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BEHAVIOUR OF ECCENTRICALLY BRACED STRUCTURES

HAVING ACTIVE LINKS CONNECTED OR NOT WITH R.C. SLAB


Paul IOAN and Serban DIMA
Technical University of Constructions Bucharest, Deart!ent of Steel Structures,
B"dul #acul Tei $%&, sector %, 'O "(%)*% Bucharest,
ABSTRACT
The resence in the lin+ ,one of t-o !aterials, a!on. -hich one is hetero.eneous, -ith very different
elasticity !odulus and -ith a different behaviour at cyclic !o!ents, leads to a oor co!utation
control of the behaviour of all these ,ones/ In the dissiative ,ones, in order to enable the develo!ent
of the lastic hin.es, -ith .reat rotations and hi.h ductility, secondary transverse bea!s are to be
rovided, their location bein. at the ends of the lin+s/ Alon. the lin+s0 len.th, the concrete -ill not be
connected by connectors to the steel bea!s, in order to enable only to the steel ele!ent 1lin+2 to
erfor! the lastic hin.es/ In order to avoid the alteration of steel lin+ rotations, -hich can occur at the
ends of the lin+ ele!ents, because of the resence of the reinforced concrete slab, secial 3oints -ill be
created, so that the slab ,one, above the lin+s and the rest of the slab to be disconnected/ 4o-ever, in
order to +ee the hori,ontal diahra.! effect for the -hole slab, do-els have been rovided bet-een
the t-o different ,ones of '/C/ slab/ The do-els are so si,ed that rotations could be develoed, but no
translations -ill be allo-ed/ Nu!erical testin. has been erfor!ed -ith short and lon. lin+s, t-o
hyotheses, -ith or -ithout '/C/ slabs bein. studied/ In both cases, is to be noted that the dissiative
ele!ent has not been ractically loaded, the loads actin. on the floor bein. trans!itted to the lin+0s
ends due to the e5istin. secondary bea!s/
KEYWORDS
Multi"storey steel structures, eccentrically braced fra!es, co!osite bea!s, co!osite lin+s, structures
located in seis!ic areas, non"linear static analysis, non"linear dyna!ic analysis/
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE ANALYSED STRUCTURES
A !ulti"story steel structure -ith $* levels for a .eneral store, havin. the di!ension of the bays on the
t-o ortho.onal directions of 6,*! 5 7,*! and a live load on each floor of ),* +N8!
%
, -as analysed
1fi./ $2/ The buildin. has three sans of 6/*! and seven bays of 7/*!/ The level hei.ht 1&/*!2 is
constant alon. the -hole hei.ht of the buildin./ The construction has a dual solution, bein. !ade of
eccentrically braced fra!es and !o!ent resistin. fra!es on transverse direction, and concentrically
braced fra!es 19"shae2 and !o!ent resistin. fra!es on lon.itudinal direction 1fi./ $, c2/The colu!ns
have a double T sy!!etrically section, -hich varies alon. their hei.ht 1resultin. three se.!ents2
havin. !a5i!u! ri.idity in the lane of transverse fra!es/ The bea!s have a double T section, bein.
ri.idly connected to the colu!ns/ T-o sections of bea!s have been chosen alon. the hei.ht of the
buildin., the bi..er rofiles bein. rovided at the first five storeys/ Secondary bea!s have been
rovided in the lon.itudinal direction, laced at the ends of the lin+s in the fra!e sans -ith bracin.
and at %/* ! bet-een a5es, in the sans -ithout bracin. 1fi./ $/a2/ The bracin.s have been !ade of
hot"rolled channels rofiles and have three stes of cross " section variation on the hei.ht of the
construction/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D
C
B
A
A B D C C A B D
a) b)
7 x 6m
8 8 8 8 8 8
e
lon.itudinal !ain
bea!s
transverse
!ain bea!s
secondary bea!s vertical bracin.
bea!s in M': bea!s " se.!ents
outside of the lin+
lin+
1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 8 4 3 5 6 7
c)
Figure 1: Ten " story buildin.
a2 layout, b2 transverse fra!es, c2 lon.itudinal fra!es
The structure has been studied accordin. to $7 di!ensional and constructive alternatives, sho-n in
table $/
COMMENTS ON TESTING WAY OF THE STRUCTURE
The !odal analysis and the linear static calculation have been erfor!ed on the ho!o.enous satial
structure by !eans of SPAN calculation ro.ra! 1dra-n u by UTCB2, -hich includes the rovisions
of 'o!anian Nor! P$**";% re.ardin. the deter!ination of the static e<uivalent seis!ic loads/ This
calculation has been used both for short lin+s structure and for lon. lin+s structure/ The dissiative
ele!ents as -ell as the bea!s of the !o!ent resistin. fra!es have been di!ensioned in the elastic
ran.e -ith the !a5i!u! stresses resulted fro! the static linear calculation, usin. funda!ental and
secial load co!binations/
In order to si,e the structural ele!ents -hich have to re!ain in the elastic ran.e durin. the seis!
action 1colu!ns, bea!s ad3acent to the lin+s, vertical bracin.s2, the loadin. co!bination -ith the
increased seis! -as used 1e</ $2=
> ? n C P
* i
d
i i i
+ + +
, -here
*

