1RC 24-1967

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
AND
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
Section V
Steel Road Bridges
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
1984
<<
IRC 24-1967
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
AND
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
Section V
Steel Road Bridges
Published hi
THE iNDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
Jamnagar House, Shabjahan Road,
New Delhi-i100il
1984
Price Rs 24
(Plus packing & postage)
<<
IRC 24-1967
First published : May, 1967
Reprinted: August, 1972
Reprinted: July, 1976
Reprinted: August, 1984 (Incorporates Amendment No. 1
December, 1982)
(Rights of Publication and Translation are reserved)
Printed at PRINTAID, New Delhi
<<
IRC: 24-1967
STEEL ROAD BRIDGES
CONTENTS
Clause No. Page No.
introduction ... 1
501. General .,. 2
501.1. Scope ... 2
501.2. Clearances .,. 2
502. Materials ,.. 2
502.1. Structural Steel ... 2
502.2. Rivet and Rivet Bars ... 2
502.3, Cast Steel ... 3
502.4. Cast Iron ,,, 3
502.5. Steel for Pins (including Kunckle Pins) and Rollers ... 3
502.6. Bolts and Nuts .,. 3
502.7. Washers ,,, 3
502.8. Welding Electrodes ... 4
502.9. Steel for Parallel Barrel Drifts .,. 4
502.10. Deleted ,., 4
503. Loads and Stresses ,., 4
503.1. Loadsand Forces to be Taken into Account ,,. 4
503.2. Combination of Loads and Forces ... 5
503.3. Stresses ... 5
503.4. Deformation Stresses ... 6
503.5. Relief of Stresses ... 6
504. Permissible Stresses ... 6
504.1. Allowable Working Stress for Combination of
Loads and Forces ... 6
504.2. Fluctuations of Stress (Fatigue) ... 7
504.3. Basic Permissible Stresses in Structural Steel ... 9
504.4. Allowable Working Stresses ... 12
504.5. Working Shear Stresses in Solid Web Plates ... 19
504.6. Combined Stresses .,, 22
504.7. Deleted ... 23
504.8. Deleted ... 23
504.9. Deleted 23
504.10. Deleted 23
504.11. Deleted ... 23
505. Design of General Details ... 23
505.1. Effective Spans ... 23
505.2. Effective Depth ... 23
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IRC: 24-1967
Clause No. Page No.
505.3. Minimum Depth ... 23
505.4. Spacing and Depth of Main Girders ... 24
505.5. Symmetry ... 24
505.6. Minimum Sections ... 24
505,7. Corrosion ... 24
505.8. Drainage ... 25
505.9. Deflection ... 25
50510. Camber ... 25
505.11. Provision for Temperature Changes .,. 25
505.12. Spacing of Trusses and Girders ... 25
505.13. Anchorage ... 26
505.14. Effective Length of Struts ... 26
505.15. Effective Sectional Area ... 26
505.16. Floor Beams ... 28
505.17. Joists and Stringers ... 28
505.18. Bracing ... 28
505.19. End Cross Girders ... 28
505.20. Plates in Compression ... 29
505.21. Riveting and Bolting ... 30
505.22. Welding ... 32
505.23. Lug Angles ... 33
505.24. Clevises andTurnbuckles ... 34
505.25. Pins ... 34
505.26, Composite Use of Mild Steel and High Tensile Steel ... 34
505.27, Composite Action of Steel and Concrete ... 34
505.28. Composite Connections 35
506. Solid Web Girders (Plate Girders and RoBed
Beams) ... 35
506.1. General ... 35
506.2. Maximum Average Shear Stress ... 36
506.3. SlendernessRatio ,.. 36
506.4. Flanges .. 36
506.5. Effective Length of Compression Flanges ... 38
506.6. Webs ... 41
507. Open Web Girders ... 46
507.1. General ... 46
507.2. Compression Members ... 47
507.3. Tension Members ... 56
507.4. Splicing ... 60
507.5. Connections at Intersections ... 60
507.6. Gusset Plates ... 60
507.7. Diaphragms in Members ... 61
507.8. Camber .,. 61
II
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ERC: 24-1967
Clause No. Page No.
508. Workmanship ... 61
508.1, General ... 61
508.2. Templates ,,, 61
508.3. Straightening ... 62
508.4. Preparation of Edges and F. nds ... 62
508.5. Preparation of Holes ,,, 63
508.6. Rivet and Riveting ... 65
508.7. Bolts, Nuts and Washers ,,, 66
508.8. Drifts ... 68
508.9. Pins and Pin Holes ... 68
508.10. Deleted
508.11. Welding ... 68
508.12. Tie Rods ... 69
508.13, Forging ... 69
508.14. Bending and Pressing ... 69
508.15. Shop Erection and Match Marking ... 69
508.16. Marking and Packing ,.. 70
508.17. Protection against Corrosion ... 70
509. Field Erection ,,. 72
509.1. General ... 72
509.2. Erection ... 72
509.3. Temporary Supports ... 73
509.4. Joints ... 73
Appendices
Appendix A Deleted 75
Appendix B Critical Compression Stress C~for Sections ... 75
Symmetrical about the X-Xaxis formula
Appendix C Preparation of Camber Diagram for OpenWeb
Spans whichare not Predeformed and Prepara-
tion of Camber Diagram and Rules for Prede-
forming for Predeformed Spans ... 77
Appendix D Field Requirements ... 80
Tables
Table 1 Total Variation in Allowable Stress ,,
Table 2 Basic Permissible Stresses in Structural Steel ... 9
Table 3 Values of F for Various Values offy 13
It
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IRC; 24-1961
Page No.
Table 4 Allowable Working Stresses P~in kg/sq. mm. on
Elfective Cross Section for axial Compression ... 13
Table 5 Values of K
1 .., 15
Table 6 Values of K2 ,.. 16
Table 7 Values of 9 and B to be used for Calculating Values
ofC~inkgfsq.mm ... 17
Table 8 Allowable Working Stress P~for Different Values
or Critical Stress C~ ... 18
Table 9-A Allowable Average Shear Stress (P~in kg per sq. mm)
in Stiffened Web of Steel Conforming to iS: 226 ... 20
Table 9-B Allowable Average Shear Stress (P~in kg per sq. mm)
in Stiffened Web of Steel Conforming to I.S: 961 ... 21
Table 10 Maximum Permissible Value of Equivalent
Stressf~in kg per mm for Mild and High
Tensile Steel ... 22
Table 11 Effective Length of Compression Members ... 49
Table 12 Diameter of Holes of Rivets .,. 64
Table 13 Weight of Rivet Heads ... 81
iv
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IRC: 24-l~67
STEEL ROAD BRIDGES
INTRODUCTION
The Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Steel
Road Bridges was finalised by the Subcommittee, consisting of the
following personnel, at their meeting held at New Delhi on the 9th,
10th and 11th July, 1965:
K.F. Antia .., Convenor
B. Balwant Rao Member-Secretary
S.P. Dass
D.S. Desai
S.K. Ghosh
NP, Mathur
N.M. Thadani
P.K. Mukherjee
S.S. Varma
The draft was considered and approved by the Bridges
Committee at their meeting held at New Delhi on the 20th Oct.,
1965 and later approved by the Executive Committee for publica-
tion as an Indian Roads Congress Standard Specifications and
Code of Practice.
The object of issuing the Standard Specifications and Code of
Practice for Steel Road Bridges is to establish acommon procedure
for the design and construction of road bridges in India.
This publication is meant to serve as a guide to botq the de-
sign engineer and the construction engineer but compliance with the
rules therein does not relieve them in any way of their responsibility
for the stability and soundness ofthe structures designed and
erected by them.
The design and construction of road bridges require extensive
and thorough knowledge of the science and technique involved and
should be entrusted only to specially qualified engineers with
adequate practical experience in bridge engineering and capable of
ensuring careful execution of work.
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(RC: 24-19b7
~Oi. GENERAL
501.1. Scope
This Code deals with the use of mild and high tensile steel in
the superstructure of simply supported road bridges upto 125 me-
tres span between the centres of bearings. Where appropriate, the
recluirenlentS of the speciticatioiis nay be applied to larger spans or
other types of steel bridges, but care should be taken, in these circ-
umstances, to make necessary amendments for fixity at the supports,
continuity and other indeterminate or special conditions.
501.2. Clearances
All bridges shall be designed with adequate clearances as
specified in the 1RC : 5 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
for Road Bridges Section 1, Cluse 105. Other features should also
conform to the standards laid down in other sections.
502. MATERIALS
502.1. Structural Steel
All structural steel shall comply with the following Indian
Standards as appropriate
IS: 226Structural Steel (standard quality)
IS: 2062Struetural Steel (fusion welding quality)
IS: 961Structurai Steel (high tensile)
502.2. Rivet and Rivet Bars
All rivet and rivet bars shall conform in all respects to iS
1141Specfication for Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes and
iS : 1149Specification for High Tensile Rivet Bars for Structural
Purposes.
Notes 1. Unless specified, mild steel rivets shall be used with mild steel
structural members and high tensile steel rivets with high tensile
steel members.
2. \Vhere high tensile steel is used for rivets, steps shall be taken to
ensure that the rivels are so manufactured that they could be
driven and the heads formed satisfactorily; and that the physical
properties of the steel are not impaired.
3. Generally the copper content of the rivet steel should be in excess
of the copper content of the steel members with which they come
in contact, The ma~drnumpermissible percentage of copper in
rivet steel shall be 0.6.
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IRC 24-1~67
502.3. Cast Steel
The use of cast steel shall be limited to bearings and other
similar parts, steel for castings shall conform to Grade 30-57 of the
IS: 1030Specification for Steel Castings for General En~ineeFing
Purposes.
502.4, Cast Iron
Cast iron shall not be used in any portion of the stucture
except only when subject to direct compression. Such cast iron
shall conform to the requirements of IS: 210Specification for Grey
Iron Castings. The Grade No. of the material shall not be less
than 14 and its basic permissible stress shall not exceed the
Grade No. divided by 2.54.
502.5. Forged Steel for Pins
Forged steel pins shall comply with class 3, 3a or 4 of
IS: 1875-1978 and steel forgings shall comply with class 3, 3A. or 4
of IS: 2004-1978.
Steel castings for steel pins shall conform to Grade 30-57 of
iS: 1030-1974 Specification of Steel Casting for General Engineer-
ing Purposes.
502.6. Bolts and Nuts
All mild steel for bolts and nuts, when tested in accordance
with the IS: 1608Method for Tensile Testing of Steel Products
other than Sheet, Strip, Wire and Tube, shall have a tensile stre-
ngthi of not less than 44kg/mm
2 and a minimum elongation of 14
per cent on a gauge length of 5.65s(area.
502.6.1. High tensile steel (structural quality for bolts and
nuts shall be manufactured from high tensile steel having a
minimum tensile strength of 58 kg/mm2 and other mechanical
properties in accordance with the IS: 961Specification tbr High
Tensile Structural Steel.
1 T oz e . 1-11gb strength friction grip bolts for bridge construction are not covered
by ths Standard. Their use may be permitted on satisfactory
evidence being produced that they satisfy the requirements specdled
by the Engineer.
502.7. Washers
Plain washers shall be made of steel. Tapered or other
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IRC: 24-1 967
specially shaped washers shall be made of steel or malleable cast
iron.
502.8. Welding Electrodes
Mild steel electrodes shall comply with the requirements of
the IS: 814 Specification for Covered Electrodes for Metal Arc
Welding of Mild Steel, and those for high tensile steel shall comply
with IS: 1442 Covered Electrodes for the Metal Arc Welding of
High Tensile Steel.
502.9. Steel for Parallel Barrel Drifts
Steel for parallel barrel drifts shall have a tensile strength of
not less than 55.1 kg/mm
2 with an elongation of not less than 20 per
cent measured on a gauge length equal to 4iarea.
502. 10. Deleted
503. LOADS AND STRESSES
503.1 . Loads and Forces to be Taken into Account
For purposes of computing stresses, the following items shall,
where applicable, be taken into account in accordance with the
requirements of IRC: 5 and IRC: 6 Sections I and II of the IRC
Code of Practice for Road Bridges:
(a) Dead load
(b) Live load
(C) Impact or dynamic effect of live load
(d) Ceinrifugal force
(e) Longitudinal forces used by tractive~
effort of vehicle or by braking of
vehicles and/or those caused by
restri*int to movement of free bearings
(I) Temperature effect
(g) Forces on parapets
(h) Wind load
(1) Seismic force
(j) Erection effects
Subject to the provisions of other clauses, all forces shall be con-
sidered as applied and all loaded lengths chosen in such a manner
that the most adverse effect is caused on the member under
consideration. Wind and seismic forces are not to be considered
to act simultaneously.
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IRC: 24-196~
503.2, Combination of Loads and Forces
Combinations of forces to be considered are specified below:
(I) The worst possible combination of dead load with live load, impact
and centrifugal force.
(ii) The worst possible combination of any or all of the forces listed
under Clause 503.1 . from (a) to (h;.
~.iii)Theworst possible combination of any or all of the forces listed
under Clause 503.1. items (a) to (g) and (1).
(iv) Theworst possible combination of forces during erection.
The weight of all permanent and temporary materials together
with all other forces and effects of which may operate on any part
of the structure during erection shall be taken into account.
503.3. Stresses
503.3.1. Primary Stresses : In the design of triangulated
structure, axial stresses in members are usually calculated on the
assumption that all members are straight and free to rotate at the
joints; all joints lie at the intersection of the centrodial axes of the
members; all loads including the weight of members, are applied at
the joints. These stresses are defined as primary stresses.
503.3.2. In practice, the assumptions made in Clause 503.3.1.
are not realised and consequently the members are subject not only
to axial stress but also to bending and shear stresses. These stresses
are referred to as deformation and secondary stresses in section.
503.3.2.1. Deformation stresses are the result of elastic
deformation of the structure combined with the rigidity ofjoints.
503.3.2.2. Secondary stresses are the result of eccentricity of
connections and off joint loading generally, (i.e., the loads rolling,
direct on chords, sell-weight of members and wind loads on
members).
Structures shall be designed, fabricated and erected in such
a manner as to minimise, as far as possible, deformation and
secondary stresses.
503.3.2.3. Secondary stresses shall be computed and com-
bined with co-existent axial stresses in accordance with the Clause
504.6. but secondary stresses due to self-weight and wind on the
member shall be ignored.
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IRC: 24-1967
Note In computing secondary stresses due to loads being carried direct by a
chord, he chord may be assumed to be a c ntinuous giider supported at
the panel points, the resulting bending moments both at the centre and at
the supports being taken as equal to three-fo rth of the maximum bend-
ing moment in a simply supported beam of span equal to panel length..
When desired, exact calculations may be madeand the calculated bend-
ing moments used for design. The impact allowance shall he based on
the loaded length equal to one panel length.
503.4. Deformation Stresses
503.4.1. in the case of truss member, deformation stresses
described under Clause 503.3.2.1. shall be either computedor
asstnncd in accordance with Clause 503.4.2. and added to the
existin axial stress.
503.4.2. in non-prestressed girders, the ratio of width of the
members in the plane of distortion to their length between centres
of intersections shall preferably be not greater than 1/12 fbr chord
mcmbers and 1/24 for web members. In the absenceof calculations,
the deformation stresses shall be assumed not less than 16 per cent
of the dead and live load stresses.
503.4.3. As the effectiveness of complete removal of defor-
knal ion stresses through predeformation (prestressing) is doubtful
and the extent of relief in the deformation stresses through prede-
lbrmation depends upon several factors, deformation stresses shall
be taken into consideration even when prede farming is resorted to.
503.5. Relief of Stresses
in deternining the maximum stress in any member of a
bridge, it is permissible to take into account any relief afforded to
the member by adjoining parts. In determining the amount of
relief, the secondary stresses, if any, in the member, shall be taken
into account and considered with other co-existent stresses. Such
relief may be taken into account only if the relieving parts have
been suitably designed and are effectively attached to the member.
In every such case, it is necessary to consider whether the relief
considered will be given by the adjacent member permanently or
is liable to vanish owing to any change in the said adjacentmember.
504. PERMISSIBLE STRESS
504.1. Allowable Working Stress~for Combination of Loads
and Forces -
504.1.1. For the combination of forces given in Clause
The permissible increase in stresses permiued under this clause will
supetsede those given under IRC : 6 Section II of Bridge Code, Clause
203.
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IRC 24-1 967
503.2. (i), the allowable working stress shall be those given as basic
stresses under Clause 504.3. When secondary stresses are also
taken into account in the case of triangulated trusses, allowable
working stresses may be increased by 16 per cent.
504.1.2. For the combination of forces given in Clause
503.2 (ii), the basic permissible stresses given in Clause 504.3. may
be increased by 16 per cent; where the secondary stresses are also
taken into account, in the case of triangulated trusses, the basic
permissible stresses given in Clause 504.3. may be increased by 32
per cent.
504.1.3. For combination of forces specified in Clause 503.2.
(iii) or 503.2. (iv) viz., for seismic and erection conditions, the
stresses may be exceeded by 25 per cent; when secondary stresses
are also taken into account in the case of triangulated trusses. the
basic permissible stresses may be exceeded by 40 per cent.
504.1.4. Stresses while lifting the spans during maintenance
in the members used for Lifting may exceed the basic permissible
stresses by not more than 25 per cent.
504.1.5. In no case the stress in any member shall exceed
the yield stress specified for the material,
504.1.6. The total variation in allowable stresses after
combining the provisions of Clauses 504.1.1 to 504.1.4, are given in
Table 1. The values given in the table do not allow for the effect of
fluctuations in stress which must be dealt with according to Clause
504.2. while stresses arising from combinations of bending moments
and shear are subject to provisions of Clause 504.6.
504.2. Fluctuations of Stress (Fatigue)
504.2.1 . General All details shalL be designed to aviod, as
far as possible, stress concentrations likely to result in excessive
reduction of the fatigue strength of members or connections. Care
shall be taken to avoid sudden changes of shape of a member or
part of a member, especially in regions of tensile stress or local
secondary bending and steps shall be taken to avoid aerodynamic
and similar vibratfons.
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ERC: 24-1967
Note Members subjected to fluctuations of stresses are liablc to suffer from
fatigue failure, this may be caused by loads which are very much lower
than those which would be necessary to cause failure under a single
application, lhe Initiation of fatigue cracks is p r i m a r i l y due t o s t r es s
concentrations introduced by the constructional details. Discontinuities
such as bolt or rivet holes, welds and other local or general changes in
geometrical form set up such stress concentrations from which fatigue
cracks may be initiated, and these cracks may subsequently propagate
through the connected or fabricated member.
