STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF INTEGRATED

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND

YIELD OF OKRA (ABELOMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS
L.MOENCH)

THESIS
Submitted for Partial fulflment of the
requirement
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIECE
!A"RIC#$T#RE%
I HORTIC#$T#RE
!&egetable S'ien'e%
()
#ma*ant Mani*
DEPARTMET OF CROP SCIECES
FAC#$T) OF A"RIC#$T#RE
MAHATMA "ADHI CHITRA+OOT "RAMODA)A&ISH,A&ID)A$A)A
SATA !M-P-% ./01123DISTRICT SATA !M-P-% IDIA
4hone 5 fa6 !78987% :90.213:90.22
Email no ; mg'g<=redi>mail-'om
2012
1
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ftI*5lru* Ke?iD?L


MAHATMA "ADHI
CHITRA+OOT "RAMODA)A
&ISH,A&ID)A$A)A
CHITRA+OOT ./011.3 DISTT-
SATA !M-P-%

CERTIFICATE
I, hereby certify that Mr. Vipin Tiwari M.Sc. (Industrial Chemistry) IV
th
sem.
has done this oriinal piece of dissertation wor! entitled "#hysico$Chemical
Characteristics of %round &ater 'uality in Satna (istrict) *nder my
super+isor and uidance for the partial fulfilment for the award of (eree of
Master of Science in Industrial Chemistry of Mahatma %andhi Chitra!oot
%ramodaya Vishwa+idyalaya Chitra!oot Satna (M.#.).
It is further certified that it combo dies wor! of the candidate
himself and it is up to the standard both in respect of its contents and literary
presentation for bein referred to the e,aminers.



Examined and Approved by
(Prof. I.P. Tripathi)
ean
Fa!"#ty of $!ien!e and Environment
(ate-$

#lace-$ Chitra!oot

.
EC%ARATI&'

I, hereby declare that this wor! entitled "P()$IC&*C(E+ICA%
C(ARACTERI$TIC$ &F ,R&-' .ATER /-A%IT) I' $AT'A
I$TRICT00 is my oriinal unpublished dissertation wor! done under the
uidance of Prof. I.P. Tripathi, in the (epartment of #hysical Science
Mahatma %andhi Chitra!oot %ramodaya Vishwa+idyalaya, Chitra!oot, for
partial fulfilment of the award of the deree of Master of Science in Industrial
Chemistry.
I, further state that no part of dissertation wor! has been submitted to any
*ni+ersity or Institution in India or abroad for the award of any deree or
diploma.
(ate-
#lace- $ Chitra!oot 1ipin Ti2ari



/
AC3'&.%E,E+E'T$
I, first of all con+ey my than!s to #rof. I.P. Tripathi4 ((ean, 0aculty of
Science and 1n+ironment) whose e,pert uidance and a+ailable ad+ice
constantly helped to complete the present wor! and his administrati+e support
and encouraement in the pro2ect wor!.
I am hihly indebted to r. Arvind 2ivedi for their friendly treatment
and for e,tra support durin the wor!.
I am than!ful to my colleaues and friend +an"5a tripathi for their
support and co$operation throuhout the wor!.
I con+ey my sincere reards to my parents who constantly inspired me
durin my wor!.

1ipin Ti2ari



3
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Review of literature
3. Material & Methods
4. Result & Discussion
5. Conclusion
Referen'e



Introd"!tion
4
%roundwater is an in+aluable commodity a+ailable in +ery limited
5uantities to human bein and other li+in bein. The usefulness of
roundwater to a reat e,tent depends on its chemistry
1
. &ater is basic need of
the human bein, and water sector is now a days a thrust area for
econometrician and technical people. &ater sector is already established
industry in de+ol+ed country, but in de+elopin country li!e India there is a
hea+y lode on the water utility to full fill re5uirement of the people effecti+ely
and effecti+ely in a matter of 5uality and 5uantity. This is period of de+elopin
countries facin urbanisation and industrialisation which causes manaement
of e,itin infrastructure
.
. &ater is one of the most essential re5uirements of
life. &ithout fresh water of ade5uate 5uality and 5uantity sustainable
de+elopment will not be possible (6umar, 1778).The 5uality of round water
depends on a lare number of hydroloical, physical, chemical and bioloical
factors. %enerally hiher proportions of dissol+ed constituent are found in
round water than in surface water because of rater interaction of roundwater
with +arious materials in eoloical strata. %round water has been used a ma2or
source of drin!in water in both ruler and urban areas in the world. In India,
almost 9:; of the rural population depends on untreated round water (6umar,
.::3)
/
. The round water used for drin!in be free from any to,ic elements,
li+in and non li+in oranism< and e,cessi+e amount of minerals that may be
ha=ardous to health assessment of roundwater 5uality re5uires determination
of ion concentration which decide the suitability for drin!in, ariculture and
industrial uses (Tiwari, .:11)
3
.