@ %/* 1$2
The anchorin. of the colu!ns into the foundations has been erfor!ed by e!beddin. the! into the
reinforced concrete bulbs of the infrastructure, on the hei.ht of a level 1base!ent2/ In order to establish
the hei.ht of the colu!n anchorin. 1e!beddin.2, the additional loadin. co!bination -ith the
increased seis! has been used 1e</ %2=
> P ; / *
* i

-here
*

@ %/A 1%2
The above condition 1e</ %2 assures the elastic behaviour of the connection of the colu!ns into the
foundations at the loads .iven by the seis!/
The non"linear static and dyna!ic analysis has been erfor!ed by !eans of D'AIN %DB ro.ra!,
-hich is a lane calculation ro.ra!, -hich allo-s for incursions in the elastic " lastic ran.e/ The
ro.ra! contains a finite ele!ent 1ele!ent ;2, -hich allo-s the develo!ent of lastic hin.es due to
the bendin. !o!ent and shear force/ Most of the calculation ro.ra!s used for the structure do not
contain this tye of finite ele!ent/ D'AIN %DB ro.ra!, bein. a lane calculation ro.ra!, for the
si!ulation of the satial behaviour of the structure, -as used Ctrain of fra!esC syste! -here the sa!e
dislace!ents of the fra!es -ere i!osed for each level/ In order to verify the concordance bet-een
the satial behaviour of the construction and the Ctrain of fra!esC !ethod, there have been reeated the
!odal analysis and the conventional forces calculation of the seis! action reviously deter!ined by
SPAN ro.ra!, usin. D'AIN %DB ro.ra!/ It resulted that the values of the vibration eriods of the
structure calculated -ith the t-o ro.ra!s are al!ost si!ilar/ After these calculation stes, there has
been si,ed the ho!o.enous structure -ith short lin+s and -ith lon. lin+s/
COMMENTS ON THE LATERAL RIGIDITY OF THE STRUCTURE
The studied alternatives, as results fro! table $, are the follo-in.=
1A2 Dual structure, co!osed of !o!ent resistin. fra!es 1M':2 B eccentrically braced fra!es 1>B:2
-ith short lin+ 1S#S, S#>2
1B2 Dual structure, co!osed of !o!ent resistin. fra!es 1M':2 B eccentrically braced fra!es 1>B:2
-ith lon. lin+ 1##S, ##>2
In both alternatives 1A and B2, there has been studied the ho!o.enous structure -ith lin+s -ith s!aller
section 1S#S, ##S2, resectively e<ual section 1S#>, ##>2 to the ones of the bea!s fro! the fra!e
sans -ithout bracin.s/ The follo-in. constructive solutions have been studied in order to analyse the
structures havin. reinforced concrete stabs 1table $2=
" 4o!o.enous lin+ B the rest of the structure0s bea!s in co!osite solution, !aintainin. the
di!ensions of the steel bea!s/
" 4o!o.enous lin+ B the rest of the structure0s bea!s in co!osite solution, -ith decreasin. the
di!ensions of the steel bea!s, -ith M
"
sBc
@ M
s
D e<uivalent co!osite bea!s/
" Co!osite lin+ B the rest of the structure0s bea!s in co!osite solution !aintainin. the di!ensions
of the steel bea!s/
" Co!osite lin+ B the rest of the structure0s bea!s in co!osite solution, -ith decreasin. the
di!ensions of the steel bea!s, -ith M
"
sBc
@ M
s
D e<uivalent co!osite bea!s/
In case of >B: -ith short lin+s, a decrease of the vibration eriod -ith $&/AE aears in the co!osite
solution in co!arison to the ho!o.enous solution/
In case of >B: -ith lon. lin+s, a decrease of the vibration eriod -ith $;/%E aears in the co!osite
solution in co!arison to the ho!o.enous solution/
/
TAB#> $
ANA#FS>D CAS>S
N