TABLE t TOTAL VARIATION US Al LOwAaI F STRrSs OVER THOSE
OCVEN IN CLAUsE 504.3.
(11 For calculated primary
stress
(ii) Where primary stresses
are combined with cal-
culated deformation
and secondary stresses
ofClauses 503.3.2.t and
5033.2.2. (self weight
and wind on member
ignored)
Increase in allowable stresses for local
combinations as per Clauses
503.2 (i) 5032. (ii)
per cent percent
Noincrease~ 16
No i n c r ea s e I .
16 32
504.2.2 It is not necessary to reduce the permissible stresses
lo allow for the effect of fatigue in the following cases, mainly
because of the number of fluctuations of design stresses being small
in the anticipated life of the bridge
(i) Mild steel bridges, riveted or welded;
(it) High tensile steel bridges, riveted construction,
In the case of high tensile steel welded construction, and in
the design of those members in which heavy reversals of stress are
likely to occur and the predominating stress is tensile, it may be
necessary to lower the stress at the discretion of the designer.
(a) Solid web g i r der s
(b) Triangulated trusses
503.2. (iii; 503.2.(iv)
per cent per cent
25 25
25 25
40 40
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mc : 24-1967
504.2.3. Connections, riyetcd or bolted No allowance for
fatigue shall normally be made in calculating the required number
of rivets or boLts in a riveted or bolted connection except that all
rivets or bolts subjected to reversal of stress during the passage of
the live load shall be proportioned for the arithmetical sum of the
maximum load plus 50 per cent of the maximum load ofthe
opposite sign. In the case of wind bracing, the connections shall
be designed to resist the greater stress only.
504.2.4. Load-carrying fillet welds: Load carrying ~1llet
welds shall be designed at normal allowable stresses (not reduced
on account of fatigue) but the effective throat depth of fillet welds
shall not be smaller than 0.7 times the thickness of the member
where the connection is transmitting the full load in the member.
504.3. Basic Permissible in Structural Steel: Subject to the
provisions in Clause 503.3 to 503.5, 504,1, 504.2, 504.4 and 5 04.5 ,
structures shall be so designed that the calculated stresses in
structural steel do not exceed the basic values given in Table 2.
TABLE 2. BASIC PIRM1sSISL.s STRSSSES IN STIWCTUI~ALSr!as.
Mild steel conforming High tensile steel conform-
to IS: 226 & IS: 2062 ing to IS: 961 with yield
with yield stress of stress of
Description 23.6 36.2 33.1 29.9
kg/sq kg!sq kg/sq kg! sq
mm mm mm mm
1 2 4 5
I. Parts in axial tension
(a) On effective
sectional area 1 4. 1 21.2 1 93 17.3
( b ) On net section
bolts and studs
( i ) exceeding 38 mm 14.1 19.6
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IRC : 24-1967
(Parts in axial tension conid.)
(ii) exceeding 28 mm
but not 38 mm
(iii) exceeding 22 mm
but not 28 mm
(iv) less than 22 mm
(C) On rivets
2. Parts in axial compre-
session on effective
gross section
3. Parts in bending Iten-
sion or compression)
on effective sectional
area for extreme fibre
stress
(a) for plates, flats,
t ub es , rounds, squ.
ares and similar
sections
(b) For rolled beams,
channels, angles
and tees, and for
plate girders with
single or multiple
webs with
d
1 /r not greater
than 85 for steel
conforming to IS:
226
d~/znot greater
than 75 fo r s t eel
conforming to IS:
961
(c) For plate girders with single or
multiple webs, with
d~tgreater than 85 for steel
conforming to IS: 226
e greater than 75 for steel
conforming to IS: 961
23. 6 21 . 5
See a l s o Cl a us e 5044. 2.
1 4. 1 21.2 1 9,3 1 73
See a l s o Cl a us e 504.4.2.
In t he above d1 the clear distance between flange angles or,
~ here there are no flange angles, between flanges (ignoring fillets);
but where tongue plates having a thickness not less than twice the
2 3 4 5
12.6 18.9
1 1 . 0 1 6. 5
9.4 14.1
9.4 14.1
See Clause 504.4.1. ________
15.7 19.5
1 50 1 8,5 22.3
1
20.4
See a l s o Cl a us e 504. 42.
-I
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t RC~24. 1 967
thickness of the web plate are used, d
1 is the depth of the girder
between the flanges less the sum of the depths of the tongue plates
or eight times the sum of the thicknesses of the tongue plates,
which ever is lesser.
and t = the web thickness
4. Parts in shear
Ma xi m um s hea r s t r es s . ( Ha vi n g
regard to the distribution of 10.2 15.7 14,3 13.0
stresses in conformity with the
elastic behaviour of the member
in ilexure).
Average shear stress. (On the
gross effective sectional area of 8.5 13.5 12.2 11.0
webs of plate girders rolled See also Clause 504.5
beams, channels, angles and tees). ~---,~.. .. __.._
On power driven shop rivets and
turned and fitted bolts 10.2 14.1
On power driven field rivets 9.4 13.3
On hand-driven rivets 8.7
On black bolts 7. 9
On close tolerance bolts and
turned barrel bolts 9.4 13.3
Sec also Clauses 505.21 .6. and 505.21.7.
5. Parts in bearing
On fiat surfaces 18.9 28.3 25.9 23.6
On power driven shop rivets and
turned and fitted bolts 23. 6 32,2
On power driven field rivets 22.0 30.7
On hand-driven rivets 18.9
On black bolts 15.8
On close tolerance bolts and
turned barrel bolts 22.0 3~.7
See also Clauses 505.21.6. and 505.21.7.
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Il~.C: 24.1907
3 4 5
6. Pins
En shear 10.2 14.1
in bearing 21.2 29.9
In bending (on outer fibres) 21.2 29.9
For turned and titled knuckle pins
and spheres in bearings
On projected area 11.8 11.8
7. Wel d. See Clause 505.22.
504.4. Allowable Working Stresses
504.4. 1 . Allowable working stresses for parts in axial com-
pression
The calculated average wor~ingstress in compression member
shall not exceed the value given in Table 4 and derived from the
formula given below
P
__~_~__I ~
i+(0.18+0.0008 -) Sec (~f.._~_._ radians)
wIi crc
== allowable working stress on effective cross section for
compresion member
p = constant depending upon the yield stressf, of steel
(See Table 3)
in = load factor = 1.82
E = Youngs modulus = 21,100 kg/mm
2
r = least radius of gyration of the compression member
I effective length of the compression member.
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!RC: 24-1967
tALE 3. VALUES 0~ roa VARaOUS VALUBS 01 !, THE YIELD STRUS 1 O~
MLLD STEEL AND H1 GH TSNS!LF ~TUL
Y i el d s t r es s f~ P
kg~sqmm k g / s q m m
23.6 16.5
TABLI 4. ALLOWA$LE woRKi
SECT!
NO STRESSES Po.~IN kg/sq. mm ON SF
ON FOP AXIAL COMPRESSION
PECnvE cRoss
P=1 6. 5 P=24. 8 P-~22. 6
P_20. 2
0
1 4. 00 21 . 00
1 9. 1 5 1 7. 1 2
20 13.60 20.40 18.60 1 6. 70
40 13.00 19.00 17.40 15.70
60 11.80 16.20 15.16 13,913
80
10.10 12.55 12.03
11.35
100
8.05 9.27 9.02 8.70
120 6.30
6.90 6.80 6.62
140
4.94 5.26 5.20
5. 1 2
160 3.90 4.11 4.07
4.01
Steel
Mild steel conforming to IS : 226
FITS. conforming to IS : 961 36. 2 24,8
H. LS. c o n fo r m i n g t o E S : 961 33. 1 2Z .
9
H. T . S. c o n fo r m i n g t o I S : 961 29. 9 20. 2
13
<<
IRC: 24-1 ~67
504.4.2. Allowable working stress in bending: For all
sectional shapes the tensile and compressive bending stresses, fb t
andf,c, calculated according to Clauses 506.1. and 506.3. shall not
exceed the appropriate basic permissible stresses in Clause 504.3.
subject to the provision in Clause 504.4.3. for bending compression.
504.4.3. Bending compression: For sectional shape with l~
smaller than !~
where /~=momcatof inertia of the whole section about the axis lying in
the plane of bending (the yy axis),
and 1 ~.=momentof inertia o(tbe whole section about the axis normal
to the plane of bending (the xx axis),
the compressive bending stress, f~shall not exceed the value Poe
given in Table 8 correspondIng to C~,the critical stress in the com-
pression element calculated as follows
504.4.3.1. For sections with asingle web (including I sections
with stiffened or unstiffened edges, channels, angles, tees, etc., but
excluding I sections where the thickness of the flange is more than
three times the thickness of the other flanges)
(a) Where the flanges have equal moments of inertia above y-y axis
267730
(l/r~)
2~J [ + ...( ~) ]ic~per sq mm=A
except that the value of C~calculated above shall be increased by
20 per cent for rolled beams and channels and for plate girders
provided that:
t~Jtis not greater than 2
d
1/r is not greater than 85, for steel conforming to IS : 226
d2/s is not greater than 75, for steel conforming to IS: 961
d1 and t are as defined inTable 2
effective length of compression flange (see Clause 506.5.)
radius of gyration about the y-y axis of the grosssection of the
whole girder, at the point of maximum bending moment
D over all depth of girder, at the point of maximum bending moment
effective thickness of the compression flange
K~times meanthickness of the horizontal portion of the compres-
slon flange at the point of maximum bending moment.
14
<<
IRC 24-1 967
(For rolled section, t,=K
1 times the thickness given in reference
books). The co-effi.~ientK1 makes allowance for reduction in
thickness of breadth of flanges between points of effective lateral
restraint and depends on R~, the ratio of the total area of both
flanges at the point of least bending moment to the corresponding
area at the point of greatest bending moment between such points
of restraint. (For flanges of constant area K1= I).
Flanges shall not be reduced in breadth to give avalue of R~lower
than 0.25.
Values of K1 for different ualues Of R~are given in Table 5 below
TABLE 5. VALUESOFK,
Ra 1 .0 0.9 0,8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
K, 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
1~fote: Where the value of Ra calculated for the comoression flange alone is
smaller thanthat when both flanges are combined, this smaller value
of Ra shall be used.
(b) Where the moment of inertia of the compression flange about the
y~yaxis exoeeds that of the tension flange:
267730 ~ 1 f It. \ 1 2677300
(l/ry) ~s.jL 1 + ~ j+L~-
=A+K~B in kg. per sq. mm.
where F, r~& Dare as defined in(a) above and
effectivethickness of flange
K, times mean thickness of the horizontal portion of the flange of
greater moment of inertia about the y-y axis of the girder, at the
point of maximum bending moment, where K, is obtained from
Table 5 above.
K,=~a coeflIcicnt to allow for inequality of tension and compression
flanges, and depends on Rm, the ratio of the moment of inertia of
the compression flanges alone to that of the sum of the moments
of inertia of the compressionand tension flanges, each calculated
about its own axis parallel to they-y axis of the girder, at the point
of maximum bending moment,
15
<<
IRC 24-1967
Note: F ~flanges of equal moment of inertia
Rm0.5 and KL=0
For tees and angles
R,~=1 .0and K,=0.5
Values of K, for different values of I?,,, are given inTable 6 below:
TABLE 6. VALUES OF K,
R,,, 1 . 0 0. 9 0 8 0. 7 9. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 02 0. 1 0. 0
K, 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 9. 1 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1 . 0
(c) Where the moment of inertia of the tension flange aboul the y-y
axis ~ceeds that of the compression flange:
c~=[~/?~9 J [ +J(~~}+K~~ ]x~!
= (4 + K,B)
1~-inkg/sq. mm.
Where 1, r
5, D, t~& K, are as defined in (a) & (b) above, and
y,= distance f-om the neutral axis of girder to extreme fibre in compress-
sion.
y~=distance from neutral axis of girder to extreme fibre in tension.
Values of K.~for different values of R,,, are given inTable 6 above.
For tees and angles. .R,,,=0 and K,=1.
No t es I . Fo r va l ues o f A a n d ~Bfor different ratios of l/ry & DJte to be used
for calculating C, in kg/sq. mm, refer Table 7,
2 For values of allowable bendig compressive strets Poe for different
values of C,, see Table 8.
~04.4.3.2. For sections other than those described in Clause
504.4.3.1. above:
a ) Wher e t he s ec t i o n i s s y m m et r i c a l a b o ut t he x-x axis, the value of
C, may be obtained from the basic equation in Appendix, 8.
b) Where the section is not symmetrical about the x-x axis, the exact
value of C, may be computed; but values obtained from theformu-
lae given in Clause 504.4.3.1 . (b) & (C) can be used with safety.
16
<<
T ABLE 7. VALLJESA and BTO BE USED FOR C.~LCULATING~ALU~S o~C~in kgsq mm
267730 1 1 1 267730
wher e A= ~ [i + ~ ( ~ ) 1 a n d B ~j~1 2
Note Where flanges are equal and of constant cross secLion C~=A
A
~ 8 10 12 14 - 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 80 100
40
45
251.0
212.5
224.6
187.6
208.7 198.6
172.6 162+8
191.8
156.2
186.9
151.5
183.2
147.9
117.6
142.5
174.7
139.5
172.8 171.5 170.1
l37~5 136.4 134.7
169.1
134.0
168.4
133.2
168.0
1329
167.4
132.2
50
184.1
160.6
146-5 137.0
130+7
126.1 122.7
17.3 114.3
112.4 111.2 109.8 109.0 108.2 107.7
107.!
55
60 t
162.4
145.2
140.3
124.4
126.8
111.5
117.8
j03.0
111.7
97.0
107.2
92.8
103.8
89.5
987
84.4
95.8
81.5
93.9
797
92.6
78.4
91.2
770
90.4
76.2
89.1
75.4
89.1
75.0
88.5
74.3
65
131.5 111.8 99.5 91.3
85.7 81.6 78.3
73.2 70.4 687 67.4
66.0 65.2 64.4 63.9
63.3
70 120.0
101.4
89.8 81.9 76.4 72.4 69.5
64.4
61.6
59.8 58.6
57.3 56.5~ 55.8 553 54.6
75
110.6
93.1 81.7 74.3 69.0 65.0
62.0 57.3 54.5 52.8 51.7
5u.2 49.5 48.7 48.2 47.6
80
102.5 85,7 75.1 67.9
62.7 59.1 56.1
51.5 48.7 46. 9 45.8 44.4 43.6
42.9 4_.5 41.9
85
95.6 79.5 69.4 62.5
57.5 53.9 51.2 46.6
43.8 42.2 41.1 39.7 38.9
38.1 37.8 37.0
90 89-5 74.3
64.6
58.0 53.1 49.6 46.9 -.2.5
39.8 38.1 37.0 35.6 34.8
34.0 33.7 33.1
95 84.3
69.6 60.3
54.0 49.3 45.8 433 38.9 36.4 34.6
33 5 32.3 31.5 307
30.4 29.6
100
110
79.5
71.5
65.5
58.7
56.5
50.4
50.4
44.7
46.0
40.6
42,7
37. 5
40.2
35. 1
35.9
31 . 0
33.4
28. 7
31.8
27. 1
30.7
26. 0
29.3
24. 7
28.5
23. 9
27.9
23. 1
27.4
22. 8
26.8
22.2
120
65.0 53.2 45~5
40.2 36.4 33.4
31.2 27.2 250 23.5 22.4 21.1
20.3 19.7 19.2
18.6
130
140
150
59.7
55.1
51.3
48.7
44.9
41.7
41.6
38.1
35.4
36.5 32.9
33.4 30.1
30.9 27.7
30.1
27.4
25.2
28.0
25.4
23.3
24.2
21.9
20.0
22.0
197
17.8
20.6
18.3
16.5
19.5
17.3
15.6
18.3
16.1
14.3
17 6
15.4
13.7
169
14.6
12.9
16.5
14.3
12.6
15.9
13.7
- 12.0
160
170
180
47.9
45.0
42.4
38.9
36.4
34.3
32.9
30.7
29.0
28.7 25.7
26.8 23.9
25.2 224
23.3
21.6
20.2
21.4
19.8
18.6
18.3
16.9
15.6
16.2
15.0
13.9
15.0
13.7
12.6
14.0
12.8
11.7
12.9
11.7
10.6
12.1
11.0
9.9
11.5
10.2
9.3
11.2
9.9
9.0
10.4
9.3
8.2
190
200
210
22
I 230
240
402
38.0
36.2
34.5
32.9
31 . 5
32.4
30.7
29.1
27.7
26.5
25. 4
27.2
j 25.8
24.6
23.3
22. 2
21 . 2
23.8
22.4
21.3
20,2
1 9. 2
1 8. 4
21.1
19.8
18.9
18.0
1 7. 0
1 6. 2
19.1
18.0
17.0
16,1
15.3
1 4. 6
17.5
16.4
15.4
14.6
14.0
1 3. 4
14.6
13.7
12.9
12.3
11.5
1 1 . 0
12.9
12.0
11.3
10.6
10 1
9. 6
11.7
10.9
10.2
9.6
9.0
8. 5
10.9
10.1
9.4
8.8
82
7. 7
9.8
9.0
8.3
7.7
7.2
6. 8
9.1
8.3
7.7
7.1
6.6
6. 3
8.3
7.7
7.1
6.5
60
5.7
8.0
7.4
6.8
6.1
5.7
5.4
7.4
6.8
6.1
5.5
50
4.7
250
260
270
280
290
300
30. 2
29.1
28.0
26.9
26 0
25. 2
24. 4
23.3
22.5
21.7
21.0
20. 2
20. 5
19.5
1 8. 9
18.!
