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Krausz Environmental Science

Chapter 3 Study Guide
I. Section 1: The Geosphere
1. Key Terms: geosphere crust mantle core lithosphere asthenospehere
tectonic plate erosion.
These terms are located in the !oca"ulary
#. $ist and descri"e the % structural layers o& the geosphere.

$ithosphere' top layer( tectonic plates( most active

)sthenosphere' ru""er*plastic li+e layer that allo,s the plates to move
-esosphere' middle layer
.uter core' li/uid 0i 1nic+el2 and 3e 1iron2
Inner core' solid 0i and 3e
3. 4hat tectonic plate is )la"ama on5
0orth )merican 6late
#
7. -ost o& the geological activity at the sur&ace o& the Earth occurs ,here5
8et,een the tectonic plates
%. 0ame the 3 ,ays that tectonic plates move.
Convergent
9ivergent
Stri+e slip
:. 4hat is an earth/ua+e5
!i"rations in the Earth;s crust that usually occur at tectonic plate
"oundaries
<. 9e&ine magnitude.
The intensity o& an earth/ua+e( measured on the =ichter scale
>. I& an earth/ua+e occurs in the middle o& the ocean ,hat natural disaster does it
cause5
) tsunami 1giant ,ave2
?. 4hat is a volcano5
-ountain "uilt &rom magma
1@.4here are most volcanoes located5
In the =ing o& 3ire in the 6aci&ic .cean
11.0ame # local e&&ects o& a volcanic eruption.
9ust*)sh
3
Gas
9eath*9estruction
1#.0ame # glo"al e&&ects o& a volcanic eruption.
Climate change' ash*dust covers the Sun and cools do,n the Earth
Glo"al economy' i& that area had trade it ,ill "e "loc+ed
13.0ame 3 negative e&&ects o& ,ater*,ind erosion.
4eathers mountains
Creates valleys
Erodes coastlines
Aarms crops
I. Section #: The )tmosphere
1. Key Terms: atmosphere troposphere stratosphere ozone radiation
conduction convection greenhouse e&&ect.
These terms are located in the !oca"ulary
#. 9escri"e the composition o& nitrogen and oBygen in the atmosphere.
0itrogen <>C
.Bygen #1C
.ther 1C
7
3. The EarthDs atmosphere is pulled to,ards EarthDs sur&ace "y ,hat &orce5 This
causes air closer to the Earth to "e more EEEEEEEEEE.
Gravity( dense
7. )s elevation increases ,hat process "ecomes more di&&icult5
8reathing "*c there is less availa"le oBygen 1.#2( the temperature goes
do,n and so does the pressure
%. $ist and descri"e the 7 structural layers o& the atmosphere.

Troposphere' lo,est( all the ,eather occurs here

Stratosphere' ,here the ozone 1.32 layer is( a"sor"s F! rays
-esosphere' middle( coldest layer
Thermosphere' touches space( hottest
:. 4hich layer o& the atmosphere is the most dense5
Troposphere "*c o& gravity acting on the Earth
%
<. 4here does all o& the ,eather occur5
Troposphere( this is ,hy planes can &ly a"ove the ,eather
>. 4here is the ozone layer located5 4hat is the chemical sym"ol &or ozone5
Stratosphere( .3
?. 4hich layer o& the atmosphere is the coldest5 Aottest5
Coldest G -esosphere
Aottest G Thermosphere
1@.9e&ine ionosphere. 4hat natural phenomenon does the ionosphere cause5
$ayer that a"sor"s ions 1charges particles2 "et,een the mesosphere and
thermosphere( causes the )urora 8orealis 10orthern $ights2
11.9i&&erentiate "et,een radiation conduction and convection.
=adiation' trans&er o& energy through space
Conduction' &lo, o& heat &rom a ,armer to a colder o"Hect( re/uires
physical touch
Convection' trans&er o& heat "y air currents
1#.Give an eBample o& radiation conduction and convection.
=adiation' F! rays( electromagnetic spectrum
Conduction' ,ater "oiling on the stove
Convection' a lava lamp
13.4ithout the greenhouse e&&ect li&e ,ould "e too EEEEE to survive5
:
Cold
17.$ist the 7 most a"undant greenhouse gases.
4ater vapor 1A#.2
Car"on dioBide 1C.#2
-ethane 1CA72
0itrous .Bide 10.#2
I. The Aydrosphere and 8iosphere
1. Key Terms: ,ater cycle evaporation condensation precipitation salinity
&resh ,ater "iosphere closed system open system.
These terms are located in the !oca"ulary
#. 9ra, and eBplain the ,ater cycle.

1' the Sun shines

#' the clouds contain ,ater 1condensation2
<
3' evaporation
7' precipitation
%' the ocean contains ,ater
3. 4hich ocean is the largest5 4hat is the deepest point o& that ocean5
6aci&ic .cean( Challenger 9eep
7. Sur&ace currents in the 6aci&ic .cean north o& the e/uator travel in a
EEEEEEEEEE direction and south o& the e/uator they travel in a EEEEEEEEEE
direction. 4hat is this e&&ect called5
Cloc+,ise( countercloc+,ise
Coriolis E&&ect
%. -ost o& the salt in the ocean is composed o& EEEEEEEEE. 4hat is the chemical
&ormula5
Sodium chloride( 0aCl
:. 0ame and descri"e the 3 layers o& the hydrosphere.

Sur&ace Ione 1miBed2' has plenty o& light and oBygen( a lot o& organisms live here(
>
,arm
Thermocline' the deeper you travel the less light oBygen and heat you have
9eep Ione' no light so no photosynthesis( little oBygen( only organisms adapted to
those conditions live there 1eB' )ngler 3ish2
<. .ne o& the most important &unctions o& the ,orld ocean is to
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. EBplain ho, this occurs.
=egulate glo"al temperature
The ocean a"sor"s and releases heat slo,er than land does. Temperature o&
the atmosphere changes more slo,ly than it ,ould i& there ,ere no ocean.
I& this not happen Earth ,ould "e too eBtreme &or li&e to eBist.
>. Sur&ace currents are driven "y EEEEEEEEEEEE.
4ind
?. 4here is most o& the EarthDs &resh ,ater located5
3rozen in icecaps and glaciers
1@.4hat is a river system5
) system o& tri"utaries that lead &rom small streams into rivers and then
eventually lead into an ocean
11.4hy is ground,ater so important to the human race5
4e use it &or drin+ing ,ater agriculture and industry.
1#.9e&ine a/ui&er.
) roc+ layer that stores and allo,s the &lo, o& ground,ater
?
13.Earth is essentially a EEEEEEEEEE system in relation to matter and a
EEEEEEEEEEE system in relation to energy.
Closed' matter cannot "e created or destroyed
.pen' energy can trans&orm &rom potential to +inetic
J 3or more practice please visit my ,e"site and do,nload the Test 6rep /uestions
and loo+ at the &lashcards &or Ch 3.J