ces. -ne "s to let /lack capture h"s
$roup and take to &ore &oves "n a ro elsehere. /lack "ll then
have used s"# stones to "n a f"$ht h"ch as orth a(out s"#ty+f"ve
po"nts. 'h"te has countered "th s"# plays elsehere. Even "f
'h"teBs plays have (een orth only eleven po"nts ap"ece, he has (ro+
ken even. <ore l"kely h"s &oves have (een orth a $reat deal &ore
+ one can "&a$"ne to or three (lack $roups dy"n$ dur"n$ the t"&e "t
takes /lack to "n th"s corner + and 'h"te has co&e out far ahead.
'h"teBs other cho"ce "s to anser /lack 5 at A, "$nore hatever
ko threat /lack &akes, and capture the corner. 'h"te has "$nored
one (lack &ove* /lack has "$nored four h"te &oves. A$a"n "t "s
hard to "&a$"ne 'h"te not co&"n$ out ahead.
/lack, therefore, "s ast"n$ h"s t"&e hen he starts "n on 3"as. 4
and 9. Even "f 'h"te has no ko threats at the (e$"nn"n$, he has t"&e
h"le /lack "s f"ll"n$ l"(ert"es to play &oves that create ko threats.
)"ven four or s"# h"te &oves "n a ro, /lackBs pos"t"on "s (ound to
collapse so&ehere. /lackBs (est pol"cy "s to leave th"s f"$ht alone,
at least unt"l ell "nto the end$a&e. Eventually 'h"te "ll have to
&ake one &ove to secure the pos"t"on, and /lack can "$nore that
&ove for a fe po"nts of prof"t. A fe po"nts are all one can hope for
"n a very "nd"rect ko.
Ho "nd"rect "s very "nd"rect, A to+step ko Done approach
&oveE "s usually "&&ed"ate enou$h to pose the ene&y so&e threat,
(ut "th a three+step ko e are (e$"nn"n$ to cross the (order, and
"th a four+step ko e are fully "nto the k"n$do& of never+never
land.
9=3
All-Do'inating #os
!ro& the %uest"on of hen to start, and hen not to start, ko
f"$hts, letBs &ove on to the %uest"on of hen to end the&. Th"s %ues+
t"on "s s"&plest hen the ko "s an all+do&"nat"n$ ko, one so lar$e
that "t do&"nates everyth"n$ else on the (oard. 2o f"$hts that ar"se
early "n the $a&e are often of th"s var"ety.
3"a. l. 'h"te has &ade a &"stake "n the ta"sha ?osek", and hen
he tr"es to escape at 4, /lack 9, 7, and 8 for& a ko. The descent at 6
"s 'h"teBs only &ove, (ut hen /lack captures "th ; 'h"te has not
a s"n$le ade%uate ko threat anyhere. The %uest"on of hen to end
th"s ko then re%u"res no thou$ht. /lack "$nores hatever &ove
'h"te &akes ne#t and captures at 4=.
3"a. 9. Cont"nu"n$, 'h"te "s a(le to $a"n so&e advanta$e "n the
loer left corner, (ut not enou$h to co&pensate for h"s &ass"ve loss
a(ove. Note that /lack "s threaten"n$ to cut at A.
There "s a say"n$ that no one has any ko threats "n the open"n$,
and th"s pos"t"on "s a typ"cal "llustrat"on of "t. The rule "n an alldo&"+
nat"n$ ko "s to "$nore the very f"rst ko threat and end the ko at once,
as /lack does "th 4=.
9=7
3"a. 3. >etBs look at one last e#a&ple fro& a $a&e (eteen )o
Se"$en and 2"tan". 'h"teBs D)oBsE cut at 4 starts a ko that do&"nates
everyth"n$ on the (oard. Here /lack has so&e local ko threats at A
and / that 'h"te cannot "$nore, h"le 'h"te has no such local ko
threats, (ut ko threats have l"ttle to do "th th"s pro(le&. Ho
should /lack play,
9=:
3"a. 7. To (e$"n "th, /lack could take the ko "th 4 and
'h"te, lack"n$ ko threats, ould have to connect at 9.
3"a. :. After 9, hoever, the ko (eco&es one+s"ded "n 'h"teBs
favor + he no lon$er r"sks anyth"n$ + so /lack has to connect at 3.
Althou$h h"s $roup has escaped, "t does not possess part"cularly
$ood shape. 'h"te "s out "n the clear, too, and has sente. /lack &ay
have on the ko, (ut "th a l"ttle &ore fores"$ht he could have on
"t "n a &uch (etter ay.
3"a. 8. Dne#t pa$eE S"nce 'h"te has no ko threats, /lack can
capture h"& (y play"n$ 4. 'h"teBs (est reply "s 9 D"f 'h"te 9 at 3,
/lack 9E, and no /lack takes the ko "th 3. Th"s "s an all+do&"nat+
"n$ ko so he "$nores 'h"teBs f"rst ko threat and connects "th :.