The 5uality of round water is enerally
uniform. >s a result, round water is the ma2or source particularly areas ha+in
insufficient surface water resources
4
.
The definition of water 5uality depends on the intended use of the water
which may be consumpti+e (human consumption) and non consumpti+e
(industries, ariculture (irriation account for more than .?/
rd
of the total human
use), power eneration, recreation etc.) dependin upon the purpose uses of
@
water. Certain 5uality criteria are established and based on these criteria,
5uality standards are specified by health and other reulatin aencies to ensure
that the water 5uality in a resource is suitable for the purposed use. (ifferent
type of water use re5uires different le+els of water purity. (rin!in water
re5uires the hihest standards of purity where as water of relati+ely lower
5uality is acceptable for other purposes li!e ariculture, industries, fisheries,
wild life, li+estoc!, recreation (boatin and swimmin) and hydro electric
Various researchers in India ha+e carried out e,tensi+e studies on round
water chemistry
6
.

of shallow a5uifers in the costal =ones of cochin and
concluded that roundwater present in the shallow a5uifers at some of the
station was poor in 5uality and was not suitable for potable use as per the
standard stipulated by &AB and ISI. Capid increase in urbani=ation and
industriali=ation leads to deterioration in roundwater 5uality
8$7
. The problems
of round water 5uality in se+eral part of the country has become so acute in
the areas that are densely populated and thic!ly industriali=ed and ha+e shallow
round water tub well. There are many sources that contribute contaminants to
the round water e.. land disposal of solid wastes, disposal on land,
aricultural acti+ities, urban runoff and polluted surface water
1:
.

Satna is a town and district in the state of Madhya predesh India. It Is a
town of reliious culture, historical and archaeoloical important Situated in
the bundel!hand reion. Satna is eoraphicaiiy located at cooridinated .3.1@
o
D latitude E 9:.9/
o
lonitude. 8,4:. 6m
.
. total area and popullation ..,.9,@17
census (.:11) of satna district. Satna (cement city) is a city in central India,and
a municipal carporation in satna district in the Indian state of Madhya #radesh.
It is the administrati+e head 5uarters of satna district. Satna is a border city of
the state and is touched by the borders of the state of utter #radesh.
&b5e!tive7
8
1. To identified the round water 5uality of study area.
.. To learn +arious types of instrument related to round water 5uality
analysis.
/. To find out the current de+elopment in the field of round water
5uality and its impact.
3. To !now the e,perimental method at the area monitorin and
analysis techni5ue.


