ECE 2211

Microprocessor and Interfacing

Br. Athaur Rahman Bin Najeeb
Room 2.105
Email: athaur@iium.edu.my
Website: http://eng.iiu.edu.my/~athaur
Consultation : Tuesday 10.00 am ( appointment)
Announcement
Chapter 5:P 8088/8086 Programming
Recall of debugging
Assembler
Instructions
Data transfer instructions
Arithmetic instructions
Logic instructions Logic instructions
Shift instructions
Rotate instructions
Useful Link:
http://oopweb.com/Assembly/Documents/Art
OfAssembly/Volume/Chapter_6/CH06-1.html
Debug
Debug is a little tool that comes with windows
Part of PCs Disk Operating System ( DOS)
Invoking debug
Start -> Run-> type cmd -> typedebug
Start -> Run ->type debug
Debug Commands / Monitor Commands
A
I
T
U U
G
H
M
E
F
R
C
Structure of ASM file
Mnemonic Meaning Format Operation Flags
affected
Mov Move Mov D,S (s) (D) None
Data Transfer Instructions - MOV
Destination Source
Memory Accumulator
Accumulator Memory Accumulator Memory
Register Register
Register Memory
Memory Register
Register Immediate
Memory Immediate
Seg reg Reg 16
Seg reg Mem 16
Reg 16 Seg reg
Memory Seg reg
NO MOV
Mem
Imm
Seg Reg
Mem
Seg Reg
Seg reg
EX: MOV AL, BL
Data Transfer Instruction -MOV
The MOV instruction
Move data from source to destination; e.g. MOV [DI+100H], AH
It does not modify flags
Cannot transfer data between 2 external memory address
Eg: MOV [SI],[1234]
Cannot move (load) directly to Segment Registers
Eg: MOV DS, 1000
Byte Operation / Word Operation
Question [Example 5.1 , text book ? ]
What is the effect of executing MOV CX, [ SOURCE_MEMORY ] .. Where
SOURCE_MEMORY equal 20(H) and DS equal 1A00[H] SOURCE_MEMORY equal 20(H) and DS equal 1A00[H]
Ex: Mov dx,cs
Data Transfer Instructions - XCHG
Mnemonic Meaning Format Operation Flags affected
XCHG Exchange XCHG D,S (s) (D) None
Destination Source
Accumulator Reg 16
Memory Register
Register Register
Register Memory
Example: XCHG [1234h], BX
NO XCHG
MEMs
SEG REGs
Example XCHG
Example:
For the data shown, what is the result of executing XCHG [SUM], Bx ?
[SUM] = 1234(16)
Solution:
Execution of this instruction performs the operation
((DS)0 + SUM) (BX)
The PA is
PA = 12000(16) + 1234(16) = 13234(16) PA = 12000(16) + 1234(16) = 13234(16)
Then,
13234(16) (BL)
13235(16) (BH)
Result: (BX) = 00FF(16)
Your First Program
Write a ASM program to load values 0011(H), 00AB(H) into regiter AX, BX and swap
them
Read from memory location 0200(H) and swap with register AX
Step 1: Flow Chart (? )
Step 2 Translate to Assembly Language
Step 3: write, test, debug and execute the code Step 3: write, test, debug and execute the code
Answer
Data Transfer Instructions LEA, LDS, LES
Loading GP registers and segment registers with an address directly from memory
Ex: LEA SI,[EA]
LEA SI, [DI+BX+5H] ; DI=1000(H), Bx=20(H), EA ? PA = DS[0] +EA
LEA SI, [200h] , if DS=1200 , calculate the PA
LEA Destination, Source
Transfers the offset address of source (must be a memory location) to the destination register
It does not modify flags
LDS Destination Source
LES Destination Source
It is identical to LDS except that the second two bytes are copied to ES
It does not modify flags
LDS Destination Source
Load 4-byte data (pointer) in memory to two 16-bit registers
Source operand gives the memory location
The first two bytes are copied to the register specified in the destination operand; the second
two bytes are copied to register DS
It does not modify flags
Data Transfer Instructions LEA, LDS, LES
Mnemoni
c
Meaning Format Operation Flags
affected
LEA Load Effective
Address
LEA Reg16,EA EA (Reg16) None
LDS Load Register
And DS
LDS
Reg16,MEM32
(MEM32)
(Reg16)
None
(Mem32+2) (DS)
LES Load Register
and ES
LES
Reg16,MEM32
(MEM32)
(Reg16)
(Mem32+2) (DS)
None
LEA SI DATA or MOV SI Offset DATA
Examples for LEA, LDS, LES
DATAX DW 1000H
DATAY DW 5000H
.CODE
LEA SI, DATAX
MOVE DI, OFFSET DATAY; THIS IS MORE EFFICIENT
LEA BX,[DI]; IS THE SAME AS
MOV BX,DI; THIS JUST TAKES LESS CYCLES.
