m

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THEORY OF ANISOT_IOPIC SHELLS
By S. A. Ambartsumyan
..
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b
Translation of "Teoriya anizotropnykh obolochek"
State Publishing House for Physical and Mathematical Literature
;_ Moscow, 1961
i,
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"1
,_ NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
:4
.._ For sale by the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C. 20230 -- Price $6.03
J;
1964012887-002
I
Section 10. Boundary Conditions .......................... 38
Section 11. Additional Remarks Concerning the Conditions of Contact
of Adjacent Layers and the Conditions at the Olter
Surfaces of a Shell ........................... 40
Section 12. Special Cases of Anisotropy of the Material of the
Shell Layers ................................ 43
Section 13. Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Layers Sym-
metrically Arranged Reiatiw to the Coordinate Surface . . . 46
Section 14. Single-Layer Anisotropic Shells .................. 50
Section 15. Further Remarks Concerning Elasticity Relationships .... 55
Section 16. Calculatiou of Stiffnesses for Arbitrary Directions ...... 58
CH2, PTER IH
MEMBRANE THEORY t)F ANISOTROPIC SHELLS
t Section 1. General t'remises and Initial Relationships in the
Membraue Theory of Single-Layer lsotropic Shells ...... 61"
Section 2. Boualdary Conditions ........................... 64
Section 3. Area of Applicability of the Membrane Theory ......... 65
,, Section 4. Fundamental Equations of the Membrane Theory of
Symmetrically loaded Shells of Revolution ............ 66
Section 5. Examples of Calculation of Symmetrically Loaded Shells
of Revolution ............................... _3
Section 6. Evaluation of Results Obtained in the Preceding Section , . . 86
Section 7. Continuation of Section 5 ....................... 87
Section 8. An Arbitrarily Loaded Cylindrical Shell of Arbitrary
Shape ................................... 95
Section 9. Some Remarks Concerning the Membrane Theory of
Anisotropic Laminar Shells ...................... 104
CHAPTER IV
SYMMETRICALLY LOADED ANISOTROPIC SHELLS OF REVOLUTION
(
Section 1. Basic Premises. Initial Relationships and Equations ..... 109 /
Section 2. Equation_ of Solution and Design Formulas ........... 113
Section 3. Shells of Revolution Consisting of an Odd Number of
Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative to the Median
Surface of the Shell ........................... 117
Section 4. Single-Layer Shells of Revolution ................. 120
Section 5. Reduction of the System of Equations in (3.16) and
,, (3.17) to a Single Equation. A Particular Solution of the
Inhomogeneous Equation ........................ 121
Section 6. Asymptotic Integration of the Equation of Solution (5.9) . . . 124
t
1964012887-004
Sect,'on 7. Internal Forces, Moments, Stresses and
Displacements ............................. 132
Section 8. Edge Effect in Anisotropic Shel !_ . ................ 136
Section 9. Long Shells of Revolution ...................... 139
Section 10. Examples of Calculation of Long Shells of Revolution .... 143
Section 11. Solution of a Few Problems of Shells of Revolution
of Zero Gaussian Curvature Consisting of an Arbitrary
Number of Layers ........................... 166
Section 12. Anisotropic Cylindrical Shells of Revolution Reinforced
by Lateral Ribs ............................. 177
CHAPTER V
ANISOTROPIC CYLINDRICAL SIIELLS
Section 1. Basic Premises. InitialRelationshipsand Equations.... 195 J
Section 2. System of DifferentialEquations ofSolc, tionin Displace-
ments ................................... 198
Section 3. CylindricalShellsConsistingofan Arbitrary Number
ofOrthotropicLayers ........................ 201
Section 4. Fngineering Theory of CylindricalShellsConsisting
of an Arbitrary Number of AnisotropicLayers ........ 208
Section 5. Continuationof Section4 ....................... 214
Section 6. CylindricalShellsConsistingofan Odd Number of
Homogeneous Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically
Arranged Relative to the Median Surface ............ 224
Section 7. Engineering Theory of Cylindrical Shells Consisting
of an Odd Number of Homogeneous Aniso_ropic Layers
Symmetrica!ly Arranged Relative to the Median Surface.. 228
Section 8. Continuation of Section 7 ..................... 232
Section 9. Integration of the Eq,za_lons of Engineering Theory
of a Cylindrical Shell by the Method of Double
Trigornetr'; c. Series .......................... 240
Section 10. Intega'ation of Equations in the Engineering Theory of
Cylir, drical Shells by the Method of Single Trigono-
metric Series .............................. 265
CHAPTER VI
SHALLOW ANISOTROPIC SHELLS
/
Section 1. Basic Premises. Initial Relationships and Equations .... 277 j
Section 2. Equations of Solution and Design Formulas .......... 280
Section 3. Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Homogeneous
Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative
to the Median Surface ........................ 285
ill
1964012887-005
Section 4. Extremely Shallow Shells. Basic Pr-uises, initial
Relationships and Equations ..................... 288
Section 5. Equations of Solution and Design Formulas in the
Theory of Extremely Shallow Shells Consisting of an
Arbitrary Number of Anisotropic Layers ............. 292
Section 6. Equations of Solution and Design Formulg..q in the
Theory of Extremely Shallow Shells Consisting of an Odd
Number of Homogeneous Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically
Arranged Relative to the Median Surface ............. 300
Section 7. Integration of the Equations of Solution in the Theory of
Extremely Shallow Orthotropic Shells ............... 306
CHAPTER VII
NEW THEORIES OF ANISOTROPIC SHELLS AND PLATES
/
Section I. Basic Premises and Hypotheses .................. 315
Section 2. Theory ofOrthotropicPlates..................... 316
Section 3. Theory ofBending ofa Plate Possessing Cylindrical
Anisotropy ................................ 328
Section 4. Approximate Theory of an AnisotropicPlate Considering
Transverse Shear ............................ 332
Section 5. Another Approximate Theory of Anisot_opic Plates ...... 336
Section 6. Examples of Plate Calculations ................... 342
Section 7. Theory of Extremely Shallow O,'_hotropic Shells ........ 358
Section 8. Approximate Theory of an Extreme]y Shallow
Shell Considering Transverse Shear ............... 365
Section 9. Another Approximate Theory for an Extremely Shallow
Shell .................................... 368
Section 10. Example of Calculation of a Shell ................. 372
Section 11. Theory of Extremely Shallow Laminar Orthotropic SheLls.. 376
Section 12. Examples of Calculation of Laminar Shells and Plates .... 386
iv
1964012887-006
FOREWORD
Shells are widely used as structurel elements in modem construction
engineering, aircraft construction, ship building, rocket cons._ruction, etc.
A careful study of the shells used in engineering leads to the conclusion
that they are most often anisotropic (naturally or structurally) and in many cases
are anisotropic and laminar.
The last few years have seen the appearance of a number of thorough
monographs: V.Z. Vlasov, Obshchaya teoriya obolochek (General Theory of
Shells); A.S. Vol'mir, Gibkiye plastJnkl i obolochki (Elastic plates and shells);
A.L. Gol'denveyzer, Teoriya uprugikh tonkikh obolochek (Theory of thin elastic
shells); A.I. Lurtye, Statika tonkostennykh uprugikh obolochek (Statics of thin-
walled elastic sh_11s); Kh. M. Mushtar' and K.Z. Galimov, Nelineynaya teoriya
uprugikh obolochek (Nonlinear theory of elastic shells); V.V. Novozhilov,
Teoriya tonkikh obolochek (Theory of thin shells). These monographs shed
light on many fundamental problems in the theory of shells in general. How_.ver,
there is almost nothing therein dealing with the theory of anisotropic laminar
shells.
Despite the large number of articles appearing in journals, there is as
yet not one book devoted to the theory of anisotropic laminar shells. I_Lthe
present book the author partially fills this gap.
The text is based on the author's investigations over the last few years.
It consists of the following divisions: (a) fundamental equations of the theory of
elasticity of an anisotropic body in curvilinear coordinates; (b) general theory
of anisotropic laminar shells; (c) membrane theory of anisotropic shells; (d)
theory of symmetrically loaded anisotropic shells of revolution; (e) anisotropic
cylindrical shells; (f) shallow anisotropic shells; (g) new theories of nniso-
tropic shells and plates.
In distinction from the first divisions of the book, which are based on the
hypothesis of nondeformable normals as given for the stack of the shell as a
V
1964012887-007
whole, the iast chapter attempts to construct a theory of essentially anisotropic
shells and plates without the hypothesis of nondeformable normals.
The book does not deal with the undeniablyimportant problems of non-
linearthe')ry,the theoriesof stabilitya_.dvibration,as well as temperature
problems of anisotropiclaminar shells. Nor does itdealwith problems associ--
atedwithplasticand elastic-plastic deformations of the material of the shell
layers,sincethese problems have not been adequatelyinvestigated.
Within each chapter the formulas have a two-part enumeration. Where
reference is made to the formulas of preceding chapters a three-part enumer-
ation is used (the first digit referring to the chapter).
In conclusion I wish to express my deep gratitude to my colleagues at
the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics AN of the Armenian SSR, D.V.
Peshtmaldzhyan, A.A. Khachatryan and L.A. Movsesyan, who were of
great assistance in the preparation of this book.
S.A. Ambartsumyan
May 1959, Yerevan
vt
1964012887-008
CHAPTER I
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY
OF AN ANISOTROPIC BODY IN CURVILINEAR COORDINATES
SECTION 1. SOME REMARKS ON CURVILINEAR
COORDINATES IN SPACE
Here we 3halldiscuss in briefand withoutproof those aspects of the
theoryof curvilinearcoordinatesin space which willbe used in subsequentdis-
cussion.
As is known, the positionof any pointM in space may be uniquelydefined
by itsradiusvector r relativeto a certainfixedpointO. In rectangularCartesian
coordinatesfor r we have
r --_xi-4-yj-t.-zk, (1.1)
where, as usual, l, j. k represent the corresponding unit vectors.
In problems of the theory of shells the location of any point M with radius-
vector r is conveniently defined not by three cartesian coordinates x, y and z
but by any three other numbers a, It, _. The quantities a, _, .f.which uniquely de-
fine the location of point M in space are known as the curvilinear coordinates of
point M. Each of these coordinates is a function of radius vector r or a function
of the components x, y and z of this radius-vector in Cartesian coordinates:
a (r) :- a Cx. y. z). /
(r)= {_(x,y,z).I (I.2)
7[(r) = 7[Cx, y,z).
Conversely, since the radiu9 vector r of any point M in space _.s completely de-
fined when we are given _, B and y, it is a function of these independent
1964012887-010
2
variables, and, consequently, the components of this radius vector will be func-
tions of curvilinear coordinates
x-= xta, _. "I), Y_-Y(_, d,'l), z-=z(a, _, "I). (1.3)
In (1.2), assumir.g - (r) -- tonst. _(r) -- const, and _ (r) =--const, we obtain three fam-
ilies of surfaces. Through each point M in space there passes a surface of
each of these families. These surfaces are known as the coordinate surfaces.
The lines of intersection of the coordinate surfaces are referred ;o as coordin-
ate l'mes.
It is evident that in our case there will be three such coordinate lines:
coordinate line _ (with current ccord_nate _), which is formed by the intersec-
tion of coordinate surfaces ;_: co,st and-_ co_t; coordinate line _ (with current
coordinate 8), wb_ieh is formed by the intersection of coordinate surfaces
a-_ constand "_-:- const; coordinate line _ (with current coordinate y), which is
formed by the intersection of coordinate surfaces _ - const and -, =- cow, st (Figure 1).
y
/
I/
Figure i
In subsequentdiscussionwe shallbe interestedonlyin orthogonalc .rvi-
linearcoordinates,thatis, those curvilinearcoordinatesof which allcoordinate
lines_, B and _,are mutually perpendicularat each pointM in space. Inthe
giventriorthogonalsystem of curvilinearcoordinateswe have for the square of
a linearelement in space
ds2= H_ #d" -4- H_ d__-q-!:t_d'l", (1.4)
where
l). t3,"0,
1964012887-011
in the general case of orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, are functions of in-
dependent variables o_, B and y and are known as tSe Lame coefficients.
With the given relations of (1.3} for the given coordinate system the
Lame coefficients are determined by means of the following formulas:
Hi=lxl t')Y'? I
H:=\o_] _ _ _ .)2; (1.5)
" _ 06 ] )2,
/ 0x _ 0v 2 0z
For example, in cylindrical coordinates with _ := R. _ :,_. _ ----- :. when the re-
lations in (1.3) have the form
x := R ,:o_ ?, y _- R ,,in 9, z -= z,
from (1.5) we obtain for the Lame coefficients
H1:=1, H2=r, H:_=I.
In spherical coordinates for a =/_, 3 -_ _. _ --:-._. when the relations in (1.3) have
the form
x ---_R sin 0 cos ?, y -_- R sin rjsin 9, z --- R cos 0,
from (1.5) we bave for the Lame coefficients
H, --_ 1, H2=R, H3: R sin rj.
Finally, in Cartesian rectangular coordinates x, y, z, as is known, the formula
for the square of a linear element has the furm
ds 2 .= dx 2 _- dy 2 -}- dz 2,
2 2"
_ /..," ,/zd
Figure 2 Figure 3
1964012887-012
4
in virtue of which we have for the Lame coefficients
141= 1t2-= H3 = 1.
Coefficients Hi, as functions of the three independent variables c_, _ and
3/, ir_ any system of curvilinear orthogonal coordin ctes must satisfy the following
six differential equations:
( ) ( ) ]
2 , ,w, -t- , ,w. _)_ /I x a_ a,( II: a,',
( ) P (I ,)tl,) I ,)t12 #,t ,
__a i ,2/.,., + 4- --,- ........ o; (1.6)
()[', -/-I-, a: _1.( Jt_ a; II i d_ u_ "
a:tt, ! _)1t_ dlt I I dtt_ #ttl __ O;
2,j_,__ ___ eta, OH, __L o/,', oH, o: (1.7)
d_ 07 ti 3 O_ O'[ ttl "-d'_- -_)_- ----:-
d21t3 1 off, dH 3 I dt12 dli3 O.
Proof of the validity of these equations may be found in texts on differential
geometry. *
SECTION 2. DEFORMATION COMPG.ENTS AND DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIU,.I IN THE TRIORTHOGONAL SYSTEM
OF CURVILINEAR COORDINATES
Let a solid body expressed ir, ehe triorthogona| system of curvilinear co-
ordinates eL, B, and 3/ undergo deformation m,der the influence of any forces.
Then any point M belonging to the body and having the coordinates or, _ and 3/will
acquire a displacement which may be represented b:,, the following three pro-
jections of the total displacement vector onto the directions of the tangents t_
coordinate lines _, _ and 3/.
", = ", (=, _, 7); }
% = -_(=, _, "f); J (2.1)
% -= "I(=' _' _r).
*S.P. Finikov, Teoriya poverkhnostey (Theory of surfaces),ONTI, Gos-
tekhizdat,1934, pp. 185.-186.
1964012887-013
5
Henceforth, we shall refer to all these quantities as the displacements of point
M. For the positive displacements let us useu,, uvand uv directed toward
positive changes of the corresponding independent variables _, _ and y.
The deformed state of a solid three-dimensional body- in the vicinity of
point M is characterized by six deformation components. Of these components
three, which are designated by e. e+. e_, are the relative deformations of
elongation in three mutually perpend_,cular directions _, _ and y, respectively,
while the remaining three, designated by e,_. e+_. G,' are the corresponding de-
formations of shear occurring in three mutually perpendicular planes, which
planes are tangent at point M to three mutually perpendicular coordinate
surfaces T= const. ==const, I_-_ const.
The deformation components e,. e_..... e_, are associated with dis-
placements u, u_. and u_ of point M by means of the following formulas:
| Ou= 1 dH_ 1 _.Hi I
ea_-ill da -_ HIH2 #_ u;+_-HIH3 OT ul;
f
I c)u3 I OH2 1 c)H2
"'--Hz O_ + 142143 O'l U.f-.{-It, H= a= U,,; [ (2.2)
1
Ou.t I OHa 1 OH3
/t, a't + HsH, a,, u=-+-H3H, o_ u:,;
I
(.1.
kit 0 H3 0
H, 0 0 ]
e,,--._ -_-g( _--_u+)+ "
-
As is known, the stress at any point M of a solid three-dimensional
body is characterized by a stress tensor which is defined by nine compovents.
Of these components three are 9rmal stresses which act in three mutually
perpendicular directions of coordinate lines _, B and y and six are shearing
stresses acting in three mutually perpendicular planes which are tangent at
point M to three mutually perpendicular coordinate surfaces -----onst, _-----,onst.
and _ = const. In virtue of the duadicity of the shearing stresses the number of
independent stresses is not nine, but only six.
% a_, % are normal stresses with the subscripts indicating the direction
of the externa_ normal to that area to which the given stresses, let.
1964012887-014
6
_.__- _.' _.T_ zT.' _T-_ _ are shearing stresses; the first subscript
indicates the direction in which the _ven shearing stress acts and the second
subscript indicates the direction of the external normal to the area to which
the given stress is applied.
All stresses, both normal and shearing, are considered positive if,
upon being applied to the areas with positive external normals, they act along
the direction of the corresponding positive external normals (Figure 4).
Y
P
Figuce 4.
If the 3olid three-dimensional body under consideration is in equilibrium,
the equilibrium conditions of a differential element of the body in an arbitrarily
chosen triorthogonal system of curvilinear coordinates are represented by the
following three differential equations:
8 d
a H dH2 a H dHs OH_
Jr- _,H2-_ -}-P,HIH2H3 --_0; (2,. 4 v)
(HsH,.%) _ d
0"-_ + "-_ (H2HI_) -]- _ (H_H3_") --
#Hs
a.Hs _ +
OHs
+ ",_""_.;_ _dllt ..}_p_HiHoHa==O; (2 .4")
1964012887-015
) c) H._H2,c_.jr. d
#H, _H2 _4__._H20Hs
-- %H2-_ _:H1 a'_ -- _ -.-4.-
0H3
_. ,cpTi-ll _ "_. p1HIH2Ha _ (j, (2.4 '_)
where P.= P.(_, P, _), P_ := P_(_, P, _),and PT= P_(_, P' 7) are tLe corresponding
projections of the volumetric force onto the directions of the t_,:_ents to the
coordinate lines _, /_ and _/.
The reader will find a detailed discussion of the results _.resented in the
first two sections of this chapter in the work by V.Z. Vlasov. * These subjects
are also discussed in many courses in the theory of elasticity (for example,
L.S. Leybenzon** or A.I. Lur'ye). ***
SECTION 3. CURVILINE#_R ANISOTROPY. GENERALIZED
HOOKE 'S LAW,****,'****
Let us assume that the discuseed uniform elastic body is cu__vi, _uearly aniso-
tropic (that is, from the standpoint of elastic properties the equ_,. _, ent direc-
tions are not the parallel directions through various points of tbc _;_ly but
directions which conform to other rules). In choosing a system of curvilinear
coordinates so that at each point the elastically equivalent directions coincide
with coordivate directions, we note that infinitely small elements defined at
different points of the body by three pairs of coordinate surfaces, being anti-
sotropic, pos se s s identical elastic propertie s.
We shall assume that the discussed solid elastic body undergoes small
deformations and obeys the generalized Hooke's Law. Ip the general case of
a uniform curvilinearly anisotropic body the general_.zed Hooke's Law in the
discussed system of _.riorthogonal coordinates ol, .Band y has the following
form:
*V.Z. Vlasov, Obshchaya teoriya obolochek, Gostekhizdat, 1949, pp. 181-
182.
**L.S. Leybenzon, Kurs teorti unrugosti (Course in the theory of elas-
ticity), Gostekhizdat, 1947, pp. 125, 138.
***A. I. Lur'ye, Prostranstvennyye zadachi teorii uprugosti (Spatial prob-
lems in the theory of elasticity), Gostekhizdata 1955, pp. 29-49.
****S. G. Lekhnitskiy, Teoriya uprugosti anizotropnogo tela (Theory of
elasticity c/an anisotropic 1_9dy), Gostekhizdat, 1950, pp. 15-33.
*****S.G. Lekhnitskiy, Anizotropnyye plastinki (Anisotropic plates), Gos-
tekhizdat, 1957, pp. 15-23.
1964012887-016
8
e, -_ ann,, -+-al2% --{-al3al -+-- vt'c_,+ alsx,_ --{-ate_,_;
an. +- + ......... + (3.1)
, * . , o .
e,_ --_alsa, -t-"a_% -4- ......... "-t-a_x,_,
where ajk are the elastic constants (coefficients of deformation); there is a total
of 21 independent elastic constants; in terms of engineering constants, they are
as follows:
1 _ !
l" all "_- "_a' a_ : --_, d33 = W"
I!. a]2:_------ E_' a2s:--_: E.t'
'va. [ _,la
1 ! I
I!1 a 0, ass ac_ .
O_._ -- G_q -- O,_
IV. a_-- (Jc,t ti_o a46-_- _ '
--_ ' GEt O_
a4s-- G_ J,t
V. a14:---_- U_t ' a_s--_--_-_ -- O,_ ' aa_..... E1 -- O,_ "
where e,. E_. and E_ are Young's moduli in directions or, _ and _,, respectively;
O_v O,v O,_are the shear moduli for the --_--- . v,,-,_s parallel at each point to the
coordinate surfaces a -= const. [_= const, and _ = const; _. v_. _,v _,_' "i,v '_a are
Poisson's ratios characterizing the transverse compression in the presence
of tension in the directioi_ of the coordinate axes (the first subscript indicates
the chrection of transverse compression and the second subscript indicates
the direction of the force); }h,._v _',._.,_..... _.,_ are Chentsov coefficients char-
acterizing the shear in planes tangent to the coordinate su','faces and caused by
shearing stresses acting in. planes tangent to the other coordinate surfaces.
