Works Cited

Box, Sherri. “New Data from VTTI Provides Insight into Cell Phone Use and Driving

Distraction.” www.portlandpersonalinjuryaccidentlawyer.com. Virginia Polytechnic

Institute and State University. 27 July 2009. Web. 27 Nov. 2009. <http://www.portlandp

ersonalinjuryaccidentlawyer.com/library/7_22_09_VTTI_Press_Release_Cell_phones_an

d_Driver_Distraction.pdf>.

This article is about cell phone usage and vehicles in real world situations. This is a reliable

source because it is from Virginia Tech Transportation Institute and was printed under the

goal of public safety. This supports my cause because it shows that reaction times of

different things to those of a non-distracted driver. The statistics shown prove that

distraction rates of talking and dialing a cell phone are both higher than a non-distracted

driver and even a driver who is reaching for an object. A driver who is text messaging is

23.2 times higher to have a crash than a non-distracted person. This supports my theory

that cell phones should be banned while driving and this article agrees as well.

Caird, Jeff. “Cell Phones and Driving Safety: Common Questions and Scientific Evidence.”

www.assembly.ab.ca. Cognitive Ergonomics Research Laboratory. 21 Aug. 2008. Web.

27 Nov. 2009. <http://www.assembly.ab.ca/committees/economy/submissions/EC-B204-

042.PDF>.

This is a purposed bill to the Standing Committee on the Economy of Alberta. This source

is what I said should be done in my proposal—a bill be created and presented to the

Pennsylvania State Legislature. It is a reliable source because it has credentials and is well

researched due to being proposed to be a bill. This source provides much factual

information as to statistics and relations that cell phones have on drivers. It also relays
information about cell phones and young drivers. This piece will provide great details that

I can use to support my argument.

Caird, Jeff., Chelsea R. Willness, Piers Steel, and Chip Scialfa. “A Meta-Anaylsis of the Effects

of Cell Phones on Driver Performance.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 40 (2008):

1282-93. Print.

Caird, Willness, Steel, and Scialfa show a number of studies that were conducted on effects

of cell phones on drivers. The studies address why there should be limitations on cell

phones while driving. This paper states that meta-analysis is the best way to research this

topic because it allows many aspects and studies to be applied to the central idea or theory.

It also allows for the combination of studies that single studies do not allow. This is a great

source due to the fact that it is the only one that mentions this idea of meta-analysis that I

have found and used many sources to gather their information. This article was also

reviewed, accepted, and published so therefore is reliable.

Hodges, Don. “The High Price of Cell Phones.” Donhodges.com. California State University.

n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2009. <http://donhodges.com/The_High_Price_of_Cell_Phones.htm>.

This source shows the different ways cell phones affect our society today. It was published

by the State University of California. It tells that according to the 2005 Highway Traffic

Safety Administration that ten percent of drivers on the road during the day are using a

cell phone. It also says that during the following year a study was conducted again by the

NHTSA and second and third leading causes of crashes were cell phones. It also states that

California imposed a law prohibiting usage of a hand-held cell phone starting July 1, 2008.

This supports my argument that crashes are more likely to happen with a driver using a

cell phone and that all states should ban them.

McCartt, A.T., and L. L. Geary. “Longer Term Effects of New York State’s Law on Drivers’

Handheld Cell Phone Use.” Injury Prevention 10 (2004): 11-15. GoogleScholar. Web. 27

Oct. 2009.

McCartt and Geary talk about New York being the first state to ban handheld cell phone

use in the United States. A study was conducted to see whether or not the ban would indeed

reduce the use of cell phones while driving or not. This source was the original article and

had much factual information in it. Because of the statistical information and the root of

the text this will provide much help to support my argument. This source shows the

difference between a state that prohibits the use of cell phones and a state that doesn’t. I

think that this angle will provide great details for my piece.

McEvoy, Suzanne P., and et al. “Role of Mobile Phones in Motor Vehicle Crashes Resulting in

Hospital Attendance: A Case-Cross Study.” BMJ (2005): 1-5. Print.

McEvoy takes a different approach to conducting their study. They develop a study that

involves people who have personally been in crashes and resulted in hospitalization

resulting from a cell phone. They did a case-crossover to help aid their experiment as well.

Details were looked at like phone records before and after the crash. This source will give

much insight to how devastating cell phone use while driving can be. This article has great

structure and will surely give me factual details to support my theory.

Nelson, Erik., Paul Atchley, and Todd D. Little. “The Effects of Perception of Risk and

Importance of Answering and Initiating a Cellular Phone Call While Driving.” Accident

Analysis and Prevention 41 (2009): 438-44. Print.

This article is about how younger drivers are more apt to use a cell phone although it is

dangerous if they think that the call is important. It tells of an accident in New York caused

by a cell phone that killed five teens. This supports my theory that cell phones can cause

death when used behind a wheel. This article is reliable because it was reviewed, accepted,

and published. A study was conducted to see the relationships between different aspects of

cell phones and how they affect driving capabilities.