Li!" Be#$%&eg$e!'&
u'&i(e ) *i!"
Be#$ i! MFR Fir&'
$(e
+eri(
T1, & -
T.+e M#'e%
ri#*
Se/'i! M#'e%
ri#*
Se/'i! M#'e%
ri#*
Se/'i!
SLS
1
S0r'

T
M
7 / $ e <
Steel
4> &A*A
4> &**A
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A
$,$(
SLS
1
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
$,**
SLS
2
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $A*
$,$*
SLS
3
Steel
B
Concrete
4> &A*A
4> &**A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
$,**
SLS
4
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $A*
$,$*
SLE
5

S0r'

T
M
7 / $ e <
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A
Steel 4>A 7**
4>A AA*
Steel 4>A 7**
4>A AA*
$,$7
SLE
6
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
*,;;
SLE
7
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
*,;;
LLS
8
L!g

T
M
* / ) e >
Steel 4> A**A
4> &A*A
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A
$,)A
LLS
19
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $%*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $%*
$,$)
LLS
11
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $A*
$,%7
LLS
11
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $%*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $%*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $%*
$,*;
LLS
12
Steel
B
Concrete
4>B A**
4>B &A*
hr/c @ $%*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> A**A
4> &A*A
hr/c @ $%*
$,%$
LLE
13 L!g

T
M
* / ) e >
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A
Steel 4> 7**B
4> AA*B
Steel 4> 7**A
4> AA*A $,)%
LLE
14
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**B
4> AA*B
hr/c @ $%*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $%*
$,$*
LLE
15
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $A*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**B
4> AA*B
hr/c @ $%*
Steel
B
Concrete
4> 7**A
4> AA*A
hr/c @ $%*
$,*(

TAB#> $ 1cont/2
#e.end of the table
S#S D short lin+ -ith section s!aller than the one of the ad3acent sans0 bea!s
S#> D short lin+ -ith section e<ual to the one of the ad3acent sans0 bea!s
##S D lon. lin+ -ith section s!aller than the one of the ad3acent sans0 bea!s
##> D lon. lin+ -ith section e<ual to the one of the ad3acent sans0 bea!s
Steel D ho!o.enous section
Steel B Concrete D co!osite section
h
r/c
D thic+ness of the slab
The analysis confir!ed -hat the en.ineerin. ractice already +ne-, that the lateral ri.idity of the
eccentrically braced fra!es -ith short lin+s is .reater 1-ith 6E$&E2 than the one of the
eccentrically braced fra!es -ith lon. lin+s
COMMENTS ON NON%LINEAR STATIC CALCULATION
As re.ards all the analysed structures, -ith ho!o.enous or co!osite bea!s, the a!lification factor
of the conventional hori,ontal force roduced by seis!ic action 1
*