'h"te 8 "s so&ehat da&a$"n$, (ut /lack has a n"ce defense at 6,
h"ch a"&s toard /lack A, and h"s $roup cannot (e destroyed.
Th"s se%uence as the one actually folloed "n the $a&e, and "t
$ave /lack an advanta$e h"ch led to h"s v"ctory (y res"$nat"on.
9=8
CNever hes"tate to f"n"sh an all+do&"nat"n$ koB "s a s"&ple rule
that takes care of a lar$e nu&(er of cases, "nclud"n$ the &a?or"ty of
the ser"ous ones. 2os that ar"se "n the open"n$ and &"ddle $a&e tend
to (e e"ther all+do&"nat"n$ or else not orth f"$ht"n$ "n the f"rst
place. It "s &a"nly "n the end$a&e that one sees dran+out ko fl$hts
of the non+all+do&"nat"n$ var"ety, and the %uest"on of hen to f&"sh
the& l"es outs"de the scope of th"s (ook. CEnd the ko hen do"n$ so
ena(les you to "n the $a&eB "s the (est s"n$le p"ece of adv"ce for+
such cases.
And "th that, e shall take our leave of the pr"ckly su(?ect of
ko f"$hts, so that th"s already dran+out and non+all+do&"nat"n$
(ook can $et on to "ts last chapter.
9=6
Chapter Ten
PO&"'MS
The reader of these ords has no (orne "th us throu$h n"ne
d"scurs"ve chapters, so (efore e send h"& onard to do (attle "th
the last, a pause &ay (e "n order to survey the $round covered thus
far. The &a"n s"$nposts e have tr"ed to plant alon$ the ay have
(een.
Chapter 4. Take account of the (alances of terr"tory and poer.
If you are (eh"nd "n terr"tory (ut ahead "n poer, play a$$ress"vely.
"nvade, cut, attack, and f"$ht. If you are ahead "n terr"tory (ut (eh"nd
"n poer, play defens"vely. play safe.
Chapter 9. 'hen attack"n$, "nstead of ?ust try"n$ to k"ll one ene+
&y $roup, look for dual purpose &oves. &oves that $a"n terr"tory or
poer h"le attack"n$, lean"n$ &oves, or &oves that attack to
$roups at once.
Chapter 3. Attack "th non+contact plays. 3onBt touch hat you
are attack"n$. 2no the eye+steal"n$ and an$le tesu?"s and the cap+
p"n$, peep"n$, and kn"$htBs attacks.
Chapter 7. !or defense, use ord"nary &oves "f poss"(le (efore
you are attacked. If you f"nd yourself "n trou(le, use contact plays
and shoulder &oves to e#tr"cate yourself.
Chapter :. Play forc"n$ &oves, then leave the&* treat forc"n$
stones as e#penda(le. >ook for ays to res"st your opponentBs forc+
"n$ &oves.
Chapter 8. Kse "nduc"n$ &oves to ra"se the eff"c"ency of your
stones.
Chapter 6. In deal"n$ "th ene&y fra&eorks, play l"$htly and
fle#"(ly, tak"n$ advanta$e of eaknesses. Cons"der relat"ons "th
surround"n$ areas D?unct"on po"nts, eak $roups, etc.E.
Chapter ;. Even "th"n the conf"nes of a three+space e#tens"on
there are &any "nvas"on ?osek"s. 2no the &ean"n$ of the f"rst to
&oves, at least, so you can choose a&on$ the&.
9=;
Chapter 5. Avo"d adversely one+s"ded and very "nd"rect kos. In
an all+do&"nat"n$ ko, "$nore any Dnon+localE ko threat.
In th"s f"nal chapter e have collected tenty pro(le&s con+
cern"n$ attack, defense, and the &"ddle $a&e "n $eneral. All co&e
fro& 1apanese profess"onal $a&es. <ost call for appl"cat"on of the
"deas "n the n"ne chapters a(ove, and are for rev"e, (ut a fe
(ranch out to "nclude top"cs that so&eho evaded our attent"on pre+
v"ously. To poss"(le &oves are shon "n each. one $ood, and one
"nd"fferent or (ad. The pro(le& "s to dec"de h"ch "s h"ch. S"nce
th"s &ay not (e too d"ff"cult + $uess"n$ $"ves you half a chance + the
reader ho ants to &ake the pro(le&s &ore &ean"n$ful should try,
(efore turn"n$ the pa$e, to th"nk of as &any reasons as he can hy
the $ood &ove "s $ood and the (ad &ove "s (ad. If he can $et the
r"$ht ansers for the r"$ht reasons, he has a $ood $rasp of the
ork"n$s of the &"ddle $a&e.
PROBLEM 1: BLACK TO PLAY
9=5
3"a. l. DcorrectE /lack 4 creates a tall and "de terr"tor"al fra&e+
ork on the loer s"de, and also stops the $roth of 'h"teBs pos"t"on
on the r"$ht s"de. Th"s "s a type of ?unct"on &ove, at the po"nt here
to oppos"n$ fra&eorks (oth ant to develop, and "s very lar$e.