Revie2 of %iterat"re
9
C.D. Tiwari et al, .:1/. Studied on the study re+eals that the water is
hard to +ery hard (The classification as hard to +ery hard is possibly based on
incorrect analytical data)< the ele+ated hardness is attributed to the calcareous
nature of the a5uifer. The concentrations of cations are characteri=ed by Ca
FMF DaF 6. 1le+ated concentrations of calcium (possibly incorrect analytical
data) in some localities are related to the a5uifer litholoy. Concentrations of
manesium, sodium and potassium are enerally within the permissible limits.
The concentration of anions are characteri=ed by ACB
/
F SB
3
F Cl F DB
/
F0.
Gicarbonate and sulphate concentrations e,ceed the permissible limits in a few
samples< ele+ated concentrations appear to be related to the a5uifer litholoy
11
.
G Sleema et al, .:1. studied 5uality of water is an important criterion for
e+aluatin the suitability of water for drin!in and irriation. &ater 5uality of
du well, tube well and municipal supply of 17 wards of Vade!!e!ara
#anchayath in 1rna!ulam (istrict of 6erala state was studied for a period of 3
months from September .::7 to (ecember .::7 with an ob2ecti+e to assess the
water 5uality status in the study area and its portability. The water 5uality
parameters considered in the present study were- colour, odour, turbidity,
temperature, pA, electrical conducti+ity, total dissol+ed solids, acidity,
al!alinity, total hardness, chloride, free CB
.
, dissol+ed o,yen, bioloical
o,yen demand, chemical o,yen demand, calcium, manesium, iron, sodium,
potassium
1.
.
Muduli Gipra #rasanna et al, .:1. The temporal and spatial distribution
of salinity, (B, GB(, turbidity, pA, hardness and dissol+ed nutrients of surface
water collected from different points of (hamra estuary were measured durin
0ebruary .::8 to Hanuary .::9. The pA of water was al!aline throuhout the
year. The salinity, conductance, hardness increased towards the ri+er mouth as
compared to inland stations. The (B le+el was found to be I 9 m?l while
GB( remained J/ m?l in all cases. Dutrients (DB
/
, #B
3
, and DA
/
) in eneral
e,hibited decreasin trend from ri+erine to estuarine reion. T(S +alues were
hih in the ri+erine and TSS +alues were hih durin monsoon period due to
7
hiher amount of floatin particles. The concentration of DB
/
was hiher than
DA
/
and #B
3
althouh the +alues were well within tolerance limits
1/
.
#ushpendra Sinh et al, .:1. the usual and the most nelected cause of
water pollution are uncontrolled dumpin of Municipal Solid &aste. Infiltration
of water by rainfall, water already present in the waste, or water enerated by
bioderadation, cause the leachate to lea+e the dumpin round laterally or
+ertically and find its way into the roundwater thereby causin contamination.
Ten roundwater samples collected durin the rainy season .:11 from the study
reion and the samples were analy=ed for +arious physical and chemical
properties. (urin the study it was found that Total (issol+ed Solids +aries
from 43@ m?K to 7:8 m?K and compared with permissible limits. Therefore,
the best accepted option is to a+oid the possibility of pollutin the roundwater
resources
13
.
H. (harmara2a et al, .:1. > systematic studies has been carried out to
e,plore the #hysico$chemical characteristics of roundwater in si, south India
areas. &ater sample from open wells in south India area district were collected
and analy=ed for #A, electrical conducti+ity, dissol+ed o,yen, total hardness,
and total al!alinity. Comparati+e studies of samples in si, different district
were conducted, it shows 1rna!ulum water ha+e low hardness comparati+ely
than Tamilnadu districts water. It was also analysed that electrical conducti+ity,
total dissol+ed solids, #A, al!alinity. 0rom this, we concluded the 1rna!ulum
water is best than the other districts of Tamilnadu
14
.
M.C. Mahananda et al, .:1: , The piece of in+estiation was carried out
to study the round water as well as surface water 5uality, nutrient status and
physico$chemical characteristic of Gararh district of Brissa, India. The study
area is situated between .1o /@LL 1 lonitude and 18@./@. mts abo+e sea le+el
and 47!m to west of Sambalpur district. The present wor! has been conducted
by monitorin two types of round water i.e. du well water and bore well
water of 1: wards of the town as well as / types of ponds, +i=. temple pond,
small community pond E lare community pond of the town. >ttempts were
1:
made to study and analy=e the physico$chemical characteristics of the water.
Various parameters li!e Temperature, pA, Total suspended solids, and Total
dissol+ed solids, >l!alinity, (issol+ed o,yen, Chemical B,yen (emand,
Ditrate, Chloride, Sodium, #otassium, #hosphate, 0luoride, Total Coli
forms(#ond water) etc. i+e a picture of 5uality parameter in both du well and
bore well water as well as pond water of the town. Gy obser+in the result it
can be concluded that the parameters which were ta!en for study the water
5uality are below the pollution le+el for round water which satisfy the
re5uirement for the use of +arious purposes li!e domestic, aricultural,
industrial etc. Gut in case of surface water, the water 5uality of small
community pond is abo+e the permissible limit
1@
.
1mmanuel Gernard, Durudeen >yeni (.:1.) the physicochemical
properties of roundwater from +arious locations in Gichi Kocal %o+ernment
>rea of 6ano State were analysed usin standard methods. The samples ta!en
from twenty different locations re+ealed that the study area has a mean of
Turbidity ..: DT*, Colour ..4 TC*, Temp. .4, #A @.9, Total >l!alinity
94.: m?l, Total Aardness 81.9/ m?l, and others are- Calcium .4..3 m?l,
Manesium ..17m?l, Iron :.:4, Chloride 8.97m?l, Ditrate :.87 m?l, Total
dissol+ed solid 91.: m?l, and Conducti+ity 1/4S?cm,. The study was eared
towards ascertainin the 5uality of round water in the area and, it was
obser+ed that the water samples were within &orld Aealth Brani=ation
(&AB) and Standard Brani=ation of Dieria (SBD) permissible limit for
round water which satisfy the safety limit for its use for +arious purposes li!e
domestic, aricultural, and industrial. It was suested that there should be
reular monitorin and control of human acti+ities to protect the round water
from contaminations
18
.
C.Shayamala et al, .::9 studied the dyein units at small scale le+els in
the te,tile city of Coimbatore are e+er increasin. The effluents from dyein
units play a +ital role in to,icatin the roundwater 5uality. Aence the present
study was underta!en to characteri=e the physicochemical nature (parameters)
11
of roundwater in Telunupalayam +illae in Coimbatore city by ta!in water
samples from fi+e different stations. 1+aluation of physicochemical parameters
was carried out. To assess the 5uality of roundwater, each parameter was
compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in drin!in water
as prescribed by different aencies. > systematic calculation was made to
determine the correlation coefficient MrL amonst the parameters and the
sinificant +alues of the obser+ed correlation coefficient between the
parameters was wor!ed out. Suitable suestions were made to impro+e the
5uality of roundwater of Telunupalayam areas
19
.
B. >!oto et al, .::8 had consisted of the determination of the trace
metals and some physiochemical properties in drin!in water samples from the
Gron >hafo reion of the Cepublic of %hana, where drin!in water samples
are not treated before it is consumed. The purpose was to ascertain the 5uality
of water from these sources. Samples were ta!en from fifteen samplin points
and analy=ed for the followin parameters 0e, Cu, Mn, Nn, >l, DB
/
$
, DB
.
$
,
SB
3
.$
, #B
3
.$
, and 0
$
usin the procedure outline in the Spectrophotometer
method. The data showed the +ariation of the in+estiated parameters in
samples as follows- pA 4.48$8.43, conducti+ity (1C) /4$1.1@ Os?cm, turbidity
/..4$8..4: DT*, #B
3
.$
1 :./.$7./: m?l, 0
$
:./.$1.:4 m?l, DB
/
$
:.:7$:.77
m?l, DB
.