17.5
- 16.9
~
1 7. 6
16.9
1 6. 2
15.6
15.1
1-.6
1 5. 6
15.0
143
13.7
13.2
1 28
1 4. 0
1 3. 4
1 2. 9
124
12.0
11.5
1 2. 8
1 2 I
1 1 . 7
11.2
10.9
1 0. 4
1 0. 6
1 0. 1
96
91
8.8
8. 5
9. 1
8. 7
-82
7,9
76
7. 2
8. 0
7.7
7.4
6. 9
6.8
6,4
7. 4
6.9
6.8
6. 3
6.1
58
6 5
6.1
58
5. 5
5.2
5. 0
5. 8
5.5
5.2
4,9
4.7
4. 4
5. 2
4.9
4.6
4. 4
4.1
3. 9
4 9 4. 3
46 3.9
43 3.6
4. 1 3. 4
3 8 3.2
36 3. 0
c>
t.~
P
~
-.1
<<
IBC : 24 1967
TAI3LE 8. ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESS P~.FOR
CRITICAL STRESS C,
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
125
150
200
215
(SEE TAB~s 2)
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.3
6.0
6.7
7.2
7.6
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.5
11.2
11.9
12.4
12.9
13.3
13.6
13.9
14.1
14.4
14.9
15.3
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.8
DIPFE1tENT VALUES OF
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.4
6.2
7.0
7.7
8.4
9.0
9.6
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.7
13.7
14.6
15.3
15.9
16.5
17.1
17.4
17.8
18.2
18.8
19.4
20.5
21.2
22.2
22.4
C~ P~for steel conforming P~for steel conforming
kg/sq. mm
to IS 226
to IS 961
kg/sq. mm kg/sq. mm
18
<<
IRC: 24.1961
504.5. Working Shear Stresses In Solid Web Plates
(a) 4verage shear stress: The calculated average shear stress .(. on
the effective section area of theweb shall not exceed the value given
In Clause 504.3. Table 2 or in the case of stiffened webs, the value
Pq given by the followingequations, whichever i s t he l es s :
F, i n kg per mm i (i.3_. ~ b
K4l+*(~a) }
where
a the greater dimension of the web in a panel not greater than 270 t
b = t h e lesser clear dimension of the web in a panel not greater than
180:
= thickness of web
K, = 9.5 f o r m i l d s t e e l co nf o r m i ng t o IS : 2 2 6 &13 .5 f o r H .T.S . conform-
i n g t o I S : 961
K, = 2 5 0 f o r m i l d s t e e l co nf o r m i ng t o IS : 226 & 200 for H.T.S. conform-
i n g to IS : 961
For stiffened webs, value of P, for varying ratios of depth of
panel d t o thickness of web t and var i o us spacings of stiff~ne~rsare
given in Table 9A for steels conforming to IS : 226 and in Table 9B
for steels conforming to IS: 961 where the depth of panel d is
defined as follows:
(i) For webs without horizontal stiffeners, dis the clear distance between
flange angl e s o r , wh e r e there ar e no flange angles, between flanges
~igaoringfillets); but where tongue plates having a thickness not
leu than twice the thickness of web pldte are used, dis the depth
of the girder between the fl a n g es l es s t he s um o f t he dep t hs o f t he
tongue plates or eight times t h e s um o f the thickness o f t h e t o ngue
plates, whichever is the less.
iii) For webs with horizontal stiffeners, d is the clear distance between
t h e tension flange (angles or flange plate or tongue plates) and the
horizontal stiffener.
Not. For the m jnf m um tWckness of web p l at e s and t h e design o f we b s t i f f e n-
era, see Clause 506.6.1 to 506,6.4.
1 9
<<
lkC: 24-1967
TABI.a 9A. ALLOWABLE AVKRAOE SHEAR STRESS
IN STIF~ENBDWsas OF STEEL, CONFORMING TO IS : 226
hO
130
150
170
19 0
200
220
0.4c/ O.6d~ 08d
8.7 87 8.7
8,7 8.7 8.7
8.7 8.7 83
8.7 8.7 8,3
8.7 8,7 7.9
8.7 8.5 7.7
8.7 8.0 7 .3
8.7 7.7
I .Sd
8.7
8.2
~7 ~5
7.0
dl t
Stress Fq kg/mm
2 for different distances between
stiffeners
d
8.7
8.7
8.5
1.2d
8.7
8.1
8,0
1.6
l.4d
8.7
8.4
7.7
7.2
7.5
240
20
<<
TABLE 9 B. Au. o wABLa AVERAGE SRsAJ ~STttzss IN
STIFFENED WEBS OF STEEL CONFORMING TO IS : 961
Stress Pg kg!mm for different distances between
dft stiffeners
0.33d 0.44 0.6d 0.8d d l.2d 1.44 1.5d
80 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 112.6 12.6 12.6
100 12.6 12.6 12.6 12,6 12.6 12.5 123 12.0
110 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.0 11.5 1 1 .4
1 30 1 2. 6 1 2. 6 1 2. 6 1 2. 1 1 1 . 7 1 1 . 0 1 0. 4 1 0. 3
150 12.6 12.6 12.3 11.4 10.7 9.9 9.4
-~
170 12,6 12.6 11.7 10.6 9.8 9.0
1 90 1 2.6 1 2,6 1 0.9 9.8 9.0
1 2.6 1 2.6 1 0.6 9.2
1 2.6 1 2.0 1 0.0 8.5
1 2.4 1 1 .5 93
IRC: 241 961
200
220
240
21
<<
IRC: 24-1 967
504.6. CombIned Stresses
504.6.1. BendIng and axial stresses: Members subjected to
both axial and bending stresses (compressive or tensile) shall be
so proportioned that the quantity
-- + IL does not exceed unity
Fa Fb
where
fl = calculated axial stress (compressive or tensile)
F. = appropriateallowable working stress in axially loaded members
f~= calculated maximum bending ~comprcssiveor tensile) stresses about
b o t h p r i n c i p a l axesincluding secondary Stresses, if any~and
= the appropriate allowableworking stress in bending (compressive or
tensile).
Wher e a n i n c r ea s e o r r educ t i o n i n p er m i s s i b l e wo r k i n g St r es s i s s p ec i -
fi ed b o t h F~and F~shall be t h e increased or reduced wo r ki ng stress
as directed in the relevant Clauses.
504.6.2. shear and bending stresses: The equivalent stress
f~.(see Clause 504.6.4). due t o a co m bi nat i o n o f s h e ar s t r e s s f
bending stress,f, tensile or compressive, is calculated from
fe 3f,
2
504.6.3. Shear~bearing and bending stresses: The equiva-
lent stress f~(see Clause 504.6.4) due to a combination of shear
stressf., bearing stress!
5 and bending stressfb, tensile or conipres-
sive is calculated from
+f5
2+fj,+3f~~
504.6.4, Irrespective of the permissible increase of stress in
other Clauses the equivalLut stressf~calculated in Clause 504.6.3.
above shall not exceed the values given in Table 10.
TABLE 10. THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBE.B VALUE 05 EQIJ !VFILBNT $TRE$Sf, pop.
MILD AND HIGH TENSILE ETSEL
Qua l i t y o fs t eel
Mild steel
Y i el d s t r es s
Max val ue o f f .
kgjs q. m m kg/sq. mm
23.6
22.0
High tensile steel 36.2
33.1
2.99
33.1
29.9
26.8
22
<<
11W 24.1967
504.7. Deleted
504.8. I)eleted
504.9. Deleted
504.10. D e l e t e d
504. 11. Deleted
505. DESIGN OF GENERAL D ETMLS
5 05 .1. Ef f e ct i ve S p ans
The effective span shall be
Ci) for main girders t he di s t a n c e between the centres of bearing plates
or rockcr pins,
(ii) for cross members, t he di s t a n c e b et ween the centres of the main
girders or trusses,
(iii) for roud bearers, the distance between the centres of the cross
members,
(iv) for decking, the distance between the centres of the road bearers,
and
(v) for pins in bending, the distance between the centres of bearings;
but where pins pass through bearing plates havingthicknesses greater
than half the diameter of the pins, co sideration may by given to
the effec t of the distribution of bearing pressures on effective span.
Note Where a cross member or bearer terminates on an abutment or pier,
the centres of the bearing there n shall be taken as one end ot the effe-
ctive span.
505.2. Effective Depth
The effective depth of plate or truss girder rhould be taken as
the distance between the centres of gravity of the upper and 1owe~
flanges or chord~.
505.3. Minimum Dep%
The minimum depth preferably shall not he less than the
following:
tO For trusses 1/10th of effective spsn
(ii) Fo r r o l l ed s t eel j o i s t s
and plate griders = I ~25of effective span
(iiij For cnmpostite steel = as specified in the relevant
and concrete section.
23
<<
IRC: 24-1967
505.4. Spacing and Depth of Main Girders
The distance of centres between the main girders should be
sufficient to resist overturing with the specified lateral forces and
loading conditions. Otherwise special provision must be made to
prevent this. This distance shall not be less than L2Oth of the span.
The depth between the gravity axes of the top and bottom
chord of open web girders shall not be greater than three times the
distance between the centres of main girders.
505.5. Symmetry
All sections shall, as far as possible, be symmetrical abou t
the line of resultant stress, and all rivets shall be grouped symme-
trically about the same line.
5 05 .6. Mi ni m um S e ct i o ns
505.6.1. No plate or rolled sections less than 8 mm thickness
shall be used in the main members of the bridge structure when
both sides are accessible for painting nor less than 10 mm when
only one side is accessible except when it is riveted or welded to
another plate or rolled section. In floor plates and parapets a
minimum thickness of 6 mm may be used if both sides are exposed
or 8 mm if only one side is exposed. For packing plates, the
thickness shall not be less than 1.5 mm.
505.6.2. No angle less 75 x 50 mm shall be used Ibr the main
girders or trusses in riveted construction.
505.6.3, No angle less than 65 mm x45 mm nor flat less than
50 mm wide should be used in any part of the structure except
hand railing.
505.6.4. End angles connecting road bearers to cross girders
or cross girders to main girder should be not less in thickness than
three quarters of thickness of the web of bearer and cross girders
respectively.
5 05 .7. Corrosion
All the details shall be designed to reduce to a minimum
the incidence of corrosion. All parts should be accessible for
inspection, cleaning and painting; otherwise they should be adequa-
tely protected or effectively sealed.
24
<<
IRC: 24-1967
505.8. Drainage
Adequate drainage shall be p r o vi ded at all places where
pockets of depressions are likely to hold water.
505.9. DeflectIon
505.9.1. Rolled steel b ea m s , p l a t e g i r der s a n d l a t t i c e g i r der s ,
shall be designed so that the total deflection due to live load and
impact shall not exceed 1 /800th of the span.
505.9.2. The deflection of cantilever arms due to live load
and impact shall not exceed 1/400th of the cantilever arm.
505.9.3. In calculating deflection to comply with Clauses
505.9.1. and 505.9.2. above, the side-walk Live-load may be igno-
red. The gross moment of inertia shall be used for calculating
the deflection of beams or plate girders. In calculating the
deflection of trusses, the gross area of each member should be
used.
505.10. Camber
Camber may be required to maintain clearance under all
conditions of loading or it may be required on account of appear-
ance. It may also result from prestressing. Beams and plate
girders of sptins upto and including 35 m need not be cambered.
In the case of open web spans, camber, if any, shall be provided as
required under Clause 507.8.
505.11, Provision for Temperature Changes
505.11.1. Every span should be provided with means so as
to permit all longitudinal expansion and contraction due to change
of temperature over arange specified in Clause 218.4 (a) of IRC
6 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges
Section II combined with the greatest extension or contraction of
the supported chord due to live load including impact.
505.11.2. Deleted
505.11.3. Deleted
505.11.4. Deleted
505.1 1 .5. Deleted
505.1 2. SpacIng of Trusses and Girders
The distance between the centres of trusses or girders shall be
sufficient to prevent overturing or overstressing due to lateral
forces.
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T RC: 24-1 967
505.13. Anchorage
Anchor and fixing bolts shall be provided where required to
resist all forces which may act on them. Anchorage shall provide
the stability equivalent to 50 per cent in excess of any possible over-
turning moment of the span as a whole or of the bearings due to all
possible loads during the service of the bridge.
505.14. Effective Length of Struts
For th~puropse of determining allowable axial stress, the
effective length / of a compression member shall be taken as
follows
(a) Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at both
en ds , 1 =- 0. 7 L
(b) Effectively held in position at both ends and restrained in direction
at one end, 1=0,85L
( c ) E ffec t i vel y hel d i n p o s i t i o n a t b o t h en ds b ut n o t r es t r a i n ed i n direc
ton, 1=L
(d Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end, at
t he o t her en d p a r t i a l l y r es t r a i n ed i n di r ec t i o n b ut n o t hel d i n
p o s i t i o n , 1=1.5 L
(c~Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end
but not held in position or restrained in direction at the other
end, /=2 L
where
L=.. length of strut from centre to centre of intersection with
supporting members o r l a t er a l s up p o r t s .
For battened struts the effective length 1, given above, shall
be increased by 10 ner cent. (See also Clauses 507.3.3. and
507.3.4.).
505.15. EffectIve Sectional Area
505.15.1. The gross sectional area shall be the area of the
cross section as calculated from specified sizes. (See also Clause
5 05 .21 ).
505.15.2. Effective sectional area of a m em b er o f fl a n g e in
tension shall be the gross section area with the following.., deduction
as appropriate:
(i) Deductions for riiet and bolt holes
Except as required by the following paragraph, the areas to be
deducted sha~1be the sum of the sectional areas of the maximum
number of holes in any cross section at right angle to the direction
of stress in the member.
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lRC: 24-1967
ln the case of:
all axially loaded tension members,
plate girders of mild steeL conforming to IS : 226 or lS : 2062
and with d
1/t greater than 85,
plate girders of steel conforming to IS : 961 and with d1(t
greater than 75,
the area to be deducted when the holes are staggered shall be that
given above, or if greater, the sum of the sectional areasof all holes
on any zig-zag line extending progressively across the member or
part ot the member, less S
2t~4Gfor each gauge space in the chain
of holes,
where d
1 = the clear distance between flange angles or, where there a r e n o
fl a n g e a n g l es , t he c l ea r di s t a n c e betv~een the flanges
S = t he s t a g g er ed p i t c h, i e. , t he distance, centre to centre of holes in
c o n s ec ut i ve l i n es m ea s ur ed parallel to the direction of stress in the
m em b er .
t he t hi c k n es s o f t he material, and
C = t he g a ug e, i . e. , t he distance, centre to centre of holes in consecutive
lines measured at right angles to the direction of stress in the
member.
For sections such as angles with holes in both legs, the gauge shall
be measured along the centre of the thickness of the section.
in a built-up member where tiV~chains of holes considered in
individual parts do not correspond with the critical chain of holes
for the member as a whole, the value of any rivets or bolts joining
t he p a r t s b et ween s uc h c ha i n s o f ho l es s ha l l b e t a k en i n t o a c c o un t
in determining the strength of the member.
(ii) Deductions for a tingle angle connected through one leg
To allow for ecentricity of connection, the area of the un-
connected leg shall be multiplied by
30,
3a~+a~
wher e a t = net area of connected leg
a 2 = area o f un c o n n ec t ed l eg .
Where lug angles are used, the whole area of the member
shall be taken as effective.
27 <<
IRC: 24-1967
505.16. Floor Beams
All floor beams shall be rolled, riveted or welded steel
girders rigidly connected to the trusses or may be placed on top
of trusses or the girders. Floor beams may preferably be square
to trusses or the girders.
505.17. Joists and Stringers
505.17.1. Stringers shall be of steel. They shall be securely
fastened to cross beams excepting where arrangements are made to
permit of expansion. Suitable arrangements for supporting such
stringers shall be designed.
505.17.2 Stringers should have free ends below the expan-
sion joints in decking.
505.17.3. For steel decking over stringers, the limit of span
lengths in which steel stringers can be riveted continuously to the
cross girders from end to end of span, shall be 30 metres. Beyond
this limit, sliding bearings should be provided at one or more inter-
mediate points.
505.18. Bracing
505. 18.1. In all spans, bracings shall be provided to trans-
mit to the piers or abutments the effect of the lateral and longitudi-
nal forces. Wherever the overhead clearance permits, lateral diago-
nal bracing should preferably be provided in the planes of both
up p er and lower chords of through spans.
The floor system may be taken as part of the bracing system
provided it is designed for that purpose.
Wherever the depth of the girder allows, intermediate sway
bracing may be provided. If it is provided, it shall not be taken as
affording any relief to the lateral system unless the stresses are
calculated for the complete space frame. Sway bracing when
p r o vi ded s ha l l b e p r o p o r t i o n ed t o transmit to the chord supported
on bearings through the web members at least 50 per cent o the
panel lateral load and the vertical members shall be designed to
resist the resulting bending moment.
505.18.2. The lateral bracing between compression chords
shall be designed to resist atransverse shear at any section equal to
2~per cent of the total compressive force carried by both the flange
or chords at the section under consideration. This force should be
ccms~deredin addition to the wind and centrifugal forces.
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IRC: 24-1967
505.18.3. Where the restraint is provided by members, later-
ally connected to the chord or beam, such members shall be capa-
ble of resisting the above lateral force apportioned equally to each
point of restraint and shall be so braced or connected to the other
parts of the structure as to be capable of resisting this lateral force.
505.18,4. Through truss spans shall be provided with portal
bracings, as deep as the clearance will allow. The portal bracing
s ha l l b e designed to take the full end reaction of the top chord
lateral system and the end posts of the portal shall be designed to
transfer this reaction to the bearings. In addition, the portal
system shall be designed to resist a lateral shear equal to If per
cent of the total compressive force in the end posts or in the top
c ho r ds i n t he en d p a n el whi c hever i s g r ea t er .
505.19. End Cross Girders
505.19. 1. End cross girders or cross frames shall be provided
in all square ended truss and girder spans and as far as possible in
skew spans. These shall preferably be designed to permit the use of
jacks for lifting the superstructure for lubricating and greasing
of bearings. For this, the allowable stress may be increased by
25 per cent. The end cross girders shall be arranged to permit
painting of the side of the beam adjacent to the abutment back
wall.
505.19.2. in skew bridges, without end girders, the end
panel stringers shall be secured in correct position by end struts
connected to the stringers and to the main trusses or girders. The
end panel lateral bracing shall be attached to the main trusses or
girders and also to the end struts. Adequate provision shall be
made for expansion movement of the stringers.
505. 19.3. When end cross girders are provided, they shall be
designed to resist forces from the live load taken as not smaller
than those for which the intermediate cross girders are designed.
505.19.4. Cross girders and cross frames shall also be pro-
vided at intermediate points along the length of girder where there
is a break in the decking for expansion joints.
505.20. Plates In Compression
505.20.1. The unsupported width of a plate measured bet-
ween adjacent lines of rivets, bolts or welds connecting the plate to
other parts of the sections shall preferably not exceed 45t wher e t is
the thickness of asingle plate or the aggregate thickness of two or
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IRC: 24-1967
more plates provided these plates are adequately tacked together.
Any excess over this width shall not be included in the effective
sectional area in computing the direct compressive stress (Clause
507.2.1.4).