As for /lack In , /lack 4 re"nforces "t "nd"rectly (y capp"n$ the
h"te $roup "n the loer r"$ht, sh"ft"n$ the poer (alance (eteen "t
and the h"te $roup a l"ttle nearer e%ual"ty. Ind"rect re"nforce&ent "s
enou$h (ecause 'h"te cannot capture In "th ?ust one &ore &ove
anyay. /es"des, the r"$ht s"de "s open at a.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack runs out at 4, he $"ves 'h"te the key
po"nt at 9. True, he can then step off so&e fourth+l"ne terr"tory "th
3, (ut even fourth+l"ne terr"tory "s "nade%uate here. 'h"te has an "de+
al for&at"on "n the upper left and super"or poer on the r"$ht s"de.
/lack has to counter (y &ak"n$ the ut&ost of h"s loer s"de, as "n
3"a. 4.
94=
944
3"a. l. DcorrectE 'h"teBs center $roup "s float"n$ "thout eye
shape. The (est th"n$ to do "th such a $roup, hen there "s no other
conven"ent ay to protect "t, "s to run "t out of the ene&yBs reach
"th a &ove l"ke 4. If 'h"te fa"led to defend, /lack could attack at 4
and sc"ssor h"& a$a"nst the ro of (lack stones on the loer s"de.
'h"te 4 "s therefore an e#tens"on that prevents a p"ncer attack. It
also e#erts a pos"t"ve "nfluence, (y eaken"n$ /lackBs center $roup,
for e#a&ple, and thus "nd"rectly stren$then"n$ the h"te stones on
the r"$ht s"de.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE 'h"te "s ron$ to approach the corner fro&
th"s d"rect"on (ecause /lack 9 eakens h"s r"$ht s"de pos"t"on. 'h"te
has no $ood cont"nuat"on. 'h"te a, /lack (, 'h"te c, the standard
"dea, st"ll leaves h"& so&ehat th"n. 'h"te 4 as &eant to attack
/lackBs corner, (ut "t "s 'h"teBs r"$ht s"de that co&es under pressure
"nstead.
3"a. 3. The correct &ove "n th"s area "s 'h"te 4. /lack ants to
occupy th"s po"nt too, even "thout the provocat"on "n 3"a. 9.
949
943
3"a. 4. DcorrectE /lack 4, 3, and : sallo up the to tr"an$led
stones ent"re, $"v"n$ /lack a lar$e terr"tory "th $ood prospects for
further $roth. 'hat &akes th"s operat"on ork "s the fact that the
h"te $roup "n the loer left "s not def"n"tely al"ve yet. If 'h"te "$+
nored /lack 4 and let /lack e#tend to 9, or o&"tted 7 and let /lack
cut there, he ould f"nd h"&self stron$ly attacked.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE /y contrast, 'h"te need not anser th"s
/lack 4, and the terr"tory /lack takes "s not enou$h to ?ust"fy the
n"ne stones played to $et "t.
3"a. 3. /es"des, "f 'h"te played 4, he ould only (e cons"$n"n$
three stones, "nstead of ?ust to, to a l"kely capture, espec"ally no
that /lack has played In . It "s rarely $ood to &ake a &ove that your
opponent ould not depr"ve you of anyay. Note that "f f"$ht"n$ de+
velops, /lack can l"nk up underneath at a.
3"a. 7. If the tr"an$led stone ere h"te, /lack 4 ould (e e#+
cellent, (ut s"nce "t "s (lack, 4 "s redundant.
947
94:
3"a. 4. DcorrectE 'h"te 4 a(solutely &ust (e played to defend
the h"te $roup on the upper s"de. In add"t"on, "t lands on the
vulnera(le po"nt of /lackBs corner enclosure, and has an "nd"rect ef+
fect on the float"n$ (lack $roup "n the center.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s 'h"te 4 "s, (y co&par"son, a non+ur$ent
e#tens"on. /lack ?u&ps at the chance to attack "th 9, Dor "th 9 at
3, (ut /lack 9 "s &ore severeE. After 8 'h"te &ay not (e dead, "n
fact he has several ays to l"ve or escape,
L
(ut there "s no ay he "s
&a$"cally $o"n$ to turn th"s &ess "nto a favoura(le result. /lack "ll
$et a lar$e corner and a stren$thened outs"de pos"t"on at the very
least.
LThe s"&plest ay to escape ould (e to turn at (. A fanc"er
ay ould (e to play 'h"te a, an "nduc"n$ cla&p, folloed (y
/lack (, 'h"te c, etc. up to /lack ?, (ut 'h"te "s st"ll not co&pletely
out of the oods and /lack "s $a"n"n$ (oth terr"tory and poer.
948
946
3"a. 4. DcorrectE /lack 4 "s the lar$er &ove. It has cons"dera(le
terr"tor"al value "n that "t prevents a h"te cut at a, and "t under&"nes
the eye space of the h"te $roup on the r"$ht s"de, h"ch "nd"rectly
helps the (lack $roup stat"oned (elo.