LEA BX,DI; INVALID!
LES similar to LDS except that it loads ES
LDS BX, [DI];
127A
BX
1000 DI
3000 DS
7A
12
00
30
11000
11001
11002
11003
Data Transfer Instructions
SAHF
LAHF
Store data in AH to the low 8 bits of the flag register
It modifies flags: AF, CF, PF, SF, ZF
Copies bits 0-7 of the flags register into AH
It does not modify flags
LDS Destination Source
Load 4-byte data (pointer) in memory to two 16-bit registers
Source operand gives the memory location
The first two bytes are copied to the register specified in the destination operand;
the second two bytes are copied to register DS
It does not modify flags
LES Destination Source
It is identical to LDS except that the second two bytes are copied to ES
It does not modify flags
Arithmetric Instruction
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Arithmetic Instructions
ADD Destination, Source
Destination + Source Destination
Destination and Source operands can not be memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags AF CF OF PF SF ZF
ADC Destination, Source
Destination + Source + Carry Flag Destination Destination + Source + Carry Flag Destination
Destination and Source operands can not be memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags AF CF OF PF SF ZF
INC Destination
Destination + 1 Destination
It modifies flags AF OF PF SF ZF (Note CF will not be changed)
DEC Destination
Destination - 1 Destination
It modifies flags AF OF PF SF ZF (Note CF will not be changed)
Arithmetic Instructions
ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA
Mnemonic Meaning Format Operation Flags
affected
ADD Addition ADD D,S (S)+(D) (D)
carry (CF)
ALL
ADC Add with
carry
ADC D,S (S)+(D)+(CF) (D)
carry (CF)
ALL
carry
carry (CF)
INC Increment
by one
INC D (D)+1 (D) ALL but CY
AAA ASCII
adjust for
addition
AAA If the sum is >9, AH
is incremented by 1
AF,CF
DAA Decimal
adjust for
addition
DAA Adjust AL for decimal
Packed BCD
ALL
Arithmetic Instructions SUB, SBB, DEC, AAS, DAS,
NEG
Mnemonic Meaning Format Operation Flags
affected
SUB Subtract SUB D,S (D)-(S) (D)
Borrow (CF)
All
SBB Subtract
with borrow
SBB D,S (D)-(S)-(CF) (D) All
DEC Decrement
by one
DEC D (D)-1 (D) All but CF
NEG Negate NEG D All
DAS Decimal
adjust for
subtraction
DAS Convert the result in AL to
packed decimal format
All
AAS ASCII
adjust for
subtraction
AAS (AL) difference
(AH) dec by 1 if borrow
CY,AC
Arithmetic Instructions
SUB Destination, Source
Destination - Source Destination
Destination and Source operands can not be memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags AF CF OF PF SF ZF
SBB Destination, Source
Destination - Source - Carry Flag Destination Destination - Source - Carry Flag Destination
Destination and Source operands can not be memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags AF CF OF PF SF ZF
CMP Destination, Source
Destination Source (the result is not stored anywhere)
Destination and Source operands can not be memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags AF CF OF PF SF ZF (if ZF is set, destination = source)
Example 1
Write a program to add a data byte located at offset 0500(h) in 2000h data segment
WITH an other byte which is available in 0700h in the same segment
Example 2
Write a program to move the contects of the ML 0500h to register BX and to register
CX. Add immediate byte 05h to the data residing in ML whose address computed
using ds-2000h and offset 0600h. Store the result of addition in 0700h. Assume all
data is located in ds=2000h
start
Move content to BX Move content to BX
Move content to CX
Move data , 05h to [0600h]
Store result
End
Arithmetic Instructions
MUL Source
Perform unsigned multiply operation
If source operand is a byte, AX = AL * Source
If source operand is a word, (DX AX) = AX * Source
Source operands can not be an immediate data
It modifies CF and OF (AF,PF,SF,ZF undefined)
IMUL Source IMUL Source
Perform signed binary multiply operation
If source operand is a byte, AX = AL * Source
If source operand is a word, (DX AX) = AX * Source
Source operands can not be an immediate data
It modifies CF and OF (AF,PF,SF,ZF undefined)
Examples:
MOV AL, 20H
MOV CL, 80H
MUL CL
MOV AL, 20H
MOV CL, 80H
IMUL CL
DIV Source
Perform unsigned division operation
If source operand is a byte, AL = AX / Source; AH = Remainder of AX / Source
If source operand is a word, AX=(DX AX)/Source; DX=Remainder of (DX AX)/Source
Source operands can not be an immediate data
IDIV Source
Arithmetic Instructions
Examples:
MOV AX, 5
MOV BL, 2
DIV BL
MOV AL, -5
MOV BL, 2
IDIV BL
Perform signed division operation
If source operand is a byte, AL = AX / Source; AH = Remainder of AX / Source
If source operand is a word, AX=(DX AX)/Source; DX=Remainder of (DX AX)/Source
Source operands can not be an immediate data
Summary so far
Arithmetic Instructions
NEG Destination
0 Destination Destination (the result is represented in 2s complement)
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags AF CF OF PF SF ZF
CBW
Extends a signed 8-bit number in AL to a signed 16-bit data and stores it into AX
It does not modify flags It does not modify flags
CWD
Extends a signed 16-bit number in AX to a signed 32-bit data and stores it into DX
and AX. DX contains the most significant word
It does not modify flags
Other arithmetic instructions:
DAA, DAS, AAA, AAS, AAM, AAD
Example
What is the result of executing the following sequence of instruction ?