For example, _,,,_ characterizes the shear in a plane tangex.at to the coordin-
ate surface _ = const, and caused by stress 'nr %_.,' _,., ..... _,._ are the co-
efficients of interaction of the first kind and _a. ;m _. _t ..... _, ,., are the coefficients
1964012887-017
of interaction of the second kind. The first of these coefficients characterize the
shear in planes tangent to the coordinate surfaces and caused by normal
stresses; the second coefficients characterize elongation in the directions of
the coordinates and caused by shearing stresses. The coefficients of elasticity
aik given above are grouped according to the classification proposed by
p. Bekhterev* (the Roman numerals indicate the group numbers).
For the elastic potential referred to a unit volume of the body, we have
-- I 2+%
1
_- _-an_ + a_(a_v 4- a_4_1-F a2s_, + a_%_)_-
1 2
+ _ aa3a_+ nI (a34":_.f -_ a3s'C_, + a_ O) +
1 2
! 2
"4-"_ a_% + _,a_,_ 4-
1 2 (3.2)
On the b_sis of {3.1) V may also be represented in bilinear form
-_-(&e, --__e_ 4-- n_e_4- _e_v 4-':_,e_, + %_e,_). (3.3)
The potenti_al energy of det'ormatlon for the entire body is determined by inte-
gration of V over the entire volume of the body.
f Y
If there exists any symmetry in the internal structure of the material
of an anisotropic body, then m its elastic properties there is detected a cer-
tain elastic symmetry, th_.t _s, there exist symmetrical directions relative to
which the elastic properties of the material are identical; in this case the
symmetrical directions are known as equivalent directions.
When an anisotropic body possesses elastic symmetry the equations
ot Hooke's Law in gentral form are simplified. Let us discuss a few of the
more important cases of elastic symmetry.
1. Plane of Elastic Symmetry. Assume that at each point of the body
there is a plane possessing the property _hat any two directions which are
symmetrical relative to this plane are equival_nt with respect to their etastic
* P. Bekhterev, Analiticheskoye issledovaniye obobshchcnnogo zakona Guka
(Analytical investigation c_ generalized Hooke's Law), Author's lithograph,
Leningrad, 1925.
1964012887-018
10
properties. Assuming that coordinate 7 at each point of a curvilinearly
anisotropic body is perpendicular to the plane of elastic symmetry (that is,
the plane of elastic symmetry at each point is parallel to the coordinate
surface _= cot.st), we obtain the following equatigns for the generalized Hooke's
Law:
G= all:, + a12%+ a13%+ al_:o_;
e;m -=- a45_ _ -,4- as5"_.l;
/
e.:,: al6_. -F-a2sz,_ + a3601-F" a_'c,_. J
In thi._ t.r_se the number of independent elastic constants aik is reduced to 13.
Equations (3.5) may also be represented in the following form:
l _,2 _J3 -4-- r'l' t_
_'at "_a2 i r,3, _
(a.6)
i _._, _,
Fat, :_ 1
_,, , r_, t v_,_, a i
Here and henceforth the literal subscripts of the engineering constants
are replaced by numeral subscripts; t_ is replaced by 1, _ by 2 and _ by 3.
Directions perp_.ndieular to the plane of elastic symmetry are lmowxa
as the principal dire_ tions of elasticity. In the discussed case of elastic
; symmetry one principal direction passes through each u_.int of the body.
2. Three Planes of Elamic Syrametry. Through each point of the body
let there pass three mutually perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry.
i Assuming that at each point of a curvilinear anisotropic body these planes are
l perpendicular to the corresponding orthogonal coordinate directions a, _,
(that is, all three planes of elastic symmetry at each point of the body are
parallel to the coordinate surfaces a = const. [t= const, and -f_ const), we ob-
[ tain the follow*rig equations for the generalized Hooke's Law:
9
1964012887-019
11
e, == allaa-+- a!2_ _ -+- al3al; e_l _ aoix_7; /
e_ = at2_, + ar_%-+-a, _; el,-= a_'_,; I (3. '7)
e_ _ alaaa -+- a23 _) -_ a3aal; ea) _ aGG-ta).
In this case the number of independent elastic constants aik is nine
Equatio, s (3.7) may alto be l:resented in the following form:
_,, _, 1 ] (3.8)
1
el _ -- E"]- "-- -_t- % Ea _i,z "_,0"
Here, in virtue of the symmetry of equations O. 7), w,' have the relations
E2_21= Etvt2, Es_s2= E2_s, EF, s-- Es_s,. (3.9)
A body in which at each point there are three mutually p_rlmndicular
planes of elastic symmetry is known as an orthogcnally mzisotropic or ortho-
tropic body.
3. Plane of Isotropy. Through each point of a body let there pass a plane
in which all directions are elastically equivalent. Assuming that in a curvilin-
early anisotropic body coordinate _ is at each point perpendicular to the plane
of isotropy (that is, the plane of isotropy is at each poin_ parallel to the co-
ordinate surface _ -- const), we obtain the following equations for Hooke's Law
in general form:
In this case the number of independent elastic constar, _. ajk is five.
Equations (3.10) may also be given in the following form:
_' |
! (a, _ v%)-- at;
e_= -E"(a;_-- va,)-- _ as: e_,= -Or .c1,;
_' 1 2(I _- _)
e_-- -- -B O, + %) + -_ %; e,_= _ 't,r
O
1964012887-020
12
Here E is Yotmg's modulus for directions in the plane of isotropy; E' is Young's
modulus for directions perpendicular to the plane of isotropy; v is the Poisson'a
ratio characterizing contraction in the plane of isotropy in the presence of
tension in this same plane; v t is the Poisson's ratio characterizing contrac-
tion in the plane of isotropy in the presence of tension in the directiora per-
pendicular to this plane; G' is the shear modulus for planes normal to the
E
plane of isotropy; O _-_ is the shear modulus for planes parallel to the
plane of isotropy.
A body possessing the mentioned elastic properties is known as a trans-
versely isotropic body.
In the discussed case of elastic symmetry the direction perpendicular
to the plane of isotropy and all directions in this plane are principal directions.
4, Complete Symmetry -- Isotropic Body. Here all directions are
equivalent and any plane at any point of the body is a plane of elastic symmetry.
In thls case the equations for the generalized Hooke's Law have the form
1 /
1 _(%-or _.f)l; e_ _- _: e, -_- -_-[%_
e_= --K[a_-- _(_ -4- %)1; e_, = "U"_" (3.12)
I 1
e_:T[a :- *(o,+-a_)l; e,_=-U'... _ j
Here 1_.is YoungVs modulus; l_ i_ tke Poisson:s ratio; ,.__-- E
2(1 _-,) is the shear
moduLus. The number of indepevdent elastic constants is two.
From (3.2) Jt is easy to derive the expressions for potential energy
in any special case of anisotropy_ In view of their elementary nature we
shall not present these constructions here,.
SECTION 4. TRANSFORMAx'TION OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS VqITIt
ROTATION OF THE COORDINATE SYSTEIVI__, **
In the theory of elasticity of an anisotropic body we encounter problems
in which the solutions require the values of elastic constants for a certain
*S. G. I_khuJtskly, see pp. 33-48 of work cited in footnote **** of p.
7.
**S.G. Leldmttskly, see pp. 44-48 of work cited in footnote ***** of p.
7.
1964012887-021
13
system of coordinates a', _' and 7' when the elastic constant_ for another
system of coordinates a, _ and 7 are known.
Let us discuss the generalized plane stress of an anisotropic plate.
At each point of the material of the plate let there be only one plane of elastic
symmetry parallel to the median plane of the plate, which coincides with the
combined coordinate planes _ and _'_'. Let the coordinate _ystem (_, 6. _)
and (_'. 3', T') be obtained one from the other by rotation through a certain
angle _ around the common axis Y-
Proceeding in the known manner, * we obtain the following transforma-
tion formulas of the elastic constants:
a'n = an cs_? +(2an +- aee)sin__ cs2 _ + (4.1)
-+-a22sm4_ -t- (ale cos2_ -4- a2esin__) sin 2_,
a_ -= a n sin4_ -'l-(2an + ass)sin2_ cos2? -'1- (4.2)
--t-a_ cos4_ -- (a;s sin2? -'l- a2ecos_ T)sin 2?.
/
a n ----- (an -Jr-a_ -- 2an -- ass) sin2? cos2_ +
1 (4.3)
-'l- an-k- _- (a_s-- als) sin 2_ cos 2?,
I
aee= 4 (al; -t- a_ -- 2an -- a_s)sin2_ocos2_ -I-
-_- ace -4- 2 (a_s -- ale ) sin 2cpcos 2% (4.4)
' Ia22 sin2 Cos2 ,.
a.16 =- ? -- _qll
L
1 (2ax 2 -I- a66) COS
27] sin 2:p -+- al_ cos 2 ? (cos 2? -- 3 sin 27) _-
+
2
(4.5)
-t- a26 sin2 ? (3 cos 2 '_ -- sin _?),
' [ " 1 (2a,2_L_ 27]
a26___ a2_cos.?__ansin2?-- _- ac_);os sin2?-_--
4- a_6 sin2? (3 cos 2? -- sin2 ?) + a2_ cos _? (;os 2 ? -- 3 sin2?). (4.6)
Let us give the following invariant relations:
I I I
a, t --t- a_ --{- 2a_2 = a_ + a_ -4- 2at2,
a'_ -- 4a',_----%6-- "a;r (4.7)
in the special case where we have an orthotropic plate for which the principal
directions of elasticity coincide with the directions of coordinate lines a, _,
and for them the principal elastic constants are known, from (4.1)-(4.6) by
virtue of (3.8), we obtain for the elastic constants atjk
(__ ) sin*? (4.8)
all_' cos*,_ T _+_ 2_,E, sin2 T COS__P't- Es '
, sin* T [ I '
a_ --__ Jr __- -- _'_e, ! _in__Pcs_ _0+- _cos'/_l _ ' (4.9)
1964012887-022
, ! { 14- '1 I-*-_2 i)4n 227_ " ,
aL,-----4- _---K- + E, (s _,- (4.1O)
{._l_-._ "q 4- 1-i"',_ 1 ) sin22? 4 1
a,. =_ E, F-2 O O' (4.11)
, [ (_,,,,,_ c,,.,, _ )+ alb -- 2 t: 2 El
+(,f (4.12)
E, ) (cs2? ?
-- sit,- ?_j sin cos?.
, i (cn_0 s,n'_) a2t' =- ."2)\ /=2 PZt
From (4.7) we find the corresponding invariant expressions for an or-
thotropic material
!
1 I 2h 1 1 2"q
e-i-+., , -- --t
12z E 1 Et E2 E l
!
l 4_ t 1 4h
l- _ -- (4.14)
G' _ G ' /-",
In formulas (4.8)-(4.14) the following new notation is introduced:
v,2= v2, v2,= _,. (Ep2= E2h). 0,2:=0 (4.15)
The notationgiven in (4.15)willalso be used subsequently.
SECTION 5. ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR CERTAIN ANISOTROPIC
MATERIALS
Of the various types of anisotropicbodies we shalldiscuss onlynon-
crystallineanisotropicmaterials, which are widelyused in modern engineering
for shells. These materials include,for example, naturalwood, concrete,
rolledsheet metal, paper, deltawood and plywood, fabrics,and others. In
thefirstapproximationwe shallassume thatthe d_scussed materials are homo-
geneous, ortlaotropic and subjectedto a generalizedplane stress. We shall
assume thattheprincipalplane xOy is the center plane of an elementary plate
cutfrom the discussed anisotropiematerial.
1. Natural Wood. Due to the presence of annual layers, naturalwood
isregarded as an anisotropicbody. Disregarding nonuniformityand curva-
tureof the layers innaturalwood, itis easy to detectthree planes ofelastic
symmetry: one of them (yOz)is normal to the grain of tha wood, the second
(xOy)is parallelto theplane of the annual layers and the third(xOy)is ortho-
gonalto the firsttwo (Figure5).
1964012887-023
15
?
Figure 5
By way of example let us present the numerical values of the elastic
constants for pine:*
EI=E_r= I . 10Skgic.a2; E2=E>=O,042. 10Skg.'c_2:
(5
1)
_xy _ _a _-_ 0.01 ; Oi2 _ Oxy = 0.075 10s kg 'c._ 2. _ "
A detailed discussion of the physical characteristics of wood may be found in
the work by A.N. Mitinskiy. **
2. Delta Wood. Delta wood is a laminated wood material obtail,ed by
hot pressing of a wood stack consisting of a large number of layers (ph_s)
impregnated with resin. At intervals of every ten plies with longitudinally
directed grain one layer with transversely directed gxain is inserted; delta
wot;d is essentially laminar and anisotropic. However, to the first approxi-
mation we shall assume that delta wood is a homogeneous orthotropic ma-
terial. Assuming that the x axis coincides with the direction of the prevailing
grain (Figure 6), for the averaged elastic constants of delta wood we have the
following numerical values:***
E1=-:3,05 10Skg/c_2; E2= 0,467 10Skg/c_2; ]
'2 =-:0,02; O2_-=-0,22, 105kg/c ._. I (5.2)
*A. L. Rabinovich, Concerning elasticconstantsand strengthof anisotropic
materials,Trudy TsAGI, No. 582, 1946.
**A. N. Mitinskiy,Elasticconstantsofwood as an orthotropicmaterial,
Trudy Lesotekhnicheskoyakademii ira.S.M. Kirova, No. 63, 1948.
***A L. Rabinovich, see footnote* on thispage.
1964012887-024
16
Iz
Figure 6
3. Plywood. Let us discuss birch plywood made of an odd number of
layers (plies) bound by bakelite film. The plies are symmetrically arranged
relative to the center ply and the directions of the grain of two adjacent
layers are mutually perpendicular (Figure 7). A sheet of plywood is laminar
and anisotropic. However, in the first approximation we may assume that
in the case of plywood we also have a homogeneous orthotropic material.
For the averaged elastic constants of three-layer plywood with thick-
nesses of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mm we have the following
numerical values:*
E1-- 1,2. 10skg/c_2; E2_-0,6. 10Skg/c_2; [
(5.3)
v2 --_ 0,036; O12 _ 0,07 105kglc._ _.
!
Here it is assumed that the x and y axes are parallel and perpendicular, re-
spectively, to the grains of the outer layers of the plywood sheet.
Shells made of delta wood or of plywood will be dealt with in subsequent
discussion as laminated structures of orthotropic layers of wood (plies).
4. Concrete. By virtue of the technological characteristics in manu-
facture and placement of concrete this material acquires the properties of
*Spravoclmik aviakonstruktora, t. III, Prochnost' samoleta (Aircraft
designers handbook, Vol. III, Aircraft strength), Izd. TsAGI, 1939, p.
325.
1964012887-025
17
anisotropy. We present the numerical values of the modulus of elasticity of
anisotropic (orthotropic) lightweight concrete:*
E,:= 1,08. 105kg/c.u2; E2_---0.81 105lrg/ca4_. (5.4)
5. Paper. The technological aspects of paper manufacture are such
that paper generally possesses the properties of anisotropy.
The numerical values of the elastic constants of semi-Whatman paper**
(produced by the Goznak plant) having a density of 160 g/m 3 are:
El_---30,1" 103kg/c_2; E2=22,6" 103kg/._2; I
v2: 0,23; O12= 9,96 103kg/c.u2. I (5.5)
Iz
b
Figure 7.
*K.S. Karapetyan, Intluence of anisotropy on creep of concrete, Izves-
tiya AN ArmSSR, FM nauki, Vol. X, No. 6, 1957.
**V. M. Chebanov, Investigation of stability of thin-walled shells by
means of paper models, Inzhenernyy sbornik, Vol. XXII, 19_5.
1964012887-026
D
18
CHAPTER II
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF THE THFORY OF SI_'ELLS CONSISTING
OF AN ARBITRARY NUMBEB OF ANISOTROPIC LAYERS
SECTION 1. BASIC CONCEPTS, INITIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND
H_ POTHESES
Let us examine a multi-layer thin shell of uniform thickness h consist-
ing of mu arbitrary number of homogeneous anisotropic layers of uniform
thickness ti (Figure 8).
fY
J
Figure 8
It is assumed that at each point of each layer of the shell there is only
one plane of axial symmetry parallel to the coordinate surface of the shell;*
the coordinate surface is parallel to the outer surfaces of the shell and lies
*Here and henceforth we shall assume that the term "coordinate surface
of the shell" refers to the surface _ = 0.
i
1964012887-028
19
within any i-th layer. In special cases, the coordinate surface of the shell
may also be any of the surfaces of contact of the layers or any of the boundary
surfaces of the shell*,**,***, ****
The c, and/3 be curvilinear orthogonal c9ordinate_ coinciding wii.h the
lines of principal curvatu.re of the coordinate surface of the shell while 3/, be-
"rig normal to the coordinate lines _ _ cons+, and _ =: const, is rectilinear and rep-
resents the distance along the normal from point (a, _) of the coordinate
surface to point (a.._. 7_ of the shell (Figure 9). We assume that all layers of
the shell remain elastic in the presence of deformation, that is, they obey the
generalized Hooke's Law (1.3.5) and function simultaneously without slip.
In the chosen triorthogonal system of coordinates for the Lame coef-
ficients (1.1.5) we ",,,,illhave*****
Hi=A(1 _t-kl'{). H2=B(I _-k_.y),
11/3 --: l, (1.1)
/
,ql
Figure 9
where A --- ,4(a, It) and B --:-B (2, _l are coefficients of the first quadratic form of
the coordinate surface, k_ ---k, (a..3). /_2= k2(_. _)-- are the principal curvatures
of the coordinate surface of the shell at lines _ --- const, and a = cons,, respectively.
'_D. Yu. Panov, Heat resistance of bimetallic shells (toward a theory of
a heat _;,_tch). PMM, Vol. XI, No. 6, 1947.
**8.A. Ambartsumyan, Anisotropic laminar shells (problems of strength).
Dissertation, 1951.
***S.A. Ambartsumyan, Concerning design calculations for laminar
anisotropic shells. Izvestiya AN Arm SSR (FM'YeiT nauki), Vol. VI, No. 3, 1953.
****E. I. Grigolyuk, Thin bimetallic shells and plates. Inzhenernyy sbornlk,
Vol. XVII, 1953.
*****V.Z. Vlasov, Obshchaya teoriya obolocnek, Gostekhizdat, 1949, pp.
212-214,
1964012887-029
2O
Inserting the values of Hj from (1.1) into (1 4.3) and _tssuming T= 0.
we obtain the well-known Gauss-Codazzi relationships for the coordinate sur-
face of a sheU
0(__0B_ , 0/! OA
- _j+_)=--k,k_._B; i
0_
(A_,) : k__ _ I 1.,.)
Invirtueof relationsIxips (I.2) we also have
1 OH_ 1 OU I OH, I OA (1.3)
wldch will be used in subsequent discussion.
For the deformation compownts of the i-th layer of the shell of (1.2.2)
and (1.2.3) we obtain (for the sake of simplicity we have omitted the i subscript_
of H1 and H2)
, 10u _- ! OH_u_-a- _ 0_ t. (1-. 4)
10u_ 1 OH2 t 10H2 I (1.5)
eJ = -ff2-_ _f- H,Ha _ U"+-A_ -_- UT;
l __ Oulr.
e_---_-, (1.6)
HI O H2 1 l
e_ := H 0
O 1
.,:n,_(_.)+_, ' (z.9)
B]_.-,_.
The equilibrium equations in (1.2.4) are also simplified, which in the
chosen system of coordinates for the 8-th layer of the shell have the following
form:
- o ., _(n%)+
jr. 1_ O(H?H_x___4_H_Hap_" ._ O; (1.10)
1964012887-030
21
(n,o_) , o,, i o..._,.
-- a _ t 74%_ (n2%-) +
I 0
-r -kl-a _ (HLII_!_) + HiH._P_= 0; (1.11)
(n, ne',)- %_'-o'n a-, __
0
+ _.CM_, )+_(,4,) +H,H_P' =0. (z. 12)
The initial, equationsof the generalizedHooke's Iaw (1.3.5)for the
i-th layer are written as follows:
The basic premise for construction of a theory of thin ,qnisotropie lam-
inar shells is the wel!--kitown hypothesis of nondeformable nurmals. It is formu-
lated as follows: after deformation a rectilinear element normal to the coordin-
ate surface of a shell remains rectilinear, normal to the deformed coordinate
surface of the sheil and preserves its length. Usually this geometric assumption
ie supplemented by the static assumption that the normal stresses _' at areas
parallel to the coordinate surface of a thin shell may be disregarded in compari-
son with other stresses.
As is .known, the classical formulation adopted here for the hypothesis
of nondeformable normals is not, strictly speaking, a fortunate choice and re-
quires refinement* ,**, the more so since we are discussing anisotropic
laminar shells. ***
In applying the hypothesis of nondeformable normals we introduce into
the theory of shells a certain unavoidable error which, as investigations
*A. L. Gol'deaveyzer, Teoriya uprugikh tonktkh cbolochek, Gostekhizdat,
1953, pp. 64-66.