3"a. 9. If /lack e#tends to 4, 'h"te cuts at 9 and /lackBs pos"+
t"on cru&(les. He can l"ve "n the corner "th 3 to 5, (ut then 'h"te
4= destroys h"s shape "n the center. !or 'h"te, (e"n$ a(le to play ;
"n sente "s also s"$n"f"cant.
94;
3"a. 3. A s"&pler ay for 'h"te to play 4= "s actually to cut
here and force /lack to &ake a terr"tor"ally "ns"$n"f"cant capture of
three stones, tak"n$ overpoer"n$ outer th"ckness "n return.
3"a. 7. The preced"n$ d"a$ra&s &ake "t clear that hen 'h"te
cuts at 4, /lack &ust sacr"f"ce the co&er "th 9 and 7, (ut the terr"+
tor"al loss "s lar$e and the three tr"an$led stones are left short of l"(+
ert"es. 'h"te ne#t threatens a.
PROBLEM 6: WHI TE TO PLAY
945
3"a. 4. DcorrectE 'h"te 4 "s a poerful cut, d"v"d"n$ /lack "nto
to eak $roups. After /lackBs auto&at"c response at 9, 'h"te can
e#tend to 3, attack"n$ the three (lack stones (elo, then ?u&p to :,
attack"n$ the four stones to the left. /lack "s on the defens"ve and
'h"te "s "n co&&and.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE If 'h"te plays 4, /lack "ll l"nk h"s eak
$roups to$ether "th 9. 'h"teBs chance to attack "s lar$ely $one, and
he "ll ne#t have to look out for /lack a, a &ove that ould threaten
the loer left corner h"le eaken"n$ the h"te stones on the s"de
a(ove.
'h"te 4 "s also (ad "n relat"on to the r"$ht s"de. It does not prof"t
'h"te to attack the to tr"an$led stones fro& th"s d"rect"on (ecause
h"s on pos"t"on "s so th"n "n the oppos"te d"rect"on. Cons"der /lack
(, for e#a&ple.
3"a. 3. The proper ay for 'h"te to play "n the loer r"$ht
ould (e f"rst to &end h"s th"n spot "th 4, then a"& for an allout at+
tack at a.
99=
994
3"a. l. DcorrectE 'h"te 4 "s a ("$ &ove. !"rst, "t &akes a $ood
for&at"on "th 'h"teBs corner enclosure. Second, "t threatens 'h"te
a, a p"ncer attack a$a"nst In that 'h"teBs poer "n the center ould
&ake very effect"ve. !"nally, "t "s hard for /lack to anser. He does
not ant to e#chan$e ( for c (ecause that ould "ncrease 'h"teBs
do&"nance of the loer s"de.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s 'h"te 4 rese&(les the correct anser "n
(e"n$ a kn"$htBs+&ove e#tens"on, (ut "s nearly orthless. It does not
threaten the tr"an$led stone, nor "s "t needed to defend 'h"teBs cor+
ner. /lack takes the "&portant po"nt at 9. The t"&e for 'h"te to play
4 ould (e "n response to /lack a.
3"a. 3. If /lack e#tends to 4, 'h"te elco&es the opportun"ty to
capture In . Th"s har&s the to (lack stones to the r"$ht.
999
993
3"a. 4. DcorrectE 'h"te 4 "s (oth necessary, for the defense of the
h"te $roup, and des"ra(le, (ecause "t &akes $ood shape and attacks
the (lack $roup to the r"$ht.
3"a. 9. If /lack ere to play at the sa&e po"nt, 'h"te ould d"e,
as the reader &ay ver"fy. /lack 4 "s a co&&on key po"nt.
3"a. 3. The sa&e key po"nt ar"ses "n th"s ?osek" hen /lack
(locks at 9. If he dares to "$nore 'h"te 3, 'h"te : Dthe head of to
stonesE has crush"n$ poer.
3"a. 7. Dne#t pa$eE /lack 4 "s therefore &andatory, and a stron$
&ove s"nce "t threatens to push throu$h at a and cut.
997
3"a. :. 'h"teBs second cho"ce, 4 "n th"s d"a$ra&, "s perhaps the
orst &ove to appear "n th"s (ook. It (urdens 'h"te "th a heavy,
&"sshapen $roup to defend h"le /lack develops h"s pos"t"ons (y at+
tack"n$. The fact that /lack can descend to a, threaten"n$ ( and c,
&akes &atters even orse.
PROBLEM 9: BLACK TO PLAY
99:
3"a. 4. DcorrectE The (lack $roup "n the loer r"$ht "s "n need of
attent"on. /lack 4 and 3 defend "t, and 3 also helps to develop /lack+
Bs fra&eork "n the loer left %uarter of the (oard. /lack 4 follos
the d"ctu& a(out defend"n$ "th contact plays.