2 has the !a5i!u! value of )/*


-ith the increasin. .radient of */*%/ The value )/* for
*

has been chosen as the hi.hest li!it in order


to be able to verify= if any lastic hin.es, u to the value
*

@%/A, are for!ed in the structural


ele!ents, -hich !ust re!ain in the elastic ran.e durin. the entire eriod of the seis!G if in case of a
seis! stron.er than the +no-n ones, no level !echanis!s, critical for!s or structure collase aear,
for an increase of aro5/ %*E of the loadin. factor/
T
$
@ $/$( s


@ */$$ rad
Figure 1 =
S#S
ho!o.enous
solution
T
$
@ $/)A s


@ */*) rad
Figure 2 =
##S
ho!o.enous
solution

GRINZI OMOGENE HEA600,HEA550;BARA DISIPATIVA SCURTA HEA450,HEA400
Time : 3.000
H'INII OMOH>N>4>A7**, 4>AAA*G BA'A DISIPATI?A #UNHA4>AA**, 4>A&A*
Ti!e = )/***
T
$
@ $/$* s


@ */*(
rad
Figure 3 =
S#S
ho!o.enous short lin+ B e<uivalent co!osite bea!s
T
$
@ $/%7 s


@ */*%
rad
Figure 4 =
##S
ho!o.enous lon. lin+ B e<uivalent co!osite bea!s
T
$
@ $/$* s


@ */$* rad
Figure 5 = S#S
co!osite
short lin+ B
e<uivalent
co!osite
bea!s
T
$
@ $/%$ s


@ */*% rad
Figure 6 =
##S
co!osite
lon. lin+ B
e<uivalent
co!osite
bea!s
The follo-in. conclusions result fro! the non"linear static calculation 1fi./ %(2=
H'INIICOMPOIIT>4>AA**,4>A&A*8$Ac!GBA'A DISIPATI?A SCU'TA 4>A&A*,4>A&**
Ti!e = )/***
H'INIICOMPOIIT>4>AA**,4>A&A*1$%c!2GBA'A DISIPATI?A #UNHA4>AA**,4>A&A*
Ti!e = %/;6*
H'INIICOMPOIIT>4>AA**,4>A&A*GBA'ADISIPATI?ASCU'TA4>A&A*,4>A&**8$Ac!
Ti!e = %/;;*
H'INIICOMPOIIT>4>AA**,4>A&A*GBA'ADISIPATI?A #UNHA 4>AA**,4>A&A*1$%c!2
Ti!e = )/***
" the lastic hin.es aear u to
*

@%/A, only in the dissiative ele!ents, in case of ho!o.enous


structuresG
" the !a5i!u! rotation of the short or lon. lin+s, for an a!lification factor
*

@%/A, aears at floors


%A and it is -ith A*E s!aller that the allo-ed lastic rotation/

NON%LINEAR DYNAMIC CALCULATION TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE
HOMOGENOUS STRUCTURE.
The .ravitational !asses and loads fro! the secial co!bination shall be used/ The behaviour of the
structure under the dyna!ic action shall be follo-ed u, usin. site accelero.ra!s or
accelero.ra!s of the revious seis!/ A behaviour shall be considered roer if the lastic hin.es
aear usually in the dissiative ele!ents and ,ones, secially laced in the structure/ It is not
reco!!ended to rovide lastic hin.es on colu!ns and there shall not be acceted lastic hin.es
on the bea! se.!ents ad3acent to the lin+/ The lastic hin.es shall be acceted at the basis of the
colu!ns and at the to of the last level0s colu!n/ The values of the drift and the values of the lin+s
rotation shall be -ithin the li!its rovided by the nor!s. In case there are any variations fro!
these re<uire!ents, the overall ri.idity of the structure shall be increased by enlar.in. the section
of the colu!ns and, eventually, the one of the bea!s, under the condition that, after erfor!in.
the dyna!ic calculation, no lastic hin.es to aear in the colu!ns/ The non"linear dyna!ic
calculation can be erfor!ed on aCtrainCof lane fra!es, under the condition of e<ual
dislace!ent of the fra!es, this -ay si!ulatin. the satial behaviour rovided by the concrete
slabs/ The vibration eriod of the Ctrain of fra!esC shall be close to the one of the satial structure,
bein. allo-ed to differ only -ith !a5i!u! $*$%E
NON%LINEAR DYNAMIC CALCULATION OF THE COMPOSITE BEAMS STRUCTURE.