505.20.2. The unsupported projection of any plate measured
irom its edge to the line of rivets or weld connecting the plate to
other parts of the scctions shall not exceed 16t for steel conforming
to the IS 226Specification for Structural Steel and 14t for high
tensile steel conforming to the IS 961 -Specification for High
Tensile Structural Steel, t being the thickness of the plate.
505.21. Riveting and Bolting
505.2 1.1. Effective diameter of rivets, bolts and pins: in
calculating the number of rivets, bolts or pins required, the effective
diameter shall be taken as
(a) for rivets, the diameter of the hole,
(b) for bolts and pins, the diameter of the bolt or pin.
Rivets, bolts or pins in double shear shall be considered as
having twice the shear area of those in single shear.
The effective bearing area of a pin, rivet or bolt shall be the
diameter multiplied by the thickness of the part transmitting or
receiving the load, exccpt that for rivets or bolts with countersunk
heads half the depth of the countersink shall be ignored in arriving
at the length in bearing.
505.2 1.2. Deductions for holes for rivets, bolt and pins: In
~a1culating the area to be deducted for rivets, bolts or pins, the
following diameters of hole shall be used
(i) for shop rivets, the diameter of the hole shall be applied,
(ii) for coubtersunlc rivets or bolts, the diameter of the hole shall be
taken as 3 inn: larger than that of the rivet or the bolt, and
(iii) for turned and fitted bolts, the diameter o f the ho l e shall be taken as
the diam: ter of the bolt,
505.21.3. Minimum pitch of rivets and bolts: The distance
hctwecn centres of rivets or bolts shall be not less than 2f times
the diameter of the rivet or bolt hole.
505.2 1.4. Maxinuun pitch of rivets and bolts
(a) The distance between centres ef any two adjacent rivets
L
1 : bolts connecting together elements in contact of compression or
30
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LRC: 24-1967
tension members shall not exceed 32t or 300 mm whichever is the
lesser, where t is the thickness ofthe thinner outside element.
(b) The distance between centres of two adjacent rivets or
bolts in a line lying in the direction of stress shall not exceed 161
or 200 mm in tension members and 12t or 200 mm in compression
members. For those compression members in which forces are
transferred through butting faces this distance shall not exceed 44
times the diameter of the rivets or bolts for adistance from the
abutting faces equal to Ii times the width of the member,
(c) The distance between centres of any two consecutive
rivets or bolts in a line adjacent to and parallel to an edge of an
outside plate shall not exceed 100 mm + 41, or 200 mm whichever
is the lesser, in compression or tension members,
(d) When rivets or bolts are staggered at equal intervals
and the gauge does not exceed 75 mm, the distance between centres
of rivets or bolts, as specified in (b) and (c) above may be in-
creasd by 50 per cent,
505.2 1.5. Edge distance: The minimum distance from the
centre of any hole to the edge of an element shall be l~t i m es t he
diameter of the hole for sheared or hand flame cut edge and 4
times the diameter of the hole for a rolled, machine flame cut,
sawn or planed edge. Where two or more parts are connected
together, a line of rivets or bolts shall be provided at a distance of
not more than 38.0 mrn+4t from the nearest edge, where t is the
thickness of the thinner outside plate.
505. 2 1 ,6. Ri vet s o r b o l t s t hr o ug h p a c k i n g T he n um b er o f
rivets or bolts transmitting shear through packing shall be increased
above the number required by normal calculations by 2 per cent
for each 1.5 mm thickness of packing, except that for packings 6.0
mm or less thick, no increase shall be made,
For double shear connections packed on both sides, the
number of additional rivets or bolts required shall be determined
from the thickness of the thicker packing.
The additional rivets or bolts may be placed in an extension
of the packing.
505.2 1.7. Long grip rivets: The grip of rivets carrying
calculated loads shall not exceed eight times the diameter of the
holes. Where the grip exceeds six times the diameter of the holes,
31
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IRC 24-1967
the number of rivets required by normal calculations shall be
increased by not less t ha n one per cent for each additionaL 1.5 mm
of grip.
505.21.8. Rivets in tension The use of rivets in tension
should be avoided wherever possible, but if their use is unaviod-
able, the stress shall not exceed than that specified in Clause 504.3.
505.21.9. Securing! nuts : Where there is a risk of nuts be-
coming loose, they shall be secured.
505.22. Welding : The design of welds in steel shall
generally be as per IRS s%eldlng code
505.22.1. Working stresses in welded joints: The working
stress shall he based on the following permissibe stresses for static
loads
Compression or tension 14.! kg per sq. mm
Sheir in butt or fillet welds other 10.2 kg per sq. mm
than in web splices of beams &
plate girders
Shear in butt or fillet welds in 8.5 kg per sq. mm
web splices of beams & plate
girders
505.22.2. Paekings in welded construction : Where a pack-
ing is used between two parts the pa~kmg and the welds connect
ing it to each part shall be capable of transmitting theloads between
the parts except where the packing is too thin to carry the lOad or
permit the provision of adequate welds, when it shall be trimmed
flush with the edgc of the narrower part and the load shall be
transmitted through the welds abut the welds being increased in
size by an amount equal to the thickness of the packing.
505.22.3. Intermittent frau ~~velds : intermittent butt welds
shall not be used.
505.22.4. Fillet weds
505,22.4.1. End returns: Fillet welds brought upto a corner
at the ends or sides of parts of members shall, where practicable,
he continued around the corner for n distance of not less than twice
the size olthe weld.
505.22.4.2. End connections by means of side flflets: If side
fillets ilonc are used in end connections the lennth of each side
32
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I RC 24-1 967
fillet should be not lcss than the distance between the fillets. Side
fillets may be either at the edges of the members or in slots or
holes.
505.22.4.3. intermittent fillet welds Intermittent fillet welds
shall not he used where they would result in the formation of rust
pockets. The distance along an edge of a part between effective
lengths of a consecutive intermittent fillet welds, whether the welds
are in line or staggered on alternate sides of the edge, shall not
exceed 12 times the thickness of the thinner part when in compres-
sion or 16 times the thickness of the thinner part when in tension,
and shall in no case exceed 200 mm.
505.22.4.4. Where intermittent fillet welds are used to form
T-joints, the thickness referred to above shall be that of Ihe table
of the T. In a line of intermittent fillet welds, there shall be a
weld at the ends of the part connected; for welds staggered along
two edges, this shall apply to both edges.
505.22.4.5. in built-up members in which plates are con-
nected by intermittent fillet welds, continuous side fillet welds shall
he used at the ends for a length not less than the width of the plate
concerned.
505. 22. 5. T -b ut t j o i n t s : Butt, welds in T-joints shall be
c o m p l et ed b y means of fillet welds each having a leg length of not
less than 25 per cent of the thickness of the outstanding part.
505.22.6. Testing of welds
505.22.6.1. X-ray tests or any other non-destructive tests
may also be carried out to ensure soundness of welds. Welds
which are required to carry tensile or shear stresses in excess of 66~
per cent of those laid down in Clause 505.22.1. shall be examined
by means of X-rays or some equally effective method.
505.23. Lug .kngles
505.23.1. Lug angles connecting a channel or similar
member shall, as far as possible, be disposed symmetrically with
respect to the section of the member.
In the case of angle members, the lug angles and their con-
nection to the gusset or other supporting member, shall be capable
of developing a strength not Less than 20 per cent in excess of the
force in the outstanding lug of the angle, and the attachment of
33
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I RC: 24-1 967
the lug angles to the angle member shall be capable of developing
a strength 40 per cent i n : exCes s o f t ha t force.
505.23.2. In the case of c ha n n el o r s i m i l a r m em b er s , t he l ug
a n g l es , a n d t hei r c o n n ec t i o n t o t he g us s et o r o t her s up p o r t i n g
m em b er , s ha l l b e c a p a b l e o f devel o p i n g a s t r en g t h n o t l es s t ha n 1 0
p er c en t i n exc es s o f t he fo r c e n o t a c c o un t ed fo r by the direct
c o n n ec t i o n o f t he member, and the attachment of the lug angles to
the member shall be capable of developing a strength 20 per cent
in exc es s o f t ha t fo r c e.
505.23.3. In no case, less than two bolts or rivets shall be
used for attaching the lug angle to the gusset or other supporting
m em b er . -
505.23.4. The effective connection of the tug angle shall, as
fa r a s p o s s i b l e t er m i n a t e a t t he en d o f t he m em b er c o n n ec t ed, a n d
t he fa s t en i n g o f t he l ug a n g l e t o t he m em b er s ha l l p r efer a b l y s t a r t
i n a dva n c e o f t he di r ec t c o n n ec t i o n o f t he m em b er t o t he g us s et ,
etc.
505.24. Clevlses and Turn Buckles
Clevises and turn b uc k l es s ha l l i n a l l c a s es devel o p t he ful l
s t r en g t h o f t he b a r s o f whi c h t hey fo r m a p a r t .
505.25. Pins
Al l p i n s o f m o r e t ha n 230 m m di a m et er s ha l l ha ve a n i n s p ec -
tion hole of not less than 50 mm in diameter through the axis
un l es s o t her m ea n s o f i n s p ec t i o n a r e p r o vi ded.
505. 26. Co m p o s i t e Use of Mild Steel and High Tensile Steel
St eel c o n fo r m i n g t o I S 226 a n d IS 2062 and high tensile steel
conforming to IS: 961 may be used jointly in a structure or in any
m em b er o f a s t r uc t ur e p r o vi ded t ha t t he m a xi m um s t r es s i n ea c h
element does not exceed the appropriate permissible stress.
505.27. Composite Action of Steel and Concrete
Where steel construction is used in conjunction with concrete
and provision is made for adequate interaction between the two
materials, they shall be treated as forming a composite member
fo r t he p ur p o s e o f c a l c ul a t i o n .
I n s uc h c a s es , t he c o n s t r uc t i o n wi l l c o m p l y wi t h r eq ui r em en t s
of the IRC: 22Standard Specifications &Code of Practice for
34
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IRC: 24-1 967
Road Bridges Scetion VI - Composite Construction for Road
Culverts and Medium Span Bridges.
505.28. Composite Connections
In connections With more than one type of fastening, trans-
mittin& a force direct, the following requirement shall be complied
with:
(a) Rhets with close tolerance bolts. The force may be considered as
shared proportionately between the rivets and the bolts.
(b) Rivets or close tolerance bolLc with black bolts : The rivets or close
tolerance bolts shall be designed to transmit t he en t i r e fo r c e.
(c) Welds with any other tppe ofconnection: The welds shall be designed
to transmit the entire force.
506. SOLID WEB GIRDERS (PLATE GIRDERS AND
ROLLED BEAMS)
506. 1 General
506.1.1, ProportIoning: Solid web girders shall be proport-
ioned on the basis of the moment of inertia of the gross section
with the neutral axis at the centroid of the section. In computing
the maximum stress, the stresses calculated on this basis shall
be increased in the ratio of gross to effective,area of the flange
section.
506.1.2. The fldnge sectional area in riveted or bolted cons-
truction shall be taken to be that of the flange plates, flange angles
and the portion of the web and side plates, if any, between the
fl a n g e a n g l es . I n wel ded c o n s t r uc t i o n , t he fl a n g e sectional area
s ha l l b e t a k en t o b e t ha t o f t he fl a n g e p l a t es a n d o f t he t o n g ue
plates (thick vertical plates connecting flange to web) if any, up to
a limit of 8 times their thickness which shall not be less than twice
t ha t o f t he web ( Cl a us e 506. 4. ) .
506.1.3. T he effec t i ve s ec t i o n a l a r ea o f c o m p r es s i o n fl a g es
s ha l l b e t he g r o s s a r ea wi t h t he s p ec i fi ed deduc t i o n fo r exc es s i ve
wi dt h o f p l a t es ( Cl a us e 505. 20. ) a n d t he m a xi m um deduc t i o n fo r
o p en ho l es a n d ho l es fo r b l a c k bolts occurring i n a s ec t i o n p er p en d-
i c ul a r t o t he a xi s o f t he m em b er ( Cl a us e 505. 21 . 2. ) .
506.1.4, The effective sectional area of tension flanges shall
be the gross sectional area with deductions for all holes as specified
fo r r i vet a n d b o l t ho l es i n t en s i o n m em b er s .
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IRC: 24-1 967
506.2. Maximum Average Shear Stress
Maximum shear stress shall be calculated as follows
(a) in case of rolled beams and channels, it shall be equal to the maxi-
mum shear divided by the product of the thickness of the web and
the overall depthof section.
~b) In case of webs of plate girders, it shall be the maxintunt shear
divided by the product of the thickness of web and the full depth
of web plate.
(c) in the case of webs having varied thickness in the depth of the
section by use of tongue plates and the like and in the case of other
sections, the maximum shear stress shall be found by determining
the distribution of shear stresses over the depth of the section.
.Vo:c: Webs having openings larger than those used for rivets, bolts or other
fastenings require special consideration and are not covered here.
506.3. Slenderness Ratio
!)r~,of a girder shall not exceed 300. It shall not exceed 150
for cantilevers.
Where / = the effective length of the compression flange as
specified in Clause 506.5.
p
9 the radius of gyration of the whole girder about
its y-y axis based on the gross moment of inertia
and the gross sectional area.
506.4. Flanges
506.4.1. Section
506.4.1.1. SectIon in riveted or bolted construction
Flange angles shall preferably form as large a part of the
area of the flange as practicable and the number of flange plates
shall be kept to a minimum. Where flange plates are used, they
shall preferably be of equal thickness and at least one plate of the
top flange shall extend to the full length of the girder unless the
top edge of the web is finished flush with flange angles.
506.4.1.2. Section in welded construction
Each flange shall preferably consist of a single plate unless a
plate of suitable thickness is not available. This single plate may
consist of more than one plate laid end to end effectively united at
their junction.
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IRC: 241 967
506. 4. 2. Co m p r es s i o n fl a n g e
506. 4. 2. 1 . I n r i vet ed o r b o l t ed c o n s t r uc t i o n , t he fl a n g e p l a t es ,
unless stiffened at the edges, shall not project beyond the outer
lines of connections to the flange angles by more than 16t, for
mild steel or 14t for high tensile, where r is the thickness of the
thinnest flange plate or aggregate thickness of two or more plates,
when the projecting portions of these plates are adequately tied
together.
506.42.2. Compression flange in nelded construction : The
flange plates, unless stiffened at their edges, shall not project
beyond the line of connections to the web or tongue plates by
more than l2t, were z is as defined in Clause 506.4.2.1.
506,4.2.3. Tension flange plates: In all cases, the flange
plates stiffened or unstiffened at their edges, shall not project
beyond the outer line of connections to the flange angles
or (where no flange angles to the web or tongue plates) by more
than 20 r.
506.4.2.4. For the flanges of girders with vertical stiffeners,
only (see Clause 506.6.4.3.) where d
1(t is greater than 130 in the
case of mild steel or 110 in the case of high tensile steel, and when
the average shear stress in the web is greater than 0.6 of the per-
missible stress given for mild steel in Tables 9A and 9B, the
quantity J/b
3t shall not be less than 2.Sx 10~in the case of mild
steel, and 3x 10s in the case of high tensile steel,
WhereI=the moment of inertia of the compression flange about its
axis normal to the web taken as that of flange angles and
plates and the enclosed portion of web in case ot riveted
construction and as the flange plate together with a depth of
web adjacent to the flange plate equal to 1 6 times the web
thickness in case of welded construction,
d, =effective depth of girder as defined in Clause 506.6.1.
b spacing of stiffeners
V ==thickness of web
506.4.3. Curtailment of lunge plates: Each flange plate
shall be extended beyond its theoretical cut-off point, aS the
extension shall contain sufficient rivets, bolts or welds to develop
the load in the plate calculated from the bending moment and
girder section (taken to include the curtailed plate) at the theoretical
cut-off point.
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lItC: 24~1967
ln thc case of welded plates, the ends of the plate shalt be
taken to a point to prevent lines of welds at angles to the lines of
strc ss.
506.4.4. Splices
506.4.4.!. Flange joints should preferably not be located at
points of maximum stress.
506.4.4.2. Where cover plates are used, their cross sectional
area shall be not less than the area of the flange element spliced
and the calculated working stress in the outer covers shall not
exceed the allowable working stress in the flange. Both in the
tension and compression flanges, there shall be enough rivets or
bolts on each side of the splice to develop the effective strength of
the member spliced. In welded construction, the flange plates shall
be joined by butt welds wherever possible and these shall develop
the full strength of the snialler plate.
506.4.5. ConnectIon of flanges to web: The flanges of plate
girders shall be connected to the web by sufficient rivets, bolts
or welds to transmit the horizontal shear force combined with
any vertical loads which are directly applied to the flange.
In case of local loading, on the top flange, the rivets, in addi-
tion to the stress caused by the transferring of web stresses, are also
stresscd by the vertical action of the flange angle being pressed
down by the load transferring media and the consequent down-
ward pressure on the web should be accounted for by taking
the weight of one of the wheel loads as distributed over alength
of 900 mm.
In welded construction, where the web is in close contact with
the flange before welding, vertical loads causing compression
may be deemed to be resisted by the bearing between the flange
and web.
506.5. Effective Length of Compression Flanges
The effective length i of the compression flange for buckling
normal to the plane of the girder to be used shall be as given in
Clause 506.5.1. to 506.5.5. except that, when the load is applied to
the compression flange and both the load and the flange are
free to move laterally, the values given shall be increased by 20
per cent.
38
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IRC 24-1967
506.5.1. Simply supported girders with no intermediate lateral
support to compression flange : For simply supported girders with
no lateral bracing between compression flanges and no cross
frames, but with each end restrained against torsion (see Clause
506.5,1.1.)
(a) with ends of compression flanges unrestrained against lateral bending
(i c., free t o r o t a t e in plan at the bearing,..... I=span
(b) with ends of compression flanges partially restrained against lateral
bending ~e.g., securely cleated connections)..,., 1=0.85 span
(c) with ends of compression flanges fully restrained against lateral ben-
ding (i.e., not free to rotate in plan at the bearing)..,.. 1=07 span
506.5.1.1. Restraint against torsion at the supports can be
provided by web or flange cleats, by bearing stiffeners,~hyend frames
or by lateral supports to the compression flange. The restraint
clement shall be designed to resist, in addition to the effects of
wind and other applied lateral forces, the effects of a horizontal
force F acting normal to the compression flange of the girder at
the level of the centroid of this flange, where
~
~fb
where
I hasthe value given above, Cz the critical stress in the flange given by
Clauses 504.4.2, and 504.4.3.