3"a. 9. In $eneral, hen to host"le stones oppose each other d"+
a$onally "t "s $ood for e"ther s"de to push as /lack d"d "n 3"a. 4 and
does here. There are e#cept"ons, (ut push"n$ once "s rarely (ad. If
'h"te does not anser, /lack a "s usually ("$ ne#t.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE /lack "s &ore than hold"n$ h"s on "n the
(alance of terr"tory, so there "s no need for h"& to $ra( for &ore "th
4. Th"s "nd"rectly hurts, not helps, h"s $roup "n the loer r"$ht. 'h"te
can attach at 9, e#tend to 7, tu& at 8 "n sente, then surround /lack
"th ;. Th"s could eas"ly &ean the end of the $a&e.
998
996
3"a. l. DcorrectE 'h"te should (reak out "nto the center "th 4. In
do"n$ so, he attacks the three tr"an$led stones, s"&ultaneously covers
the eak po"nt shon "n 3"a. 7, and also puts h"&self "n a pos"t"on
to attack the (lack $roup to the r"$ht, h"ch has yet to atta"n a l"v"n$
shape "n the corner.
3"a. 9. Push"n$ throu$h a narro open"n$ "n the ene&yBs pos"+
t"on as 'h"te d"d "n 3"a. 4 "s alays effect"ve. Here are three &ore
such &oves, each al&ost auto&at"cally correct.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s 'h"te 4 "s "neffect"ve. /lackBs $roup on
the r"$ht s"de "s not threatened (y "t, so he has t"&e to close the $ap
at 9, forc"n$ 'h"te 3, (efore he responds at 7 and 8. Ne#t he e#tends
to ;, cancell"n$ 'h"teBs all and a"&"n$ to play f"rst the hane at a,
then the cut at (. 'h"teBs $a"n "n the upper half of the (oard "s
&ar$"nal and h"s loss "n the loer half, as co&pared "th 3"a. 4, "s
lar$e.
3"a. 7. If 'h"te does not defend at 3 "n 3"a. 3, /lack str"kes at
4, "th d"re results.
99;
995
3"a. 4. DcorrectE /lack has to eak $roups on the left s"de, and
th"s "s not the t"&e for h"& to d"splay h"s (ravery (y dar"n$ 'h"te to
&ake a spl"tt"n$ attack. He &ust play 4 and depr"ve 'h"te of the op+
portun"ty. Even on the second l"ne /lack 4 "s a lar$e &ove (ecause "t
"s a v"tal defens"ve po"nt.
3"a. 9. There "s no real need for /lack to defend at 4, as 3"as. 3
and 7 "ll sho. 'h"te "ll pro(a(ly se"0e 9, the po"nt /lack should
have taken, or perhaps e#tend to a. E"ther h"te &ove spl"ts the
(lack $roups a(ove and (elo, and s"nce ne"ther of the& has ade+
%uate eye shape, /lack "s "n trou(le.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE /lack need not fear th"s "nvas"on. Respond+
"n$ "th 9, 7, and 8, he $a"ns &ore "n th"ckness than 'h"te $a"ns "n
terr"tory.
3"a. 7. If 'h"te chooses the h"$h "nvas"on, /lack can sacr"f"ce
In and take sente "th 9 and 7. 'h"teBs $a"n "s less than ten po"nts,
and h"s upper r"$ht corner as "ndependently al"ve "thout 4+: any+
ay.
93=
934
3"a. 4. DcorrectE /lack 4 "s the key po"nt re$ard"n$ the (alance
of poer. It stren$thens /lackBs center stones and eakens 'h"teBs.
It also d"&"n"shes 'h"teBs prospects on the left and "nd"rectly en+
hances /lackBs prospects on the upper s"de.
3"a. 9. /lackBs center stones &ay not see& to need any defense,
(ut they are less safe than they look. 'h"te can cut the& off "th 4
and 3. 'h"te 3 cannot (e captured (ecause 'h"te a threatens (.
'h"te can also push throu$h and cut at c.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE /lack 4 &akes a pleas"n$ shape, (ut that "s
all. Its terr"tor"al value "s s&all (ecause 'h"te can st"ll "nvade the
corner at a, and the (lack stones on the r"$ht s"de ere perfectly se+
cure "thout "t. 'h"te 9 reverses the (alance of poer "n the center,
threaten"n$ the cuts shon "n 3"a. 9, and (u"lds toard a hu$e terr"+
tor"al fra&eork on the left s"de.
939
933
3"a. 4. DcorrectE 'h"te turns at 4 to defend h"s runn"n$ $roup. If
/lack repl"es at 9, 'h"te starts attack"n$ h"s center "th 3* 'h"te 4
&akes th"s to+space ?u&p poss"(le. If /lack fa"ls to play 9 G
3"a. 9. 'h"te attacks the s"de "th 4 and 3. /lack cannot cut
throu$h at a (ecause 'h"te ( threatens c. -f course he can l"ve, (ut
he does not l"ke (e"n$ shut "n l"ke th"s.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE 'h"te 4 here also defends a eak $roup, (ut
there are to th"n$s ron$ "th "t. The f"rst "s that "t "nduces /lack
9, help"n$ /lack to protect the loer s"de.
