Eugene Aly S. Alontaga BSCpE IV Engr.

Nidea
Problem Sets about Digital Transmission
Examples:
1. Determine the largest-value capacitor that can be used. Use an
output impedance for

, an on resistance for

an acquisition time of 10s, a maximum peak-to-peak input
voltage of 10V, a maximum output current from

of 10mA and
an accuracy of 1%
Solution:
The expression for the current through a capacitor is

Rearranging and solving for C yields

Where:
C= maximum capacitance (farads)
I=maximum output current from

, 10mA
dv=maximum change in voltage across

, which equals 10V

dt=charge time,which equals the aperture time, 10s
Therefore:

()()

The charge time constant for C when

, is on is

Where:
t=one charge time constant (seconds)
R=output impedance of

plus the on resistance of

(ohms)
C=capacitance value of

(farads)
Rearranging and solving for C gives us

The charge time of Capacitor

is also dependent on the accuracy

desired from the device. The percent
Accuracy and its required RC time constant are summarized as follows:
Accuracy(%) Charge Time
10 2.3t
1 4.6t
0.1 6.9t
0.01 9.2t

For an accuracy of 1%

()

To satisfy the output current limitations of

, a maximum capacitance
of 10nF was required. To satisfy the accuracy requirements, 108.7nF
was required. To satisfy both requirements, the smaller value
capacitor must be used. Therefore,

can be no larger than 10nF.

2. For a PCM system with a maximum audio input frequency of 4kHz,
determine the minimum sample rate.
Solution:
Using Nyquist`s sampling theorem, we have

Therefore,

3. For a PCM system with the following parameters, determine
(a)minimum sample rate, (b) minimum number of bits used in the
PCM code, (c) resolution, and (d) quantization error.

Maximum analog input frequency = 4kHz
Maximum decoded voltage at the receiver =
Minimum dynamic range = 46dB

Solution:
a. The minimum sample rate is

()
b. To determine the absolute value for dynamic range:

The minimum number of bits is determined by

( )
()

The closest whole number greater than 7.63 is 8, therefore, eight
bits must be used for the magnitude. Because the input amplitude
range is , one additional bit, the sign, is required. Therefore,
the total number of CM bits is nine ,and the total number of PCM
codes is

(There are 255 positive codes, 255 negative

codes, and 2 zero codes).

To determine the actual dynamic range:

()
(

)
( ( )
=48.13dB
c. The resolution is determined by dividing the maximum positive or
maximum negative voltage by the number of positive or negative
nonzero PCM codes:

The maximum quantization error is

Problem Sets
1. Determine the Nyquist sample rate for a maximum
analog input frequency of
a. 4 kHz
b. 10 kHz
2. Determine the largest-value capacitor that can be
used. Use the following parameters : an output
impedance for

, an on resistance of

, an acquisition time of 10s, a maximum

output current from

of 20mA, and an accuracy of

1%.
3. For a sample rate of 20 kHz, determine the
maximum analog input frequency .
4. Determine the minimum number of bits required in
a PCM code for a dynamic range of 80dB. What is
the coding efficiency?