The ho!o.enous bea!s shall be relaced -ith co!osite bea!s in order that the ne.ative lastic
resistin. !o!ent of the co!osite bea! 1M
"

sBc
2 to be e<ual to the lastic resistin. !o!ent of the
ho!o.enous steel bea! 1M
s
2/ The e<uivalence of the reinforced concrete slab -ith a steel one -ill be
done by reducin. the effective -idth b
eff
of the concrete slab to a e<uivalent steel -idth b
e<,
+eein.
unchan.ed the thic+ness h
r/c
1fi./62/ The lin+s shall be considered to have a ho!o.enous section and no
loads on their len.th and this -ould be the reason -hy, by constructive solutions, the reinforced
concrete slab shall be searated by the steel bea!/ No connectors shall be rovided and !aterials
1olyethylene fil!s2, -hich could allo- the sliin. bet-een the steel dissiative ,one and the
concrete slab, shall be inserted in the resective ,ones/ Secondary bea!s shall be rovided at the ends
of the lin+s and8or dissiative ,ones in order to ensure the overall stability of these ,ones and, at the
sa!e ti!e, lead the loads to the ends of the otentially lastic ,ones/ :or obtainin. a roer structural
arran.e!ent, there shall be used site accelero.ra!s of the revious seis! fro! the area of the
construction, as -ell as synthetic accelero.ra!s, -hich shall !eet the dyna!ic characteristics of the
accelero.ra!s +no-n for the resective ,one/ It is reco!!ended to use other accelero.ra!s recorded
in different ,ones, too, in order to increase the safety de.ree of the construction in case earth<ua+es at
different deths or eicentres occur/ At least three accelero.ra!s out of -hich a synthetic one, shall be
used for a construction/ The non"linear dyna!ic calculation deter!ines the overall behaviour of the
structure, the distribution of the lastic hin.es in the structure and it also analyses if the dislace!ent
and rotation of the ele!ents are -ithin the allo-ed li!its/ 'otation of the ele!ents, lar.er than the
ones rovided by the nor!s, shall be allo-ed only if tests can de!onstrate that the lin+ or the
dissiative ,one can develo such a rotation -ithout any loss in the local stability/ Usually, a rotation
of */$ rad/ for a short lin+ is allo-ed in a non"linear dyna!ic calculation/ The rincile established for
the non"linear static calculation shall be used for the non"linear dyna!ic calculation, as -ell, !eanin.
that there shall not be acceted any lastic hin.es in colu!ns, bea!s"se.!ents outside of lin+s and in
the dia.onals of the eccentrically braced fra!es/ The non"linear dyna!ic calculation also re.ards the
overall behaviour of the construction, in order that at least %AE of the base shear force to be resisted by
the !o!ent resistin. fra!es/
eff
r/c/
s s
r/c/
e<
b
h
h
b
h
h
s
c / r
eff e<
>
>
b b =
>
r/c
@ Foun.Js !odulus for reinforced concrete
>
s
@ Foun.Js !odulus for steel
Figure 7 = The e<uivalence of a reinforced slab -ith a steel one
COMMENTS ON THE NON%LINEAR DYNAMIC CALCULATION
So!e of the characteristic values obtained by alyin. the non"linear dyna!ic calculation are sho-n
in fi. ;$&/ The accelero.ra!s used ?rancea $;((, Cheia $;67, the artificial one 1?rancea sectru!2,
>l Centro $;&*, Northrid.e $;;&, Me5ico City $;;A/
The follo-in.s have resulted by usin. the ?rancea $;(( accelero.ra! 1fi. ;2=
" The dislace!ent 1at the uer art of the structure2 for all the alternatives of analysed structures
does not e5ceed the !a5i!u! allo-ed value K
all
@ ))/* c! 1
!a5
@%A/* c! for S#,
!a5
@)$/* c! for
##2/
" The rotation of the lin+s e5ceeds the allo-ed lastic rotation -ith u to ((E in case of structures
-ith S# and -ith u to 7*E in case of structures -ith ##/
= 'otation of the !ost affected lin+ = #ateral dislace!ent at the to of the structure
Figure 8 : 4o!o.enous lon. lin+ B ho!o.enous bea!sG ?rancea accelero.ra! " a @ */%./