3"a. 7. 'h"te ould prefer to a"t t"ll attack"n$ the center had
&ade h"& a l"ttle stron$er, then str"ke at one of these to po"nts.
3"a. :. The second th"n$ ron$ "th the &ove "n 3"a. 3 "s that "t
"s unnecessary. If attacked, 'h"te can as a last resort play 4 and 3 "n
sente, then l"ve "th :.
937
93:
3"a. 4 DcorrectE /lack has terr"tory "n four places, "nclud"n$ a
lar$e fra&eork "n the loer r"$ht, h"le 'h"teBs only s"$n"f"cant
terr"tory so far "s a(out f"fteen po"nts "n the loer left corner. The
(alance of terr"tory thus favors /lack, (ut the (alance of poer fa+
vors 'h"te. The $reatest dan$er to /lackBs terr"tor"al lead "s that
'h"te "ll use h"s stren$th "n the center to attack /lackBs un(ased
$roup "n the loer left, so /lackBs (est &ove "s to l"nk "t to safety
"th 4.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE If /lack ?u&ps to 4, 'h"te "ll "solate h"s
eak $roup "th 9. It "ll have a hard stru$$le to l"ve, and the (lack
$roup on the left s"de does not have co&pletely def&"te eye shape
yet e"ther.
/es"des that, /lack 4 "tself "s only lukear&. It "s too close to
the rest of /lackBs pos"t"on "n the loer r"$ht to (e really ("$ "n ter&s
of terr"tory, and /lack cannot hope for a fru"tful attack on the to
h"te stones on the r"$ht s"de (ecause of 'h"teBs th"ckness "n the
center.
938
936
3"a. l. DcorrectE Th"s t"&e the (alance of terr"tory favors 'h"te.
/lackBs (est chance to catch up "s to put h"s th"ckness "n the loer
r"$ht to ork (y attack"n$ at 4. 'h"te "ll have to a(andon h"s three
tr"an$led stones and concentrate on sav"n$ the three to the left of 4.
In the course of the f"$ht"n$, /lack hopes (oth to &ake prof"t and to
develop h"s loer+left+corner $roup. -nce that $roup "s stron$er, he
can (e$"n to th"nk a(out dra"n$ out In or other"se "nvad"n$
'h"teBs fra&eork on the left s"de.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s "s a defense+only &ove, hav"n$ l"ttle ef+
fect on the left s"de and st"ll less on the l"ve h"te $roup "n the upper
r"$ht. 'h"te defends the loer s"de and holds a ("$ lead. /lackBs
th"ckness "n the loer r"$ht $oes to aste, for there "s no no ay
he can use "t to "nvade or attack.
93;
935
3"a. 4. DcorrectE Th"s "s so&ehat l"ke pro(le& 49. /lack 4
serves the dual purposes of defend"n$ the eyeless (lack $roup a(ove
and reduc"n$ the h"te fra&eork "n the loer left. It also threatens
an "nvas"on at a. If 'h"te plays 9 to prevent that, /lack can keep
co&"n$ on "n "th 3.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE /lack &ay as ell res"$n "f he lets 'h"te
have 4. Th"s "s (u"ld"n$ terr"tory h"le attack"n$ on a stupendous
scale. The d"fference to 3"a. 4 "s pro(a(ly over f"fty po"nts.
3"a. 3. /lack 4 here "s not so $ood. As"de fro& the clear dan$er
that 'h"te "ll reply "th the prev"ous d"a$ra&, the e#chan$e of 4
for 9 should (e avo"ded (ecause "t &akes 'h"te def"n"tely al"ve.
True, /lack can p"ck up the tr"an$led stones, (ut that ould hardly
(e orth &ore than f"ve po"nts, and the all &ade (y 4 "s rendered
"neffect"ve (y the h"te $roup Dnot shon "n th"s d"a$ra&E fac"n$ "t
fro& the left.
3"a. 7. /lack ould prefer to attack "n the corner "th 4, an e#+
cept"on to the rule a(out not us"n$ contact plays. Th"s ould force
'h"te to scra&(le out at 9.
97=
974
3"a. 4. DcorrectE /lack 4 "s a ("$ e#tens"on. It $"ves /lack terr"tory
"n front of h"s all and at the sa&e t"&e threatens an "nvas"on at a.
3"a. 9. Cons"der hat happens "f 'h"te e#tends to 4. Not only
does /lack lose h"s chances to &ake terr"tory and to "nvade at a* h"s
all "tself (e$"ns to co&e under attack. /oth the (alance of terr"tory
and the (alance of poer are at stake here.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s /lack 4 "s s"&ply a (ad &ove. It ould
turn out ell only "f 'h"te "$nored "t, allo"n$ /lack to cont"nue at
7. The se%uence throu$h 8 actually stren$thens 'h"te, h"le /lackBs
terr"tory $ros (y ?ust four po"nts. Ne#t 'h"te can play a "n sente,
threaten"n$ (, and 'h"te c also threatens (, h"ch &eans that /lack
cannot e#pect to cut at d.