"*V.V. Novozhilov, Teoriya tonkikh obolochek, Sudpromgiz, 195!. p. 33.
***S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward calculation of two-layer orthotropic shells,
Izvestiya OTN, AN SSSR, No. 7, 1957.
1964012887-031
22
reveal*,**,***, will be of the order of h/Ri. however, there are cases in
which this error is considerably greater. **** In the present work we shall
a.asume that tke. error introduced into the theory of shells by the t,ypothesis
of nondeformable normals is at least as great as h'R,.
Finally, with the usual engineering assumption of a relative error of
1
5%, those shells vail be considered thin in which***** max (hkj) _< _ and at the
same time max (h,'a)_ s,where a is the minimum linear dimension of the shell
at the c,_ordinate surface and is a small quantity (for example, for an
isotropic shell---0.1), which will be established subsequently. The second
condition (borrowed from the theory of plates) is a necessary condition, since
if a thiu shell is defined only frem the point of view -_f the ratio of the thick-
ness of the shell to the minimum radius of curvature of the coor'.ilnate surface
(the first condition), from the point of view of the theory of 9rotes (second
condition) it may be thick and the adopted basic assumption becomes un-
aeceptable.
The definition of a thin shell as given here is somewhat conditional
in nature, since if the thickness of the shell is regarded from the stand-
point of the possibility of applying the hypothesis of nondeformable normals,
the geometric definition given here for a thin shell will, in the case of artiso-
tropic laminar shells, require substantial nmdification.
We shall return to the problem of formulation of the hypothesis of
nondeformable normals and, accordingly, to the definition of a thin anisotropic
shell (particularly in the last chap:zr).
SECTION 2. DISPLACEMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS
The geometric hypothesis of nondeformable normals, given for the
entire stack of the shell as a whole, relieves us to the necessity of investigat-
ing the displzeements and aeformations of each layer individually.
*B. G. Galerkin, Equilibrium of 0, spherical elastic shell, PMM, Vol
VI, No. 6, 1942.
**A.I. Lur'ye, Equilibrium of a symmetrically loaded, spherical,
elastic shell, PMM, Vol. VII, No. 6, 1943.
***V.V. Novozhilov, R.M. Finkel'shteyn, concerning error in the
Ki='khoff's hypothesis in the taeory of shells, PMM, Vol. VII, No. 5, 1943.
****A. L. Goi'denveyzer, see p. 66 and 236 of the work cited in reference
1 above.
*****V.V. Novozhilov, see p. 6 of the work cited in reference 2 above.
1964012887-032
23
Having the deformations of elongationand shear as well as the par-
arneterscharacterizingthe change in curvature and torsicnof the coordinate
surfaceof the shell,we may determine the deformations and displacements of
any layer of the shellby elementary means. Moreover, as is easilyshown,
allthe characteristicsof deformation and displacement of each layer are ob-
tainedfrom thedeformations and displacements of a certainhomogeneous
shell. Using thefundamental hypothesis,we may consider* thatofthe six
relationshipsin (1.3.5)the third,fourthand fifthmay be replaced by the
followingapproxih_ateequalities-
eT--O. e_--_O, e,_=O (2.1)
or, for an _ndividual layer of the shell
ei=O. e_---0.d =0. (2.2)
T _'T _T
which are formally equivalent to the assumption that tl-.e deformation of the
shell as a whole occurs without shear deformations e._. and e_ in the planes
of normal sections and without elongation e_ in the direction of the thickness
of the shell.
In virtue of (2.1) and (2.2), from (1.6) we have
du' T _
O_ O. u_=- wi (2. _) = _v(_, _), (2.3)
that is, normal displacement ui of any point of any layer of the shell does not
T
depend on coordinate ),. Normal displacement of all points of a given normal
element have constant value and are equal to the normal displacement w = dv,_. _)
of that point of the coordinate surface of the shell, which point is formed upon
intersection of the given normal with the coordinate surface of the shell.
On the basis of (2.1) and (2.2), from (1.7) and (1.8), after the known
transformations**, for tangential displacements of the 8-th layer of the shall
we obtain
0w. (2.4)
ut = (1 -_-/h7) u -- _
tt I
Ow (2.5)
u_=(l+k27 )v-B O_'
*A. L. GoUdenveyzer, see footnote * on p. 21.
**V_ Z. Vlasov, see pp. 218-220 of work cited in footnote **'** on p. 19.
1964012887-033
24
where u = u (a. {}). v = v(a. _) are the tangential displacements of the corre-
sponding point of the coordinate surface of the envelope, that is, the displace-
ments of this point are in the directions of the positive tangents to the lines
of curvature of the coordinate surface _=const. and a = const, respectively.
Thus, formulas (2.3)-(2.5) establish the geometric model of the deformed
state of the shell.
On the basis of (2.3)-(2.5) deformations e:. e_ and e_, may be repre-
sented in the form of power series of variable % wherein, in virtue of the
fundamental hypothesis, we may limit ourselves tc the first two terms of the
expansions, namely,
' (2.6)
e. = _! Jr- _xl;
(2.7)
e_=__2+ _x2;
c_= _+ T_. (2.8)
Inserting the values of u:. u_ and u'; respectively, from (2.4), (2.5)
and (2.3) into expressions (1.4), (1.5), (1.6) and equating tbe results to (2.6),
(2.7) and (2.8), respectively, for the coefficients of expansions (2.6)-(2.8)
we obtain
I ou 1 0A (2.9)
l or, I on ' - (2 10)
n2-- B O_ -t- _---B_ u -I- R2w;
/
t=-Ba_ + AO,,\BI' (2.11)
,o(_ ) , . v k,+:
OW OA Ow Ok I Ok t
xa-- AOa Ta --AB 20,_ 0_ +_A q 0_ B (2.12)
1 O(l 0w) ) OBOw.t. Ol_tu.a Oktv ,,
(2.13)
2 [ O*w l OAOtv 1 OBOw'
-t-tk, h,)[A u b_(X) -8
which are the same as the corresponding coefficients of the expansions derived
in the case of a homogeneous isotr,_pic shell. *
*V. Z. Vlasov, see p. 221 of the work cited in footnote ***** on p. 19.
1964012887-034
25
The expansion coefficients _. _2, _. which are known as the components
of tangential deformation, represent the relative deformations of elongation and
shear of the coordinate surface of a shell. The expassion coefficients x_. z2. and
whl.ch are known as the changes in curvature of the coordinate surface of the
shell, represent the varia'" -_ in deformations e., e_, e,_ over the thickness of
the shell (Linearly). x_and _ describe the bending deformation, r the torsional
deformation.
_stead of expressions (2.12)-(2.14), most authors use the following
relationships for changes in curvature:
1 0(10. kl_) ! c)B[I Ow__k,u):
2 [ O_o 1 OAO_ ! OBOw]
(,o_, , oa ,_ (._0_, , o, ) + 2ka S 0_ A-B_ u] -'t- 2k2 O.. AB 0.. v , (2.17)
which, strictly speaking, cannot be _dentified with changes in curvature of the
coordinate surface of the shell, since in deriving relationships (2.15)-(2.17)
it is assumed that the tangential deformations of the central surface do not
correspondingly affect the changes in curvature of the coordinate surface of the
shell.
Analyzing the above derived variant_ of (2.12)-(2.14) and (2.15)-(2.17),
for evaluation of the change in curvatures it is not difficult to see* that they
differ only within the limits of accuracy of the initial assumptions of the theory
of thin-walled shells. For the purpose of simplification of calculations in each
special case in the present work we shall use either the first or second variant
of the relationships for the change in curvature.
SECTION 3. EQUATIONS OF CONTINUITY OF DEFORMATIONS
OF THE COORDINATE SURFACE
Among the six parameters_l, _2, w, ,_. x2, ,,which characterize deforma-
tion of the coordir_ate surface of a shell there are three differential relation-
ships which are valid for any values of displacements u, v and w.
*V.V. Novozhilov, see p. 27 of work cited in footnote ** en p. 21.
1964012887-035
26
Eliminating displacements u, v, _. from equations (2.9)-(2.11) and
(2.15)-(2.17_ and using the Gauss-Codazzi equations (1.2), we obtain*,**,***
three differential relationships in terms of the six components of deforma-
tion of the coordinate surface of the shell:
0,2 #B ,10_ OA __k20A
r 0,,_ c)A aE_ OB 1 4- k1[A_ + 3_ _ --B _- a,, (%--el)-_0; (3.1)
D'____OA B _: )B OB
[n 9'" OB OE, OA ] (3.2)
4,2z1____kl_.2.___-___BI o I [B dE2 " OB
A a,,, OA ] O , [ .0_,_4-
'2 0,_ 0_ +_-B- AO__-
04 B 0,o OB ]} (3.3)
+ -_-(E,--%) 2 0_ -&--w ----0.
The functions _,... _, s_ :isfying these equations characterize that de-
formed state of the shell in which the coordinate surface remains continuous,
without undergoing rupture. For this reason (3.1)-(3.3) are known as the con-
ditions of nondiscontinuity of the coordinate surface.
These conditions for a shell of arbitrary shape were first derived
by A. L. GoUdenveyzer.****
SECTION 4. STRESSES IN LAYERS
Using the fundamental hypothesis and disregarding stresses o_,we ob-
tain from the generalized Hooke's Law (1.13)
e' = fio!. + , t a' "
= r-, ._ %6%_' (4.I)
l
_ --a_ -_-a2_o _H-aeon.
*V. Z. Vlasov, see pp. 287-292 of work cited in footnote ***** on p. 19.
**V.V. Novozhilov, see pp. 28-29 of work cited in footnote ** on p. 21.
***A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. t}5-59 of work cited in footnote * on p. 21.
**** A. L. Gol'denveyzer, Additions and corrections to Love's theory of
thin shells, Sb. Plastinki i obolochki (Symposium on plates and shells), Gos-
stroyizdat, 1939.
1964012887-036
27
Solving these _quations for the components of the stress tensor and
considering (2.6)-(2.8), we obtain*
' B_l=l + t i
B12_,2 + _6=+ 1 + q-
(B,_, B_,_ B_); (4.2)
OI =
-i'- T(S._,z_.,a_B.2x, -t- B2s_); (4.3)
_13 l
= s,6,, + s_,-.t-- 8'_=+ .f(s_, + B'_+ '_k,_). (4.4)
where for coefficients Bjk we have
Having the values of stresses _=, o_, and _,_,the remaining three com-
ponents of the stress tensor are easily determined from the eqt_ilibrium equa-
tions (I. i0)--(I. 12). Restricting ourselves to the general form, for the men-
tioned stresses we obtain
/[ OH, j
' ' _ _ (U_o:)-- U, +
_"= ._/ u, Wo,
,{/[ o.,,
4, =- ug-'-_, u, (u,4)- u, -_ o.+
o
+_-
. .(/[ o...
_- #Tui #= "+ H, _ o,--
1'
_.(",_.,)--l(H,_)]'_+_,(,. P)}. (_'_)
Here _ (=. _), St (=, _) and X_(=, _) are functions resulting from integration for
7. They may be determined from the conditions at the contact surfaces of
*S. G. Lekhnitskiy, Anizotropnyye plastinki, Gostekbizdat, 1957, pp.
243 -244.
1964012887-037
28
adjacent layers and at the external surfaces of the shell *,**
SECTION 5. CONDITIONS OF CONTACT OF ADJACENT LAYERS
Previously, in formulating the basic concepts, it was stated tilat the
1,'tyers of the shell function concurrently without slippage. In virtue of this
the stresses and displacements of individual layers at the bonded surface
must satisfy the following contact conditions (Figures 8 and 10):
When _ = _l
[Y
'Z Figure 10
In addition, the stresses of the extreme layers must also satisfy the
following ,_onditions at the outer surfaces of the shell:
When "r= --
I 1 _X-,
0T=: -- Z -, '_=T
, (5.3)
when _ --=(/=-- 4)
*S.G. Lekhnitskiy, Bending of heterogeneous, anisotropic, thin plates
of symmetrical structure, PMM, Vol V, No. 1, 1941.
**S, A. Ambartsumyan, Some fundamental equations ill the theory of a
laminar, thin shell, DAN ArmSSR, VIII, No. 5, 1948.
1964012887-038
29
ffl n _ t/I n ;
a_ _ Z , _1 _ X
v+, (5.4)
where X-. .... Z corresponding components of the force vectors of
the surface loads; 1 and (m + n) are the numbers of the outer layers (Figure
11).
(_ .... -dj tsm.,-,_J J'
Figure I1
In virtue of the fact that the hypothesis of nondeformable normals was
given for the entire stack of the shell, the contact conditions of (5.1) are auto-
matically satisfied. This may be seen from an e.-.amination of the initial
relationships (2.3)-(2.5).
SECTION 6. INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS
Section 4 of the present chapter established the laws of change in
stresses directed along the thickness of the shell; however, as in the
theory of homogeneous isotropic shells, instead of the stresses it is con-
venient to introduce their statically equivalent internal forces and moments
acting on the areas of the principal normal cross-sections of the shell.
From the conditions of static equivalence for internal tangential
(T_. 7"2, S_2, $20 and transverse (N_. _J2)forces as well as for the bending (M_. /_)
and torsional (H_2, H2_) moments referred to a unit length of arc of the cor-
responding coordinate lines, we have (Figures 8, 11, 12, 13)
1964012887-039
30
'X f o:"_v r,='X f '
r_ : _ -X _H_ d'I;
, _-I (_,_.-_) s-t (_,_,-A) (6. I)
,,,., (_-A) m+,, (8,-A)
s,__,,)2 f ,._,_. s,,: X f 4,-,<; {6.2)
.,., (,-A) ,,,+. (_.-A)
, f , y., f
N1 = -B X '_,qH._ d"T, N2 -= '_,H, a'_; (6.3)
s=l (_,_,-_) ,-1 (S,_I-A)
m,n (_s -p') m+n (_$-a)
l f, , f (6.4)
M, : _ _ a='{H,d"l, A'i,=-_- _, a_'iH, d'_;
,=1 (a,_.-a) _.1 (__,-_)
m+n {_$-fl) ra+, (85-.A) (6.5)
H_2= -_ _,_'IH2a'_. Ha = -X
Here (m + n) is the number of layers of the shell, m is the number of layers
below the coordinate surface of the shell, n is the number of remaining layers.
(If the coordinate surface of the shell is located within any layer, n is under-
stood to be the number of layers above the coordinate surface plus one, and if
the coordinate surface of the shell coincides with any surface of contact, n
is understood to be the number of layers above the coordinate surface).
Ir
I
t._g.
Figure 12
Tangential forces T1, T 2 and S12 , $21 are, respectively, the normal
and shear forces. The normal forces are considered positive if they are
tensile forces. The shear forces are considered positive if, being applied to
areas with positive external normals, they act in the directions of the cor-
responding positive tangents to the coordinate hnes a ==const, _ = coast. Trans-
verse forces N1 and N2 which, upon being applied to areas with positive
1964012887-040
31
3xterr.al normals, are directec' alr'lg the positive normal to the coordinate
surface are assumed to be posi_.ive. The positive directions of internal
forces are shown in Figure 12.
lY
I
Fi_,__lre 13
Bending moments M1 and M2 are positive if they increase the curva-
ture of the coordinate surface of a shell of poMtive Gaussian c,_rvature. The
torsional moments H12 and H21 are positive if the vectors of these moments,
when laid off according to the-right hand screw rule, have directions opposed
to the directions of the tangents to coordinate lines _=const. and a _-const.
respectively. The positive directions of the moments are shown in Figure 13.
Replacing the stresses with their statically equivalent stresses,
henceforth, instead of an a.'bitrary three-dimensional element of the shell,
we may examine the corresponding two--dimensional element of the coordin-
ate surface of a shell under the action of internal forces and moments. Herein
the examined element of the coordinate surface of the shell will be considered
to possess the derived physical-mechanical characteristics of the correspond-
ing three--dimensional element of the shell.
SECTION 7. EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
In Section 1 of the present chapter we presented the equilibrium equa-
tions for a volumetric element of the i-th layer of a shell; however, in sub-
sequent discussion, as in the case of a homogeneous isotropic shell, we
shall also be interested in the integral equilibrium conditions of the shell.
Using four sections normal to the coordinate surface of the shell we
distinguis_ a small curvilinear rectangle whose sides coL:cide with the coordin-
ate lines_= const, and _= const.
The indicatedshellelement willbe acted upon by internalforces in the
form of stressesactingon the edges of the shell,externalforces inthe form
ofvolumetric forces appliedtoeach layer of the discussed shellelement, and
surfaceforces appliedto thecorresponding externaland internalsurfaces
delimitingthe discussed shellelement.
1964012887-041
32
As was stated in the previous section, all the internal forces may be
reduced to their statically equivalent forces and moments which v4ll be ap-
plied to _he contour lines of the corresponding elem_',_ of the coordinate
surface of the shell. In similar fashion, the external lo_c_s may also be
reduced to their statically equivalent forces applied to the surface of the
corresponding element of the coordinate surface of the shell. ,_ioreover,
as usual, we shall disregard moments which appear upon achieving the indi-
cated process of reduction.
In the case of multi-layer shells, for the given external forces applied
to the coordinate surface of the sLell we have
T,j -_j+x- --_,,(,---_)
m+n (% -*)
; (7.1)
_.1 (%_,.-A)
z /
_+,, (%-':)
; %,-_ 1"
+ --_ z__ , _H, H2d.r: (7.2,)
IJ
_-I (_ _,-_)
.,+. (h-A)
5 J"
s-I (_j_i-_)
Thus, the problem of equilibrium of a small element of the shell has been re-
duced to the problem of equilibrium of the corresponding small element of
the coordinate surface of the shell under the action of i_.ternal (6.1)-(6.5)
and external (7.1)-(7.3) forces (Figurel4).
/
S.
I,e
N,
,%
T,.. s.... s_,
Figure 14
1964012887-042
33
Henceforth, without further reference thereto, within .he accuraoy of
the fundamental hypothesis in expressions (7.1)-(7.3), we sball disregard
quantities of the order of h/Rj in comparison with unity.
The equilibrium equations _f an anisotropic laminar shell, as is known,
cannot differ from the corresuonding equations for a homogeneous isotropic
shell. In this connection, without going into a detailed derlvation, we present
the final expressions for the equilibrium equations
OBTI OB 0AS2, OA
O_ 0,, T2 _-_-r--_ SI2"+- ABkINI : - AB)(;
OAT 2 OA . 0BS,2 OB S
0'_ d_ TI -_'_-+--0-_- 21-_- ABk_N2 =--. ABY"
1 I OPN t OANs_
- (k_r_+ _r_) +--_ t-o-;--+ --o3--i = -- z;
(7.4)
OBM_ OAH v OA OB
da -{- ----O_ -= --t- _ Ht2 -- _ M2 = ABNt;
OAM_ OBHt, OB /./21 OA
H,2 H2, = O.
Sl2 - S,214 R, R,,
The derivation of equations (7.4) may be found in tlm monographs by A. L.
Gol'denveyzer* and V.V. Novozhilov. **
The sixth equilibritLm equation
n,, "_" =- 0 U. 5)
$12-- S214 _, Rz
is an identity. This is easily seen by inserting into (7.5) the values of Sik and
Hik from (6.2) and (6.5) respectively.
SECTION 8. POTENTIAL ENERGY OF DEFORMATION
By virtueofthe fundamental hypothesis,from (1.3.3):._d(1.... 4) we
obtainfor the potentialenergy of deformation of a multi-layershell
*A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 33-36 of work cited imfootnote * on
p. 2l,
**V. V. Novozhilov, see p_. _4-38 of work cited in footnote ** on p. 21.
1964012887-043
34
v=_L.1ff|--L _ . (o:e:+ o_4
(_,- ;-_)
3
qLx_e_'_), (i Jr- kiT) (1 -Jr-k2T) dT] AB da d_.
(8. 1)
J
Inserting the values of stresses from (4.2)-(4.4) and of deformations from
(2.6)-(2.8) it)to (8.1) and integrating with respect to variable y, we obtain
the following expression for the ootential energy of deformation of an aniso-
tropic laminar shell:
! l f C 2
= . " E ,'_._m2 V _ ./ . IC,;-'_+ 2C;.:., 2_- "'.,2%+ _-
f
I i c L
'2-C26_s21
AB
d2d3
._L 2Ci6tu.i-4- Jr-,-- ,1 iKnel'/I _-
.4- /('12 (_l't2 _- E2Xl) -_- K22"c2x2 + K{_6'o= -F
"/_lfi(_'l _i _ tU'_I) _1--11"26(E27 -F_%)l ABdad_ F
,f/
+ ff [Duxi + 21)l:,hx. + D,.,',_- D_Y: 4-
Jr 2D_6xx_-Jr 2D26:%]AB da d_. (8.2)
where coefficients Cjk, Kjk and Djk have the following form:
tt/,h
(-/k = ,_ Bjk(_, -- _, ,); (8.3)
PTIII
; X" 1(_ o, o,
h'/, _ _B,_ - _)- 25(_,-- ,)]; (8.4)
.:1%_"_, ;, i(?_: 5: i) 3A(_: o_ ,1 _-3A;(% _,. t)] (8.5)
/);_ J/# - - -- ' " -
, I
In the special case in which the coordinate surface of the shell coin
c_des with the lower "-urface of the shell, A becomes zero (Figures 8 and 11),
in conjunction with which the expressions for Cjk, Kjk and Djk are consider-
If
ably simplified. Assuming in formulas (8.3)-(8.5) that _ = 0, we obtain*
m4tl
c_ :; _ _, (_,--_,_,); (8.6)
$-I
*S.A. Amo,,rtsumyan, see footnote *** p, _9.