$
:.::@$:.113 m?l, SB
3

.$
/.//$9.:. m?l, Cu 1.17$..84 m?l, 0e
:.:4$:.94m?l, Nn :.:3$:.14 m?l, Mn :.::/$:.:11 m?l and >l :.:4$:.14 m?l.
The concentrations of most of the in+estiated parameters in the drin!in water
samples from Gron >hafo reion were within the permissible limits of the
&orld Aealth Brani=ation drin!in water 5uality uidelines. There were no
correlations between metal concentrations in the drin!in water samples
17
.
#.%. Smitha et al .::8 'uality of water is an important criterion for
e+aluatin the suitability of water for irriation and drin!in. In the present
study, the analysis of water samples from different sources li!e open wells,
bore wells, farm ponds and streams?ri+ers of twenty +illaes of Gantwal talu!
1.
of (a!shina 6annada district, South$western 6arnata!a has been carried out.
The physico$chemical characteristics of this water showed that it is suitable for
irriation and aricultural purposes
.:
.





+ateria# and +ethod8

1/
Criteria of $amp#e Co##e!tion-$

The samplin stations were chosen at different site of the study area,
water samples were collected from industrial area, residential area of Satna
district. The present study is focused on water 5uality assessment for month of
>pril .:13. 0or testin the water sample were collected in different sterile
plastic bottles and 2erry cans from each station. >fter collection of the sample
the bottles were tihtly capped and were immediately transported to the
laboratory to a+oid any unpredictable chanes in the physico$chemical
characteristics. >ll the samplin locations are presented in tab#e*1.
Tab#e*1. %i8t of 8amp#in9 #o!ation8
$' $amp#in9 #o!ation .ater
$o"r!e
epth
in fit
e8!ription of 8amp#in9
#o!ation
1 (hawari (C&$1) Tube well .3: Kane no. 4 Dear Talab Satna.
. Hawahar Daar (C&$.) Tube well /4: Gehind Hawahar Daar Stadium
Satna.
/ Ci+il Kine (C&$/) Aand pump .4: Ci+il Kine Chow! Satna.
3 %adhiya Tola (C&$3) Aand pump /:: Dear %ayatri Mandir Satna.
4 Ghattha (C&$4) Aand pump .9: Dear #ashupati Dath Temple
Satna.
@ Sohawal (C&$@) Aand pump /4: Dear #eptic City Satna.
8 #ateri (C&$8) Tube well 3:: Gehind Mahamtma %andhi
Collae Satna.
9 6hermai Code (C&$9) Aand pump /:: Inside 6hermai Temple Satna.
7 Gus Stand (C&$7) Aand pump .8: Dear Aotal Gasera Satna.
1: 1!la+ya Colony (C&$1:) Tube well 4:: Infornt of ITI Collae Satna.
11 Girla Cement #lant
(I&$11)
Tube well 38: Inside Girla Cement #lant Satna.
1. 6aima (I&$1.) Aand pump .4: Dear Getul Bil Mill Satna.
1/ Sama (I&$1/) Aand pump 34: Dear Samal Span2 #lant Satna.
13 *CK Gardadeeh (I&$13) Tube well 3:: Inside the *CK Gardadeeh Satna.
14 Haypee Cement #lant
Gabupur Satna (I&$14)
Tube well /:: Inside the Haypee Cement #lant
Satna.
+ethod87*
1. Temperat"re7
Impinin solar radiation and the atmospheric temperature brin about
interestin spatial and temporal thermal chanes in natural waters which
13
manifest in settin up of con+ection currents and thermal stratification.
(ischare of heated effluents also brins about thermal chanes in natural
waters (thermal pollution). Temperature is basically an important factor for its
effect on chemical and bioloical reaction in water. > rise in temperature of
water accelerates chemical reaction, reduces solubility of ases, test and order
and ele+ates metabolic acti+ity of oranism
.1
.
Pro!ed"re
Kower the re+ersin thermometer unit to the desired depth, wait few
minutes and re+erse the thermometer with the help of a messener. Ta!e out the
unit and note the readin into thermometer.
2. p(7
The hydroen ion concentration is the indicator of acidity and al!alinity
of any a5ueous system. Aydroen ion concentration is an important factor the
+ariation of which amon other cause are lin!ed with the chemical chane
species composition and life process of plant and animal communities in
habitation in them
.. .
Pro!ed"re
1. Maintain the buffer solution and sample at per with room temperature.