= thecalculated working stress in flange
the deflection of the flange under the action of unit horizontal force
as defined in Clause 506.5.2.
506.5.2. Simply supported girders with compression flanges
laterally supported by U-frames: For simply supported girders
where there is no lateral bracing of the compression flanges, but
where cross members and stiffeners forming U-frames provide
lateral restraint
I = 2.5 $(E1 a8)
but not less t ha n a
where
== the vi r t ua l l a t er a l di s p l a c em en t o f the compression flange a t t he
frame nearest mid-span of the girder, taken as the horizontal defl ec -
don of the stilTuers at the point of its intersection with the centroid
of th compression flange, under the action of unit horizontal force
applied at this pOint to the frame only.
This deflection shall be computed assuming that the cross
member is free to deflect vertically and ~that the tangent to the
39
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tRC :24-196?
deflection curve at the centre of its span remains parallel unrc~trai-
ned cross member
a distance between frames
1 maximum moment of inertia o
1 compression flange about the y-y
axis of the girder.
(I) When 3 is not gr: ter than ..~
(2) in cases of symmetrical U-frames wh&e cross members
and stiffeners are each of constant moment of inertia throughout
their own length,
(d~ (d)2b
3E1, El,
where
= distance of the centroid of the compresion flange from the top of
thecross member
= distance of the centroid of the compression flange from the neutral
axis of the cross member
b = half the distance between centres of the main girders
I, moment of inertia of a pair of stitiners about the centre of the web
or of a single stiffener about the face of the web
1, a moment of inertia of the cross member in its plane of bending
U-frames shall have rigid connections and shall be designed
to resist, in addition to the effect of wind and other applied forces,
the effect of a horizontal force F acting normal to the compression
flange of the girder at the level of the centroid of this flange and
having a value equal to that given by the formula in Clause
506.5.1.1. / having the value 2.5~/(EIa 8)
506.5.3. Girders with laterally supported compression flanges
(a) for all girders where there is effective lateral bracing to the com-
pression flange,
the distinct betweencentres of intersection of the bracing with
thecompression flange.
(b) for all girderS where the compression flanges are unbraced but
supported laterally by members controlled by an effective bracing
system or anchorage,
/ ~= the distance between centres of lateral supports.
40
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I RC : 24-l 9~
506.5.4. Cantilever beams ~ithout intermediate lateral support
Foi cantilever beams of projecting length L,
(a Built in at the support, free at the end 1 0.85 L
(l) Built in at the support, restrained against torsion at
the free end by contiguous construction I = 0.75 L
(c) Built in at the support, restrained against lateral
deflection and torsion at the end / = 0.5 L
(d) Continuous at the support, unrestrained against
torsion at the support and free at the end
(e) Continuous at the support with partial r~iaints
against torsion at the support and free at the ~t~d 1 = 2 L
~f) Continuous at the support, restrained against torsion
at the support and free at the end I L
Wheic in eases (d), (e) and (f) there is a degree of fixity at
the ~free end, the effective length shall be multiplied by 0.75/0.85
and 0.5/0.85 fo r degrees of fixity corresponding to cases (b) and (c)
respectively.
Restraint against torsion at the supports can be provided as
in Clause 506.5.1.1. above.
506 5 5 Compression flange supporl*Ig continuous deck A
compression flange continuously supporting a reinforced concrete
o r s t eel dec k s ha l l b e deem ed t o b e effec t i vel y restrained laterally
t hr o ug ho ut i t s l en g t h (i.e.i=0) if the frictional or positive connec-
tion of the deck to the flange is capable of resisting a lateral fo r c e
of 2~per cent of the force in the flange at the point of maximum
b en di n g m o m en t , di s t r i b ut ed un i fo r m l y a l o n g i t s l en g t h, i n a ddi -
t i o n t o o t hc r l a t er a l fo r c es .
506. 6. Web s
506.6.1. Minimum thickness: The thickness t, of the web
plate shall not be less than 8 mm and shall not be less than the
following:
(i) for iinstiffened webs:
d,f85 for steel conforming to IS .: 226
d
1/75 for steel conforming to IS : 961
(ii) for vertically stiffened webs
11180 of the smaller clear panel dimension,
//270 of the greater clear panel dimension, and
41 <<
IRC 24-1967
dJ200 for steel conforming to IS : 226 or
~1 ,/I80for steel conforming to IS : 961
(iii) for webs stiffened, both vertically and horizontally and with the
horizontal stiffener at a distance from the compression flange of 215
of the distance from the compression flange t o t he neutral axis
i/ISO of the smaller clear di m en s i o n i n ea c h p a n el
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension, and
d,/250for steel conforming to IS : 226 or
d~/225fo r s t eel conforming to IS : 961
(iv) when th~ is also a horizontal stiffner at the neutral axis of the
girder:
i/ISO of thesmaller clear dimension in each panel or
1/270 of the greater clear panel dimension, and
d,/400 for steel conformingt o I S 226 o r
d,f360 fo r Steel conforming to I S : 961
lu the above d
1 is the clear distance between flange angles or
where there are no flange angles, between flanges (ignoring fillets);
but where tongue plates laying a thickness not less than twice the
thickness of the web plate are used, d1 is the depth of the girder
between the flanges less the sum of the depths of the tongue plates
or eight times the sum of the thickness of the tongue plates which-
ever is less; and
d2 is twice the clear distance from the compression flange
angle or plate, or tongue plate to the neutral axis.
506.6.2. Web edges: For girders of riveted or bolted con-
struction which have no flange plates, the top edge of the web shall
be flushed with the angles The bottom edge of the web plate may
be set back from the heels of the angles not more than 5 mm For
girders which have flanp plate, the edge of the web plate~may be
set back from the heels of the angles not more than 5 mm on each
side subject to the requirements for the edge distance of holes.
506.6.3. Splices in webs: Splices in the webs of plate girders
and rolled sections used as beams shall be designed to resist the
shearing forces and the~niomentsin the web at the spliced section.
in riveted or bolted construction, splice plates shall be pro-
vided on each side of the webs.
42
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1RC 241967
506.6.4. Web stiffeners
506.6.4.1. Rolled I beams and channels: For rolled 1 beams
and channels, load bearing stiffeners shall be provided at points of
concentrated load (including points of support) where the concen-
trated load or reaction exceeds the value of
Pa,, x V B
where Pa,, -= the allowable adal stress for struts as given in Clause 504.4. for a
(d ~/3
slenderness ratio of
$ = web thickness
ci, ~- clear depth of web between root of fillets
B = the length o f the stiff portion of the bearing plus t he a ddi t i o n a l
length given by dispersion at 45 to the level of the neutral
axis.
The stiff portion of a bearing is that length which cannot deform
appreciably in bending, and shall not be taken as greater than half
the depth of the beam for simply supported beams and the full
depth of the beam for continuous beams.
506.6.4.2. Plate girders: For plate girders, load bearing
stiffeners shalt be provided at po/nts of support and at points of
concentrated load, the details of these load bearing stiffeners shall
b e a s g i ven b el o w:
Load bearing stiffeners shall be symmetrical about the web,
where possible.
Load bearing stiffeners, where the concentrated load causes
compression in the stiffener, shall be designed as struts, assuming
the section to consist of a pair of stiffeners together with a length of
web on each side of the centre line of the stiffeners equal, wbere
possible, to 20 times the web thickness. The radius of gyration
shall he taken about the axis parallel to the web of the beam of
girder. Working stress shall be in accordance with the appro-
priate allowable value for a strut, assuming an effective length
equal to 0. 7 times the length of the stiffener.
T he o ut s t a n di n g l eg s o f ea c h pair of load bearing stifleners
shall be so proportioned that the bearing stress on that part of their
area in contact with the flange and clear of the root of the flange or
flange angles or clear of the flange welds, does not exceed the bear-
ing stress specified in Clause 504.3.
43
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IRC : 24-1967
Load bc~iringstiffeners shall be provided with sufficient rivets,
bolts or welds to transmit to the web the whole of the load in the
stiffeners.
Load bearing stiffeners shall be fitted to provide atight and
uniftrrn bearing upon the flange transmitting the load or reaction
unless welds are provided between the flange and stiffener for this
purpose. At points of support this requirement shall apply at both
flanges. Where the ends of stiffeners are not fitted o~connected to
the flange they shalt be kept well clear of the flange.
Load bearing stiffners shall not he joggled and shall be
solidly packed throughout.
When l o a d b ea r i n g s t i ffen er s a t s up p o r t a r e the sole means of
providing restraint against torsion (Clause 506.5.), the moment of
inertia 1 of the stiffener shall riot be tess than
DT R
X
where / moment of inertia of the pair of stiffeners about thecentre line of the
web plate
0 overall depth of girder
T maximum thickness of compression flange
R reaction on the bearing
tott~lload of girder
In addition, the base of the stiffeners in c o n j un c t i o n wi t h t he b ea r -
ing of the girder shall be capable of resisting a moment due to the
hor/zontal force F spec/fied in Clause 506.5.1.1.
506.6.4.3. Intermediate stiffeners: Vertical stiffeners to limit
web buckling shall be provided throughout the length of the girder
at a distance apart not more than l~di when the thickness of the
web is less than that specified for unstiffened webs in Clause
506.6.1. The spacing of the stiffener webs shall be made closer
when so required according to the allowable average shear stress in
the web.
where c1~ depth of web as defined inClause5O6.6.I. Thesestiffeners
shall be designed so that
(It, t~
1 is not less than 1.5 x
where 1 --- the moment of inertia of a pair of stiffeners about thecentre of
th e web, or of a single stiffener about the face of theweb
t minimum required thickness of web
44
<<
IRC 24-1 967
S . :..: maximum permitted clear distance between stiffeners for thick
ness t.
Note Where on the basis of requirements of strength, the web thickness pro-
vided is greater than the,minimum required, or the stiffener spacing is
made closer than the maximum permissible, the moment of inertia of the
stiffeners need not be correspondingly incrcased.
Intermediatc vertical stiffeners, when not acting as load bearing
stiffeners, may be joggled and may bc in pairs placed one on each
side of the web or single, and shall extend to the full depth of the
web, Unless they are connected to the flanges, they shall be kept
well clear of them.
506.6.4.4. Horizontal stiffeners: Where horizontal stiffeners
are used in addition to vertical stiffeners they shall be as follows
When the thickness of the web is less than d
2/200 for steel
conforming to IS: 226 or d2/lSO for steel conforming to , 15: 961
where d2 == depth of web as defined in Clause 506.6.1. one hori-
zontal stiffener, on one or both sides of the web, shall be placed at
a distance from the compression flange equal to 2/5 of the distance
between the compression flange and the neutral axis. This stiffener
shall have a moment of inertia I not less than 4 St~where I and 1
are as defined in Clause 506.4.3. above, and S is the actual distance
between stiffeners.
A second horizontal stiffener, on one or both sides of the web,
shall be placed on the neutral axis of the girder when the thick-
ness of the web is less than d2/250 for steel conforming to IS: 226
and d2f225 for steel conforming to iS: 961. This stiffener shall
have a moment of inertia I not less than d2 t
3 where I and r are as
defined in Clause 506.4.3. above and d
2 in Clause 506.6.1.
Horizontal stiffeners shall extend between vertical stiffeners
hut need not be continuous over them, or coni*ted to them.
5Q6 6 4 5 External forces on intermediate stiffeners When
vertical intermediate stiffeners are subject to bending moments
and shears due to the eccentricity of vertical loads, or the action of
transverse forces, the moment of inertia I of the. stiffeners given by
Clause 506.6.4.3. above shall be increased as follows:
Bending moment on stiffener due to eccentric/tv ofvertical load-
ing with respect to 1 /ic vertical avis ofthe web:
1.5 MD
Increase of I
45
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IRC : 24-1967
Lateral loading on stiffener:
3 PlY
I n c r ea s e o f I
where M = t he a p p l i ed b en di n g m o m en t
P = the lateral force to be taken by stiffener and deemed to be
applied at the compression flange of the girder
D overall dep t h o f g i r der
t = thickness of web
E = Y o un g s m o dul us
506.6.4.6. Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web:
Intermediate vertical and horizontal stiffeners not subjected to
external loads, shall be connected to the web by welds or rivets.
in order to withstand a shearing fotce in kg per mm
2 between
each component of the stiffener and the web, of not less than
12.6 where t equals web thickness /n mm and h equals the pro-
jection in mm of the stiffener component from the web.
506.6.4.7. Outstand of all stiffeners: Unless the outer edge
of each st/ffener /s continuously stiffened, the outstand of all st/fe-
ners from the web shall not exceed the following
For steel sections16 t for steel conforming to IS: 226
1 4 t for steel conformingto IS: 961
For fl ats 12 t for all steels
where t is the thickness of the section or flat.
507. OPE N WE ~Gi RDE RS
507.1. General
For triangulate4 frames designed on the assumption of pin
jointed connections, mmbers meeting at a joint should, where
practicable, have their centroidal axes meeting at a point; and
wherever practicable the centre of resistance of a connection shall
lie on the line of action of the load so as to avoid amoment due, to
an eccentricity on the connections.
Where the design is based on non~/ntersectingmembers at a
jo/nt, all stresses arising from the eccentr/city of the members shall
be calculated and the stressses kept within the limits specified in
the appropriate clauses of this code.
46
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IRC: 24-1967
507.2. Compression Members
507.2.1. General
507.2.1.1. The top chord and end posts shall normally be of
the inverted trough section consisting of two side segments with one
flange plate at top and with tie plate and lacing or battens on the
opn side. In chords of light section, tie plates, lacings or battens
may be used in place of the flange plates.
507.2.1.2. The top chords and end posts should be stiffened
where necessary by diaphragms. The overall width of top chords
should preferably be not less than 1/15th of the unsupported dis-
tance between the points of intersection of the lateral bracing or of
substantial side brackets where lateral bracing is omitted, nor
should the total length of the chord exceed 45 times its width unless
effective lateral stays are prov/ded.
5 07.2.1 .3. if the shape of the truss permits, chords should be
continuous, top and bottom chord splices should be as near the
panel points as practicable and preferably on the side of the panel
point where the smaller stress occurs.
507.2.1.4. The unsupported w/dth of a plate forming any
part of a compress/on member, measured between adjacent lines of
rivets, bolts or welds connecting the plate to other parts of the
section, unless effectively stiffened, shall not exceed 90 t for mild
steel conforming to IS: 226 and 80 1 for H.T. steel conforming to
IS: 961,
where I is the thickness of the plate in the case of a
single plate, or the total thickness of two or more plates
effectively tacked together ~seealso Clause 505.20).
507.2.1.5. The open sid~sof bui1t~upcompression-members
of U or I sectftins shall be connected by lacing, battening or per-
lorahd plaics where the length of the outstand towards the open
side exceeds 16 times the mean thickness of the outstand
507 2 1 6 1 a~rng and batt~ning shall be designed m aLLor
lance with Ciausc 507.2.6. and 5 07.2.7. and shall be propqrtioned to
resist a total tran~verseshear force Q at any point in the length of
the member ~qual to at least 2~per cent ot the axial foic~ein the
member together with all shear due to external forces, if any, inthe
p
1 mc of lacing Fh. shear forLe Q shall be conside-ed as divided
amone all transverse system and plating in parallel planes,
47
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IRC 24-1967
507.2.1.7. Compression members composed of two or more
components connected, as described in Clauses 507.2.5. to 507.2.7.
may be des/gned as homogeneous members.
507.2.1.8. All bu/lt-up compression members should be
stiffened by battening or lacing as specified in this code. When the
component parts are jo/ned together to form a unit, the ratio -i-- for
any component part between the connections of lacing should not
be more than 0.7 times the slenderness ratio of the member as a
whole.
507.2.1.9. At the end of riveted struts for alength equal to
at least 4 times the w/dth of the member, the pitch of the rivets
shall not exceed 4~d/ameter.
507.2.2. Effective sections
507.2.2.1. The properties of the cross section shall be com-
puted from the effective sectional area. When plates are provided
solely for the purposes of lacing or battening they shall be ignored
in computing the radius of gyration of the section.
507.2.2.2. The effective sect/onal area shall be the gross
area less the specified deductions for excessive widths of plates (see
Clause 505.20.) and the maximum deductions for open holes, in-
cluding holes for pins and black bolts (see Clause 5 05 .1 5 .2.)
occurring in a section perpendicular to the axis of the member.
507.2.2.3. The ratio of effective length to the least radius of
gyration shall not exceed
120 for main members, and
140 for wind bracing and subsidiary members.
507.2.3. Effective lengths
507.2.3.1. In riveted, bolted or welded trusses the compres-
sion members act in a complex manner andthe effective length Ito
be used /n Clause 504.4. shall be taken as given in Table 11, except
that, for battened struts, all values given shall be increased by 10
per cent.
507.2.3.2. For single-angle discontinuous struts conne.
ted to gussets or to a section either by riveting or bolting by not
less than two rivets or bolts in line along the angle at each end, or
by their equivalent in welding, the eccentricity ofthe connection
48
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IRC 24-1 967
TAQLE 11. EF~Ecr1vEL~NOTKOFCOMPRESSION MEMURS
~%4ember
Effective length I of member
For buckling
in the plane
of truss

For budding normal to the

plane of truss
~
Compression
chord or compres- Compression
sine member chord or corn-
effectively pression member
braced by lateral unbrnced
system
0. 85 x distance
between centres
of intersection
Chords with the web
members
0.70 x distance
Single between c en t r es
triangulated of intersection
system with main
chords
Multiple in-
Webs tersection 0.85 x greatest
s y s t em wher e di s t a n c e b et ween
adequate centres of any
connections two adjacent
are provided intersections
at all points
of intersec-
tions
0.8 x distance
between centres See Clause
of intersection 507.2.4
with lateral
bracisig members
or rigidly
connected cross
girders
085 ~distance distance b et ween
b et ween centres centres of
of intersections i n t er s ec t i o n s
~
~
0.70 x distance 0.85 x distance
b et ween centres b et ween c en t r es
01 intersection of intersection
with the main with main
chords chords

~
Note : The intersections referred to are those of the centroidal axes of the
members.
49
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IRC 24~i967
with tcspe~to the centroid of the strut may be ignored and the
strut designed as an axially-loaded member provided that the
calculated average stress does not exceed the allowable stresses
given in Table 4 of Clause 504.4. in which I is the length of the
strut, centre to centre of fastenings at each end, and r is the mini-
mum radius of gyration.