Figure 19 :4o!o.enous lon. lin+ B ho!o.enous bea!sG Northrid.e accelero.ra! " a @ */66./
Figure 11 :4o!o.enous lon. lin+ B ho!o.enous bea!sG >l Centro accelero.ra! " a @ */)A./
Figure 11 : 4o!o.enous lon. lin+ B ho!o.enous bea!sG Me5ico City accelero.ra! " a @ */$*./
Figure 12 :4o!o.enous lon. lin+ B ho!o.enous bea!sG ?rancea 1a @ */%.2B Cheia 1 a@*/*6. 2
Figure 13 : 4o!o.enous lon. lin+ B ho!o.enous bea!sG synthetic accelero.ra! 1acc/ ?rancea
sectru!2 a @ */%./
In case of usin. different accelero.ra!s for ho!o.enous structure -ith ##S, the follo-in.s resulted=
" The ?rancea accelero.ra! leads to the .reatest lateral dislace!ents 1
!a5
@)$/* c!L
all
@))/* c!2,
rotations of the lin+s 1

@*/*)% radM
all
@*/*% rad2 and shear base forces / As re.ards the !a5i!u!
value of the dissiate ener.y, its !a5i!u! value is roduced by the artificial accelero.ra! 1?rancea
$;(( sectru! " fi./ $&2
"The >l Centro $;&* 1fi./ $$2 and Me5ico City $;;A 1fi./ $%2 accelero.ra!s roduce s!all lateral
dislace!ents and rotations of the lin+s of @$)/* c! resectively

@*/**; rad/ The shear forces at


the basis of the structure and the !a5i!u! value of the dissiate ener.y are (*E resectively )AE of
the ones roduced by ?rancea $;(( accelero.ra!/
"The Northrid.e $;;& 1fi./ $*2 accelero.ra! leads to .reater values of the lateral dislace!ent and
rotation of the lin+s of @$(/* c! resectively

@*/*$& rad/ The shear force at the basis of the


structure is ;*E of the one roduced by ?rancea $;(( accelero.ra!, but the !a5i!u! value of the
dissiate ener.y is s!all, only &*E of the one corresondin. to ?rancea $;(( accelero.ra!/
It should be ointed out that, althou.h ?rancea $;(( accelero.ra! has a@*/%., it induces stresses and
defor!ations !uch .reater than the Northrid.e accelero.ra! -hich has a &/& ti!es .reater
acceleration 1 a @ */66.2/
Because of alyin. the accelero.ra!s, the structure re!ains defor!ed, -ith re!anent stresses in the
,ones -ith reachin. of the elastic"lastic ran.e/ By alyin. a ne- accelero.ra!, after an esti!ated
ti!e of )* sec/ of free vibrations, the structure defor!ed by the revious accelero.ra! is forced to
oscillate around the defor!ed osition/ 1fi.$)2/