.. &arm up the pA meter for /: minutes.
/. Chec! the le+el of the electrolyte in the reference electrode etc.
3. Cinse the electrode with distilled water.
4. Standardi=ed the instrument usin different buffer solution.
@. Cinse the electrode with the distilled water and wipe with tissue paper
after e+ery measurement.
8. Immerse the electrode in the sample.
9. Ta!e the readin when becomes stable.
14
:. Tota# i88o#ved $o#id8 (T$)7
Total dissol+ed solid are composed mainly of carbonates, bicarbonates,
chloride, phosphate and nitrate of calcium, manesium, sodium, potassium,
mananese, oranic matter salt and other particles.
Pro!ed"re
Ta!e a e+aporatin dish of suitable si=e it clean and dry, and weiht it.
0ilter .4: to 4::ml of sample throuh a filter paper and ta!e the filtrate in
e+aporate the sample on hot water bath. whole water is e+aporated note the
weiht of e+aporatin dish after coolin in a desiccators.
Calculation$
T(S ( ?l ) P Q( > R G)? +S T 1:::
&here, > P weiht of e+aporatin dish (), G P Initial weiht of e+aporatin
dish () and V P +olume of sample ta!en (ml)
./
;. Tota# (ardne88 (T()7
Aistorically water hardness was a measure of the capacity of water to
precipitate soap, chiefly due to the presence of calcium and manesium ions in
the water. More recently other species such as poly+alent cations ha+e been
implicated in the precipitation of soap. Total hardness is therefore now defined
as the sum of calcium and manesium concentrations I water, e,pressed as
calcium carbonate e5ui+alents in millirams per litre accordin to the followin
formula (>#A>, 1779). Aardness e5ui+alent CaCB/?K P ..378 UCa, m?KV W
3.119 M, m?KV.
Pro!ed"re
Ta!e 4: ml of sample in conical flas! and 1 ml of ammonia buffer
solution and 3$4 drop of eriochrome blac!$T Indicator titrate aainst 1(T> sol
n
unil the wine red colour of solution turns blue ( end point ).
.3
Calculation$
1@
Total hardness (m?l as CaCB
/
) P (T T 1::: ) ? V
&here T P +olume of titrate (ml)
V P +olume of sample (ml)
6. i88o#ved &xy9en (&)7
(issol+ed o,yen analysis measures the amount of aseous o,yen (B.)
dissol+ed in an a5ueous solution. B,yen dissol+ed in water by diffusion from
the surroundin air, by aeration (rapid mo+ement), and as a product of
photosynthesis. The dissol+ed o,yen analysis should be performed
immediately and in situ. Therefore, this is a field test that should be performed
on site. (issol+ed o,yen can be e,pressed either as a concentration (in m?K),
which is an absolute +alue, or as percentae saturation, which is an e,pression
of the proportion of dissol+ed o,yen in the water relati+e to the ma,imum
concentration of o,yen that at a particular temperature, pressure, and salinity
can dissol+e. The amount of dissol+ed o,yen in water is larely dependent
upon the water temperature< colder water can carry more dissol+ed o,yen that
warmer water. &hen in e5uilibrium with the atmosphere, at this ma,imum
concentration the water is said to be saturated or at 1::; saturation of
dissol+ed o,yen.
Pro!ed"re
&in!lerLs method
Ta!e a lass stoppered God bottle of !nown +olume (1:: $/:: ml) and fill
it with sample a+oidin any bubblin. Do air should be trapped in bottle and
poor in it 1 ml of each mananous sulphate and al!aline potassium iodide
solutions usin separate pipettes. If the +olume of sample o+er .:: ml, add .
ml of each reaent instead of 1 ml. a precipitate will appear. #lace the stopper
and sha!e the bottle thorouhly. Sample at this stae can store for a few days, if
re5uired. >dd . ml of sulphuric acid and sha!e thorouhly to dissol+e the
precipitate. Transfer ently whole content, or a !now part of it, in a conical
18
flas!. #ut a few drops of starch indicator. Titrate aainst sodium thiosulphate
solution and note the end point when initial blue colour turns colourless.
Calculation
If whole content is use for titration-