)
1964012887-044
35
1
(8.7)
$=|
ffl_.R
(8.8)
-- -- o,_,).
,Tffil
In all three components of formul_ (8.2) both integr_.ls extend over the
entire coordinate surface of the shelf. In (8.2) the first component is the
potential energy of elongation _md shear, the third component is the potential
energy of bending and torsion and, finally, the s_ ond component is the poten-
tial energy which the shell acquires due to interaction of bending, torsion,
elongation and shear.
By analogy with the theory uf bending of isotropic shells and anisotropic
plates for coefficients Cjk, Kjk Djk let us introduce the concept of stiffness.
Let Cll and C22 be the tension and compression stiffnesses along coordinate
lines _ = const.and _-_ const: let C66 be the sl-._.r stiffness in the plane tangent
to the coordinate stiffness, characterizing the influence of elongation along
the coordinate lines _ _ const, and _ _ const on shear in the tangential plane.
Let Dll and D22 represent the ben_ing stiffnesses about the axes tangent
to _he coordinate lines a _ const, and_ = const;let D66 represent the torsional
stiffness; let D16 and D26 represent the _econdary stiffnesses of bending and
tGrsloh characterizing the infiuence of bending about the ax_s tangent to
c_rdinate lines _ = const, and _ _ con_t, on torsion. Let Kll and K12 represent
the stiffnesses of interaction of tension and bending characterizing the im'er -
action of tension and bending along lines _ _ const, and _ :_ const; let K66 represent
the stiffness of interaction of torsion and shear; let K16 and K66 represent
the sec_d_.ry stiffnesses of interaction characterizing the mutual effect of
bending on shear and tension on torsion.
Formula (8.2) did not take into account those components of the potential
energy of deformation which in comparison with the other co_.ponents were of
the orderof h/R.
SECq'ION 9. _LASTICITY RELATIONSHIPS
In th_ theory of s_e-tsthe equationsestablishingthe reiationshipbe-
tween internalstresse_ _,d deformations of _.hecoordinatesurf_,ceof a
1964012887-045
36
she_i are known a_ elasticity relationships. These relationships may t,_.
derived by elementary means. Inserting the values of stresses from (4.2)-(4.4)
into formulas (6.1)-(6.5) and integrating, thereby retaining only the lowest
powers of _, (the zero and first powers), we obtain the simplest elasticity
relationships for the general case of a multi-layer anisotropie _.hell
1"1----- Cn_1J,-Cl2_2Jr C16_+Knx ! Jr-K12_-I-K_6_; (9. l;
7"2=- Cr2_+ Cl2EI+ C2__ -F Kr;'_ + Kl2xl + K26"q (9.2)
312: C_u)Jr"CI6EIJr-C26_-2 Jr-K_ -t- Kl6Xl-JrK26x2; (9.3)
S_l= C_ + Cl6_I + C_%+ K_ -{- KlexsJr K_; (9.4)
M, = DI,xI + D,2_2-_-DI_ +Kl[e I + Kl2_ -{- K_; (9.5)
_ = D._. _ + D_x_Jr D_ + K_a_+ K_ + K_; (9.6)
H_ = D6_'- t D_x_4- D_'_--{- Kr_) -{- K_ -4-K_; (9.7)
H2_: Dr_ + D_x_-d-D_ -{- K_ Jr-K_s _LK_%, (9.8)
where for stiffnesses C.]k, Kjk and Djk we have the known expressions (8.3)-
(8.8).
Here and :'n subsequent text t'ae formulas for determining N1 and N2 will
not be derived, since in the presence of the well-known elastici_ relationships
for Mj and Hjk the transverse forces N1 and N2 may be derived from the fourth
and fifth equilibrium equations of (7.4).
In examining the elasticity relationships of (9.3), (9.4), (9.7), (9.8)
and equation (7.5) it is not diff, cult to see that between them there is an inter-
nal contradiction, namely: the mentioned relationships do not satisfy the
sixth equilibrium equation, that is, the sixth equation is not an identity.*
I_awever, we n_ay derive other sufficiently simple elasticity relation-
ships which do not contain the above-mentioned contradiction. In obtaining
_ relationships (9.1)-(9. _) we have everywhere disregarded quantities of
. the order of kin in comparison with unity. However, if we deviate from strict
-,
: logic and in all formulas in (6. I)-(6. _), w'_th the exception of (6.2), neglect
._ quantities of the order of kjh in comparison with unity, while in formulas
4,
(6.2) we leave quantities of this same order of magnitude, we obtain new
*A. L. GoUdenveyzer, Appltcability of general theorems of elasticity
theory to thin shells, PMM, Vot. VIII, No. 1, 1944.
_'
1964012887-046
37
elasticity relationships which identically satisfy the sixth equilibrium equation
T_----Cnh -I-"C12_2-+ C16_+Knx, q'- K,2h 4- K,r._; (9.9)
7"2= Cmt2 -Jr-C12_1 -Jr-C26_Jr-K_x2-_ Kl,,xl -Jr-K2(t; (9.10)
S, _.--- C_t_ + Cl6_1+ C2d-2+ K_': + Kl6xI + K_x2+
+/._(K_o + Kl6-:l + K_6_2+ Dc_ + D16xl+ D2_x2); (9.11)
S2I -- Cf_o"iA-C,6=_: -_C26E2,-_.-K66'c-FKI6xI + K26x2 +
+ kl (K66m+ Kl6Sl Jr-K26=2+ D66'_+ Dl6xl -[--D26x2); (9.12)
M, - D]Ix,Jr-D,2x2+ D,n:Jr-Kn_l-'-K_2-:2 -Jr- K,6_: (9.13)
342= D_.2x2 Jr- D,2x, Jr-D26": -_-K_s2Ji-Kl2SlJr K2@); (9.14)
tt,a_= D_ -Jr-D_6x] Jr-D2__2-F K6_o-JrKI6_-! Jr- K2@2, (9.16)
where, as before, for Cjk, Kjk and Djk we have formulas (8.3)-(8.8).
Elasticity relationships (9.9)-(9.16) may be obtained if we use the ex-
pression for potential energy (8.2) and apply the method proposed by V.V.
Novozhilov* for the case of a homogeneous isotropic sb,'ll; this is not derived
here, since the resulting elasticity relationships are in complete agreement with
relationships (9.9)-(9.16).
By adopting a purely formal approach to the problem it would be possi-
ble _o achieve further refinement of the elasticity relationships ;** however, we
shall not do this here, since, in accordance witl_ the well-founded remark of
A.L. Gol'denveyzer,*** an attempt to refine, the elasticity relatior_ships
without proceeding beyond the bounds of the hypothesis of nondeformable nor-
mals has no chance of success and hence the best of all of the approximate
variants of the elasticity relationships must be considered to be t_at which
does not contain formal contradictions and leads to the simplest calculations.
Finally, we vail note that, as in the theory of homogeneous isotropic
shells, there is not and, regrettably, cannot be a single approach to the
problem of choosing one or another elasticity relationship. In this connec-
tion, in subsequent discussion, in showing a certain preference for relation-
ships (9.9)-(9.16) containing no formal contradictions, we sh_ll, wherever
possible, find wide use for the simplest relationships in (9.9)-(9, 8).
*V.V. Novozhilov, see pp. 45-48 of work cited in footnote ** p. 21.
**A.I. Lur'ye, General theory of elastic thin shells, PMM, Vol. IV, No.
2, 1940.
***A. L. GoPdenveyzer, see p. 71 of work cited in footnote * p. 21.
1964012887-047
J
38
SECTION 10. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
As is known, the arbitrary functions contained in the general integral
of differential equations in the theory of shells must b3 determined from the
boundary, conditions. The boundary conditions of an anisotropic laminar
shell, when the hypothesis of nondeformable normals is given for the entire
stack of the shell as a whole, do not differ from the corresponding boundary
conditions given for a homogeneous isotropic shell, given the hypothesis of
nondeformable normals.
In actual designs we may encounter extremely varied types of shell
supports and this great variety of structural solutions for the supports of
real shells, regrettably, cannot be represented in the form of mathematical
models -- boundary conditions. In this connection we shall here present only
a few of the possible variants of boundary conditions.
In subsequent discussion we shall be interested in those sh_iis which
have an edge or edges coinciding with the lines of curvature of the coordinate
surface of the shell.
For the sake of brevity, the boundary conditions will be given only
for the edge defined by coordinate line _ =-%----const.
I. Homogeneous boundary conditions:
a) Free edge
Hi2 1 OHm_
T2----O' S_2--t---_-_---0' N'+ B O_--0, M_=Q; (10.1) (10.1)
b) Hinged edge
._4_0, :_=0, v--:0. _o=0; (10.2)
c) Hinged edge free in the tangential direction
T_=_0, .:Iz=0, -_o=0, v=0, (10.3)
or
h',, (10.4)
d) Hinged edge _tree in the normal direction

"_ I oz/,_ =0. u=0, .u=O;

(10,
5)
Ml =-0, N,- 1: -_':
!
1964012887-048
39
e ) Absolui._ly fixed edge
! Ow u (10.6)
u=0, v=0, w=0, ?-- A 0_ +7_-_=0"
In the last relationship p is the angle of rotation of the normal of the coordIn-
ate surface of the shell around the tangent to the line _ .. %_-=onst.
II. Inhomogeneous boundary conditions:
a) Loaded edge
r,= 7. s,, + ", [
R, (10.7)
! dHt:
M,=M;. ]
where _. _2. N_,..M_ are the forces applied to the edge under consideration;
in the special cas some of these forces may be equal to O;
b) Hinged, fixed-bearing, moment--loaded edge
MI=M" I, .=0, v=O. m--O; (10.8)
c) Hinged edge:free inthe tangentialdirection,loaded by moment
and tangentialforce (intL, e specialcase one of the loads may be equal to zern)
T:=.T_. M:=M_. _v-=O. v:=O. (10.9)
or
S124--_. = S*. Mi _= M_. Iv--O, .----0; (10.10)
d) Hinged edge free in the normal direction and loaded by moment
and transverse force (m the special case one of the loads may be equal to
zero).
I OH,, , (10.11)
M:-----M;. N:+ _ -_--N:, u=0. v-----0;
e) Displaced edge
, u=u'. v-_*, _v----_', _p=_*. (10.12)
1964012887-049
4O
where u*, v*. _*and _ are the given displacements and rotation of the dis-
cussed odge of *he shell. In the special case certain _f these displacements
may be equal to zero.
Nonhomogeneous boundary conditions may also be combined; in this
case it is necessary to see that the given forces and displacements are not
incompatible.
In sin_ilar manner we may also write the boundary _onditions for
the edge defined by the coordinate line _-_ _0= const.
In the case where the shell is completely lacking a boundary contour
(completely closed shell) or the boundary contour is determined only from
the lines of one coordinate (partially closed shell), the boundary conditions
for the direction of the closed coordinates no longer have the usual expres-
sions and are replaced by conditions of periodicity with a period insuring
nonambiguity of displacements at any point of the discussed closed line of
the coordinates.
The results derived here may be generalized for the case of junction
of the edge of the discussed shell with any elastic structural ele.aent (beam,
plate, shell, etc.)
The reader will find these boundary conditions discussed in detail
in the cited works of A. L. Gol Vdenveyser and V.V. Novozhilov as well as in
the course on the mathematical theory of elasticity by A. Love. *
SECTION 11. ADDITIONAl, REMARKS CONCERNING THE C, ,N,,JITIONS
OF CONTACT OF ADJACENT LAYERS AND THE CONDITIONS AT
THE OUTER SURFACES OF A SHELL
In Section 5 of the present chapter, in presenting the conditions for
contact of adjacent layers and conditions r t the outer surfaces of a shell we
limited our remarks to the observation that the geometric conditions of con-
tact in (5.1) are automatically satisfied. Let us show that the conditions of
contact in (5.2) ant' the conditions at the surfaces (5.3) and (5.4) reduce to
:i the first three equilibrium equations in (7.4). For the sake of brevity and
without disturbing the general validity, we shall assume that coordinate surface
(_-_ 0) coincides with the lower surface of the shell, that is, A= 0 (Figure 8),
'_ while the load components of the outer surfaceX X-, _' Y-, Z Z-are
equal to zero.
'_ From (4.7) and after certain trmsformations we obtain for the i-th
_ *A. Love, Mathematical theory of elasticity, 1935 (Russian translation
from fourth English edition 1927) p. 563-564.
1964012887-050
41
layer of shell the following value of shearing stress %
[ / /
0
T T T
"'-i 61-t _l-t
OA
j _H_.c_,,_ d"f A-- A
-4- k2_ _ f H_g dT -4-
o
r'i--I 1-1
6l-i J
From the conditions at the surface (5.4) we have _--_ 0 with _,-----6p,
where p = m + n is the number of layers (Figure 11). By virtue of this from
(11.1) we obtain
OB AM_ dA }!
-- k, -_ %--g-_ASP_t -_- k2 W AH,,-{- A _ (ASet) Jt-
+k,A a1. .)a
From the contact conditions adjacent layers (5.2,_ we have :_ = _-_
when T=_v-r By virtue of this from (11.1) we obtain
e, o (BM,"-') oBAT_-'--
,p,,(=. _)=- [A_;(Sr_'-')+A_,_ ---o;
OBAMv-I __ OA OAAH_{._ ._-
) p-ll
From the contact conditions (5.2) for the i-th and (i-l)-th layers we have
_ -= .d-_with Then we obtain
1964012887-051
42
__ A O O 1-1
_(sM, )- At'-'
%(a, _) : [ -_ (BT_-') Jr- Ak, OB
dB AM__1 dA 04
a ,_, o (AH_,i-')]-F_,_,(=, I_). (ll.2)e
-F ,4_-(AS2, ) -I--k,A E-E_
From contact conditions (5.2) we have =a)= {_ with ,f ----_rThen we
obtain:
., A o o (8M_")--OB AT_"--
OB A _) OA OA AH(2_t
+A_(AS_I_)+k,A --_(Ant;')]+_,(_, _). (11.2)d
From the conditions at the surface in (5.3) we have zPT) ----0 with _ ----_0--: o.
Then we obtain
%(a, _) = O. (11.2)_
As is easily seen, in formulas (11.2) the quantities _, _, S _. S_1. #1_. A4_.
:-/_ and Hi, are the internai fo_ces and moments of the individual layers.
By way of example let us present the expressions for one force and L,ne moment
for the i-th layer:
8 i 8i
l /' t 1 f t (11 3)
T_ = --_ .I H2%aT' A'I_=-_ , 7H_%d7
gl-I 81-1
From an examination of formulas (il. 2) it is _vident that by successive
substitution we may determine all the values of the integrand %(_. _) and 7p('., _)
inclusively, which is determined from (11.2b). Inserting the vai.,es of 7p(a. _)
into (ll.2a), we obtain
_ A o(Srf)+ A_,0 (OMD-- oBArl--_, O__M:+
S=I
.i
1964012887-052
43
whence, by virtue of (6.1)-(6.5) arm (11.3), we obtain
OB o ( OA
_-;_(BT 0 -- T2 + . 4S21)-_-S2t +
d_
O (BMl)_2vkl 0 (AH,n)__k2H_ t OA MOB (11 5)
+k_0_ -0-_ .-_---k_ 2-o_ =0.
On the basis of the fourth and sixth equilibrium equations in (7.4), equation
ell. 5) takes the following form:
OBTt 08 OAS2t OA
d_ d_ T2 _ 0_ _ -_ St2 -+-ABklNt : 0. (11.6_
Comparing (11.6) witb the first equilibrium equation in (7.4), we notice complete
agreement of these two equations. In similar manner it is easily shown that by satis-
,Fying tbe remaining conditions at the outer surfaces in (5.3) and (5.4) and the contact
L aditions for adjacent layers in (5.2) we arrive at the second and third equilibrium
equations in (7.4).
Thus, fulfillment of all the conditions at the outer and contact surfaces
of an arbitrarily laminar anisotropic shell reduces to equilibrium equations
for an element of the given shell. Similar results in a few special cases of
a plate* and a shell** have been derived elsewhere.
SECTION 12. SPECIAL CASES OF ANISOTROPY OF THE MATERIALOF
THE SHELL LAYERS
Let us ihvestigate the changes in the fundamental relationships in the
theory of a laminar anisotropic shell in the special cases of anisotropy of the
materiai c ;"the shell layers.
1. _hells Consisting of Orthotropic Layers. Let the shell consist of
orthotropic layers and the principal direction of elas,ticity at each point of
each layer coincide with the directions of coordinate lines _, /3 and 7, that
is, at each poiht of each layer one of the planes of elastic symmetry is parallel
to the coordinate surface of the shell and the other two planes are perpendicular
to the coordinate lme_ _ :- const, and _ const.
In this case, :'or the desireo elastic constants of the i-th layer of the
shell, on the basis nf (1.3.7), (1.3.8) and (1.4.5), we have
1 i 1
"_' = _-' _ = _' _= _i_'
4 4 (19.. 1)
el,=- -_= _ . "i,= o. ,,-- o.
*S.G. Lekhnitskiy, see footnote *, p. 34.
**S. A. ,_mb_rtsumyan, see footnote **, p. 34.
I
1964012887-053
44
By virtue of this, from (4.5) and (4.6), for coeificients Bjk we havr
_' 8_= _ B_= o_,.
, (lZ. 2)
11 .li*
From (4.2)-(4.4), for the principal di,'ectious in the layers of the
shell we have
o;= [,,+ 4n+_(,,
(12.3)
+_, (,_-+-4h)];
n ,_1,02
The formulas for stiffness in (8.3)-(8.8) remain unchanged, hence the
values of Bjk must be taken from (12.2) and we find that
Cl6=C_=0 , KI6=K=s=0 . DI6--D=s=0. (12.4)
From (9.1)-(9.8) and (9.9)-(9.16) we obtain the following two groups
of elasticity relationships:
a) the first group is derived f_.,m (9.1)-(9.8)
Tl = Cnh + C1_ -t-/_u_ -t- Kl=%;
T== C_,-=+ C=2e I + K_=%+ Kl=h;
S = Ss=-- S21= C== -F Kee_;
M| ----- DIIXl"_-Dl2x=-+-KneI -+-Kl2e2; (12.5)
b) the second group is derived from (9.9)-(9.16); it differs from the
first group only in the expressions for $12 and $21, wherein we have
S,_= Cr_'oJr Ke_ Jr-/=(Kr_=Jr-D_); /
(12.6)
." S_,= C_= Jr-K_ +/h (K_= Jr-D_).
/
From (3.2) we obtain the following expression for the potential energy
of deformation:
iI
1964012887-054
45
v=.f fl, ,
_-(c._, + 2c, c2._ + c_,,2)4-
-F-IKiielxl Jr-/(12 (el% Jr" %xl) Ji- K_%'2 Jr- K_I -t-
1
F_(Di,x_Jr2Dn_,,2Jt-Dr_Jr-D_Q)}ABda_ (12 7)
t_ V .
The expressions for deformation and changes in curvature and torsion
(". 9)-(2.17) as well as the equilibrivm equations in (7.4) and the equations
of compatibility of deformations (3.1)-(3.3), as is easily seen, remain un-
c .hanged.
2. Shells Consis,'ing of Isotrogic Laye-s. Let the shell consist of dif-
ferent isotropic layers. In this case, on the basis of (1.3.12), we have for
the elastic constants of the i-th layer of the shell
1 1 2(1+ _l)
4 (12.8)
_12 = El , a16 --- a_ = 0.
By virtue of this, from (4.5) and (4.6), for coefficients Bjk wa have
Et EI
B_, = B._. = ,J"=
l -- OI)' ' 2(1+ _l) '
_,_, (12.9)
e:,_= 8_= B_= 0.
l -- (4p '
From (12.3), for the primary stresses in the layers of the _hell we
obtain
_,= E' l,;FV%+_O,+_%)I; '
" I -- (_i),
Et
a_= ) _ (,ip I%+ _',+ "_(%+ v&0l; (12. I0)
E_
= (_ + _,_).
the formulas for detarmining stfffnesses (8.3)-(8.8) remain tmchanged
and the values of Bjk must be, taken from (12.9), whence along with (12,4) we
also have
C=C u=C_, Kn:=g_=g, D=D u=D_. _12.11)
The formulas for internalforces (12.5)and l_2.5) as well as the
expressionsfor potentialenergy (I2.7) remain mlchanged and we need only
considerthe new values of stiffness.
1964012887-055
46
As in the case of a shell consisting of orthotropic layers, we find
there is no change in these expressions for deformation and changes in
curvature and torsion (2.9)-(2.17), equilibriwn equations (7.4) and the
equations for compatibility of deformations (3.1)-(3.3).
