TRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE
MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO
translator, J.E. CRAWFORD FLITCHDOVER PUBLICATIONS, INCNew York
This Dover edition, first published in 1954, is an unabridged and unaltered republication of the English translation originally published by Macmillan and Company, Ltd., in 1921. Thisedition is published by special arrangement with Macmillan and Company, Ltd.The publisher is grateful to the Library of the University of Pennsylvania for supplying acopy of this work for the purpose of reproduction.
Standard Book Number: 486-20257-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 54-4730
Manufactured in the United States of AmericaDover Publications, Inc.180 Varick StreetNew York, N.Y. 10014
CONTENTS
THE MAN OF FLESH AND BONEPhilosophy and the concrete man—The man Kant, the man Butler, and the manSpinozaUnity and continuity of the personMan an end not a meansIntellectualnecessities and necessities of the heart and the willTragic sense of life in men and inpeoples
II
THE STARTING-POINTTRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE1
Tragedy of ParadiseDisease an element of progressNecessity of knowing in order toliveInstinct of preservation and instinct of perpetuationThe sensible world and the idealworldPractical starting-point of all philosophyKnowledge an end in itself?The manDescartesThe longing not to die
III
THE HUNGER OF IMMORTALITYThirst of beingCult of immortalityPlato's "glorious risk" MaterialismPaul'sdiscourse to the AtheniansIntolerance of the intellectualsCraving for fameStruggle forsurvival
IV
THE ESSENCE OF CATHOLICISMImmortality and resurrectionDevelopment of idea of immortality in Judaic and HellenicreligionsPaul and the dogma of the resurrectionAthanasiusSacrament of theEucharistLutheranismModernismThe Catholic ethicScholasticismThe Catholicsolution
V
THE RATIONALIST DISSOLUTIONMaterialismConcept of substanceSubstantiality of thesoulBerkeley—Myers—Spencer—Combat of life withreason—Theological advocacy—
Odium anti-theologicum
VI
IN THE DEPTHS OF THE ABYSSPassionate doubt and Cartesian doubt—Irrationality of the problem of immortality—Will and intelligence—Vitalism andrationalism—Uncertainty as basis of faith—The ethic of despair—Pragmatical justification of despair—Summary of preceding criticism
VII
LOVE, SUFFERING, PITY, AND PERSONALITYSexual love—Spiritual love—Tragic love—Love andpity—Personalizing faculty of love—God the Personalization of theAll—Anthropomorphic tendency—Consciousness of theUniverse—What is Truth?—Finality of the Universe The Project Gutenberg eBook of TRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE, by MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO.II2
VIII
FROM GOD TO GODConcept and feeling of Divinity—Pantheism—Monotheism—Therational God—Proofs of God's existence—Law of necessity—Argumentfrom
Consensus gentium
—The living God—Individuality andpersonality—God a multiplicity—The God of Reason—The God of Love—Existence of God
IX
FAITH, HOPE, AND CHARITYPersonal element in faith—Creative power of faith—Wishing that God mayexist—Hope the form of faith—Love and suffering—The sufferingGod—Consciousness revealed through suffering—Spiritualization of matter
X
RELIGION, THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE BEYOND, AND THE APOCATASTASISWhat is religion?—The longing for immortality—Concrete representation of afuture life—Beatific vision—St. Teresa—Delight requisite forhappiness—Degradation of energy—Apocatastasis—Climax of thetragedy—Mystery of the Beyond
XI
THE PRACTICAL PROBLEMConflict as basis of conduct—Injustice of annihilation—Making ourselvesirreplaceable—Religious value of the civil occupation—Business of religion andreligion of business—Ethic of domination—Ethic of thecloister—Passion and culture—The Spanish soul
CONCLUSION
DON QUIXOTE IN THE CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN TRAGI-COMEDYCulture—Faust—The modern Inquisition—Spain and the scientificspirit—Cultural achievement of Spain—Thought and language—DonQuixote the hero of Spanish thought—Religion a transcendentaleconomy—Tragic ridicule—Quixotesque philosophy—Mission of DonQuixote to-day The Project Gutenberg eBook of TRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE, by MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO.VIII3
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