&here, (B P dissol+ed o,yen ,
V
1
P +olume of titration (ml)
D P normality of titration ( :.:.4)
V
.
P +olume of samplin bottle after placin the stopper (ml)
V
.
P +olume of manaaous sulphate W potassium iodide
solution added (ml) and
To obtain the +alue of (o in ml?l di+ide the (o in ml?l by 1.3/
<. =io!hemi!a# &xy9en emand (=&)7
Giochemical o,yen demand is a measure of the amount of bioloically
and?or chemically deradable oranic material that is present in the water. It
indicates the amount of o,yen that aerobic a5uatic oranisms could
potentially consume in the process of metabolisin all the oranic matter
a+ailable to them. The conse5uence of hih GB( is low le+els of dissol+ed
o,yen in affected waterways resultin in a5uatic oranisms becomin stressed
and in e,treme cases, suffocatin and dyin.
Pro!ed"re
>dd the phosphate buffer , mcl
. ,
cacl
.
E fecl
.
1$1 ml in sample of

one
littler . Ta!e the sample in two bottle .To the determine (B of one sample in
present time and second sample determine after fi+e days.
Ca#!"#ation
GB( P , G m?l
19
&here, (
1
P first sample readin
(
.
P second sample readin
> P sample +olume of before dilution
G P sample +olume of after dilution.
.4

>. Chemi!a# &xy9en emand (C&)7
Chemical o,yen demand is the measure of o,yen re5uired in o,idi=in
the oranic compounds present in water by means of chemical reactions
in+ol+in o,idi=in substances such as potassium dichromate and potassium
permananate. #otassium dichromate is the most suitable o,idant but for waters
ha+in more than .?l of chlorides potassium permananate is used thouh the
results are more +ariable because later is self o,idi=in.
The estimation of CB( is of reat importance for waters ha+in
unfa+ourable conditions for the rowth of microoranisms such as presence of
to,ic chemicals.in such waters bod can not be determined accurately. Aowe+er,
cod too is not a perfect inde, of oranic compounds present in water because in
this reaction many inoranic compounds are also o,idi=ed and at the same time
some oranic compounds remain unaffected.
Pro!ed"re $
Ta!e .:ml of sample in the flas! of reflu, unit and add 1:ml of
potassium dichromate, a pinch of each sil+er sulphate and mercuric sulphate
and /:ml of sulphuric acid, attach liebi condenser to the mouth of flas! and
heat the flas! on a hot water bath or heatin mantle for at least .hours to reflu,
the contents. Cool the flas! detach from unit and dilute its contents to about
14:ml by addin distilled water, add .$/ drops of ferroin indicator solution and
titrate aainst ferrous ammonium Sulphate solution at the end point blue reen
colour of contents chanes to reddish blue run simultaneously a distilled water
blan! in similar manner.
Calculation$ CB( (mXl) P(b$a)YnY1:::Y9?+
&here$ >P+olume of titrant used aainst (ml) blan!
17
GP+olume of titrant used aainst (ml)
DPnormality of titrant (:..4)
VP+olume of sample (ml)
?. 'itrate7
Ditrate is the hihest o,idi=ed form of nitroen o,idation of nitroenous
oranic mater of both autochthonous and chthonous oriin. (omestic sewae
and aricultural runoff are the chief sources of autochthonous nitroenous
oranic matter Metabolic wastes of a5uatic community and dead oranism add
to the autochthonous nitroenous oranic matter Certain nitroen fi,in
bacteria (+i=. >=obactor) and alae (+i=. Gile reen li!e anabaena, nastic) ha+e
capacity to fi, molecular nitroen in nitrates. In round water nitrates may find
way throuh leachin from soil and at times by contamination.
The hih concentration of nitrate in water is indicati+e of pollution. This
is an important plant nutrient, when present in e,cess it causes ubi5uitous
rowth of?alae often present in blooms. Aih nitrate content (83:m Do/$D?1)
may cause blue baby disease.
Pro!ed"re*
Grucine method Rta!e 1:ml of sample in 1rlenmeyer flas! add .ml of
sodium chloride solution, sha!e the contents and place the flas! a cool water
bath add slowly 1:ml of sulphanilic acid and :.4ml of brucine sulphanilic acid
solution. Sha!e well and the flas! in a hot water baths with boilin wait for
.:minutes. Coll the contents and records the absorbance on spectrophotometer
at 31:nm. *se distilled water as blan!.
Cun the standard nitrate solution in similar manner and note the
absorbance for each. #lot a standard cur+e of +arious standard solutions.
(educe the +alue of nitrate R nitroen in sample by comparin the absorbance
of sample with the standard cur+e and e,press the result in m Do/$D?1.
10. $"#phate7
.:
Pro!ed"re*
1. Ta!e sample ali5uot in 4:ml +olumetric flas!.
.. >dd 1:ml acetate buffer and sha!e
/. >dd a spoonful Gacl. crystal.
3. Stir for @:W?$. seconds at constant speed.
4. >fter 1:minutes ta!e absorbance at 3.:nm. Cun a blan! of distilled water
simultaneously.
@. Ta!e a series at 4$.:ppm of so3
.$ .$
in 4:ml solution and treat similarly as
sample.
8. Calculation$
Sulphate (m?l) P microram SB
3
(in final +olume)
ml sample