3. Shells Consisting of Transversely Isotropic Layers. Let us dis-
cuss three cases.
a) Let the principal directions of elasticity at each point of each
layer coincide with the directions of coordinate lines _ = coast. In this case,
as is easily seen, it is necessary to use the relationships given for the case
of a shell consisting of orthotrcpic layers; hence, on the basis Cf (1.3.10)
and (1.3.1I), for each layer we must assume
El = (E')', E_ -_- E', Olin= (O')t. / (12.12)
J
b) Let the principal directions of elasticity at each point of each
tayer coincide with the directions of coordinate lines a = coast. In this case it
" is also necessary to use the relationsh-:ps given for the case of a shell con-
sisting of orthotropic layers. Hence for each layer we must assume
E_ ----- E i. E_ --=(E')', G_2 : (G')'. I (12.13)
E
f
c) The principal directions of elasticity at each point of each layer
are normal to the coordinate surface of the shell; that is, at each point of each
layer the planes of isotropy of the material of the layer are parallel to the
coordinate surface of the shell. In this case, as is easily seen, it is neces-
sary to use the relationship given for the case of a shell consisting of different
isotropic layers; hence for each layer we must assume
E_ ==E_ _ EI, O,2==O, v,---_ _2---- v. (12.14)
SECTION 13. SHELLS CONSISTING OF AN ODD lXrUMBER OF I_.YERS
SYMMETRICALLY ARRANGED RELATIVE TO THE COORDINATE
SURFACE
Let us discuss shells consisting of an odd number (2m + 1) of homogene-
ous anisotropie layers (Figure 15).
Layers symmetrically arranged relative to the coordinate surface of the
shell have identical thicknesses and identical physical-mechanical properties.
p-
1964012887-056
47
The coordinate surface is rr.edian surface both of the middle layer and of
the entire shell as a whole.
Y
i
II "
, I
Figure 15
As in the general case of an anisotropic laminar shell, it is here
assumed that all the layers function simultaneously without slippage and at
each point of each layer there is only one plane of elastic symmetry parallel
to the median surface of the shell*,** *** ****
By virtue of symmetry we have (see Figures 8 and 12)
Whereupon from (8.3)-(8.5) we obtain for the stiffness of a symmetrically
assembled shell
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote **, on p. 28.
**S. A. Ambartsumyan, Calculation of laminar shells of revolution, DAN
ArmSSR, Vol. XI, No. 2, 1949.
***S.A. Ambartsumvan, Calculation of shallow cylindrical shells consist-
ing of anisotropic layers, Izvestiya AN Arm SSR (FMYeiT n_uki), Vol. IV,
No. 5, 1951.
****S.A. Ambartsumyan, Thermal stresses in laminar anisotropic shells,
Izvestiya AN Arm SSR (FMYeit Nauki), Vol. V, No. 6, 1952.
1964012887-057
48
r. - s ] (13.2) C/k=2[Dj_ 1,m+ ,-4-s=,_ B/_(h,--h,,,) ;
2 m_-I 3 _ 3
D/_=: 3- Bjk hm+tQ- Bj#(h]--hs,l ; (13.3)
5=1
KI} : 0. (13.4)
From (9.1)-(9.8) and (9.9)-(9.16) and by virtue of (13. 2)-(13. _) we
obtain the following two groups of elasticity relationships:
a) The first group is derived from (9.1)-(9.8)
S = S,2-- $2, --=Cesw-I- C16_', -Jr-C_%; I
,, 1 (13.5)
MI = Dnx i --Jr-Di2x24-Didq M2= D22_. 2-+-Di2_i--{-D_'q
i
H --=/"/12 =--/'/21 == De_:+ Dinx, D2nx2; ]
b) The second group is derived from (9.9)-(9.16); it differs from
the first group only in the expressions for S.1.2 and $21, for which we obtain
S,2 ----- C66e)--at- Cl6eI -{-C26e 2 -4-k2 (D_-'{- Ol6x I--_ D26x2); I (13.6)
$2,= C_to4-, C,6_,Jr-C26%+ k, (D_s'r D,6_ ,+ D'_x,_).
]
From (8.2) for the potential energy of deformation we obtain
:" v= _ f f (o,,et+2C,2.,.2+C=4+C.J _-
'ff
-4-2c,6_, -F2c2_2) A_a_a_+ _ (0,,4 +
-4- 2D,2_,_ D=x_ -F Dc_":2Jr- 2D,e_, 2D2(r_) AB da d_. (13.7)
i The formulas for stresses in the layers (4.2)-(4.4), the expressions
for deformations and changes in curvature (2.9)-(2.17), as well as the equili-
brium equations (7.4) and the equations of compatibility deformations (3.1)-
(3.3) remain unchanged.
Let us discuss the special cases of anisotropy of the material of the
layers of the shell.
1. Shells Consisting of Orthotropic Layers, Let a shell consist of
orthotropic layers so that at each point of each layer one of the plaaes of
axial symmetry is parallel to the median surface of the shell and the other
!
1964012887-058
49
two planes of elastic symmetry are perpendicular to coordinate lines _ = cons(,
and __ const.
In this case for the desired elastic constants of the i-th layer of the
shell we have (12. I) and (12.2). The formulas for stresses (12.3) and stiff-
nesses (13.2)-(13.3) remain unchanged, hence the values of Bjk must be taken
from (12.2), wherein along with (13.4) we also have (12 4).
Considering (1_.. 4), from (13.5) and (13.6) we obtain the following
two groups of elasticity relationships,:
a) The first group from (13.5)
b) The second group; here, as before, we present only the values
of S12 and $21, which differ from the correspouding values of the first group
$12_ C_to _-- k2D_. S_: -_ C_o Jr- kiD_'c. (13.9)
From (J 3.7) for the potential energy of deformation we obtain
-F(DH_ Jr 2D,2_Ix2+ D22x22-i-D_-,2)] ABd_d_. (13.10)
2. Shells Consisting of Isotropic Layers.
In this case, for the desired elastic constants of the i-th layer of the
shell we have (12, 9).
The formulas for stresses (12.10) and stiffnesses (13.2), (13.3) re-
main unchanged; hence the values of Bjk must be taken from (12.9) and along
with (13.4) we also have (12.11).
The formulas for internal forces (13.8), (13.9) and the expression for
potential energy (13.10) remain unchanged; it is necessary only to consider
the new valaes of the stiffnesses.
1964012887-059
50
3. Shells Consisting of Transversely Isotropic Layers.
Here, as in item 3 of the previous section, we discuss three case_
of arrangement of the transverse isotropic material in shell layers.
Of these cases, as before, the first two coincide with the cases of
those symmetrica!ly assembled orthotropic shells for which we have (12.2)
and (12.13) while the t_hird coincides with tbe case of Lhe symmetrically assem-
bled isotropic shell for which we have (12.14).
SECTION 14. SINGLE-LAYER ANISOTROPIC SHELLS
Let us investigate a single-layer anisotropi,: shell with constant tl:ick-
ness h. Let the material of the shell at each point have only one plane of
elastic symmetry parallel to the median surface of the shell. Let the coor-
dinate surface of the shell coincide with the median surface. *, **
The initial relationsMps for this case are easily obtained from the
corresponding relationships in the preceding section. For this purpose it is
necessary to assume (Figure 15)
rim+' (14.1)
2hm+I:h, "ik _Blk. B_:0
or
2h, = h, B'_ _' = B_lk= Blk, (14.2)
wherc for coefficients Bjk trom (4.5) we have
Bll -- o ; B22 -- o ;
/z16a26 --- a12as_ , 6,,a22 -- a122
B n= u , B_-- _, ; (14.3)
B16 _ a_2a_s _,_ a_ale ; B26 __ aj2a_s --alma26_ ,"
G2 o
By virtue of (14.1) or (14.2), from (13.2) and (13.3) for stiffnesses Cjk and Djk
we obtain
*S. A. Ambartsumyan, Some problems in the thoory of anisotropic shells,
Izvestiya AN Arm SSR (FMYeiT nauki), No. 9, 1947.
**S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward a theory of shallow anisotropic shells,
PMM, Vol. XII, No. I, 1948.
1964012887-060
51
ha (14.4)
Cj_ ==-hBj_, D,__-_ Bjk.
By virtue of (14 4), from (13.5) and (13.6) we obtain the following two
groups of elasticity relationrhips:
a) The first group from (13.5)
T,=/, (B,,_ ,+ B,2.%. _LB,6w);r2----- h (B_ 2 B,2 % B2#o);
S = $I_ --- $2, -_ h (Bso, 4- B16%+- B26_2);
ha ha
M,= + B,2x + M2--r2(B22 2 +B2e ); (14.5)
ha
H -_HI2= H2,= 7_ (B_ B1ex , B26x2);
b) The second group from (13.5)and (13.6);itdiffersfrom the first
group only in the expressions for S12 and $21 , which we present as
ha
S,2---- h(B_u0 B,6_ , B26_2) 4-k2-i_(B_ 4-B,6x14-B_,_);
(14.6)
/t3
$2,-=h (B_ B,_, B26_2) (B_ B,6x ,4-B_,_).
From (13.7), for the potential energy of deformation we obtain
"ff
-+-2B,6a_z , -{--2B26_%)AB d', dl_ (B,,x_ 4-2B,,:x,x,_ -_LB2_ B_= _4- ,_61(:, _-}-.- 2B_(_x2) AB d=d_. (14.7)
The formulas for stresses (4.2)-(4.4) (without i subscripts), the ex-
pression for deformations and changes in curvature (10.9)-(10.17), as well
as the equilibrium equations (7.4) and the equations of compatibility of de-
formation (3.1)-(3.3) remain unchanged.
Let us examine the special cases of anisotropy of the shell material.
1. Shells of Orthotropic Materials. Let, the shell be made of an ortho-
tropic material so that at each point of the shell one of the planes of elastic
symmetry is parallel to the median surface while the remaining two planes
of elastic symmetry are perpendicular to coordinate lines == const, and
-_ const. In this case, for the elastic constants we have
! l l
an = "_' at2= "E'-'* ' aee= "_/_' (14.8)
'_| "_1
an=-_= _,, a_=0, a_=0;
1964012887-061
52
E I E_
B], -1---;,.,2 ' /'<'_-- 1--.._2 ' B66 012' [
(14. 9)
_fi, _,E2 B16 B26 0.
f BY" -- 1 --"_1"2 1 -- _1_2 z=_
For the stresses we have
_. yi :,],,2 [-_, _- _:2 _ 7 (h 4-_:_)1; (14.10)
122 1='__-- 4-'[(x2 +-hh)]; j _ _- l -- "_1 _2 ' VI_I
From (14.9) and (14.4), for the stiffnesses we obtain
t E_h , C 2, = E2h , C_6 = O]2h,
.,..E,h (14.11)
C __ _,l='2h
E[h3 D,22-- E2 ha h a
- D.= 12(1- _,"2--)-' 12 (1--'q_._) " D66---_012-_ ' (14.12)
"q E2h _ __ "_Eih "_
Dl2 -- 12 (1 -- "q"2) 12 (1 -- "q'_2) "
From (14.5) and (14.6) we obtain two groups of elasticity relationships:
a) the first group from (14.5)
" Eih . E2h
S =-=S_ -= S_ --=O_h_;
E,m _a_ (14.13)
h_
b) the second group from (14.5) and (14.6); it differs from the first
group only in the expressions for S12 and $21 , which we present as
z
i h' ,_). Q,,h(m k-k, /_' '0' (14 14)
i From (14.7), for the potential energy of deformation we obtain
1964012887-062
53
+ + +2;_,,,
_.{_m E, _2, -4- O,_":=)AB d=d_.. (14.15)
2. Shells of Isotropic Materials. In this case, for the ela' qo con-
stants we have
1 1 2(1 +_) ,,
all = a_ : -E' a_ : -Q- -- E , a,: : -- -E" (14.16)
E E _E
Bly==B2_-= I--', 2' Bc_---"2(l+_)' P'2== I--_'" (14.17)
From (14.10), for the stresses we obt-dn
E
a. = l - -,' l_, + _'_2-F T(", +"_)l.
E (14.18_
%-- l -- .,, 1'-2+ "_, -{- 7{_ +" .",.)1;
E
%_= 2(1_-'q (to+- T_).
From (14.17) and (14.4) for Lhe stiffnesses we obtain
F.a Ea _h (14 19)
C.-=C,,-:--C_=.=___, C_----_0+_ ), C_2----1__;
Eh3 Eht ,hs (14 20)
D_--D n =D_.-_ _j, Dr_=_(l+,,), Dr2= 12(1_,,2).
Moreover, as usual, we have two groups of elasticity relationships:
a) the first group from (14.5)
Eh Eh
Tl .= _ (t t -+-v*a), T_: _-:___--(_a+ _tl);
Eh
S ----St_ _ S_ --- -_(_ _; (14.21)
hs Eh_
Mt = i2(| -- ,_t)(x_+ w._), ,M_= 12(1 -- ,,t) (_ -'[- _xl);
Eht
H "-- P/t_l _-'_/"/_t = 24(1+',) _:
b) the second group from (14.5) and (14.6); it differs from the first
group only in the expressions for S12 and $21, which we present as
1964012887-063
54
Eh hs
$12_---2(1-F_) (w+ i-2 k,,);
Lh { 4- hJ kF\.} (14.22)
S2_--2(f_T\ _ ig
The elasticity relationships in the s_cond group were first derived
independently by L.I. Balabukh* and V.V. Novozhflov.**
From (13.7), for the potential energy of deformation we obtain
f f[
The results derived in this item relate to the theory of homoge,leous
isotropic shells.
3. Shells of a Transversely Isotropic__Material. Here, as before, we
examine three case_ of arrangement of a transve"sely isotropic material
over the shell.
a) Let the principal directions of elasticity at each point of the
shell coincide with the directions of coordinate lines __- onst. In this case
it is necessary to use the relationships given for an orthotropic shell and
to assume
E1-_ E'. E_-=-:E. 0:2 = O', / (14.24)
B i
VI _ Vr, V2_ "_r
!
b) Let the principal directions of elasticity at each point of the shell
coincide with the directions of coordinate lines =---=onst. In this case it is also
necessary to use the relationships given for an orthotropic shell and to assume
E! -_ E, E2_- Ep, 012_- 0', ) (14.25)
17
! v2 "_" vl' Vl _ E' "
*L.I. Balabukh, Bending and torsion c f a conical shell, Trudy TsAGI,
Ho. 577, 1946.
**V.V. Novozhilov, New Method of calculation of thin shells, Izvestiya
OTN AN SSSR, No. 1, 1946.
1964012887-064
55
c) Let the principal directions of elasticity at each point be nor-
mal to the median surface of the shell. In this case it is necessary to use
the relationships given for an isotropic shell and tG assume
E_=E_=E. O12=0. _,=_2-_v" (14.26)
SECTION 15. FURTHER REMARKS CONCERNING ELASTICITY
RE LATIONSL PS
Exam_xdng elasticity relationships (9.1)-(9.16), we note that they
differ fundamentally from the corresponding elasticity relationships for homo-
geneous anisotropic shells (14.5), (14.6) or shell_ consisting of an odd number
of anisotropic layers symmetrically arra_ ged relative to the coordinate
s,,_R:_e of the shell (13.5), (13.6). This difference is expressed, on the one
hand, by the presence in (9.1)-(9.4) and (9.9)-(9.12) of terms accounting for
the influence of changes in curvature of the coordinate surface of the shell on
the tangential forces and, on the other hand, by the presence in (9.5)-(9.8)
and (9.12)-(9.16) of terms taking into account the influence of deformations
of elongationand shear of the coordinatesurface of the shellon the bending
and torslona!moments. Thus, the elasticityrelationshipsin the general
case of a multi-layershelldifferfrom the corresponding relationship.'.'or
a homogenoou_ single-layeror symmetrically assembled multi-layershell
onlyin the terms which containthe interactionstiffnesse-o Kjk. On the basis
of the hypothesisof no,deformable normals itJs easilyestablishedthat,inde-
pendent of _',elocationof the coordinatesurface of the shell,allinternalforces
and moments in the general case depend both on the tensileand shear strains,
and on theparameters of variationin curvature of the coordinatesurfaceof
the shell. Inthisconnectionthe initiallocationof the coordinatesurfaceof the
shellis ofno importance. Hence itisof interestto determine thatlocation
ofthe c.oordinatesurface of the shellfor which allinteractionsUffnesses Kjk
become zero and for a mul.;i-layershellwe obtainthe simpler elasticityre-
lationshipoftype (13.5)and (13.6). Assuming thatKjk = 0, from (8.4)we
obtain:
m _r|
_H_,- ;-_)
.,-i --- Kij _=O; (15.1)
1964012887-065
56
m .tl
x"B_,,(_:,_ :_,)
_t K22:-- 0; (15.2)
3=1
ttt _ tl
_!
A= A_ -- -"_ +. K_ = 0; (15.3)
s=l
t/l-
. _,_,)
_, _(_- (15.4)
A=AI_= _-.. , K,2=0;
2 _ _L,(_,- _,-,)
tt/ - fl
2
-'=' (15 5)
A =A16_ m,n , Kl6=O;
S_I
ttl4n
Z _ 2 '_ e_(_,-_;_,)
A = A_6__ s=l
.,.. K2_= 0. (15.6)
2 Z a',_(6,-_,_,)
s=l
Examirdng (15.1)-(15.6), we note that in the general case of anisotropy
of the layers of a shell all values of A= A/_ differ. Hence we conclude that in
the general case of an anisotropic laminar shell, when there are no limits
placed on the elastic characteristics of the m_* .'rials of the layers, tbere is
no singlelocationof the coordinatesurface o, tr, e shellfor which allinterac-
tionstiffnessesKjk become zero.
In the presence ofa sing|ccoordinatesurfacefor the shellallinteraction
stiffnessesKjk become zero ifwe assume the followirgcondition:
A -=-a,,: A2_==A66: A,2---_ A,e--_A_; (15.7)
but th'5condition_,,ositively imposes substantial,imitationsm_ the elastic
characteristicsof thematerials ofthe layers. As an example letus dis-
cuss the two-layer shell(Figure 16).
1964012887-066
57
Figure 16
Assuming
, B2 _ "'5 8)
m n ----2. B_,= B;_. j, -- B_.
from (15.7), by virtue of (15.1)-(15.6), we obtaiD
Hence, it is easily seen that the equalities in (15.9) will apply if
l I I l I l
B. Ba Bu B_ B_e B_ (15.10)
,,- .- _-_;- .,- _,
B_ B_ B_2 B_ B
which is a substantial limitation for the presented problem.
In _e special case of an isotropic shell we have from (12.9) for the
elastic characteristics of the layers:
fill E_ , _ , _ E,
= B"_:'I_ ' Br_'----vBn' Bc_= 2(i -_ _)'
E, (15.11)
B;', = B_=- _%_, e,2= ,_e,,, _;,- _o+,,)'
where E1 and E2 are the elastic moduli of the first and second layers, respective-
ly; _z .and _ are the Poisson's ratios for the first and second layers respec-
tively.
1964012887-067
58
Inserting the values of Bjk from (15.11) into (15.10), we obtain:
E,(1.- 3 2E,(,
_ (15 12)
Here it is easily seen that these equalities apply only in the case of equality
of the Poisson's ratios of the shell layers, that is, when _1--=-v2-_ _. In this
case, from (15.9) it is easy to obtain the value of A defining the position Gf
the coordinate surface of the shell for which the stiffnesses Kjk become zero:
+ (15.13)
Thus, we conclude that in the general case of a multi-layer shell in
the absence of limitation (15.7) there does not exist such a position of the
coordinate surface of the shell at which we also obtain elasticity relation-
ships of type (13.5) and (13.6) for the multi-layer shell. It must be. noted
that in a few special cases there may be chosen such a position of the coor-
dinate surface of the shell that certain of the interaction stiffffesses Kjk be-
ccme zero; herein only certain elasticity relationships will be of type (13.5)
and (13.6).
The question of selection of the initial coordinate surface in the case
of isotropie plates and shells is discussed in the literature*, **, ***
SECTION 16. CALCULATION OF STIFFNESSES FOR
ARBITRARY DIRECTIONS
In Section 4 of Chapter I it was shown that the elastic constants ajk of
anisotropic body change with a transformation from one system of coordin-
ates to another. Using (4.5), we easily see that this also occurs for coefficients
Bjk.
*I. I. Yenikeyev, Some problems in the bending of nonuniform plates with
transverse structural asymmetry. Authorts abstract, 1954.
**V. I. Korolev, Thin two-layer plates and shells, Inzhenernyy sbornik,
Vol. XXII, 1955.
***E.I. Grigolyv.k, Selecticm of the izdtial su_lace in the theory of non-
uniform shells, Izvestiya OTN AN SSSR, No. 8, 1956.
1964012887-068
59
As before, let us discuss the generalized plane stress of an aniso-
tropic plate, the material of which at each point has only one plane of elastic
_ymmetry parallel to the median plane of the plate, which coincides with the
coincident coordinate plates _6 and _'6'.
Let the coordinate systems (_. 6. _) and (_'. 6'. T') be obtained from
one another by rotation through a certain angle about the ), axis. Moreover,
in system (_. 6. _) let the coefficients Bjk be equal to Bll, B22, B12, B66,
B16 , B26 and correspondingly in the system (_', _'. T') be equal to Bell, BW22,
Btl2 , BY66, BVl6 , BY26. Then, following the known procedure,* we obtain
the following transformation formulas:
B_ = Bn cos4p_ -.2 (BI2-_-2B_)sin27 cos2P
B_ si. 4,? _ 2 (BiBcos2__ B26sin_p) sin27;
B_ -= B n sin4_ + 2 fBl2 -+-2Be) sin2q_cos2q_-F"
+ B_ cos4qu_ 2 (Bl6 sin27 -k- B_ cos2q0sin 2q_;
B'12= BI2+. [Bn + B_ _ 2 (Bl2 + 2 _)1S in2q_Cos2q' -4-
-]- (B_ _ Bls) cos 2_ sin2p;
B_s= B e -+-[Bn -+-Bn -- 2 (B12-I- 2Bs)] sin 2q_cos2q_-_- (16.1)
-{- (B_ _ Bls) cos 2q_sin 2q_;
_[B_ sin_<F- Bu cos27 4-(B_ "4- 2B_s)cos 2q_lsin 2q_-{-
-4-BI_cos2(p(cos 2_P_ 3sin 2T)-_-B_ sin2_p(3cos'_p--sin2p);
B_ --_.1[B_cos__ --B n sin2_p_ (B_ --}- 2Be)cos2p] sin2@-4-
-+- B_ssin2q_(3 cos2.__ sin_q_)-at- B_scos27 (Cs2_ -- 3 sin-__).