979
3"a. 7. If /lack "s $o"n$ to play here, he should attack 'h"teBs
to stones fro& a(ove "th 4. There "s no reason for h"& to &ake
any &ove on the ed$e. If 'h"te plays a, /lack can play ( and v"ce
versa.
PROBLEM 18: WHI TE TO PLAY
973
3"a. 4. DcorrectE 'h"te 4 "s a $ood ay to start reduc"n$ the
lar$e fra&eork /lack has on the left s"de. /lack can (e e#pected to
f"$ht (ack "th 9 and 7, follo"n$ h"ch 'h"te caps the center of
h"s fra&eork at :. Th"s play &ay look loose, (ut G
3"a. 9. Ne#t "f /lack plays 4, 'h"te can push at 9, then cut "nto
the left s"de "th 7. /lack &ay (e a(le to capture the to tr"an$led
stones, (ut 'h"te 7 &ore than &akes up for that. /lack 4 "s not a
$ood &ove.
3"a. 3. Dne#t pa$eE Ne"ther "s 'h"te 4 "n th"s d"a$ra&. In fact
'h"te 4 "s never correct "n th"s ?osek" pos"t"on, (ecause /lack can
alays force the 9+3 e#chan$e, after h"ch 4 (eco&es redundant.
'h"te 4 at 3 ould (e (etter. Ne"ther &ove, hoever, has any effect
on the rock+sol"d (lack $roup "n the loer r"$ht, so th"s "s a %uest"on+
a(le d"rect"on for 'h"te to play "n.
977
97:
3"a. 4. DcorrectE Th"s "s a center+or"ented $a&e, so "t &akes
sense for /lack to play toard the center, and /lack 4 "s a (eaut"ful
&ove. /es"des reach"n$ a help"n$ hand toard /lackBs outpost at
In , "t attacks the h"te $roup on the r"$ht s"de and $"ves /lack a
n"ce fra&eork "n the loer r"$ht %uarter of the (oard. That plus
/lackBs terr"tory "n the other three corners "s &ore than enou$h to
counter 'h"teBs center.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE Th"s /lack 4 $oes "n e#actly the ron$ d"+
rect"on. 'h"te "$nores "t and takes the key po"nt at 9. H"s center "s
(e$"nn"n$ to look dan$erously lar$e.
There are t"&es, not only "n the end$a&e (ut "n the &"ddle $a&e
as ell, hen a d"a$onal &ove l"ke I "s e#tre&ely $ood. In a cen+
teror"ented $a&e l"ke th"s one, hoever, such a &ove "s "rrelevant.
978
976
3"a. 4. DcorrectE /es"des tak"n$ s"#th+l"ne terr"tory on the left
s"de, /lack 4 attacks the eak h"te $roup "n the center. If /lack
ne#t closes the upper r"$ht corner, he "ll have a ("$ terr"tor"al lead,
(ut "f 'h"te plays there "th, say, 7 and 8, /lack can rene h"s at+
tack at 6.
3"a. 9. Dne#t pa$eE The upper r"$ht corner "s ("$, (ut 'h"te "ll
play 9 and 7 and (eat /lack don to the fourth l"ne "n sente h"le
$"v"n$ h"s center $roup so&e needed eye space. The d"fference th"s
&akes "n terr"tory alone "s over ten po"nts, and the safety 'h"te
$a"ns "s orth as &uch a$a"n. /es"des all that, /lack 4 does not
close the corner properly.
3"a. 3. 'h"te st"ll has roo& to "nvade "th 4 and 3. /lack "ll
f&d "t hard to capture h"& (ecause 'h"te a and ( are sente.
3"a. 7. /ecause of th"s, "f /lack ants to close the corner he
should hold h"&self to 4, or even a.
97;
975
G4*D! T5 +4,T3!, T4D6
"ooks
/ooks pu(l"shed "n En$l"sh relat"n$ to the &"ddle $a&e are l"st+
ed (elo, rou$hly "n order of "ncreas"n$ d"ff"culty. All are pu(l"shed
(y The Ish" Press. The letters CAM3B "n the rev"es refer to the (ook
you have ?ust read.
Tosh"ro 2a$eya&a, LESSONS IN THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GO
At t"&es 2a$eya&a contr"ves to &ake the profound see& super+
f"c"al or rude, (ut he knos e#actly hat he "s talk"n$ a(out
and hat he says "s very (as"c and "&portant. Easy read"n$,
"th lots of d"vers"ons. H"$hly reco&&ended, espec"ally to
readers ho found AM3 over the"r heads. 'orth (uy"n$ for
the append"# alone.
1a&es 3av"es, TESUJI
Shos the reader step+(y+step ho to reco$n"0e tesu?"s and read
out tact"cal se%uences. >ots of pro(le&s, &ost not too
d"ff"cult. <ay (e cons"dered a prere%u"s"te for AM3.