507.2.3.3. For single angle discontinuous struts intersected
by, and effectively connected to another angle in cross bracing, the
effective length /n the plane of the bracing shall be taken as in
Table II in Clause 507.2.3.1. In the plane normal to the plane of
the bracing, the effective length shall be taken as the distance
between the points of intersection and the centroids of the main
members. In calculating thc ratio of slenderness, the rad/us of
gyration about the appropriate rectangular axis shall be taken for
buckling normal to the plane of the bracing and the least
radius of gyration for buckling in the plane of the bracing.
507.2.4. Effective length of unbraced compression chords
For simply supported trusses with ends restrained at the
bearings against torsion, the effective length I of the compression
chord for buckl/ng normal to the plane of the truss, to be used in
the equation given /n Clause 504.4, shall be taken as follows
507.2.4.1. WIth no lateral support to compression chord:
Where there is no lateral bracing between compression chords
and no cross frames,
1=s p a n
507.2.4.2. With compression chord supported by U-frames:
Where there is no lateral bracing of the compression chord,
but where cross members and verticals forming V-frames prov/de
lateral restraint:
b ut n o t J es s t ha n a
where S =the virtual lateral displacement ofthe compression c ho r d a t
theframe nearest mid span of thetruss taken as thehon
zontal defl ec t j o n of the vertical member at the points of its
intersection with the centroid of thechords under the action
of a unit horizontal force applied at this pOint to the frame
o n l y .
This deflection shall be computed assuming that the cross
member is free to deflect vertically and that thetangent to
the deflection curve at the centre of its span remains paralled
to the neutral axis of the unrestrained cross member~
50
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IRC: 24-1967
a~=distance between frames
I maximum moment of inertia of compression chord about
the pi axis of the truss
when S is not greater than --,
40Ff
in case of symmetrical U-frames where cross members and
vcrticals are each of constant moment of /nertia throughout their
own length.
(d)
3 (d)1b
~:: ~__-~*
3Ff, El,
where
distance of the centroid of thecompression chord
from the top of the cross member
d= distance of the centroid of the compression chord
from the neutral axis of the cross member
b = half the distance between centres of the main trusses
I , = m o m en t o f i n er t i a o f t he ver t i c a l i n its planeof bending
I moment of inertia of the cro.qs member in its plane of bending
U-frames shall have rigid connections and shall be designed
to resist, in addition to the eff.~ctof wind, and other applied forces,
the effect of a horizontal force F acting normal to the compress-
ion chord of the truss at the level of the c~ntroid of this chord
where,
1.4x I0~l
--
(C,
fb
In the above formula
F
C~=Eiilerckitical stress in the chord==
(l!r)5
where (has the value 2 5
f~--t hecalculated working stress in the chord
S =the deflection of the chord under the actionof unit
horizontal force as defined above,
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IRC 24-1967
507.2.5. Compression members composed of two components
back to back
507.2.5.1. Compression members composed of two angles,
channels or tees, back-to-back, and separated by a distance not
exceeding 50 mm shall be connected together by riveting, bolting
or welding, so that maximum ratio of the slenderness Fir of each
component of the member between such connections is not greater
than 50 or 0.5 times the maximum ratio of slenderness of the
member as a whole, whichever is less, where I is the distance
between the centres of connections.
The number of connections shall be such that the member is
divided into not less than three approximately equal parts.
507.2.5.2. Where the members are separated back-to-back
the rivets or bolts in these connections shall pass through solid
washers or packings, and where the connected angles, legs or table
oftees are 125 mm wide or over, or where webs of channels are
150 mm wide or over, not less than two rivets or bolts shall be
used in each connection, one on the line of each gauge mark.
507.2.5.3. Where these connections are made by welding,
solid packings shall be used to effect the jointing unless the mem-
bers are sufficiently close together to permit but welding, and the
members shall be connected by welding along both pairs of edges
of the main components.
507.2.5.4. The rivets, bolts or welds in these connections
shall be sufficient to carry the shear forces and the moments speci-
fied for battened struts, and in no case shall the rivets or bolts
be less than 16 mm.
507.2.5.5. Compression members connected by such riveting,
bolting or weld/ng shall not be subjected to transverse load/ng in
a p l a n e p er p en di c ul a r t o t he r i vet ed, b o l t ed o r wel ded s ur fa c es .
507.2.5.6. Where the components are in contact back-to-
back riveting, bolting or interm/ttent wel di n g s ha l l b e in accor-
dance with clauses applicable.
507.2.6. Lacing of compression members
507.2.6.1. As far as practicable, the lacing system shall not
be varied throughout the length of the compression member.
507.2.6.2. Lacing bars shall be inclined at an angle of 50 to
70 degrees to the axis of the member where a single intersection
52
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IRC 24-1967
system is used, and at an angle of 40 to 50 degrees where a double
intersection system is used.
507.2.6,3. Except for tie plates as specified in Clause
507.2.6.9. below, double intersection lacing systems shall not be
combined with members of diaphragms perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the main member, unless all forces resulting
from deformation are calculated and provided for in the lacing
and its fastenings.
507.2.6.4. Lacing bars shall be so connected that there is no
appreciable interruption of the triangulation of the system.
507.2.6.5. The maximum spacing of lacing bars whether
connected by welding, riveting or bolting shall be such that the
maximum slenderness ratio 1/r of the components of the compres-
sion member between consecutive connections of the lacing bars to
one component is not greater than 50 or 0.7 times the maximum
ratio of slenderness of the member as a whole, whichever is the
lesser, where 1 is the distance between the centres of the connec-
tions of the lacing bars to one component.
507.2.6.6. The required section of lacing bars shall be
determined by using permissible stresses for compression and
tension members given in Clauses 504.3. and 504.4. subject to the
requirements in Clause 507.2.6.7. The ratio fir of the lacing bars
shall not exceed 140. For this purpose, the effective length I shall
be taken as follows
(a) In riveted or bolted construction, the length between the
inner end r/vets or bolts of the lac/ng bar in single intersection
lacing, and 0.7 times this length for double intersection lacing
effectively connected at intersect/ons.
(b) In welded construction, the distance between the inner
ends of effective lengths of welds connecting the bars to the com-
ponents in single intersection lacings and 0.7 times this length for
double intersect/on lacing effectively connected at intersections.
507.2.6.7. In riveted or bolted construction, the minimum
width of lacing bars shall not be less than double the edge dis-
tance.
507.2.6.8. The riveting, bolting or welding of lacing bars to
the main members shall be sufficient to transmit the load to the
bars. Where welded lacing bars overlap the main components,
53
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1 RC 24-1 967
the amount of lap shall be not iC5S than four times the thickness of
the bar or four times the mean thickness of the flange or the corn-
pOnLnt to which the bars ar~attached, whichever is the lesser. The
welding shall be provided at least along each side of the bar for
the full length of the lap and returned along the ends of the plate
for a length equal to at least 4 times the thickness of the plate.
Where lacing bars are fitted between the main components,
they shall be connected to each component by fillet welds on both
sides of the bar or by full penetration butt welds.
507.2.6.9. Laced compression members shall be provided
with tie plates at the ends of the lacing systems at points where the
lacing systems are interrupted and where the member is connected
to another member.
The ltngth of end tie plates measured between end fastenings
along the longitud/nal axis of the member shall he not less than
the perpendicular distance between ~thelines of rivets connecting
them to the flanges or the vertical side plates of the main chords
whichever is greater and shall be at least equal to the depth of the
cross girders where these are directly attached to the struts and the
length of intermediate tie plates shall be not less than ~of this
distance.
507.26.10. The thickness of tie plates shall be not less than
1f50 of the distance between the innermost lines of rivets, bolts or
welds except when effectively stiffened at the free edges, in which
case the minimum thickness may be 8 mm; for this purpose the
edge stiffener shall have a slenderness ratio not greater than 170.
507.2.6.11. Tie plates and their fastenings (calculated in
accordance with the method described for battens) shall be capable
of carrying the forces for which the lacing system is designed.
507.2.7. Battening of compression members: Battened com-
pression members shall comply with the following requirements.
507.2.7.1. The battens shall be placed opposite each other
at each end of the member and at points where the member is
stayed in its length, and shall, as far as practicable, be spaced and
proportioned uniformly throughout. The number of batt ns shall
be such that the member is divided into not less than 3 bays within
its actual length centre-to-centre of connections.
507.2.7.2. In battened compression members in which the
ratio of slenderness about the y-y axis (axis perpendicular to the
54
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mc : 24.1961
battens) is not more than 0.8 times the ratio of slenderness about
the x-x axis, the spacing of battens centre to centre of end fasten-
ings shall be such that the ratio of slenderness I/r of the lesser main
component over this distance shall be not greater than 50 or
greater than 0.7 times the ratio of slenderness of the member as a
whole, about its x-x axis (axis parallel to the battens).
In battened compress/on members in which the ratio of slen-
derness about the y-y axis is more than 0.8 times, the ratio of slen-
derness about the x-x axis, the spacirkg of battens centre to centre
of end fastening shall be such that the ratio of slenderness f/r ofthe
lesser main component over this distance shall not be greater than
50 or greater than 0.7 times the ratio of slenderness of the member
as awhole about its weaker axis.
507.2.7,3. Battens shall be plates, channels or I sections and
shall be riveted, bolted or welded to the main components. Battens
and their connections shall be so designed that they resist
simultaneously a longitudinal shear force equal to and a
moment equal to where:
1) = the longitudinal distance centre to centreof battens
a = the minimum transverse distance betweenthe centroids of rivet
or bolt groups, or welding
Q = the t r a n s ver s e s hea r fo r c e a s defi n ed in Clause 507.2.1.6. and
a == the n um b er of parallel planes of b a t t en s .
507. 2. 7. 4. T he effec t i ve l en g t h o f a b a t t en p a r a l l el t o t he
axis of the member shalt be taken as t he l o n g i t udi n a l d/stance bet-
ween the end fastenings. End batt~nsshall have an effective
length of not less than the perpendicular distance bctween the lines
of rivets connecting them to components, or the vertical side plates
in the case of chords whichever is greater and intermediate
battens shall have an effective length of not less than ~of tb/s
distance, but in no case shall the length of any batt~nbe less than
twice the width of the smaller component in the plane of the
battens.
507.2.7.5. The thickness of batten plates shall not be less
than 1/60 of the minimum distance between the innermost lines of
connecting rivets, bolts or welds, except when effectively stiffened
at the free edges, in which case the minimum thickness may be
8 mm, for this purpose the edge stiffeners shall have a slenderness
ratio not greater than 170.
55
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lkC: 4-1961
507.2.7.6. The length of weld connecting each longitudinal
edge of the batten plate to a component shall in the aggregate be
not less than half the length of the batten plate, and at least one-
third of the weld shall be placed at each end of the longitudinal
edge. In addition, the welding shall be returned along the ends
of the plate for a length equal to at least four times the thickness of
the plate.
Where tie or batten plates are fitted between main compo-
nents they shall be connected to each component either by fillet
welds on each side of the plate, at least equal in length to that
specified in the preceding paragraph, orby complete penetrat/on
butt welds along the whole length of the plate.
507.2.7.7. Battened compression members not complying
with these requirements, or those subjected to bending moments in
the plane of the battens, shalt b designed accord/ng to the exact
theory or elast/c stability, or empirically with verification by tests,
so that they have a load factor of not less than 1.7 in the actual
structure.
507.2.7.8. Battened compression members composed of two
angles forming a cruciform cross-section shall conform to the
above requirements except as follows:
(ii the battens shall be in pairs placed in contact one against the other,
unless they are welded to form cruciform battens.
(ii) a transverse shear force oi~?jz shall be taken as occurring
separately about each rectangular axis o f t he who l e m em b er .
(iii) a longitudinal shear force of a and the moment shall
be takenin reSpect of each of the two planes, except where the maxi-
mum value of l/r can o c c ur a b o ut a rectangularaxis, In which case
ea c h b a t t en s ha l l b e des i g n ed t o resist a shear force of 2~percent of
the total axial force. Q, Dand a are as defi n ed in Clause 507. 2. 7. 3.
507.3. Tension Members
507.3.1. Gener*1
507.3.1.1. Tens/on members should preferably be of rigid
cross section, and when composed of two or more components,
these shall be connected as described in Clauses 507.3.4. to 507.3.6.
For main members, the ratio of unsupported length to the
least ratio of gyration shall not exceed 300.
<<
IRC : 24-1967
507.3.1.2. The open sides of built-up tens/on members of
U or I section shall be connected by lac/ng or battening when the
length of the outstand towards the open side eiceeds 16 times the
mean thickness of the outstand.
507.3.1.3. Lacing and battening shall be designed in accor-
dance with Clauses 507.3.5. and 5073.6. and shall be proportioned
to resist all shear forces due to external forces, if any, in the plane
of lacing. The shear shall be considered as divided equally among
all transverse systems and plating in parallel planes.
507.3.2. Effective-sectional area: The properties of the cross
section shall be computed from the effective sect/onal area. When
plates arc provided solely for the purposes of lacing or battening,
they shall be ignored in computing the radius of gyrat/on of the
section.
507.3.2.1. The end sectional area of a bolt or screwed
tension rod shall be taken as the area at root of the thread.
507.3.3. Deductions : The effective sectional area of the
member shall be the gross sectional area with the following deduc-
tions as appropriate
(1) Deductions for rivet and bolt holes
(See Clause 505.21.2). Except as required by Clause 505. 15.2.
the arcas to be deducted shall be the sum of the sectional areas of
the maximum number of boles in any cross section at right angles
to the direction of stress in the member.
(ii) Deductions for a single angle connected through one leg
To allow for eccentricity of connection, allowance should be
made as per Clause 505.15.
507.3.4. Tension members composed of two components back
to back
507.3.4.1. Tension members composed of two angls, tees, or
channels back to back, either in. contact or separated by a distance
not exceeding 50 mm shall be connected together in their length at
regular intervals by riveting, bolting or welding so spaced that the
maximum ratio of slenderness of each element is not greater than
that specified for main members in Clause 5073.1.1.
507.S.4.2. Where the components are in contact back to
bach, riveting, bolting or intermittent welding shall be in accor-
dance with Clauses 505.2 1.3. to 505.2 1.5. as applicable.
57.
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IRC: 241%?
507.3.4.3. When the components are separated they shall be
connected through solid washers or packings, riveted, bolted or
welded.
507.3.5. Lacing of tension members
5073.5.1. As far as practicable the lac/ng system shall not be
varied throughout the length of tension member.
507,3.5.2, Lacing bars shall be inclined at an angle of 50 to
70 degrees to the ax/s of the member when a s/ngle intersection.
system /s used and at an angle of 40 to 50 degrees when a double
intersection system is used.
507.3.5.3. Except for tie as specified in Clause 507.3.5.8,
double intersect/on lacing systems shall not be combined with
members or diaphragms perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
the member, unless all forces result/ng from deformation of the
member are calculated and provided for in the lacing and its
fastenings.
507.3.5.4. Lacing bars shall be so connec~tedthat there is no
appreciable interruption of the triangulation of the system.
507.3.5.5. The required Section of lacing bars shall be
determined by us/ng the permissible stresses tbr compress/on and
tens/on members given in Clauses 504.3. and 504.4. subject to the
requirements of Clause 507.3.5.6. The rat/o Ifr of the lacing shall
not exceed 1 70. For this purpose, the effective length shall be
taken as follows:
(i) In riveted or bolted construction, the length between the inner end
rivets or bolts of the lacing bar in single intersection lacing and 0.7
times this length for double intersection lading effectively connected
at intersection.
(ii) In welded construction, the distance between the inner ends of
effective length of welds connecting bars to the components for
single intersection lacing, and 0.7 times this length for double inter-
section lacing effectively connected at intersections.
507.3.5.6. The rivet/ng, boltit~gor weld/sig of lacing bars to
the main members shall be sufficient to transmit the load to the
bars. Where welded lacing bars overlap the main components, the
amount of lap shall be not less than four times the thickness of the
bar or 4 times the mean thickness of the flange or the component
to which the bars are attached, whichever is the lesser. The weld-
ing shall be provided at least along each side of the bar for the full
length of the lap.
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IRC; 24-1967
Wher e l a c i n g b a r s a r e fi t t ed b et ween m a i n c o m p o n en t s , t hey
s ha l l b e c o n n ec t ed t o ea c h c o m p o n en t b y fi l l et wel ds o n b o t h s i des
of the bar or by full penetrat/on butt welds.
507.3.5.7. Laced tension members shall be prov/ded with
tie plates at the ends of the l a c i n g s y s t em s , a t p o i n t s wher e t he
lacing systems are interrupted and where the member is connected
to another member.
T he l en g t h o f en d t / e p l a t es , m ea s ur ed b et ween en d fa s t en i n g s
along the longitudinal ax/s of the member, shall be not less than
t he p er p en d/ c ul a r di s t a n c e b ~t ween t he c en t r o / ds o f t he m a i n
components, and the length of the intermediate tie plates shall be
n o t l es s t ha n ~o f t hi s di s t a n c e.
507.3.5.8. The thickness of all t/e plates shall be not less
than 1 60 of the distance between the innermost lines of r/vets,
bolts or welds attaching them to the main components, except
when effectively stiffened at the edges, in wbi~hcase the minimum
thickness may be 8 mm; for th/s purpose, the edge sI/ifeners shall
have a slenderness ratio not less than 170.
507. 3. 6 Ba t t en i n g o f t en s i o n members
507.3.6.1 . The spacing of battens, measured as the distance
between the middles of adjacent end pit : hes of rivets or bolts or,
for welded construction, the clear di s t a n c e between the battens,
shall be such that the maximum ratio of slenderness of each
element is not greater than that specified for main members in
Cl a us e 507. 3. 1 . 1 .
507.3.6.2. The effective length of the batten, parallel to the
a xi s o f t he m em b er , s ha l l b e t a k en a s t he l o n g i t ud/ n a l di s t a n c e
between end fastenings.
End battens shall have an effective length of not less than the
perpendicular distance between the centroids of the ma/n compo-
n en t s a n d i n t er m edi a t e b a t t en s s ha l l ha ve a n effec t / ve l en g t h o f n o t
less than one-half of this d/stance.
507.3.6.3. Batten plates shall have a thickness of not less
than 1/60 of the minimum distance between the connecting rivet or
b o l t g r o up s o r wel ds exc ep t wher e t hey a r e s t i ffen ed a t t he/ r edg es .
507.3.6.4. Where battens are attached by rivets or bolts, not
less than two r/vets or bolts shall be used in each connection.
59.