Thus, having the values of Bjk for each layer, by means of formulas
(16.1_ we may find the values of B' jk in the new system of coordinates for each
discussed layer. Inserting the values of [B_,y into formulas (8.3)-(8.5) or
(8.6)-(8.8), it is not difficult to find the values of stiffnesses C_jk , K_k and
D'jk in the coordinated system of (a'. 6', _"). If stfffnesses Cjk, Kjk and Djk
*S. G. Lekhnitskiy, see pp. 274-276 of work cited in footnote * on p. 27.
1964012887-069
60
are known in coordinate system (a. _. 7). then by means of similar trans-
!
formation formulas (16.1) it !s easy to find the values of stiffnesses C jk K'jk
and D'jkin coordinatesystem (_',_'._')i).,
lalthe specialcase of an orthotropicplate,when the directionsof
coordinatelines _. _. T coincide:with the principaldirectionsof elasticity
of the plate,transformationformulas (16.1)are substantiallysimplifiedand
take the followingform:
B' n = Bll cos 4 _oJr- 2 (B_2 Jr- 2B_) sin2 _ocos 2_o-Jr- B22 sin 4_o;
B_2= Bx_sin4?+ 2(Bm + 2B_)sin2_ cos2_-4-Br_cos4?; (16.2)
B_2: 812 + [Bll+ B22 -- 2 (812-_-2Be)lsin_? cos2?;
8_ -= Be _-[Bn-_-B22_ 2(Bl2-}-28e)]sin 2_ cos2_.
Here the secondary coefficientsB' 16 and W9.6, which in the system
of coordinates (a._._) are equal to zero, in the system ofcoordinates
(a',_'.I') have the form
BiB-= _ ibm sin2_ -- Bn cos2_ -+-(8 n + 2_e) cos 2_plsin 2_;
(16.3)
, l
B2s= _ [Bracos2?_ B, sin 2?_ (Bm -+-28e)cos27lsin27.
Let us also listthe followinginvariants:
B_ ,-+-B_2-+-28'r, = Bn -4- 8= --{-- 2Bst; _ (16.4)
a_ --B'_: B.-- 8_. I
*See the last cited work by S.G. Lekhnitskiy
1964012887-070
61
CHAPTER In 7 _
MEMBRANE THEORY OF ANISOTROPIC SHELI.S
SECTION I. GENEI%&L PREMISES AND INITIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN
I_IE MEMBRANE THEORY OF SINGLE-LAYER ISOTROPIC SHELLS
Here, as in the case of isotropic shells,* by "membrane theory" we
shall understand that approximate method of calculation in which in the first
three equilibrium equations (2.7.4) we disregard the transverse forces (H1,
N2) and in the sixth equation we disregard the torsional moments (Hi2, H21 ).
In view of this, in order to construct a membrane theory of anisotropic
shells from the general equations of the theory of anisotropic shells we have
the following initial equations and relationships.
Equfiibri,am equations (Chapter If, Section 7):
dBT, OB dASt, c)A
-_ T_+T+- _. $12= --ABX;
,_AT, OA 1"1--} OBS,, OB (1 1)
O_ O[J i_ Jr- _ S21----- -- ABY;
k,T, + k2T2: Z:
dBMI OAl-lt, OA dB '
o_ "Jr- 0[_ + W HI2--"_ 312-= ABNi;
(1.9)
dAM= OBHl= OB H 0.4
0_ t" O_ "4-_ 21-- "-_- MI --'--ABN_;
$1_-- S21= O.
*A.A. f_oltdr,nvev_.er TeoHv: imr_, d 'ht __'i_hoholno_'_" C. * "hi,,-
1964012887-072
62
Elasticity relationships (Chapter II, Section 14):
T,= h(B,:,+ B,:_+ S,6.,);r2_--h (S2:. 2+ B,:,+ B_);
(I3)
S ----$12-- S_, = h (B_ + Bl: , 4- B_:2) ;
or by virtue of (2.4.1)-(2.4.6),
6,= _ (anT, + a,_r2 + a,eS);
1
'2= _ (a,2r, +-ant2+ a_S); I (I.3')
I
I
= _ (a.r, + a.%+ a.S);
as
MI = _- (Bn*i+ BI,_+ BI:).
hs
,442 = _ (S_%+ B,_x,+ S_,); (I.4)
H---- HI.= H_l I_'._
Formulas associating the components of deformation and change in
curvature with the components of displacement are (Chapter II, Section 2):
In examining the presented equations, relationships and formulas we
note that they fall essentially into two groups. In the first group we have:
equilibrium equations (1.1), elasticity relationships (1.3) and formulas
, associating the relative deforrmtions of elongation and shear of the median
surface with the components c f displacement (1. _). In the second group
we have equilibrium equations (1.2), elasticity relationships (1.4) and
formulas associating the relative changes in curv.,ture and torsion with
the components of displacement (1.6). These groups are fundamentally
different.
1964012887-073
63
The firstgroupconsistsoftenequations,dealingwithth?tenunknown
functions T_.T2,S._. _2._,u0v._. Itconstitutes a system ofdifferential
equationsand inthepresenceofgivenboundaryconditions givesthesolution
oftheproblemofa shellaccordingtothemembrane theory,thatis,itpermits
determiningthetangential forces(T1, T2, S),therelative deformationsof
themedian surface(_i. _,_. w) and displacements(u,v._) withoutdependence
onthebendingand torsionalmoments (M_,M 2./-I). thelateralforces(NI.N2)
and thebendi,4g and torsional deformations(_i. x2._).
The secondgroupofrelationships whichhas no valueincalculation
may be usedfora roughestim_.te oftheerrorinthemembrane theory.Using
thevaluesofdisplacementsu, v, w, obtainedfrom solution oftheequationsof
thefirst, group,by me_s oftherelationships inthesecondgroup itiseasy
todeterminethevaluesofthemoments and transverseforces.Inorderto
applythemembrane theoryinthesolution ofvariousproblems ofanisotropic
shellsitisnecessarythatthestressesfrom themoments and transverse
forcesbepractically negli_bleincomparisonwithstressesfrom tangential
forcesT1, T2,S.
Thus, ifthemembrane theoryisapplicable forsolution ofa givenprob-
lem, thesolution accordingtothistheoryisconsideredcompleteifwe have
determinedtheinternal tangential forcesT 1,T2, S (andtherebyalsostresses
_,.o_._._)and thecorrespondingdisplacementsu, v, w.* Hereintheequations
ofthesecondgroup are replacedby theapproximaterelationships
NI = N2=-=hi I =/Vl 2= Hi2_ H_I= 0, (1.7)
which is equivalent to assumption of the well-known hypothesis concerning
uniform distribution of stresses over the thickness of the shell,**, *** in
accordance with which we obtain the follow_mg well-known formulas for
determining the stresses:
T|
7"_., s (1.8) o.=-T-, op: ' _*_=-E"
*S. A. Ambartsumyan, Membrane theory of anisotropic shells, Izvestiya
AN Arm SSR (FMYeiT nauki), Vol. I, No. 6, 1948.
**V.V. Novozhilov, Teoriya tonkikh obolochek, Sudpromgiz, 1951, pp. 85-
89.
***A. L. GoPdenveyzer, see pp. 421-422 of work cited in footnote * on p. 61.
1964012887-074
64
SECTION 2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
In Section 10 of Chapter II it was stated that the boundary conditions
of the geneJ al (moment) theo_T of aaisotropic she tls do not differ from the
corresponding bomidary condit.ions for a homogeneous isotropic shell.
Naturally _,he same may be said in the case of the membrane theory of ani-
sotropic shells. In _hi.'s connection, without going into detail concerning the
general a3pects of boundary conditions in the membrane theory of shells, *, **,
let us prf;sent a few examples of tile boundary conditions which n_.tarally
follow from t'_,e boundary conditions in the general theory of shells. For the
sake of brevity we shall 1._st the boundary conditions only for the edge which
is defin,:d by the coordinate line = = %-----eonst.
I. Uniform Boundary Conditions:
a) Free edge (2.10.1)
r,=o. s,_=: o; (2.t)
b) Hinged edge free _n the tangential direction (2. t0.3), (2.10.4)
TI"-0, v--0 l
or (2.2)
S,_=0. u=:_ )
C) Absolutely fixed edge (2.10.2), _2.10.4), (2.10.5)
" u=0, v=0. (2.3)
: H. Nonuniform Boundary, Conditions:
a) Loaded edge (2.10.7)
b) Hinged edge free in the tangential direction and loaded by a
" tangential force (2,10.9), (2.10.10)
r,=r;. I
or ) (2.5)
! "S12 = _2. - = 0;
J
*A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 109-110 of work cited in footnote *, p. 61.
**V.V. Novozhllov, see pp. 89-91 of work cited in footnote **, p. 63.
1964012887-075
65
c) Displaced edge (2.10.12)
u --=u'. v-: _'. (2.6)
In similar manner we may also describe the boundary conditions for
the edge defined by coordinate line _ =: 30= const.
Of course, other boundary conditions are possible, but as a rule they
may be represented only by means of tangential forces T i and Sik and tangen-
tial displacements u and v.
SECTION 3. AREA OF APPLICABILITY OF THE h_EMBRANE
THEORY
The membrane theory, being an approximate theory for calculation
of shells, provides an approximately correct picture of the stress and dis-
placement of a shell only upon the fulfillment of certain conditions. Five
sufficient conditions for appIicabillty of the membrane theory, to isotropic
shells were first formulated by A. L. Gol'denveyzer. * Without any changes
the conditions described by A.L. Goltdenveyzer may be extended to aniso-
tropic shells. These five :.onditions for applicability of the membrane the,_,
of shells are given here without detailed explanation (detailed discussion
will be found in the work by A.L. GolVdenveyzer).
First Condition. The lines ef _stortion at the median surface of
the shell must not form ,an ex_vssively dense network.
Secsi_d Condition. None of the lines of distortion may touch asymp-
tot' lines of the median surface, that is, those lines at this surface along
which the normal curvature of the surface vanishes.
Third Condition. External loads and reactions must change _moothly,
that is, they must not have al_ extremely large variability index.
Fourth Condition. The median surface of the shell must not possess
certain properties:
a) A cylindrical shell must notbe excessively long:
b) A conical si_ell must not include a conical vertex;
c) The median surface of the shell must not touch the plane along
the closed curve.
A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 423-432 of work cited in footnote on
p. 61.
1964012887-076
66
FifthCondition. The so-calledconditionof V.V. Novodvorskiy.*
m
The med_&n surfaceof the shellmust be rigid,thatis, itmust not be
deformed withoutelongation(compression)and shear.
Let us alsopointout thatthese conditions,being sufficient,are not
necessary and, as A. L. GoUdenveyzer has _hown, when they are not ful-
filled,calculationaccording tothe membrane theory may, under known
circtunstanc._s remain valid. Without dwellingfurtheron the general pre-
mises of the membrane theory of anisotropicsheUs, letus turn to discus-
sionof specificproblems and examples.
SECTION 4. FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF THE MEMBRANE
THEORY OF SYMMETRICALLY LOADED SHELLS OF
REVOLUTION
Let us discuss e. shell whose median surface is a surface of revolu-
tion with axis of revolution z. The location of any point M of the median
surface of the shell will be defined by Gaussian coordinates: the angle
which is the azimuth of the plane extended through point M and the
axis of revolution z, and the meridian arc s _ _. taken alaug the meridian
from a certain initial point Mo.
In such a system of coordinates lines _ = const are meridians of the
meridian surface, s:-constare parallelcircles(Figure 17). For the dis-
cussed surfaceletus introducetwo more geometric quantities:r, repre-
sentingthedistar, ee MM 2 from pointM to theaxis of revolutionz, and _._'s
representingthe anglebetween the tangentto the meridian and the axis of
Z
revolutionz (Figure18).
Figure 17
*V.V. Novodvorskiy, Concerning the "momentless" theory of shells,
Stroitel_naya promyshlennost t, No. 1, 1933.
1964012887-077
67
t E
--y
Figure 18
In the chosen coordinate system we have for the principal curvatures
of the surface of revotutica_
1 da I co_a (4.1)
where R1 is the radius of curvature of the meridian; R2 is the second radius
of curvature of the surface, representing the length of the segment of the norma_
to the surface to the axis of revolution.
For the square of a linear element of the discussed surface, in virtue
of (l.].4), (1.1.5) and (2.1.1), we have
d.n = dsz-t.... r:_d_. (4.2)
Hence for the coefficients of the first quadratic form we obtain
A=I, B=R_cos_=r. (4.3)
1964012887-078
68
Let us list a few relationships which will be used in subsequent dis-
cussion:
ds _f -_, =-- R, -/ "
The system of coordinates presented here may be examined in detail
in the work by A.I. Lur'ye. *
In the adopted coordinate system for an arbitrarily loaded shell of
revolution we obtain: from (1.1), the following equilibrium equations:
tiT1 sin 8 10S (4.5)
Os t-- ( T2 -- T l) ___ --[- -- -j-_-_- -- X;r
dS 2S sin0 I OTl
os -7- -7 _ = -- r; (4.6)
T, /'2
.R, F _ = Z; (4.7)
from (1.5), the following deformation relationships:
du w
_l= Os FR-7;
1 du s'n _ e
d_ r
1 t_ O_ . sin
I --
W---
o_ -r-Y/--v--7- v;
from (1.3) the following elasticity relationships:
1
_l = -_ (anTI -'F a12T2@ al6S);
|
_2= "K (ai_Tl -4- a_aT2 -t- a_S);
1
oJ:.= T ( al6 T! -I'- a_ Tl -t'- ae_).
Finally,by means ofthelasttwogroupsofrelationships we obtain
- thefollowing inhomogeneousgeometricequations:
Ou w I (4.8)
"' os _-#7= -_(an7"1 + alsrs+ a.S);
1 OV slnO _W___ I (4,9)
70"-T-- ---7--u -' Rs -- -(arff2 + a127fl + a_S);
I du Ou sin 0 I
OV _- -_- "+- %-- v _- _ (aeeS -1- aleTI -t- a2er_), (4.10)
*A.I. Lur'ye, Statika tonkosteunykh uprugykh obolochek, Gostekhizdat,
1947, pp. 7-12.
I
1964012887-079
69
where, as usual, aik are the elastic constants of the shell material :Chapter
I, Section 3).
For symmet:'ically loaded shells we must assume that the external load-
ing may only be a function of arc s, th_Lt is,
X=:X(s), Y==Y(s), Z---Z(s), (4.11)
while the boundary conditions are independent of angular coordinate ). Con-
sidering this as well as the fact that in the case of shells of revolution
Rl=Rl(s). R_:R2(s), :(s), 0:8(s). (4.12)
on the basis of equations (4.5)-(4.6) it is easy to establish that in the case
of a symmetrically loaded shell of revolution the "-*ernal forces (T1, T2, S)
and displacements (u,v,w) cannot be functions of angular coordinate _o. By
virtue of this, from (4.5)-(4.7) we obtain the following equilibrium equations:
aT, s,n8 X; (4.13)
ds _- (T2-- TI) r --
d___S _ 2S sina _ y; (4.14)
ds r
RI
r== R_Z-- _ r I. (4.15)
Following V.V. Novozhilov, * let us introduce the new unknowns
U = TIr cos0. V ._ Sr 2. (4.16)
From the first two equilibrium equations (4.13) and (4.14), by virtue of
(4.15) and (4.16), we obtain
dO"__ _ (Xcos 8 + Z sin 8): (4.17)
ds
dV
a"-T" = --r2Y" (4.18)
Integrating the latter for the new sought functions, we obtain
$
U _- -- f r (Xcos 8-1- Z sin 8) ds-}- Uo; (4.19)
$
V -_--/ ,_Yds-f- Vo, (4, 20)
,o
*V.V. Novozhilov, see p. 95 of work cited in footnote **, p. 63.
1964012887-080
7O
where U0 and V0 are integration constants which are determined from the
boundary conditions of the shell while the lower limit of integration of s O may
be arbitrarily chosen. Inserting the values of U and V from (4.19) and (4.20)
into (4.16) and then into (4.15), we obtain for the internal forces T1, T2 and S
I [/r(XcosO+Zsin_)cls_Uo]. (4.21)
Tt -- R=cos_I)
l[/r(Xcos_-[-ZsinlJ)ds--Uo]-+-R2Z; (4.22)
T2= Ricos 20 ,
5o
(/)
1 r2Yds _ Vo , (4.23)
S = R_cos_"0 .
SD
which, as was to be expected, do not differ from the corresponding fo _rmulas
in the theory of a symmetrically loaded isotropic shell of revolution.
Let us turn to definition of the displacements. As in the case of th
statical problem, from (4.8)-(4.10) we have
du tv 1
ds {- _ ="h (allTl-_-al2r2 _' aleS); (4.24)
_In0 -4- _ 1
r = ' R=----K--(a_zT2+a12Tl +azss); (4.25)
dv sin _ i
as + "-7-- v -_- -h-(at_Tt + a_sT2+ at_S)' (4.26)
From (4.24), considering (4.15), for the normal dAsplaeement we
obtain
R, a= (4.2;)
inserting the value of ,o into (4.25) and (4.26) and with conside"ation of
(4.15), we obtain
as R, r .a"-- 2al: tct -4-a:_ R_ /
S R, _ R,
dv _,n_ ( ,,', , r, s
""ds""+- '"-r-'- V = a16 --- a26 RT) /'/- "+" a66 -h- -t-- a26 Z. (4.29)
As before, following V.V. Novozhilov, * let us introduce the new un-
knowns
*V.V. Novozhilov, see p. 96 of work cited in footnote **, p. 63.
1964012887-081
71
It lY
'_-- _ = - ; (4.30)
COS _- : r
then instead of (4.28) and (4.29) we obtain
d? ( R2 ____'_'_R2 T!
a u -- 2a:2 --}- a_ _ -- --[-
ds \ _ !_1] h
d.',, =(a16_a R: \ 7", S R: Z
-as _ _'_, ) -7_ + ae_-TK+ a_ rh " (4.32)
Integrating the latter, for the new sough_, functions we obtain
R2 R_Z] }-k- (4.33)
-- -- -7- _o;
, _{,_f [(al.--a_ R_-) T, S Z] (4.34)
= ---+a_ 7-+a_ -- ds +%
where r0 and % are integration constants which are determined from the
boundary conditions of the shell, while the lower limit of integration so is
chosen as in the case of the statical probIem, lnserting the valuea of tO and
from (4.33) and (4.34) into (4.30) and then into t_ 27), we obtain for displace-
ments u, v and w
- x _,,- 2_,__ + _ n_/ -; r_+
+ oo zl,,s}+,o,:os,,; ,,.3o,
r ' R, T, s R, I (4.36)
v= h- a:e-- a26 -_-( --F + a66 r -F-a26 -r- Z ds -F-_?or;
$o
_=-_" (,.
_
RI Rt a22R2 Z] -]- _o sin I).
,--h-E(a,,--a,, T_,) Tt-r a_S"F- (4.37)
1964012887-082
72
The formulas derived here for the displacements are fundamentally different
from the corresponding formulas obtained in the case of a symmetrically
loaded, isotropic shell of revolution. Here, in distinction from the problem
of an isotropic shell, each displacement (u, v, w) depends on all three com-
ponents (X,Y,Z) of the external surface load. By virtue of this it is easily
seen that when a symmetrically loaded anisotropic shell of revolution is
statically indeterminate (that is, when the boundary conditions are such that
the integration constants U0 and V0 may not be determined without use of
relationships (4.35)-(4.37)), each internal force (T1, T2, S) depends on all
three components of the external surface load. In the case where the shell
is statically determinate (that is, the boundary conditions are such that
integration constants U0 and V0 are determined directly from the boundary
conditions and relationships (4.21)-(4.23) without use of (4.35)-(4.37)), then,
as in isotropic shells, the components of the external load X and Z in the
shell cause only internal forces TI and T2, while component Y causes only
internal force S. The same remarks apply to the displacements, each of
them depending on all three components of the external surface load.
In the special case of an orthotropic shell (Chapter II, Section 14),
when at each point of the shell one of the planes of elastic symmetry is
parallel to the median surface of the shell and the remaining two planes
are perpendicular to coordinate lines s ----const, and _ -- const, the formulas
for internal forces (4.21)-(4.23) remain unchanged and for the displacements
we obtain
1964012887-083
73
Here, as in the case of a symmetrically loaded, isotroplc shell of revolu-
tion, displacements uandw are caused by only two components (X and Z) of
the external load, while displacement v is caused by only one component (1rl
of the external load. Generally, in the case of a symmetrically loaded, ortho-
tropic shell* of revolution components of the external load X and Z in the shell
cause only the internal forces T1 and T2, while the Y component causes only
the internal force S.