RE$-%T A' I$C-$$I&'
Phy8i!o*Chemi!a# Chara!teri8ti!8 of ,ro"nd .ater7
The round water samples were analysed some parameter li!e
temperature, pA, T(S, TA, (B, GB(, CB(, Ditrate and sulphate. >nalysed all
.1
the result are presented in Tab#e*24 and drin!in water standard +alues are
presented in Tab#e*:.
Tab#e @ 2. The physico$chemical characteristic of round water at different
points of Satna Ceion.
Samplin
Stations
Temp
(
o
C)
pA T(S Total
Aard.
(B GB( CB( Ditrate Sulphate
C&
1
.8 8.1: 44: 8@: 4.@9 3.4: 18.// 7.7 @4
C&
.
.4 9.1/ 1@: /.: 4.33 3./4 .7.:: 19.3 9:
C&
/
/: 8.17 .4: 3@: 3.4: 4.:: ...@: 4.4 4:
C&
3
.@ 8..3 .8: 39: 3..@ 4.7: :7./. 11.4 1.:
C&
4
.4 8..: .:: 3.: 3..: 4.91 .4./9 8.4 7:
C&
@
.7 9.3: .1: 3:: 3.@: 4.:4 .:.:: 7.: 79
C&
8
.9 9.47 ./: 3@. 3./: 4.9@ :7.33 7.8 94
C&
9
.@ 8..4 /:: 33@ /.7: 8.:. :@.@@ 7.4 114
C&
7
/1 8.// 19: 3.: 3.94 3..@ 1@.:: 1:.8 13:
C&
1:
.7 8..: 49: 4.. 4..: 3.1: .9.:: .1.7 1.4
I&
11
.@ 8./: 34: 38: 4.7. /.74 :9.44 .1./ 1.:
I&
1.
/. 9.7: /3: /4: 3.78 4./: :1.// @.1 134
I&
1/
/4 8.// 4.: 48: 4.33 3.98 1..@@ /:.: 1.9
I&13 .7 8..4 @:: 41: 4./. 3.8. :7.7: .8.9 139
I&14 /3 9.@: /@: 3.: 4..: 3.89 :7.:: 17.: 1/@
>ll the parameter is e,pressed in m?l e,cept pA and temperature.
Tab#e*:. &AB uideline for drin!in water 5uality, 1793
Parameter $tandard va#"e
Temperature .4
:
C to/4
:
c
#A 9.4 m?l
T(S 4::M?l
..
Total hardness /::$@::m?l
(B 3M?l
GB( @ m?l
CB( 1:m?l
Ditrate 34 m?l
Sulphate .4:m?l
i8!"88ion87*
The present dissertation wor! identifies the round water 5uality of
Satna (istrict. The results of round water 5uality of Satna (istrict are i+en
below.
Temperat"re7
Temperature of the samples were found between .4
o
C to /4
o
C,the hihest
temperature was recorded /4
o
C at samplin station I&1/ (Sama).
p(7
The pA +alues of drin!in water sample are between 8.1: to 9.7:. Kow pA
+alue associated with small amount of mineral acid from chloride source or
with oranic acid. Aih pA +alue associated with small amount of mineral acid
from carbonate source or with inoranic acid. Its hihest +alue found 9.7: and
lowest +alue found 8.1:. pA +alue of at pA samplin stations C&8 pateri
./
(9.47), I&14 2aypee cement plant babupur 9.@: and I&1. !aima (9.7:) are
more than the permissible limit prescribed GIS.
Tota# i88o#ve $o#id7
Total dissol+e solid content of a sample of water is important in decidin
wither the water suitable for drin!in purpose or not. In the present study the
lowest +alue of T(S are 1@:m?l and the hihest +alue of @::m?l. >ll the
result were below the permissible limit prescribed by &AB(1773) as @:: m?l.