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IRC : 24-1967
Where battens are attached by welds, the length of welds connect-
ing each longitudinal edge of the batten plate to the component
shall, in the aggregate, be not less than half the length of the batten
plate, and at least 1/3 of the weld shall be placed at each end of
the longitudinal edge. In addition, welding shall be returned
along the base of the plate for a length at least equal to four times
the thickness of the plate.
Where the tie or batten plates are fitted between ma/n com-
ponents they shall be connected to each member either by fillet
welds on each side of the plate equal in length to at least that sped-
fled in the preceding paragraphs or by full penetrat/on butt welds.
507.4. Splicing
507.4.1. Splices whether in tens/on, compress/on, bending
or shear shall be designed to transmit the required force in the
member.
507.4.2. Cover material: All cover material shall, as far as
practicable, be so disposed with respect to the cross section of the
member as to communicate the proport/onal load in the respective
parts of the section.
507.4.3. Both surfaces of the parts spl/ced shall be covered
or other means taken to mainta/n the al/gnment under load of the
abutting ends.
507.4.4. Rivets, bolts or welds shall develop the full load in
the cover material calculated on the cover area.
507.5. Connections at Intersections
507.5.1. Connections of members at an intersection shall
develop at least the des/gn loads and moments commun/cated by the
members. Due regard to the nature and distr/bution of stress over
the cross section of the members shall be given in determining the
d/str/bution of the fastenings. All members shall, where possible,
be so connected that the load is appropriately distributed over the
cross section; otherwise, consideration shall be given to the distri-
bution of stress through the material to those parts of the section
not directly connected and for this purpose, the angle of distribu-
tion may be taken as 45.
507.6. Gusset Plates
The gusset plates must not be less than 9 mm th/ck and
60
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mc: 24-1967
should be of ample thickness to resist shear, d/rect stress and
flexures acting on the weakest or critical section of max/mum stress.
Re-entrant cuts should be avo/ded as far as poss/ble.
507.7. Diaphragms in Members
In addit/on to d/aphragms required for the proper functioning
of the structure, diaphragms shall be provided as necessary for
fabricat/on, transport and erection.
507.8. Camber
507.8.1. In unprestressed open web spans, which are not
predeformed, the camber of the main girders and the corresponding
variations in length of members shall be such that when the girders
are loaded with full dead load plus 75 per cent of live load with-
out impact produc/ng maximum bend/ng moment, they shall take
up the true geometrical shape assumed in the/r design. The
camber diagram shall be prepared as ind/cated in Appendix C.
507.8.2. In open web spans which are predeformed, camber
change shall be based on full dead load and live-load including
impact. Under this load, the girders will assume the true
geometr/cal shape. Predeformation shall be carried out in accor-
dance with Appendix C.
507.8.3. For provisions regarding portal sway and lateral
bracings, see Clause 505.18.
508. WORKMANSHIP
508. 1. General
All woik shall be /n accordan~e with the drawings and
clauses of this code. Care shall b~taken that alt parts of an
assembly fit a c c ur a t el y t o g et her .
508.1.!. Interchangeability of parts: Unless specially
requ/red under the contract, corresponding parts need not be inter-
changcabte. When the parts are not interchangeable, the parts
shall be niatchmarked as required under Clause 508,16.
508.2. Temptate~
T em p l a t es , jigs and other appliances used to ensure the
accuracy of the work shall be of mild steel; where specially
required these shall be bushed with bard steel. AU. measurements
61
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IRC: 24-1 967
shall be made by means of steel tape or other dev/ce properly
calibrated. Where bridge materials have been used as templates
for drilling, these shall be inspected and passed by the Engineer or
Inspect/ng Officer before they are used as parts of the fin/shed
structure.
508.3. S~raIgb1en1ng
All structural steel members and parts shall have straight
edges and blunt surfaces. If necessary, they shall be straightened
or flatt ned by pressure before be/ng worked or assembled unless
they are reqwred to be of curv/l/nt ar form, They shall also be
free from twist. Pressure applied for straigbtc ning or flattening
shall be such as would not /n~urethe materials so that adjacent
surfaces or edges shall be in close contact or at uniform d/stance
throughout.
508.4. Prepara ion of Edges and Ends
508.4.1. All structural steel parts where required shall be
sheared cropped, sawn or flame cut and ground accurately to the
required d/mensions and shape.
508.4.1.1. In the case of h/gh tensile steel conforming to IS:
961 Sp ec i fi c a t i o n for High Tensile Structural Steel, at least 6 mm
o f t he m a t er i a l fr o m the flame cut edge and at least 3 mm of
the mater/al from the sheared edge shall be removed by
matching.
508.4.2. Cut edges of plates
508.4.2.1. Longitudinal edges of all plates and cover plates
form/ng plate girders and built up members shall be mach/ned
except in the following cases:
(a) Rolled edges of single universal plates or fiats may not be machined.
( b l Co ver s t o s i n g l e fl a n g e p l a t es m a y b e left unmahined.
( c ) Ma c hi n e fl a m e c ut t i n g i n s t ea d o f m a c hi n i n g i s a c c ep t a b l e fo r edg es
o f s i n g l e plates i n c o m p r es s i o n a n d fo r edg es of single plates, 25 mm
o r less thick, Int en s i o n .
(d) Edges of single shaped plates over 25 mm thick not capable of being
maehmed by ordinary methods may be machine flamecut and the
end surface ground,
(e) Edges of universal plates or flats of the same nominal width used in
tiers may be left unmachined, if so authorised by the Engineer.
508.4.2.2. All edges of st/tch and gusset plates 12 mm thick
62
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IRC : 24-1967
and over shall be mach/ned and those less than 12 mm thick may
be sheared and ground.
508.4.3. Ends of plates and sections
508.4.3.1. The ends of plates and sections forming the main
components of plate girders or of bu/lt up members shall be
machined, machine flame cut, sawn, or hand flame cut and
ground.
508.4.3.2. In joints and splices of compression members,
and girder flanges and of tension members where so spec/fied on
the drawings, the abutting surfaces shall be faced and brought to
a n even b ea r i n g . A t o l er a n c e o f 0. 5 m m m a y b e p er m i t t ed
locally.
Where close fitting is not specified, any clearances shall not
exceed 3 mm.
5 08.4.3.3. Where ends of s t i ffen er s a r e r eq u/ r ed t o b e fi t t ed,
they shall be machined, machine flame cut, sawn, sheared and
ground, or hand flame cut and ground.
508.4.3.4. LacIng bars: The ends of lacing bar shall be
rounded unless otherwise required.
508.4.4. Other edges and ends of mild steel parts may be
sheared.
508.4.5. Any burrs of edges shall be removed.
508.5. PreparatIon of Holes
508.5.1 . Drilling and sub-punching: All holes for r/vets shall
be drilled or drilled small and reamed. If however, it is preferred,
the holes may be sub-punched to a diameter of 6 mm less than the
finished size and then reamed to the proper size.
508.5.1.1. Where several plates or sections from a compound
member, they shall, where practicable, be firmly connected
together by clamps or tacking bolts and the holes drilled through
the whole th/ckness at a one operat/on or alternatively, and in the
case of repetition work, the plates and sections may be drilled
separately from jigs and templates. The jigs and templates shall
be checked at least once after every 25 operations. All burrs shall
be removed.
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lRC 4-i9c~7
508.5.2. in the case of the repetition spans the erection of
C\ cry span shall not be insisted upon except where close tolerance
or turned bolts are used, provided that methods are adopted to
cnsurc str/ct interchangeability. In such cases, one span in ten or
any number less than ten of each type shall be erected from pieces
selected at random by the Engineer and should there be any
fa/lure of the pieces to fit, all s/milar spans shall be erected
complete. In the event of the spans being provided completely
interchangeable, all corresponding parts shall carry the same mark
so that sorting of the materials at the s/te may be facilitated.
508. 5.3. Block drIlling: Where the number of plates to be
riveted exceeds three or the total is 90 mm or more, the rivet
holes, unless they have been drilled through steel-bushed jigs,
shall be drilled out in place 3 mm all round, after assembling. in
such cases, the work shall be thoroughly bolted together.
508.5.4. Size of hoies
508.5.4.1. The sizes of holes in mill/metre are given in
Table 12.
TaLE 12. Dtatsrut OF HOLES FOR RIVETs
Nominal dia. of rivets Dia. of holes
mm mm
1 2 13.5
14 1.5.5
t6 .17.5
18 19.5
20 21.5
22 23.5
24 25.5
21 29.0
30 - 32.0
33 35.0
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IRC 24-1967
508.5.4.2. Close tolerance bolts and barrel bolts
The diameter of the holes shall be equal to th nominal
diameter of the bolt shank or barrel subject to a tolerance of
+0.125 mm and0 mm.
Preferably, parts to be connected with close tolerance or by
barrel bolts shall be firmly held together by tack/ng bolts or clamps
and the holes drilled through all the th/ckness at one operation
and subsequently reamed to size, if necessary, in order to provide
true holes within the specified limits of accuracy. All holes not
drilled through all thickness at one operation shall be drilled to a
smaller size and reamed out after assembly. Where this is not
practicable, the separate parts shall be drilled through hard-
bushed steel j/gs and reamed, if necessary.
508.5. 5. Removal of burrs: The work shall be taken apart
after drilling and all burrs left by drilling and the sharp edges of
all rivet holes compIetel~tremoved.
508.6. Rivet and Riveting
508.6.1. The diameter of rivets shown on drawings shall be
the size before heating. Each rivet shall be of sufficient length to
form a head of the standard dimensions as given /n I. S. Hand-
book on Steel Section Part 1. it shall be free from furs on the
underside of the head.
508.6.2. When countersunk heads are required, the heads
shall fill the countersink, The included angle of the head shall be
as follows
(a) For plates over 14 mm . 90
(b) For plates upto and including 14 mm thick 120
508.6.3. The tolerance on the d/ameter of rivets shall be in
accordance with the IS: 1148Specification for Rivet Ears for
Structural Purposes and the IS: 1149Specification for High
Tensile Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes and, unless otherwise
specified, the toletance shall be minus tolerance, When special
plus and minus tolerances are required by the purchaser, the sum
of such tolerances shall not be spec/fied as less than the tolerances
specified in the IS: 1148 Specification for R/vet Bars for Struc-
tuctural Purposes and the IS: 1149Spec/fication for High Tensile
Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes.
508.6.4. Rivets shall be heated uniformly to a l/ght cherry
red and shall be at red heat from head to point when inserted,
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and shalt be upset in its entire length so as to fill the hole as coin-
pletely as possible when hot. Rivets after being heated and before
being inserted in the hole shall b e fr ee fr o m s c a l e b y s t r i k / n g t he
hot rivet on a hard surface.
508. 6. 5. Wher ever p o s s i b l e, the rivets shall be machine
driven, preferably by direct act/ng rivets. The driving pressure
shall be maintained on the rivet for a short time after the upsetting
is completed.
508,6. 6. Wher e fl us h s ur fa c e i s r eq ui r ed, a n y p r o j ec t / n g
metal shall be chipped or ground off.
508. 6. 7. Befo r e r i vet i n g i s c o m m en c ed, a l l wo r k s ha l l b e
p r o p er l y b o l t ed up s o t ha t t he va r i o us s ec t i o n s a n d p l a t es a r e i n
c l o s e c o n t a c t t hr o ug ho ut . Dr i ft s s ha l l b e us ed o n l y fo r dr a wi n g
t he wo r k into p o s i t i o n a n d s ha l l n o t b e us ed t o s uc h a n ext en t a s
to distort the holes. Drifts of a larger size than the nominal d/ameter
of the hole shall not be used.
508.6.7.1. Driven rivets, when struck sharply on the head
wi t h a q ua r t er -p o un d r i vet r es t i n g ha m m er , s ha l l b e fr ee fr o m
movement and vibration. -
508. 6. 8. Al l l o o s e o r b ur n t r i vet s and rivets with cracked or
badly formed defective heads or with heads which are unduly
eccentric with the shanks, shall be removed and replaced. In
removing rivets, the head should be sheared off and the rivet
punched out so as not to /njure the adjacent metal and, if neces-
sary, t hey s ha l l b e dr i l l ed o ut , Reeup p i n g a n d c a ul k i n g s ha l l n o t
be permitted.
508.7. Bolts, Nuts and Washers
508.7.1. Black bolts (black all over): Black bolts are forged
b o l t s i n whi c h t he s ha n k s , hea ds a n d n ut s do n o t r ec ei ve a n y
further treatment except the cutting of screw threads. They shall
be true to shape and size and shall have the standard dimensions
a s s ho wn i n dr a w/ n g s .
508.7.2. Close tolerance bolts
Close tolerance bolts shall be faced under the head and
turned on the shank.
508.7.3. TurnS barrei bolts: The d/ameter of the screwed
portion of turned banel bolts shall be 1.5 mm smaller than the
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diameter of the barrel unless otherwise spec/fled by the eng/neer.
The diameter of the bolts as given on the draw/ng shall be the
nominal diameter of the barrel. The length ofthe barrel shall be
such that it bears fully on all the parts connected. The threaded
portion of each bolt shall project through the nut by at least one
thread. Faces of heads and nuts bearing on steel work shall be
machined.
508.7.4. Washers
508.7.4.1, General: In all cases where the full bearing area
- of the bolt is to be developed, the bolt shall be provided with a
steel washer under the nut of sufficient thickness to avo/d any
t hr ea ded p o r t i o n o ft he bolt be/ng w/th/n the thickness of the parts
bolted together and to prevent the nut when screwed up from
bearing on the shank of the bolt.
508.7.4.2. For close tolerance or turned barrel bolts, steel
washers whose faces give a true bear/ng shall be prov/ded under
the nut. The washer shall have ahole d/ameter not less than 1.5
mm larger than the barrel and a thickness of not less than 6 mm
so that the nut, when screwed up, will not bear on the shoulder of
the bolt.
508.7.4.3. Taper washers: Taper washers of the correbt
a n g l e o f t a p er s ha l l b e p r o vi ded un der all heads and nuts bearing
o n b evel l ed s ur fa c es .
508.7.4.4. Spring washers: Spr/ng washers may be used
under nuts to prevent slackening of the nuts when excessive
vibration occurs.
508.7.4. 5. Washers for timber: Where the heads or nuts
bear on timber, square washers having a length of each side not
less than three times the diameter of bolt or round washers hav/ng
34 times the diameter of bolt and thickness not less than I of
diameter of the bolt should be provided.
508.7.5. Studs: Ordinary studs may be used for holding
parts together, the holes in one of the parts being tapped to take
the thread of the stud. Countersunk studs may be used for
making connections where the surfaces are requ/red to be clear of
all obstructions such as protruding heads of bolts or rivets.
S.uds may also be welded on the steel work in the positions
r eq ui r ed.
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508.7. 6. Service bolts: Service bolts shall have the same
clearance as black bolts and, where it is important that there
shall be no movement prior to final riveting, sufficient drifts or
close tolerance bolts shall be used to locate the work.
508.8. Drifts
The barrel shall be drawn or mach/ned to the requ/red
diameter for a length of not less than one diameter over the
combined thickness of the metal through wh/ch the dr/fts have to
pass. The diameter of the parallel barrel shall be equal to the
nominal diameter of the hole subject to a tolerance of + 0 mm
and 0,125 mm. Both ends of the drift for a length equal to
fl times the diamettr of the parallel portion of the bar shall be
turned down with a taper to a diameter at the end equal to one-
halfthat of parallel portion.
508.9. Pins and Pin Holes
508.9.1. Pins: The pins shall be parallel throughout and
shall have a smooth surface free from flaws. They shall be of
sufficient length to ensure that all parts connected thereby shall
have afull bearing on them. Where the ends are threaded, they
sh~all be turned to asmaller d/ameter at the ends for the thread
and shall be provided with a pilot nut, where necessary, to protect
the thread when being drawn to place.
508.9.1.1. Pins more than 175 mm in length or diameter
shall be forged and annealed,
508,9.2, Pin boles: Pin holes shall be bored true to gauge,
smooth, straight at right angle with the axis of the member and
parallel with each other, unless otherwise required. The tolerance
in the length oftension members from outside to outside ofpin holes
and of compression members from inside to inside ofpin boles shall
be one mill/metre. in bu/lt-up members, the boring shall be done
after the members have been riveted or welded.
508~9,2.1. The specified diameter of the pin hole shall be its
minimum diameter. The resulting clearance between the p/n and
the hole shall be not less than 0.5 mm and not more than 1.0
mm.
508.10. Deleted
508.11. WeldIng
508.11.1. Welding shall only be perm/tted on welding
quality steel such as mild steel conforming to IS : 226 and 2062 or
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high tensile steel, conforming to IS : 961. Workmanship will
conform to IRS welding code.
508.11.2. When the mater/al is 20 mm thick, special
precautions like preheat/ng may be taken as laid down in the
IS : 823.
508. 1 1 . 3. Electrodes: In all cases, the electrodes used shall
be to the Indian Standard laid down and also suit the quality of
material and the work in hand.
508.11.4. The workmanship shall generally comply with the
appropriate Indian Standard.
508.12. Tie Rods
Tie rods with the upset ends and plus threads and - tie rods
with forged eyes shall be formed by be/ng pressed up in a die.
Where agreed by the engineer, su/tably designed flame cut or forged
eyes or machined stub ends may b e m et a l -a r e wel ded o r resistance
welded to the rods. Steel which has been worked above the
t r a n s fo r m a t i o n t em p er a t ur e s ha l l b e a i r -c o o l ed. Steel which has
b een ho t wo r k ed b el o w t hi s t em p er a t ur e s ha l l b e s ub s eq uen t l y
normalised.
508.13. Forging
Forging shall be carr/ed out in such a manner as not to
i m p a i r t he s t r en g t h o f t he m et a l . Steel which has been worked
above the transformation temperature shall be air-cooled. Steel
whi c h ha s b een ho t wo r k ed b el o w this temperature shall be
subsquently normalised.
508.14. Bending and Presing
Ben di n g a n d p r es s i n g m a y b e b y ei t her t he ho t o r c o l d
p r o c es s . Al l j o g g l es a n d k n ees s ha l l b e fo r m ed b y p r es s ur e. I n
n o case shall t he i n t er n a l r a di us o f b en ds i n c o l d-b en t p l a t es b e
less than twice the thickness of the metal.
508.15. Shop Erection and Match Marking
Before being despatched, the steel work shall be temporarily
erected in the fabrication shop for inspection by the Engineer or
t he I n s p ec t o r ei t her who l l y o n i n s uc h p o r t i o n a s t he E n g i n eer o r
t he I n s p ec t o r m a y r eq ui r e s o t ha t he m a y b e sat/sfied both as to
a l i g n m en t a n d fi t o f a l l t he c o n n ec t i o n s . Fo r t h/ s purpose,
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sufficient number of parallel drifts and service bolts tIghtly screwed
up shall be employed. All parts shall fit accurately and be in
a c c o r da n c e w/ t h dr a w/ n g s a n d s p ec i fi c a t i o n s .