Usin. lin+s -ith reduced section, 1S#S, ##S2 it resulted a M8T ratio, -hich fra!es the lin+
-ithin the inter!ediary behaviour ran.e, -ith for!ation of lastic hin.es due to the co!bination of M
and T forces/ In this situation, !a3or e5ceedin. of the rotations at levels A6 have been noticed/ It
-ould still be -ron. to co!are the rotations of the lin+s resulted usin. a non"linear dyna!ic
calculation -ith the ones allo-ed by the nor!s, values resultin. in nor!s by correlatin. the rotations
-ith the drifts/ It should be ointed out that the nor!s rovide an elastic drift a!lified by a
coefficient, -hich varies around the sa!e value, re.ardless of the nor!/
In case the drifts are -ithin the li!its acceted by the nor!s, the rotations can be analysed accordin.
to the !a5i!u! rotation caacity of the lin+ in the elastic"lastic ran.e, -hich -as established durin.
e5eri!ents/ >lastic"lastic rotation caacity !eans the !a5i!u! rotation of a lin+, -ithout any local
stability loss/
Usin. the non"linear static calculation, for structures -ith co!osite bea!s -ith co!osite or
ho!o.enous lin+s, there resulted lastic hin.es -ithin the ele!ents desi.ned to -or+ in the elastic
ran.e, durin. the entire duration of the seis!, at values of the a!lification factor
*
@%/A)/*/ This
heno!enon did not occur in the non"linear dyna!ic calculation, -hich leads to the conclusion that, in
!any cases, the non"linear static calculation is !ore severe than the non"linear dyna!ic calculation/
CONCLUSIONS
The calculation of the !ulti"storey structures can be erfor!ed, in a first sta.e, ta+in. into account the
ho!o.enous bea!s D throu.h all the stes of the calculation " then the ho!o.enous bea!s shall be
relaced -ith e<uivalent co!osite bea!s havin. M
"
sBc
M
s
// This calculation !ethodolo.y leads to a
!a3or si!lification of the desi.n effort as -ell as a rational confor!ation of the structural ele!ents/

The short, inter!ediary or lon. lin+s !ust not be directly loaded in order to allo- the develo!ent of
the lastic hin.es due to the seis!ic action and to avoid the uncontrolled stresses co!bination,
roduced by .ravitational loads/ The co!bination of the stresses corresondin. to different loads !ay
restraint the develo!ent of the rotations in the elastic"lastic ran.e/ The loads can be alied on
secondary bea!s -hich intentionally deli!itate the lin+ and -hich assure the overall stability/
By the chosen constructive syste!, the lin+s shall -or+ in the structure only as ho!o.enous ele!ents/
The reinforced concrete slab shall be searated 1 fi./ $A2 by the to flan.e the lin+ or by the dissiative
,one/ The searation shall be erfor!ed by creatin. a .a bet-een the to flan.e and the reinforced
concrete slab/ No connectors shall be rovided on this ,one/ The reinforced concrete slab shall be
suorted by secondary bea!s, -hich deli!itate the lin+/ Alon. the secondary bea!s -ill be created
e5ansion 3oints rovided -ith do-els in order to assure the diahra.! effect/ The do-els shall allo-
the rotation in vertical lane/
Figure 14 : Tyical detail roosed for the searation ,one bet-een r/c/ slab and steel lin+/
The bea! to colu!n connections shall be erfor!ed by .roove -elds -ith co!lete enetration or by
hi.h stren.th bolts/
The lin+s can have the .eo!etrical characteristics of the section lo-er than the ones of the bea!s
fro! the ad3acent sans/ This is ossible be obtained by varyin. the -idth of the flan.es, u to
!a5i!u! )*&AE of their di!ension, or by usin. s!aller rofiles/ This syste! .uides the for!ation
of lastic hin.es in the lin+s and not in the connections/