.3
Tota# (ardne887
In the present study the TA of water was found to be /.: to 8@: m?l. The
hihest +alue was found 8@: m?l at samplin location C&1 ((hawari) and
lowest +alue was found /.: m?l at samplin location C&. (Hawahar naar)
most of samplin stations were found hiher +alues of hardness

&7
The (B +alue rane from /.7: m?l to 4.7.m?l the hihest (B was
obser+ed at(4.7.m?l) C&9(6hermai Mandir) as show in Tab#e*2 and lowest
+alue was recorded at samplin station I&11(Girla cement plant).
6ataria(177:) noted (B :.19 to 7.@ m?l in bore well water of Ghopal
.@
.
.4
7
277
:77
177
.77
077
977
877
/77
R
,
2
R
,
:
R
,
1
R
,
.
R
,
0
R
,
9
R
,
8
R
,
/
R
,
M
R
,
2
7
I
,
2
2
I
,
2
:
I
,
2
1
I
,
2
.
I
,
2
0
=&7
The GB( +alue rane from /.74 m?l to 8.:. m?l, the hihest GB( was
obser+ed (8.:. m?l) at samplin station C&9 while lowest +alue was
obser+ed (3.1.) at samplin station I&11. 6han et al (.::3) studied round
water 5uality of nanded city and reported GB( +alue from :.8. m?l to @.1.
m?l
.8


C&7
The CB( +alue rane form :1.// m?l to .7.// m?l. >s show in Tab#e*
2. The +alue of CB( at samplin stations C&1 (hawari (18.//),C&.
2awaharnaar (.7.::), C&/ ci+il line (...@:), C&4 pashupatinath mandir
.@
(.4./9), C&@ sohawal (.:.::), C&7 bus stand (1@.::)and C&1: e!la+ya
colony (1..@@) are hiher than the permissible limit prescribe by GIS and
&AB as 1:m?l.

'itrate7
The nitrate +alue ranes from @.1 m?l to /:.: m?l. The hihest nitrate
+alue was recorded (/:.: m?l) at samplin station I&1/(*CK Gardadeeh)
&hile the lowest nitrate +alue was obser+ed (@.1 m?l)at samplin station
I&1. (sama) as show in Tab#e*2. >ll the results were below the permissible
limit prescribed by &AB (1773) as 34 m?l. Madhuri et al (.::3) studied in
round water 5uality in commercial areas of Visha!hapatnam and reported
Ditrated concentrations e,ceeds the uideline +alue (3: m?l ) in some of the
sample
.9
.
.8

$"#phate7
The sulphate +alue raned from 4: m?l to 139m?l. >ll the sulphate
+alues were recorded with in the permissible limit prescribed by &AB (1773)
as .4:m?l. Haisawal et al (.::9) Studied pre are post mansoon +ariation in
physico$chemical characteristics of round water 5uality of Ghopal and
reported Sulphate content all the round water 5uality under prescribed limits
.7.

Con!#"8ion

#resent dissertation embodies the wor! done on round water of Satna
district co+erin +arious inoranic non metallic constituents co+ered are #A,
T(S, TA, (B, GB(, CB(, Ditrate, Sulphate. The temperature chaned
between .4 to /4, pA 8.1: to 9.7:, T(S 1@: to @:: m?l, (B /.7: to 4.7.,
GB( /.74 to @.1:, CB( 1.// to .7.//, Ditrate @.1 to /:.: m?l, Sulphate 4: to
.9
139 m?l. Aih pA +alue associated with small amount of mineral acid from
carbonate source or with inoranic acid. Most of the sample T(S and CB( are
hiher than the permissible limit prescribed by &AB (1773) as /:: m?l and
1: m?l. TA of all the water sample are hiher than the permissible limit
prescribed by &AB as /:: m?l. Ditrate and Sulphate of all the result within
the &AB recommended +alues as 34 m?l and .4: m?l. it is concluded that
the round water of Satna district are not hihly contaminated, but there is an
indication of increasin pollutant due to dischare of industrial effluents on
land and surface water bodies.

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