508.15.1. After the work has been passed by the Engineer
and before it is dismantled, each part shall be carefully marked
fo r r e-er ec t i o n w/ t h dist/ngu/shing marks and stamped w/th durable
markings. Draw/ngs correctly showing these markings shall be
supplied to the Engineer.
508.15.2. Where close tolerance or turned barrel bolts are
used for those cases where interchangeabil/ty is not /nsisted upon,
each span shall be erected and members of each span marked
d/stinctly.
508.16. MarkIng and Packing
508.16.1. All work shall be protected from damage in
transit, particular care be/ng taken to stiffen free ends, prevent
distortion, and adequately protect all machined surfaces.
508.16.2. Each package or bundle shall be clearly marked
with the shipp/ng marks and its weight.
508.16.3. All rivets, bolts, nuts, washers, screws, small plates
and small articles, shall be suitably packed. Larger plates and
bars where bundled shall be securely fastened together.
508.16.4. Long pieces and girders shall be so loaded and
marked that they may be delivered at the bridge s/te in position
for erection without turning. Instructions for such del/very shall
be given to the receiving carrier.
508,17. Protection against Corrosion
508.17.1. General steel work shall be protected against
c o r r o s i o n b y :
(i) a m/nimumof three coats of paints, or -
(ii) a metal coating followed by two coats of paint.
508.17.2. Unless otherw/se specified, all painting and protec-
tive coating work shall generally be done in accordance with the
IS: 1477.(Pt. I) Code of Practice for Painting of Ferrous Metals
in Buildings, and all/ed fin/sitesPretreatment.
508.17.3. Surface preparation. Steel surface to be painted
either at the tabricating shop or at the site of work shall be prepa-
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red in a thorough manner with a view to ensuring complete
removal of mill scale by one of the following processes as agreed
to between the fabricator and the Engineer
(a) Grit and sand blasting;
(b) Pickling which shi aid be restricted
to singis plates, bars and sections;
(c) Flame cleaning;
(d) Scraping and wire brushing.
508.17.3.1. Primary coat shalt be applied as soon as practic-
able after cleaning and in case of flame cleaning, primary coat
shall be applied while the metal is warm.
508.17.3.2. All slag from welds shall be removed before
painting. Care shall be taken to brush the surface clean prior to
painting. Surfaces shall be maintained dry and free from dirt and
oil. Work out of doors in frosty or humid weather~shall be
avoided.
508.17.4. Coatings
508.17.4.1. Prime coat to be used shall conform to the
specification of primers approved by the Engineer. Metal coatings
shall be regarded as priming coatings.
508.17.4.2. All coats shall be compatible with each other.
When metal coatings are used, the undercoat shall be compat/ble
with the metal concerned. The undercoat and the finishing coat
shall preferably be from the same manufacture. Successive
coats of paint shall be of different shades or colours and each shall
be allowed to dry thordugly before the next is applied. Particular
care shall be taken w/th the priming and painting of edges, corners,
welds, and rivets.
508.17.5. P~tntiigin the shop
508.17.5.1. All fabricated steel shall be painted with at least
one priming coat in the.: ~~ ~iiops, unless the exposed suffac~sare sub-
sequently to be cleaned at site or unless they are metal coated.
508.17.5.2. Shop contact surfaces, if specifically required to
be painted, shall be brought together while the paint /s still wet.
508.17.5.3. Surface not in contact but inaccessible after
shop assembly shall receive-the fully specified protective treatment
before assembly. .
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508.17.5.4. Where surfaces are to be welded, the steel shall
not be painted or metal coated within a suitable distance of any
edge to be welded if the paint spec/fied or the metal coating would
be harmful to welders or would impair the quality of site welds.
508.17.5.5. Exposed machined surfaces shall be adequately
protected.
508.17.6. Painting at site
508.17.6.1. Surfaces Which will be inaccessible after site
assembly shall receive the full specified protective treatment be-
fore assembly.
508.17.6.2. Surfaces which will be /n contact after site
assembly shall receive a coat of paint ~/naddition to any shop
priming) and shall be brought together while the paint is still wet.
a
508.17.6.3. Damaged or deteriorated paint surfaces shaH ftrst
be made good with the same type ofcoat as the shop coat.
508.17.6.4. Where steel has received ametal coating in the
shop, this coating ~hail be completed on site so as. to be continuous
over any welds, bolts and s/te rivets.
508.17.6.5. Sped/fled protectin trStms: sbe1lte completed
aftererection.
~39. FIELD : EEECflOPI
509.1. General
The bridge work shall . be set out to the requirc4 lines and
levels and the stakes and marktThef~ofltSft ~becaretilly preser-
vet. Theiridgc.: steel work sbat1beero~td,adjusted and com-
pietcd-in,;therequired posit/onto the spSfied~1ines: : nndMvels.
509.2. ErectIon
The method oferection, the drawings of~tenqSrarywork,rand
the erection equipment shall be subject to approval by the Eng/neer
but sudh approval Sit not: telien the confletOr of any responsi-
bility. AliteiniporarjrWor.k: shill be detignet: afld constructed %r
the loads which it will be called upon to support.
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IRC : 24-1967
509.3. Temporary Supports
Spans erected upod staging shall be supported on suitable
packing to ensure that the bridge will be at the correct camber,
elevation and alignment when completed. In addition, sufficient
drifts and bolts shall be inserted to maintain this condition.
509.4. Joints
509.4.1. Any connection to be riveted or bolted shall be
secured in close contact by serv/ce bolts or a suffIcient number of
permanent bolts before the rivets are driven or before the connec-
tions are finally bolted. Joints shall normally be made by filling
not less than 50 per cent ofthe holes w/th service bolts and barrel
drifts in the ratio of 4.1. The serv/ce bolts are to be fully tightened
up as soon as the jo/nt /S assembled. Connections to be made by
c l o s e t o l er a n c e o r b a r r el b o l t s shall be completed as soon as practi-
cable after assembly.
509.4.2. Any connections to be site welded shall be securely
held in position by approved means to ensure accurate alignment,
camber and elevation before any welding is commenced.
509.4.3. In case of prestressed girders, the members shall be
strained by means of internal forces in such a way that the holes
are as far apart as possible. Drifting of the joints shall be avo/ded
and when necessary should be done w/th great care and under
expert supervision so that the edges of the holes do not get dama-
ged. The method of erection to be folowed is given /n Appendix C
which does not apply when the cant/lever method /s used but
should be followed when erection is done by supporting the girders
on panel points.
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APPENDIX A
(Deleted)
APPENDIX B
(504.4.3.2)
CRITICAL COMPRESSION STRESSC, FOR SECTIONS
SYMMETRICAL ABOUT THE X-X AXIS FORMULA
B-i. The critical compression stress c, for sections about the x-x a xi s
may be calculated from:
rr Ely GK/ ~W \1
C, ~ ~ L ~ ~.~ kg/sq. mm
where
Z~=gross section modulus aboutx-x axis
1 = effective length of compression flange
I,. Is,
____
Jr
1,= moment ofinertia of the whole section about x-x axis
tv= moment of inertia of the whole section about y-y axis
E= Youngis modulus taken as 21,100 kg/sq. mm
modulus of rigidity takenas 0.4E
K appropriate torsion constant
w= warping constant = for I sections
h= distance between flange centroids
I~=moment of inertia of the compression flange only about y-y
axis of the girder
B-i.!. For 1 sectIons this formula reduces to:
c,= : . _Af[!~~(1+12.3 ~~: )JkaPers~.mm
L~orsections of approximately rectangular elements
- (bt~~ approximately, where b and t are the breadth and
\ T) average thickness of each element.
13-1.2. For channel and Z sections, the formula inB-i.!. above gives
conservative values.
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13-1.3. For box members, conservative values of t~are obtained by
substituting in the formula BI.! above.
4,42
it = approxui.ately
where
A = total enclosed area of section
S = length of each Clement of the periphery
thickness of each element (m the case of curtailed flanges the
effective thlckaCss)
e.g. for a box Of depth d, width b, and uniform thickness t
2bd~t
JC = approximately
B.i.4. For a plate or flat in bending in a plane parallel to its surface
(substituting appropriatevalues of K, etc.)
C, =4220O~-kg/sq. mm
where
thickness
D depth
effective length of part incompression.
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APPENDIX C
(507.8. and 509.4.3.)
METHOD OF ERECTION
C-I. Preparation of camber dIagram for girders which are not predefornked
All bridge trusses shah be erected such that the panel points of the truss
are raised a certain distance above the horizontal line through the supports.
This effect shall be obtained by increasing length of top chord members
while retaining the nocilinal lengths of the bg;pm chord and web members.
The necessary figures shall be so worked Gut that the camber at the centre is
eq ua l t o t he c a l c ul a t ed deflection specified in Clause 507.8.1, The total in-
crease in t he l en g t h o ft hec ho r d s ho ul d b e uniformly distributed over all the
panels.
C-2. Predeformed open web girder spaas
C-2. I. Preparation ofcamber diagram: Working drawings shall be dimen-
sioned for the main girder without camber and in order to ensure that its
fabrication and erection shall be such as to eliminate deformation stresses
in the loaded span, a camber diagram shall be prepared on which shall be
clearly indicated the amounts by which the nominal lengths tthat is the length
which will give no camber) of members shall be increased or decreased in
order that the outline of the girder under full load (dead load, live load and
impact) shall be the nominal outline. A further change as indicatedin
(Clause C-2.l .3 may be made when the outline of the girder shall be normal
outline enlarged (I +K) times in the vase of a through span and reduced
1-K), times in the case of a deck span (see Clause C-2~1.3 for definition
of K).
C-2. 1.1. The stress camber change in each member shall be equal to the
change of length of the member due to the above loading, but of opposite
sign.
C-2. [.2. For the purpose of calculating the change in length of membeEs
under stress, the modulus of elasticity for both high tensile and mild steel shall
be taken as 20,470 kgImm~. The effective length shall be taken between the
theoretical intersection points of adjacent members and areas of members shall
be the gross areas.
C-2.i.3. To ensure that the length of the floor system of a span shall be
constructed to its nominal dimensions, that is, to avoid changes in lengthsof
floor and loadedchord lateral system, a further change in length may be made
in the lengths of all members equal to:
Loaded chord extension or contraction
Loaded chord length x length of member==KxL
in through spans, this change shall be an increase in the length of all
members while in the deck spans it will be a decrease inthe lengths of all
members.
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Cl. 1.4. The nominal girder lengths altered in accordance with Clauses
(>2.1 and C-2.l.3 above give a correctly stress cambered girder but with loaded
chord length identical with that shown on theworking drawings, thus r eq ui r i n g
no modifications to floor and loaded chord lateral systems.
C-2.l.5. The nominal lengths and camber lengths shall be rounded off to
the nearest 0.5 mm.
C-2.l.6. The difference between nominal lengths and camber lengths thus
modified is the practical camber change.
C-2.t.7. A Williot diagram shall be drawn for the practical camber changes
to obtain ordinates of the erection packings necessary to produce the required
camber.
C-2.l.S. Adjustments of the lengths shall be made to top lateral bracing
members to suit camber lengths of the top chords in thecases of through girder
spans and to the bottom lateral ~racingmembers in the case of deck spans. The
average value of the predefortiled length of top or bottom latetal memberr, as
the case may be, may be adopted throughout. If adjustments of Clause C-2.l.3.
have not been made, the length of the floor and loaded chords lateral systems
may havc to be adjusted.
C-2.2. Fabrication
C-2.2. I. The actual manufactured lengths of the members are to be the
lengths with camber given on the camber diagram,
C-2.2.2. The positions and angular setting outlines of all connection holes
in the main gussets and also the position of theconnection holes in the chord
joints and the machining of the ends shall be exactly as shown on the working
drawings. This will permit the butts Inthe chord segments to be exactly as
shown on the working drawings.
C-2.2.3. The groups of connection holes at the ends of all the members are
to be as shown on the working drawings, i.e., without any allowance for camber
but the distance between thegroups at the ends of each member shall be altered
by the amount of the camber allowance in the member.
C-2.3. Erection
C-2.3.l. The joints of the chords shall be drifted, bolted and preferably
riveted to their geometric outline.
C-2.3.2. All other members shall be elastically strained Intoposition by
external forces, so that as many holes as possible are fair when filled with
rivets.
C-2.33. Drawing in the members by drifting ofjoints shall be avoided as
far as possible and, when necessary, shall be done with great care and under
close expert supervision. Harnmersnot exceeding one kilogram In weight shall
be used with turned barrel driftsand a number of holesdrifted simultaneously,
the effect of the drifting being checked by observation of adjacent unfilled
holes.
C-2.3.4. The first procedure during erection shall consist of placing camber
jacks in position on which the structure Is to be supported. The camber jacks
shall be set with their top level and with sufficient run-out to allow for the
lowering of panel points except by the necessary amounts to produce the
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required camber In the main girders. It is essential that the camber is accura-
tely maintained throughout the process of erection and it shall be constantly
checked. Thejacks shall be spaced so that they support the ends of the main
girders and the panel points. The bottom chord members shall then be placed
on the camber jacks, carefully levelled and checked for straightness and the
joints made and riveted up.
C-2 3.5, The vertical and diagonal web members, except the end posts,
shall then be erected in their proper positions on the bottom chords. It is reco-
mmended that temporary top gussets, the positions of the holes inwhich are
corrected for the camber change of the length in the members, shall be used to
connect the top ends of the members; this will ensure that the angles between
the members at the bottom jpints are as given by the nominal outline of the
girders. The verticals end diagonala shall thea be riveted to the lower chords.
C-2.3.6. The temporary top gussets, if used, shall then be replaced
by the permanent gussets, which shall be riveted to the members after these have
been strained into their correct relative positions.
C-2.3.7. All panel points, except the centre, shall then be lowered by
amounts to produce the correct camber in the main girders as shown on the
camber diagram.
C-23.8. The top chord shall be erected in its uncambered position and
supporied at the panel points by suitable means, the centre being at its final
position, It is essential that the centre of this length of top chord shall
also be the centre of this span, The butt joints shall then be made and riveted
up.
C-2.3.9. The ends of the upper chord shall then be lowered to the cambe-
red position and the holes brought into eorrect registration by straining the
web members,
C-2.3l0 The end posts shall be erected last. The upper end connection
shall preferably be made first, and if there is no splice in the end raker, the final
closure made at the bottom end connection. If there is a splice, the final
closure shall be made at the splice.
C-2.3.l I When cantilever method of erection is used, the procedure given
in Clauses C-2.3.4. to C-2.3.lO. does not apply.
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APPENDIX ID
FIELD REQUIREMENTS
D-1. Lines and levels
All lines and levels shall be specified by the engineer or the purchaser.
The contractor shall be respOnsible for all setting out and shall give all
necessary assistance and . facilities for checking by the Engineer or the pur-
chaser.
An y s t a k es o r m a r k s set out by the Engineer on site shall be carefully
preserved.
D-2. Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the contractor shall
supply and erect all necessary falsework and staging and shall supply all labour,
tools, erection plant, drifts, service bolts, nuts and washers and other
materials necessary to carry out the work.
D-3, Despatching
The contractor should sOpply all rivets, bolts, nuts, washers, etc., required
to complete erection at site with an allowance for wastage, etc., of 121 per cent
of the net number of field rivets, bolts, washers required, or a minimum of five
number of each item,
Service bolts and nuts, ordinary platters, washers and drifts for use In the
erection of the work shall be supplied at 60 per cent ~45per cent bolts and 1 5 per
cent drifts) of the number of field rivets per span in each size (this Includes
wastage). The purchaser may, however, specify a reduction in thequantities of
service bolts, etc., if more than onespan ofeach type Is ordered.
D-4. Measurement for payment of weight
No r m a l l y t he b a s i s o f p a y m en t s ha l l b e c o m p ut ed by weight based on
the nominal weight of materials. When specially agreed upon between the
purchaser and the supplier, the basis of payment may be the weigh bridge
weight.
D-5, The weight of rolled and cast steel and cast iron shall determined
from the dimensions shown on the drawingson the following basis:
Rolled ox cast steel: 1,84 >~10 kgjm
Cast Iron: 7,21 x 10 kg/m
Weight of structural sections shall be nominal weight.
The weight of castingsshall be computed from the dimensIons shown on
the drawings with an addition of S per cent for fillets and overrun.
The weight of weld fillets and the weight of protective coatings shall not
be included,
D-6. The weight of rivet heads shall be computed by taking the weight
of 100 snap heads as given in Table 13.
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IRC : 24-1967
When specially agreed upon, the allowance for snap heads may be taken
as a flat percentage of the total weight. This percentage may be taken as 3
per cent or modified by mutual agreement.
TABLE 13. Wuosir OP RIVET Hs4ws
Dia. of rivet as manufactured Weight
of 100 snap heads
mm
12
, kg,
1.3
14 2.1
16 3.4
18 4.45
20 6.1
22
8.1
24
10.5
27
15.0
30
20.5
33
27,2
Detailed calculated weight sheetsshall be supplied.
No addition shall be made for the weight of protective coatings or
weld fillets,
D-7. Where computed weight is to be the basis of payment, the weight
shall be calculated for the exact cut sizes of members used in the structure,
deductions being made for all cuts. Additions shall be made for the rivet
heads as in the Clause above.
When payment is based on weigh bridge weight, no deduction shall be
made for the weight of weld fillets or theweight of any protectivecoating.
D-8, Inspection
The Engineer or his representative shall have access to the contractors
premises at all reasonable times for the purpose of Inspecting the work, and no
work shall be painted or packed until it has been inspected and passed. Any
work found to be defective shall be liable to rejection. The contractor shall
supply all facilities including labour and tools required in connection with the
inspection of the work.
D-9. TracIngs
The contractor shall supply free of charge, one set of neatly executed
tracings on linen and three sets of prints on strong paper done by an approved
process showing the work as c o n s t r uc t ed. T hey s ha l l b e ful l y di m en s i o n ed a n d
contain all erection marks,
D-lO. LIsts
The contractor shall also supply, without charge, three complete lists of
the rivet and bolts, one of which shall be on tracing linen required for erecting
the work at site, showing theparts of the work to which the various rivetsand
bolts belong and having each item marked so as to indicate the particular case
in which it will be found.
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