@osh"ak" Na$ahara, STRATEGIC CONCEPTS OF GO
<any of the top"cs "n AM3 are d"scussed here, (ut "th d"fferent
e&phas"s, d"fferent e#a&ples, and d"fferent ter&"nolo$y.
Reco&&ended to readers ho d"sl"ked these aspects of AM3.
The second half of the (ook cons"sts of seventy+to pro(le&s
and solut"ons.
<asao 2ato, KATO'S ATTACK AND KILL
Conta"ns so&e (eaut"ful e#a&ples of lean"n$ and spl"tt"n$ attacks,
(y the player ho used to (e knon as CThe 2"llerB. Also
$ood on capp"n$ and kn"$htBs attacks and the eye+steal"n$
tesu?". Reco&&ended as a se%uel to chapters to and three of
AM3.
9:=
E"o Sakata, THE MIDDLE GAME OF GO
Thou$h out of pr"nt, th"s (ook $"ves a deta"led account of four of
SakataBs $a&es, "th full e#planat"ons of the f"$ht"n$
"nvolved and len$thy detours "nto enclosure ?osek"s.
Naok" <"ya&oto, WHAT'S YOUR RATING?
An e#cellent assort&ent of full+(oard, &ult"ple+cho"ce pro(le&s,
7= per cent of h"ch are on the &"ddle $a&e. '"de var"ety +
reco&&ended to readers ho found the approach "n AM3 too
narro.
Professional Ga'es
-nce a certa"n level has (een reached, perhaps around 4+9 kyu,
a $reat deal can (e learned (y look"n$ at profess"onal $a&es. It "s
(est to "$nore the co&&entary and ?ust play throu$h the $a&e &ove
(y &ove on your on, try"n$ to understand hy each stone as
played and hat "t acco&pl"shed, and try"n$ to ant"c"pate the ne#t
stone. That you see only a t"ny fract"on of hat "s $o"n$ on does not
&atter* ork"n$ that t"ny fract"on out for yourself "s hat counts.
An a&ple supply of profess"onal $a&es appears ("&onthly "n
)o 'orld. Collect"ons pu(l"shed "n (ook for&"nclude.
Shu0o -h"ra, APPRECIATING FAMOUS GAMES
2aoru Ia&oto, THE 1971 HONINBO TOURNAMENT
4our $wn 9ames
The &ost "&portant $a&es for you, hoever, are the ones you
play yourself. Try record"n$ so&e of the&, replay"n$ the& later, and
correct"n$ your on &"stakes. Th"s "s one of the ch"ef ays "n h"ch
profess"onals $et to (e as stron$ as they are. It "ll not cost you any+
th"n$ (ut t"&e and effort, and "t "ll def"n"tely help you "&prove. If
noth"n$ else, "t "ll "&prove your &e&ory, s"nce r"t"n$ a $a&e
don h"le actually play"n$ "t "s too d"st"act"n$ to (e pract"cal.
5T3!, B55# 5N G5
)9 /ASIC TECHNIFKES -! )-, (y Haruya&a 6+dan M Na$ahara 8+dan
)8 STRATE)IC C-NCEPTS -! )-, (y Na$ahara 8+dan
)6 THE 4564 H-NIN/- T-KRNA<ENT, (y Ia&oto 5+dan
)4; 'HATBS @-KR RATIN),, (y <"ya&oto 5+dan
)45 THE /REA2THR-K)H T- SH-3AN, (y <"ya&oto 5+dan
3ICTI-NAR@ -! /ASIC 1-SE2I, (y Ish"da 5+dan. In 3 Holu&es
)94 Holu&e 4. 3+7 Po"nt 1osek"
)99 Holu&e 9. 3+7 Po"nt and :+3 Po"nt 1osek"
)93 Holu&e 3. :+7 Po"nt, 7+7 Po"nt and 3+3 Po"nt 1osek"
E#E5ENTAR4 9$ SERIES
)4= Holu&e 4. IN THE /E)INNIN), (y Ish"$ure ;+dan
)44 Holu&e 9. 3; /ASIC 1-SE2I, (y 2osu$" 8+dan and 3av"es
)49 Holu&e 3. TESK1I, (y 3av"es
)43 Holu&e 7. >I!E AN3 3EATH, (y 3av"es
)47 Holu&e S. ATTAC2 AN3 3E!ENSE, (y Ish"da ;+dan and 3av"es
)4: Holu&e 8. THE EN3)A<E, (y -$aa 7+dan and 3av"es
)48 Holu&e 6. HAN3ICAP )-, (y Na$ahara 8+dan and 3av"es
NIH-N 2I+IN )- SKPER /--2S IN EN)>ISH
)46 2A)EBS SECRET CHR-NIC>ES -! HAN3ICAP )-,(y2a$eya&a
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)9: APPRECIATIN) !A<-KS )A<ES, (y -h"ra 5+dan
)98 3IRECTI-N -! P>A@, (y 2a?"ara 5+dan
)96 2AT-BS ATTAC2 AN3 2I>>, (y 2ato 4=+dan
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9$ :$R#D
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