After a seis!, the structures, -hich have incursions in the elastic"lastic ran.e, re!ain -ith re!anent
defor!ations and stresses/ In the case of a ne- seis!, 1a rely or a seis! on non"consolidated
structures2, it finds another .eo!etry of the structure 1a defor!ed one2 and ,ones of the dissiative
ele!ents or dissiative ele!ents -ith re!anent stresses -hich are stron. effort concentrators/ :i./ $)/
sho-s the state of re!anent defor!ations 1rotations and dislace!ents2 and then the defor!ations
resulted fro! the alication of a ne- accelero.ra!/ These latest defor!ations -ere develoed -ith
re.ard to the defor!ed osition of the structure/ The second seis! should be considered as not havin.
an da!in. coefficient, because the non"structural ele!ents have been artially or totally destroyed by
the first seis! and the structure resents i!ortant stresses concentrators, -hich cannot be <uantified/
The calculation of a !ulti"storey buildin. as a ho!o.enous steel structure, -ithout ta+in. into account
the influence of the reinforced concrete slab on the steel bea!s !ay lead to re!ature collase or to
the occurrence of critical for!s durin. seis!ic action
The cross sections of the ho!o.enous bea!s should be declared for co!utation -ith their
.eo!etrical and hysical e<uivalent characteristics, considerin. the steel as a reference !aterial/ The
lastic efforts 1

l
M
,
+
l
M
2 of the co!osite bea!s are to be calculated, ta+in. into consideration
Bernoulli0s hyothesis/
If the structure is correct desi.ned, due to a ho!o.enous 1steel2 section co!utation, than usin. an
e<uivalent co!osite cross section syste! 1M
"
sBc
@ M
s
2, the failure !echanis! -ill not be !odified,
but the collase -ill be roduced at the hi.her values of the seis!ic loads/
Reference
Astaneh AS#/ A/1$;;A2/ Seis!ic Desi.n of co!osite structures in the United States Behaviour of
steel Structures in Seismic Areas STESSA94 >N:N/SPON / &&6
Aribert O/M/ 1$;;(2/ Modelisation ar ele!ents finis adotPe au5 outres et asse!bla.es de bQti!ents
!i5tes acier"beton/ Proc. of the 8th Intern. Conf. Steel Struct. Ti!isoara 1'o!ania2
AISC";( 1$;;(2/ Seismic Provision for Structural Steel Buildings.
Bursi O/S/, Hra!ola H/, Iandonini '/, 1$;;(2/ Ruasi"static cyclic and seudo"dyna!ic co!osite
substructures -ith softenin. behaviour in SSS9! Na.oya 1Oaan2/
Code for aseis!ic desi.n of residential buildin.s, a.ro,ootechnical and industrial structures 1P$**"
$;;%2/"omanian ministr# of Pu$lic %or&s and Teritor# Planning.Bucharest/ 1'o!ania2/
Dalban C/, Ioan P/, Di!a S/, Betea St/ S Sanu St/ 1$;;A2/ Proosals for I!rovin. the 'o!anian
Seis!ic Code/ Provisions concernin. !ulty"storey steel fra!es/ IABSE Int. Conf. of Steel Struct. 'inal
"e(ort/ Budaest/
>urocode & D >N? $;;& 1$;;%2/ Desi.n of co!osite Steel and Concrete Structures/ Part $/$ Heneral
rules for Buildin.s/ Euro(ean Committee for Standardisation 1$;;%2
>urocode 6 D >N? $;;6 1$;;&2/ Desi.n rovisions for >arth<ua+e resistance of structures/ Euro(ean
committee for Standardisation 1$;;&2/
Nethercot D/A/, 1$;;(2/ Behaviour and desi.n of co!osite connections/ IABSE ) Intern Conf. on
Com(osite Construction/ Innsbruc+ 1Austria2/

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