We will note that the first group of final relationships (4.21)-(4.23) for
the statical problem of a symmetrically loaded shell of revolution contains
two integration constants (U0, V0), while the second group of final relation-
ships (4.35)-(4.37) for the geometric problem of a symmety_lcally loaded,
anisotropic shell of revolution contains four integration constants U0, V0,
_o0, _b0. Hence, as in the case of an isotropic shell, for definiteness of
solution of the presented problem, at e.'Lch of the two parallel circles delimit-
ing the shell two boundary conditions must be given, of which conditions at
least two must be given in displacements, otherwise the shell may undergo
pure shear deformation or will be displaced as a solid body. In the special
case in which the shell of revolution has one edge (that is, it is closed at the
vertex), the number of boundary conditions is decreased by half. **
SECTION 5. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF SYMMETRICALLY LOADED
SHELIS OF REVOLUTION
A. Cylindr_.'cal Shells. *** For the median (coordinate) surface of a
circular cylindric,_l shell, by virtue of (4.1)-(4.3), we have (Figure 19):
A:-l, B=r=:R2=:R, R1--_, _:0. (5.1)
Then_ from (4.21) -(4.23), for the internal forces we obtain
$
-: _ --/"X ds
Uo
r, _ + (5.2)
so
r2= (5.a)
*ttere and hereafter, unless otherwise indicated, the term "orthotropic
shell" will signif:, _ shell of orthotropic material for which the principal direc-
tions of elasticity _t each point of the shell coincide with the directions of the
coordinate lines.
**V.V. Novozhilov, see p. 99 of work cited in footnote ** on p. 63.
***L.A. Movsisyan, Some specific characteristics of antsotropic shells,
Izvestiya AN ArmSSR (flz.-mat. nauki), Vol. XI, No. 4, 1958.
1964012887-084
74
5
S__ _. .; y ds Or v'.
-_-_-. (5.4)
From (4.35)-(4.37) we obtain for the displacements
$
, f (5.5)
u _ (anT z :r-alsS--_- a12RZ)ds- }- %;
Sa
$
, f 15.6) v -=-- -_ (atsTl q- ae_Sq- a_RZ) ds + _b0R;
$o
R
= T (at2Tl -_- a_S-ff- arzRZ). (5.7)
Let us solve a few examples of cylindrical shells.
1. A closed circular shell (radius of curvature R, length L), supports
a uniformly distributed, normally applied surface load of intensity q. The
shell boundaries are defined by two transverse sections perpendicular to the
axis of revolution z. One of the ends (so --_0) of the shell is completely fixed
and the other end fsI = L) is completely free.
Z
] ---_' .,_<___ _. Rs' I
-1"-f-,4 I
So
Figure 19
We have the following boundary conditions:
sO: u=O. v-----O; (5.8)
s=L: T_=O. S=O (5.9)
and the components of the surface load
1964012887-085
75
X-----0. Y=0, Z-----q. (5.10)
From (5.2)-(5.4), by virtue of (5.9) and (5.10), for the interr_l forces we
obtain
T] :0, S=0, T2-----Rq. (5.11)
Inserting the values of T 1, T 2 and S from (5.11) into (5.5)-(5.7) and perform-
ing appropriate transformations (here and in the following examples it is
assumed that the lower limit of integration so= 0). for the displacements we
obtain
k
u _ a127[ sq--_-%;
R
v - a_ -E sq Jr %R;
RI
w --=at2 -E- q"
Hence, by virtue of (5.8) for *.he integration constants we obtain %----0, and
%== 0, and, finally, for the displacements we obtain
R R R2
u =: al2 -1i qs. _ = a26 -Eqs, _ ==ar2-__ q. (5.12)
In the special case of an orthotropic shell and the internat forces (5.11) re-
main unchanged and for the displacements we obtain
R R_
u--=-al2-_qs, v=O, w=a_---K-q. (5.13)
2. A clo,,_ed circular shell has one end fs0-- 0) compietely fi._ed and
the other (s I = L) sustains a uniformly distributed shear force of intensity S*.
We have the following boundary conditions:
for s--O: , = O. v -=O; (5.14)
for s : L: TI ==0, S ----S', (5.15)
and the components of the surface load
X = O. r = O. Z =-O. (5.16)
1964012887-086
76
From (5.2)-(5.4), by virtue of (5.15) and (5.16), for the internal forces we
obtain
?'1----- 0, T, = 0. S = 3". (5.17)
Inserting the values of Ti_ T2 and S from (5.17) into (5.5)-(5.7) and per-
forming transformations, for the displacements we obtain
$
u = ale _ S"+-,%;
v = a_ -_ S"+#oR;
R
_-- a_5--KS*.
Hence, on the basis of (5.14), for the integratien constants we obtain _0_= 0.
and %= 0. and, finally, for the displacements we have
$ $ ,..., R
._-=_ax6_S* . v__.aeeTo , ____a2e--h_S*. (5.18)
In the special case of an orthotropic shell the hxternal forces (5.17_ remain
unchanged and we obtain for the displacements
8
u=0. v = a_-_ S*. _) ----0. (5.19)
3. A closed circular shell sustains a uniformly distributed, normally
applied surface load of intensity q. The ends of the shell (so= 0 and s_ --- L)
are completely fixed. Here we have the following boundary conditions:
s --- 0: u = 0. v = 0; (5.20)
sq--L: u_-0. v-=0. (5.21)
and the components of the surface load
X = O. r _- 0, Z T: q" (5.22)
From (5.2)-(5.4), by virtue of (5.22), for the internal forces we have
u,
T, -_- -_-, T, = Rq. S ----- R- _. (5.23)
where, in distribution from the two previous examples, the integration
coast_.nts U0 and V0 cannot be determined by means of (5.23) and boundary
1964012887-087
77
conditions (5.20) and (5.21). Thus we have an external statically indeter-
minate problem and the integration cc,nstants U0 and V0 may be determined
only with the use of formulas (5.5) and (5.6) for tl,.e tangential displacements
u and v.
From (5.5)and (5.6)by virtueof (5.22)and (5.23),for the tangentiat
displacements we obtairA
(5.24)
$
__- "_- (a16 "-R- + "615 U _'+V "',diR') + _0R.
Hence, from the boundary conditions in (5.20) and (5.21), for the integration
constants _0' and _0, UU and V 0 we obtain
?o=0. _,o= 0:
Uo = alea.--anau R2q;
411_ _ _ a26
V0_ anaje--alta_*
altaez_a_ e RSq"
Then from (5.23) and (5.24), for the internal forces and displacements we
finally obtain
7.1= a,ea.--a,_ee Rq;
a,as s_ a:e (5.25)
T2= Rq; (5.26)
S= aria's--all" Rq; (5.27)
(_11a66 _ tz_6
u = 0; v : 0; (,5.28)
(ana_ -- a122) ace-- a_a]s -F2a12alea2e -- alla_ Rgq (5.29)
go--_-
In the special case of an orthotroric shell, for the internal forces and
displacements we obtain
T_-_ -- a,_j_z Rq: T== Rq; S =-=O; (5.30)
art
u_O; v=O; w= a._--a?_ /F .- . (5.31)
a. /I
B. Conical Shells. On the basis of the fourthconditionof applicability
ofthe me:_ibranetheory of shellsitis here assumed thstthe investigated
conicalshellsdo not containthevertex of a cone.
1964012887-088
78
For the mediav surface of a circular conical shell, by virtue of (4.1) and
(4. 3), we have (Figure 20)
,4=1.
= B ==(s' -- s) sina.
RI = OO,
R2_ (s' -- s) tg -,.
0 = _. (5.32)
wh_re s' is the length of the generatrix of the complete cone.
l \
i _ so_
So
Figure 20
On the basis of (5.32), from (4.21)-(4.23) .for the internal forces we
obtain
[/ ]
1 (Xcos,t'-+.ZstnoO(s,_s)sin_.ds_Uo ; (5.33)
7" = (s' -- s) cos _ln,.
t-S O
T_----=- Z (s' -- s)tg_; (5.34)
1 Y (s' -- s)2sin2,, ds _ V0 (5.35)
S _ -- (S' -- ..;)2 sltl_,t
i
From (4.35)-(4.37) we have for the displacements
L
,/o i u = -_. [anT ' -}- a,_ + a,2 (s' -- s) Ztg al ds + ?ocos _; (5.36)
$ so
$
t is' -- s) as
v -_- -'-T--- ,f [alsTl + aces + a26(s' -- s) Z tg a] Is' -- s) +
"_ + _?o(s' -- S) sin =; (5.37)
1964012887-089
79
$
t_[a /
_=--K- [anTl+alsS+a12(s'--s)Ztgalds-+"
So
__ (s'-- s) tga
h [a12Tt -_- a2eS -Jr-am (s' -- s) Ztg a] Jr- % sin _. (5.38)
Let us discuss a few examples of calculation of conical shells.
1. A closed truncated cone sustains a uniformly distributed, normally
applied surface load of intensity q. The boundaries of the shell are defined by
two trans_ erse sections perpendicular to the axis o,_ revolution z. One of the
ends of the shell (so= 0) is completely fixed and the other end (sI _ L) is
completely free. We have the following boundary conditions:
for s = 0: u = 0. _ = 0; (5.39)
for s = L: Tl -: (3, S = 0, (5.40)
and the components ef the surface load
X=0. r----0. Z=q. (5.41)
From (5.33)-(5.35), by virtue of (5.41) we have for the internal forces
1 [q(s's s'\ "n'
]
Tl== (s' s) sin cos - _ ---_'} _ _--Uoj
Vo
T2-:- q(s' -- s)tg-_,S= (s' -- s)tsini'_"
Hence, from the boundary conditions in (5.40), for the integraUon constants
U0 and V0 we ob_a.in
(
Ue,._
\s'L -- Vo= O.
q
Then, finally, for the internal forces we write
s2-- L2-1-2s' (L--s) tga, e /
Tl := q 2 (s' -- s) ] (5.42)
T_--q(s'--s) tga; S=0.
Inserting the values of T1, S and Z from (5.42) and (5.41) into (5.36) and
(5.37) and performing transformations, for the tangential displacements we
obtain
1964012887-090
80
u q{all[s 's-s'
--__ -_ --]-(s' L)21n(s'-- s)]'q -
s2\_ tga
+ 2a_2 s's -- -T')1-2-h-+ 7ocos ',;
! ' J
'o=_q at6' 2 " + a_6sJ ---h--- tg -_-,_o(s' -- s) _in2.
Hence, from the boundary conditions in (5.39), for the integration constants
we obtain
q
c_m [an (s' -- L)2In $'1; ?0= -- -_
q 1 (s' -- L)s
_e== _ cos--'--; a16 s' "
Then, finally, for the displacements we obtain
"-'2- + (s' -- Lf In --
___2a], ( s,s S_)ll -_- q'l g a (5.43)
,= I_V[ s (__s'- L)'sl._i_ a_ss} (s'--s) ,g,. (5.4#) s' (s'--s) J h q'
l[ s'-- L'-- 2 (L-- s) s' ]
m=:- at2 (s'--s) -+-2a22(s'--s ) (s'-- s) 4-
+all[ s's-s2--_-Jr(s' --L)_ In( l -- s_)] ___
4-2a,,(s's---_)}-2-K-tq'_' q. (5.45)
In the special case of an orthotrop._c shell all the internal forces and
displacements except tangential displacement v remain unchanged. Displace-
ment v becomes zero.
2. A closed truncated conical shell is completely fixed at one end(s0 = 0)
and the other end section (s1= L) _ithout undergoing any longitudinal
displacement, sustains a uniformly distributed shear force of intensity S*.
Helo we have the following boundary conditions:
for s.-=O: u = 0, v :t); (5.46)
for s = L: u = 0, S = S'. (5.47)
and the components of the surface load
X.=O. Y=O, Z=O. (5.48)
From (5.33)-(5.35), by virtue of (5.48), for the internal forces we
have
1964012887-091
81
Vo T2= 0, S = V0
7"1= (s"-- s) .in =cos= ' (s' -- s)"s,n*= " (5.49)
From the second boundary condition (5.47) and the last relationship for S
we obtain the following value for integration constant V0:
V o= 3" (s' -- L) 2 sin2 a;
finally, for s we find
(s'-- L)' 3" (5.50)
S = (s' -- s)=
Integration constant U0 cannot be determined by means of the boundary
conditions and relationship (5.49) derived for 3' 1. Here, as in the case of the
third example of a cylindrical shell, we have an external statirmlly indeter-
minate problem and integration constant U0 may be determined only with use
of the formulas for tangential displacement; u.
From (5.36), by 7irtue of (5.48)-(5.50), for displacement u we have
(s' -- Lp l S' + _0cos=.
Uo In(s"-- s) + a16 /= (s' s) _ -- all h sin a cos =
Hence, by means of the first of the boundary conditions (5.46) and (5.47) for
the integration constants U0 and cO0 we obtain
Uo___S. at._A (s'--L)L sin acos a;
,
[ ]--
_P0=v'_-a'6h (s'--L)LIn(s'--L)s, ln 1-- __($1__/=) cos= '
Inserting the resulting yak :;s of the integration const_mts into the formulas
for internal force T 1 and tangential displacement u, we finally obtain
1i = a,, (s' -- ") L S'; (5.51)
a,, (s'--s)s',n(l---_-)
Inserting the values of T, Z and S into (5.37) and considering the
second of the boundary conditions in (5.46), after conversions we obtain for
1964012887-092
82
thetangential displacements v
a_6 (s"- L)Ls ,,.. _, [ I s'_- s ]
,= _) s"+_-(+-L), L,'-,(s,). js-.
(5. 53)
an h (s') a In(I--
Finally, from (5.38), for the normal displacement cowe find:
= [ a,.=,, cs'- ,)L (__.), ] tgx.
atl s'ln(l---_,)Jr-a26 (s--s) / h - 2I-"
L
.J
_t_at6(s,L) s'--L __.. LIn_7--_-?/ tg= ._, (5.54)
In the special case of an orthotropic shell, for the internal forces and
displacements we have:
Tt = 0; Y2---_0; S = (s' -- L)' S*; (5.55)
(s' --s)2
a,e [ (5.56)
u= 0; w = O; v = -2-E(s' -- L)2 I s'--s ]
s'--s (s'p jS*.
C. Spherical Shells. In the case of a spherical shell, if it is assumed
that arc s is reckoned from the equator of the sphere, for the median surface
of the spherical shell, on the basis of (4.1) and (4.3), we have (Figure 21)
A-=l; B-=r=RcSR;s [ (5.57)
RI=R2=R; 0=-_,
where R is the radius of the sphere.
7 2"
Figure 21
1964012887-093
83
Using (5.57), from (4.21)-(4 23) for the internal forces we obtain
1 s ___Zsin Rcos-_-ds--U o ; (5 58) S
TI R c')s_R _
/ 1
T2_ 1 Xcos s s s
" J
Rco_'-:_ _ _-d-Zsin_ Rcos-i_ds--U o 4RZ; (5.59)
= _ YR 2cos_-ds-V o .
From (4.35)-(4.37) for the displacements we have
,/
COS _-
u --= n Ran -- 2az_+ am) Tz+ (a_s-- a=) S -F
Sa
d$ $
(an -- a_.) RZ] _ -F %co__-; (5.61)
COS -_-
$ S
f as s . (5.62) v-- co_h_- I(a16--a=) TI+ a_S+a._R ZI -----U + _c R cos-K
$0 COS _-
$ s
sin R f
_a n [(au--2al2-4-an) Tl-_-(al6--a2e)S 4-(al_--a_)RZlX
6o
X ds R s (5.63)
---_- %- _ [(az2 _ a_) Tz-Jr-a26S Jr- a_t_Z] -f- % sin _-.
COJ -_l_
Let u_ discuss a few examples o calculation of spherical shells.
1. One of tiw eads (so= 0) of a closed -;pherical section is completely
fixed and the other end (sl = L) sustains a uniformly distributed tangential
force of intensity T*. We have the following boundary conditions:
s = 0: u ==0. u = 0; (5.64)
s :- L: r_ =/". S --_O. (5.65)
and the components of the surface load
X = 0, Y= 0, Z = 0. (5.66)
From (5.58)-(5.60), by virtue of (5.66), for the internal forces we have
1964012887-094
84
Tl__ Uo , T_--_ Uo . S= V
$
s R2cos2-g R cos2_ R cos2-_
hence, by virtue of the boundary conditions in (5.65), for the integration
constants U0 and V0 we obtain
L
Uo_r'Rcos 2_, Vo=0.
Then, finally, for the internal forces we write
L
_L
cos I _ cos 2
R
T.----__T*,'x T2= , S=0. (5.67)
$ $
cos' -_ cos 2 --_
Inserting the values of T 1, S and Z into (5.61) and (5.62), for the -tangential
displacements we obtain
sL
U :'=- 2h (all -- 2a12 -_- a22) n s
--_- ?0cosR ;
R cos"
v= 2h (als--at_) Intg -_-_---l-T)cos--_--t- g T'+-
+% R cos _.
Hence, from the boundary conditions in (5.64), for the integration constants we
obtain 70= 0, aud % = 0. Then, finally, for the displacements we find
RT . [ $
u : _ (an -- 2al_--,[-a2_) tg _ 4-
_ (5.68)
+
v =- "-2-h-(ale -- a_) /" (5.69)
cos_R- RT_
w---_- --_ (al2 -- a_) ---S"-d- "}--2-K-(an -- 2al2 '_-"am) X
C05" -R-
s] 2L
1964012887-095
85
In the special case of an orthotropic shell all internal forces and displacements
(except tangential displacement v) remain unchanged. Displacement v be-
comes zero.
2. A closed hemispherical shell (shell with a pole) sustains a uni-
formly distributed, normally applied surface load of intensity q. The one
edge of the shell (so= 0), which coincides with the equatorial line ts
completely fixed.
We have the following boundary conditions:
for s = 0: u = 0. _ = 0, (5.71)
and the components of the surface load are
X=O, Y=O, Z=q. (5.72)
From (5.58)-(5.60), on the basis of (5.72) we obtain for the internal forces
TI=-Rq +2 Uo _ Re C'_ ," S= Vo
s R_cost ._ s ; T2 2 Rcos"R
Rcos2-_
that the internal forces at ;he pole of the sphere (s= -_)
From the condition
are finite, we conclude that U0= 0. and Vo--- 0; finally, for the internal
forces we obtain
rl Rq pq
: -_--, -_-, S:0. (5.73)
Insert.ing the values of T 1, S and Z into (5.61) and (5.62), for the
tangential displacements we obtain
.: -
_:-_-_ IB_o2s)cos _- Intg +7t +_0Rcs_
Hence, by virtue of the boundary condi_ons in (5.71), for the integration
consl_ants we obtain ?0 = 0, and _o= 0 and, finally, for the displacements
we obtain
1964012887-096
86
In the special case of an orthotropic shell all the internal forces _.-ld
displacements except tangential displacement v remain unchanged; v becomes
zero.
SECTION 6. EVALUATION OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE PRECEDING
SECTION
The examples discussed in the preceding section permit us to draw
certain conclusions concerning the specific characteristics of the stress and
displacement of anisotropic shells in which moments are absent.
Analysis of the first examples of cylindrical and conic_i shells as
well as of both examples of a spherical shell shows that, in distincvion from
isotropic shells, in anisotropic symmetrical shells under the action of uniformly
distributed, normally applied load q or of a load T* uniformly applied to the
edge there apvear tangential displacements v (that is, there occurs t,_d_tl,ig
relative to the axis of revolution z); after deformation initially plume meridian.
lines of the shell become helical. It is also characteristic that _hen a nor-
mally applied surface load q or an external edgewise force T* cha_ge sign,
the discussed shells undergo twisting in the opposite direction (that is, the
sign of tangential clisplacement v _.!so changes).
In examining the second examples of cylindrical and conical sheiis it
is easily seen that, in distinction from the similar problems of isotropic
shells, the longitudinal iutel'nal forces T1 as well as the normal and tangential
displacements t,_ and u are different from zero. Despite the absence of nor-
mal Z component and tangential X, Y components of external surface load as
well as the presence of complete axial symmetry, in the discussed shells,
under the action of uniformly distributed edgewise shear forces S* (or, which
is the same thing, under the action of the corresponding torsional moments),
there appear longitudinal forces T1, normal (_ and longitudinal u displace-
ments whicb, depending on the direction of torsion, change sign (that is, if,
for example, in the one case there appear in the shell tensile forces T1 or
there is a decrease in the radius of curvature of the shell, while in the other
c,se, when the external force (or moment) changes sign, there appear in
the shell compressive forces T1 or there is an increase in the radius of curva-
ture of the shell).
Finally, from the third example of a cylindrical shell it follows that,
despite the complete axial symmetry of the discussed shell, under the action
of a normally apl_lied uniformly distributed surface load q there appear in it
internal shear forces S.
1964012887-097
87
Jn the case of orthotropic shells, when the principal directions of
elasticity at each point of the shell coincide with the directions of the co-
ordinate lines, we encounter problems in which the derived results, differ-
ing quantitatively from similar results for the corresponding isotropic shells,
do not contain any fundamental differences. However, problem_ of ortho-
tropic shells often contain qualitatively new results which differ fundamentally
from the similar results for the corresponding isotropic shelts. For example,
in the second example of a spherical shell the tangential u displacement and
normal _ displacements contain terms with the factor(a_--a_),which, de-
pending on the ratio a'--_L may lead to results which are fundamentally
a,,
different from the corresponding results for isotropJc shells.
SECTION 7. CONTINUATION OF SECTION 5
The conclusions of the prev'ous section may also be extended to other
types of shells of revolution. In this connection the present section discusses
additionai examples of shells of revolution.