MOV AL, 0A1H
CBW
CWD
Logical Instructions ( 3)
NOT Destination
Inverts each bit of the destination operand
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It does not modify flags
AND Destination, Source
Performs logic AND operation for each bit of the destination and source; stores the
result into destination result into destination
Destination and source can not be both memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags: CF OF PF SF ZF
OR Destination, Source
Performs logic OR operation for each bit of the destination and source; stores the
result into destination
Destination and source can not be both memory locations at the same time
It modifies flags: CF OF PF SF ZF
Logic operation: a review
Example:
Describe the result of executing the
following sequence of instructions:
MOV AL,01010101B
AND AL,00011111B AND AL,00011111B
OR AL,11000000B
XOR AL,00001111B
NOT AL
Clearing Setting, Toggling bit of an Operand
Mask : clear a bit to zero
To clear a bit, we AND it with zero
AND with 1 : unchanged
Example: AND AX, 000F; if AX = FFFF
Setting a bit to 1: OR with logic 1
XOR to reverse the login level
AND AL, 0FH (given AL=FF)
Application example:
A microprocessor is connected to read 8 LEDs into AL , if LED number 0 is on, then
turn on the alarm
SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS
A logical shift fills the newly created bit position with zero:
Logical VS Arithmetic Shifts
CF
0
An arithmetic shift fills the newly created bit position with a copy of the numbers
sign bit:
CF
SHIFT
ARITHMETIC LOGICAL
Shift Instructions : 4 types
LEFT
LEFT
RIGHT
RIGHT
SAL
SAR
SHL
SHR
Bit Manipulation Instructions
SHL(SAL) Destination, Count
Left shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
During the shift operation, the MSB of the destination is shifted into CF and
zero is shifted into the LSB of the destination
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF OF PF SF ZF
CF 0 Destination CF 0
SHR Destination, Count
Right shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
During the shift operation, the LSB of the destination is shifted into CF and
zero is shifted into the MSB of the destination
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF OF PF SF ZF
CF 0 Destination
Destination
LSB MSB
LSB MSB
Bit Manipulation Instructions
SAR Destination, Count
Right shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
The LSB of the destination is shifted into CF and the MSB of the destination remians
the same
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF PF SF ZF
CF Destination
LSB MSB
Fast Multipication
ROTATE INSTRUCTIONS
Bit Manipulation Instructions
ROL Destination, Count
Left shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
The MSB of the destination is shifted into CF, it also goes to the LSB of the destination
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF OF
CF Destination
LSB MSB
ROR Destination, Count
Right shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
The LSB of the destination is shifted into CF, it also goes to the MSB of the destination
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF OF
CF Destination
LSB MSB
Bit Manipulation Instructions
RCL Destination, Count
Left shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
The MSB of the destination is shifted into CF; the old CF value goes to the LSB
of the destination
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF OF PF SF ZF
CF Destination
LSB MSB
RCR Destination, Count
Right shift destination bits; the number of bits shifted is given by operand Count
The LSB of the destination is shifted into CF, the old CF value goes to the MSB
of the destination
Operand Count can be either an immediate data or register CL
Destination can be a register or a memory location
It modifies flags: CF OF PF SF ZF
CF Destination
LSB MSB
Example: Using ROL to Exchange Values.
.data
byteval db 0Fh
wordval dw 1234h
.code
byte_values:
MOV AL,26h MOV AL,26h
ROL AL,4 ; AL = 62h
ROL byteval,4 ; byteval = F0h
word_values:
MOV AX,0203h
ROL AX,8 ; AX = 0302h
ROL wordval,8 ; wordval = 3412h
Example:
What is the result in BX and CF after execution of
the following instruction?
RCR BX,CL
Given (CL) = 04H, (BX)= 1234H and (CF) = 0 Given (CL) = 04H, (BX)= 1234H and (CF) = 0
Example:
Indicate the hexadecimal value of AL after each rotation
MOV AL,6BH
ROR AL,1
RCL AL,3
ANSWER:
A B5H A B5H
B AEH