Rakauskas, Michael E., Leo J. Gugerty, and Nicholas J. Ward. “Effects of Naturalistic Cell

Phone Converstaion on Driving Performance.” Journal of Safety Research 35 (2004)

453-64. Print.

This article focuses on whether easy or hard cell phone conversations relate to driving a

vehicle. The results of this study were that people who talk on cell phones have a more

varied speed and different variation in accelerating a vehicle. This piece is peer reviewed

and accepted into the scientific world therefore is credible. It helps support my cause

because it does show that cell phones do effect operating a vehicle in a varied manner.

Reinfurt, Donald W., et al. “Cell Phone Use While Driving In North Carolina.”

www.cellphonefreedriving.ca/. The University of North Carolina, Nov. 2001. Web. 27

Nov. 2009. <http://www.cellphonefreedriving .ca/media/north_carolina.pdf>.

Reinfurt et al. focus on numerous things that involve talking on a cell phone while driving.

A study was conducted in North Carolina to see what people that talked on cell phones did

that were similar to each other. The study was very broad and covered 85 places within the

state. Results were compared between two different experiments: A pilot study and a study

that searched all the crashes that occurred in North Carolina in a four year period. This
source takes a different approach than the rest and is very detailed. With the vast

information they researched this article will help me to prove my theory.

Robbins, Ryan. “Texting Whilst Driving: Driver’s Subjective Awareness of the Risks of Sending

and Receiving Text Messages Whilst Driving.” Transport Behavior 7.1 ( 2008): 1-15.

Print.

This article focuses on young drivers and their cell phones. The study focuses on drivers’

ages 17-24 years old. This is perfect to support my theory that young drivers are more apt

to abuse the driving privilege than older ones. This study proves that even when younger

people know that their performance is altered by cell phones usage that they will still

continue to text while operating a vehicle. This proves my point and this is a very reliable

source due to being published in a journal and used many sources to conclude their data.

Salvucci, Dario D., and Kristen L. Macuga. “Predicting the Effects of Cellular-Phone Dialing on

Driver Performance. Cognitive Systems Research 3 (2002): 95-102. Print.

This article related how different tasks of cell phone dialing effects driving methods. The

tests are predicted to show how these tasks effect variables like speed and braking by the

driver. The authors information is reliable due to the fact that it is peer reviewed, accepted,

and published in a journal. Also many credible sources were used to gather their

knowledge about this topic. The result of the studies shows that speed and menu dialing

result in the largest deviation from the baseline of doing neither. This study supports my

idea because it shows that using a cell phone does indeed affect driving a vehicle.

Strayer, David L., et al. “Cell Phone Induced Perceptual Impairments During Simulated

Driving.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16.3 (2007): 128-31. Print.

Strayer et al. converse about holding conversations on cell phones impairing driving ability

during simulated driving. They focus on how drivers are more likely to miss traffic signals

during a conversation on a cell phone than when not. This piece is creditable due to it was

created at the University of Utah and uses many sources, to cite throughout, while

researching this topic. This piece supports my topic that cell phones are a distraction to

drivers and that the number of cell phone users has raised enormously in the last few years.

Strayer, David L., Frank A. Drews, and Dennis J. Crouch. “A Comparison of the Cell Phone

Driver and the Drunk Driver.” Human Factor 48.2 (2006): 381-6. Print.

These authors relate one who is driving while using a cell phone to one who drives under

the influence of alcohol. This piece is reliable due to the fact that it has been peer reviewed

and published in a journal. It has many sources that it used and is valuable to my topic

because it is a study to show that driving while using a cell phone is similar to driving while

impaired by alcohol. Since drinking and driving is illegal then it’s saying that driving while

using a cell phone should regulated as well. This supports my topic.

Strayer, David L., Frank A. Drews, and William A. Johnston. “Cell Phone-Induced Failures of Visual

Attention During Simulated Driving.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

9.1(2003): 23-32. Print.

Strayer et al. researched the effects of hands-free cell phones on driving. The results were

that even though the person was not holding a phone still visual memory was less than

those who were not on a cell phone at all. This summary concludes that while on a cell

attention to things is less. This authors research was vast and therefore concludes a good

source of knowledge to include in my paper.

Strayer, David L., and William Johnston. “Driven to Distraction: Dual-Task Studies of Simulated

Driving and Conversing on a Cellular Telephone.” American Psychological Society 12.6

(2001): 462-66. Print.

Strayer and Johnston convey their theory on cell phones and how they distract the driver

of a vehicle. It is stated that using a cell phone while driving diverts one’s attention to

things other than on just driving. This source is filled with statistics and factually

information. It was peer reviewed, used many sources to attain their knowledge, and

accepted into the scientific community. This will help support my theory with the data that

was concluded.