A. Shells of Revolution Generated by Revolution of an Arc of a Circle.
Let a shell of positive curvature be ger_erated by reduction of a certain part
of the arc of a circle of radius R about the axis of revolution of the shell z,
removed from the axis 0-0 of the corresgonding sphe"e (of radius R) by a
distance c (Figure 22). If we assume that the arc s is reckoned from the
equator of the corresponding sphere, then for the median surface of the
discussed shell of revolution, by virtue of (4.1) and (4.3), we obtain
A --=I, B ---r_-R cos--_ _ c,
s
R "os_- -- c r
Rl = R. R_-- s _- _-. (7.1)
cos 7_ cos-_-
...... ......
g
Figure 22
1964012887-098
88
By virtue of (7.1), from (4.21)-(4.23) we obtain for the internal forces
!
r,
-- [ s _ s
o_
_R cos _ - cl cos
[( ' )( '+_,,-_)_,-_o]+
_ _ Rcos-_-- c Xcos-_
T_ R cos' R
._.
Rcos-_ --c
+ s z; F: _)
'.;C* '__"
" ]
- _,o. _"- _'L/{_o.._,} ,,,_v ,,. ,,
=, _- .
while for the displacements, from (4.35)-(4.37), we have
a -- h Rl R_ cos -_
, _._s ( _.)_os____
Z ds-_-
+ _a,_--a_ -- _- + a12-- ar_-k,
Rt ] COS-_ COS__-
$
Jr%cos _- ; (7.5)
Rcos_--c als--a_-_t Rcos ?R --cs
]1 /
Z _+.aea S as -%_o Rcos_---c : (7.6)
$
+ a_ cos -_- R cos-_- -- c
-- slnh_ /J[_all -- 2al_t _ + an /_1 ] _cos-_- -[-
Rcos _--c
R__ Z ds +
-_-(a,e--a,6-_-_,-_'+'(a"--ar2-_,)JcostR
COS "_
t- s an-- a,n _; T_4.
a cos -_-
_co_-_-_ ] _ (7.7)
+ a_i - s Z -q- a2eSj + T0sin -_.
COS "_"
1964012887-099
89
Oil the basis of the general formulas far internal torces (7.2)-(7.4)
and displacements (7.5)-(7.7), let us examine an example. Let a barrel-
shaped shell sustain a uniformly distributed, normal surface load of intensity
q. Let the boundaries of the shell be defined by two transverse sections per-
pendicular to the axis of revolution z. One of the ends of the shell (s: -- So)
is completely fixed and the other end (s :-_ s0) is completely free. We have
the following boundary conditions:
for s = -- So: a'= O, _ =: O; I,
(7.8)
for s = So: TI = 0. S = 0.
!
and the components of the surface load
X=O. V=O. Z-- q. (7.9)
In the same manner as in the case of the first example of a cylindri-
cal shell (Chapter HI, Section 5), for the internal forces and displacements
of the discussed shell we obtain
( _-) ( _)
s _ 2qRc ;.os-- -- cos
qi?2 cos'-_--- cos' _ (7.10)
TI = t
qR AO S -: O; (7.11)
r2 =----_ -l- q _ ,
:2cos"_-
$
,. - _)_ _-4-,,--_)]
,_(;.+_)
'",_(_:- _)+[('_ _ ,I( ")
_os' _- cos'
/[ '
(R+ c)tg_g +
n_ ( A8-+l In s -1/_'-<' --
au 2I/--Ki=:-r \ c: (R+ t) t82R
--In --_----To -+"
1964012887-100
9O
s '_1
A0c sin--_ sin-R- (7 12)
-+ ----};
-Jr an -6-- cos' _ K /
_o_,-_ / j
s r ,.
R cos-_,-- c R' R'c'
"--q- h J{a.[ 21/._--/__c, 2(R,__c,),1,+
g._
A0R m m _I+
L tR + c)tg_-ff -- 1/ R'-- c_
t ]
(R 4- c) tg
-- In so '
(R-{- c)tg-_-_ -_ ]/'_-Z-_-- c2
( s:/
s sin _-
[. R'c R'Ao ] sm_- _J - S ' S O
-- als 2(R2-- c2) 'c 2c(R' -- c2) R cos-_ -- c R cos _- --
...o ..,o,.
-- (a_ -I- a,e) _ In a2e-_- (tg _- -F- , (7 .
13)
where
( so ) so (7 14)
A = R cos-_- -- 2c cos -R-"
in view of its extreme unwieldiness we shall not doric," the expression for
normal displacement o._.
In examining the derived zormulas it is easily see, that in the sufficiently
; gePeral case of a symmetrical loaded aniso(:ropic shell of revolution (even
if me shell is externally statically determinate) the derived design formulas
are complex. In this connection it is of particular interest to examine a shell
of revolution for which the meridian arc is shallow, the ratio of the rise f of
the r,ieridian arc to the length 2s 0 of the arc itself (or to the length of the
chord of the arc 001 ) being small (Fig'are 23).
B. Shells of Revolution With Extremely :qha!!ow Mer'6"m Arc. Lec
a shell be generated by the revolution of an extremely shallow arc of a certain
curve around the azis of revolution z; herein the chord of Lhe meridian arc
,, 001 is parallel to the axis of revolution z or, if it is not parallel, the angle
t
formed by the z axis and chord 001 must be so small that angle 8 (Figure 23)
t
t
1964012887-101
91
at all points of the " -" snva remains small).
Figure 23
For shells of the described type wc assume that the coefficients of the
first quadratic form A and B and the principal radii of curvature R1 and R2
behave as con, tants*,**, *** , **** ,***** upon differentiation. Of course, this
assumption refers to shells in which the Gaussian curva_'c r:: a!! r_tnts retains
one and the same sign.****** Consi_lering this, on the basis of (4.1)-(4.4),
for the coefficients of the first quadratic form we obtain
A=I. B=r=R2. (7.15)
Then, from (4.21)-(4.23), for the internal forces we have
'(/ )
T_-- R2 /?2 X ds -- Uo ; (7. IC,)
$o
'(/ /
T2= WT, R_ Xds -- Uo + O2Z; (7.17)
"8. M. Feynberg, on the _pproximate moment theory of thin-walled shells
of arbitrary configuration, Symposium -- Isstedowulya _-_ t_orii sooruzheniy
Onvestigatioa_ in the theory of structures), Gosstroyizdat, 1939.
**Yu.N. RaboLnov, Boundary zone equations in the theory of shells, DAN
SSSR, Vol. XVII, No. 5, 1945.
***S. A. Ambartsumyan, Approximate method for calculation of shallow thin
shells, DAN ArmSSR, VI, No. 3, 1947.
****S.A. Ambartsumyan, Calcuiation of shallow shells, PMM, Vol. XI, No.
5, 1947.
*****A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 458--460 of work cited on p. 61.
******V.Z. Vlasov, Obshchaya teoriya obolochek, Gostelddzdat, 1949, pp. 436-
438.
1964012887-102
92
(/ ) ,,.,
s=--_ R_ rds--Vo .
5_
and for the displacements, from (4.35)-(4.37), we obtain
, :[( 2a, ,';' 2 R_)
5o
$
,, f ,, + s (7.20)
Sn
w._---- E-
Here, as is easilyseen, we have the approximate assumption thatthe internal
geometry of thediscussed shelldoes not differfrom the internalgeometry
ofa circularcylind_cal shellof radius R 2 (5.1)and (7.15). However, not-
withstandingthis,the design formulas for these two types of shells(5.2)-
(5.7)and (7.16)-(7.21)are fundamentallydifferent.The formulas for
shallowshells,in distinctionfrom the corresponding formulas for cylindz'i-
cal shells,containterms with the factor1/R 1.
Le*.us examine few examples.
1. A barrel-shaped shellsustainsa uniformly distributed,normally
, appliedsurface loadof intensityq. The boundaries of the shallare defined
by two lateralcross-sectionsperpendicularto the axis of revolutionz. One
ofthe ends of the shell(s==-0) is completelyfixedand the other end (s= L)
: is completely free. We have the following boundary conditions:
for s ==O: u = O, v = O; /
for ., -- L: r_ ----O, S =: O, j (7.22)
and the components of the surface load are
: X = O, ___o, Z ----- q. (7.23)
Proceeding as in the previous analogous cases (Chapter III,Section5), for
the mt_,,,,, 1 fcr':o_ and displacements we obtain
)' r_ _-- O, T2-= R2q, S =- O; (7.24)
,, *( R__, _;
, u _---R2q --g al2-- an R_) ) (7.25)
' v:a_-_R2q, w=anTq.
"t
1964012887-103
93
In the special case where the shell is generated by the revolution of
a certain part of a circular arc (the first example in this section) by virtue
of (7.1) we obtain the foP, owing formulas.
$
R cos --_--c
T:=0. T2-- s q, S=0; (7.26)
COS _-
s Rcos-_- -- c (7.27)
Rcos-k --c .,.
g _ q 5 _ _/12-- a22 $
cos -p Rcos _- s
Rcos _- -- c
$
, (7.28)
v = qa_-g s
CO8 -_-
, c,.',)
COS -_"
$
or, in view of the small value of angle 0, assuming cos -_-= I. we obtain,
T, = O, 72 = (R -- c) q. S = O;
t
u : q (R -- c) T a!2-- a_ ; (7.30)
+ l I
v = 9a_ .-_(R -- c), _a-:- qa_ "g (R -- c)L J
Comparing the resulting approximate formulas (7.26)-(7.30) with the cor-
responding exact formulas (7.10)-(7.13), we note that with sufficient flatness
of the meridian arc _ 6' 0-0,
standpoint of the membrane theory, provide wholly acceptable results. In
this case the approximate calculations differ from the exact calculations
by ,lot more than 15 percent; with a decrease in the relative rise of the
meridian arc tb'_re is a decrease in this difference. For example, when
! < ] that is, when $0 _ this difference does not exceed 5-6 percent.
o-o, ,-6 < -9-
The investigations and numerical calculations performed by the author
show that the limit of applicability of the _l_I_roximate theory of calculation
established here is not so exclusive that it may not be extended to other
types of *_ymmetrically loaded anisotropic shells of revolution with shallow
meridian arc.
2. Let the shell of the previous example be filled with liquid. For
simplicity- of calculation it is assumed (with sufficient accuracy) that the
hydrostatic pressure is replaced by a distributed load which varies linearly
over the arc of meridian. Assuming that the pressure at the bottom point of
the shell (s = O) is q, for the components of surface load we have
1964012887-104
94
x-0 Y:0 z--,,(,--;)
(7.31)
From (7.16)-(7.21), by virtue of the boundary conditions (7.22) and by
proceeding in the usual manner, we obtain for the internal forces and displace-
ments
( s ) (7.32)
T,=O, 72=qR 2 1-- T , S-_-O;
R, (a,' /2, s(l ; -- To4
v --_q -_- a26s\ l -- ; (7.34)
R_ a_(,---_) (7.35)
w-= q -_-
In the special case where the shell is formed by revolution of the halfwave of
a sinusoid about the axis of revolution z at a distance c from the axis of the
sinusoid 001 (Figure 23), for the principal radii of curvature of the shell
we have, with sufficient accuracy
R1-- L= _s ' R2_/sin =s
-Z-+ c. (7.36)
f_2 Sin
L
:' )
(In determining the radii of curvature it is here assumed t, at -LT<< 1..
Inserting the values of R 1 and R2 from (7.36) into formulas (7.32)-
(7.35), we obtain for the internal forces and displacements
T,-=O, T2=q(f sin L +c)(l -:-'_L/. S----_O;
=S
(
3. A barrel-shaped shell sustains a uniformly distributed, normally
appliedsurface loao ofintensityq. The ends of the shell (s--O.s= L) are
completelyfixed. Here we have the followingboundary conditions:
for s_-O: u=O; v=O; /
for s = L: a = O, _ = O, / (7.37)
1964012887-105
95
and the components of the external surface load are
X=0. i'=0, Z=q. (7.38)
The discussed external statically indeterminate problem is solved just as
simply as the corresponding prob]em of a cylindrical shell. Proceeding-n the same
maturer as in the case of the third example of a c:lindrica! shell (Chapter IT[, Section
5) we obtain for the internal forces ant :isplacements
r 1-=CIR20, r_=(
. 1-- C_"-'_,) R2q, S = C2R2q; (7.39)
RI
/[( R. 2 R_,
u _.-_ an -- 2al,-_ -Jc-a_ _ ) CI -4-
"q"_C + (an -- '% " (7.40)
-t- (a,_-- a. -R: } , ar2-KFi)1R";
$
c_ + a_C2 + a_] R2q; v -- -g [( a,.-- a_ l, ,
(7. 41)
R, [(a,2_ R-L)C, _a_.Cl-+-ar_jRzq. {7.42)
'U) -:- _-- a22
where
ass (ate _ R2
1
1
ii
+ a,., "AT _ av, _ a=6
a,_4 ,a" 2an _ N1
R= R, \
at' (atl-- a:'-RT)--a" (a" --a" -_l / (7.44)
C 2
(
t]
R2 d_an_._1)__(ale_a R2_l a. \a,, -- 2a,. -_1 --_11
In the special case, assuxxing in tho derived formulas a_6= a_= 0,
we find the formulas for the corresponding orthotropic shells.
In the case where the meridian arc of the shell is shallow all problems
of symmetrically loaded anisotropic shells of revolution are simply solved
without unwieldy calculations and design formulas.
SECTION 8. AN ARBITRARILY LOADED CYLINDRICAL SHELL OF
ARBITRARY SHAPE
Let us discuss a cylindrical shell of arbitrary shape. The location c_
any point M on the median surface of the shell is defined by orthogonal ooordin-
ares _ and 8, where A is the distance from ,any initial cross-section to the
cross-section containing point M (or,B), and/t is the length of arc of the
directing aurve from a certain initial generatix to point M (_, 8). The
coordinate lines of the given system are the generating and directing lines
of the discussed cylinder (Figure 24).
1964012887-106
96
Figure 24
Tb_ coefficients of the first quadratic form A and B and the principal
radii of curvature of the median surface of the discussed cylindrical shell
are defined as follows:
1 1
By virtue of (8.1), from (1.1) we obtain the following equilibrium
equations
or, aS (8.2)
0_ F at -- x;
' as , or. (8.3)
-_ _T_ ------ Y;
r_= Rz, (8.4)
and from (1.5) the following values of deformations:
0u
oar w .
Ou Ov
(
For the elasticity relationships we have from (1.3)
I (a.r_ -t-ant2 + a_S);
!
_2= "K(at2rt + a22T2+ a_S);
v 1
,, oJ= h- (ateTl +a_r2 +a_S).
1964012887-107
97
From the lasttwo groups of relationshipswe obtainthe following
inhomogeneous geometric equations:
du __ I (aliTl_._,127__.i_aleS); (8.5) 02 h
Ov _, I
0-_ q- -h'- -= h (al_TI -[-a2'_T2 -t- a_S); (8.6)
Integration of the systems of different_al equations in (8.2)-(8.4)
and (8.5)-(8.7) is not difficult and may be completed in general form. *
However, for greater clarity the discussed examples will be solved by
successive integration of the indicated equations. **
Figure 25
1. A horizontalcirculartube (ofradius R and lengthL), one end of
which (2= /) is completely fixedand the other (_= 0) is completely free,
is entirelyfilledw'th a liquidof specificgravity_. The weight of the tube
itselfis not considered. Angle _p --,8/Ris reckoned from the low pointof
the tube (Figure 25).
We have thefollowingboundary conditions:
for _ = 0: T_= 0. S = 0; (8.8)
for _- L: u ----- 0. v ----0. (8.9)
*A. L. Gcl'denveyzer, see pp. 125-129 of work cited in footnote on p.
61.
**V. V. Novozhilov, see pp. 154-159 of work cited in footnote ** on p.
63.
1964012887-108
98
and the components of the surface load are
From (8.4), by virtue of (8.10), for the internal force T2 we have
Inserting the value of T2 from (8.11) into (8.3) and considering (8.10)
and the second boundary condition in (8.8), we obtain for internal force S
(8.12)
S= RI_ sm_.
Inserting the value S from (8.12) into (8.2) and considering (8.10)
and (8.8), we obtain for inter'_al force T1
Ti=-_-_-cos . (8.13)
Inserting the values of T1, T2 and S from (8.11)-(8.13) into (8.5),
integrating with respect to c_ and considering (8.9), we obtain for tangential
displacement u
E (
U=_- all _----Cos --_-al2(,_--L)R 2 I +cos qL
,'--L' _]
-f-al_ _ R sin . (8.14)
Inserting the values of T1, T2, S and u from (8. I1)-(8.14) into (8.7),
integrating with respect to ot and considering (8.9), we obt_n for tangential
displacement v
! a_6 (3aL 2_ Ls) cos_+
V =-- h [ 6 2a3--
+a_(_L) R2 !+cos -_a__R._In -+
/
6R _-- 4 4 2 (_ _5)
From (8.6), by virtue of (8.15), we obtain for the normal displacement
1964012887-109
99
2. A closed cylindrical shell of arbitrary cross-section (radium of
curvature R_ = R O),length L) sustains a uniformly distributed, normally applied
surface load of intensity q. One of the ends of the shell (a = 0) ]s completely
fixed and the other end _ -= L) is completely free. For the discussed shell
we have the following boundary conditions:
for 2=0: ,-=_0. v=0; /
for =_---L: T1= 0. S---- 0, / (8.17)
and the components of the surface load are
x=0, r=o, Z=q. (8.18)
Proceeding as in the previous example, we obf ain for the internal
forces and displacements of the discussed shell
dR
T2= Rq, S= q(L -- _) -d_-' (8.19)
(L-- _)2 d2R
T_: q 2 d__ ;
u=q ff al2R Fal6 t __ _____
+ all ( L_ ,,L
+o_o (_- _,_ +_),_,_,,_
(8.9.o)
_a,,(_ _L6+_)_-a_- ;_" d_t
_v -:- q h { 2_R +- '726(L -- 2a) dR
.... o_(__-)] _"_ --,_ (I'-- _"+_-) _+_'_
0_,)_'_].
Let us discuss a numerical example. Let the discussed shell have an
elliptical czo:_s-section for which* where a and b are the major and minor semi
*V.V. Novozhilov, see pp. 157-158 of work cited in footnote **, on p. 1(
1964012887-110
I00
b= 1
a (l--_2cos 2,?)'
axes of the ellipse, is the eccentricity of the ellipse _2= 1 ---_- and _ is the
angle formed by the normal to the ellipse with its minor axis (Figure 26).
Figure 26
In addition to the value of R, we shall also be interested in
dR 3 _: sin 2'_,
__ .
d_ 2 l_2cos 2,_ '
d_R 3a .-2 cos 2,_-- _2cos 2,_
d'fl b2 ]/1 _ _2co_2 ,_
d_3 -- b' _2 1--_ ___2 1 _ z2 cos2'_ sin2,,_;
"_/0_-::- b----e--_.2(l--a2COS2_)'/' 1- e2 cos2,)--
Let the shell be made on an orthotropie material with the following elasti,z
characteristics :**
/=',=2. lOSkg/c._2,E2-=0,5. 10"Kg/cu2:
_l _ 0,2; "2--=-- 0,0,3; O -: 0,455 10' kg:c._l-,
The material of the shell is so arranged that at each point of the shell one
_ principal direction of elasticity of the material coincides with coordinate
and the other two do not coincide with coordinate lines _ and b. At each
p._int of the shell let the principal directior of elastiei.y of a material with a
subscript 1 form with direction _ an angle q9 = 300; then, by means of formulas
(1.,4.8)-(1.4.13), we find the elastic constants ajk for the coordinate system
. *V.V. Novozhilov, see pp. 157-158 of work cited in f,_otnote **, p. 63.
**S.G. Lekhnitskiy, Anizotropnvye plastinki, Gostekhizdat, 1947, p. 48.
1964012887-111
101
_and _:
all: 0,7_lI0'_c._2/kg; 022:= 1,531.lO-5 c.u2,'kg;
al2---_--0,006. 10-5 c:_2:kg; a_=2,575. 10-s c_,/_:
ale_._--O,541 lO-5 c.w_/kg; a_s_--0,758, lO-5 c._/kg;
The internal forces and displacements within a tube of elliptical cross-
section are easily obtained by use of the above data. In view of the fact that the
discussed shell is externally statically determinate, the internal forces o, the
m_isotropic shell do not differ from the internal forces of the corre._ponding
iaotropic shell.
Let us determine the displacements in cross-section_=L. We s'hall
limit ourselves 1.othe investigation of points m! (_ = 0) and m 2 (_ = _r/2). For
the sake of clarity and by way of example we shall also assume that b/a = O. 5
and assign three different values (2,3,4) for ratio L/b. Representing the
displacements as follows:
b2 b_ bI
u--_q--_K=. 10-_ c.u, v"-q--_K_. 10-Sc_, wm-q-h-K w. 10-5 c_
(the values of b and h must be expressed in centimeters and the value of q in
kg/cm2), for coefficients K.. K_. Kw we have the quantities listed in the
following table:
Table of Values ofKu, Kv, Kw
I_ Ku K_ g_
o _- o _ o -_
--2.39 4.68 --7,68 2,49 82,40 ---35,88
I 3.0 --7,98 15,81 - 14.57 9,81 186,96 ---150,60
4,0 -- l _,85 37.49 --25, i 2 24.4b 392.80 _440,5b
In the special case of an orfl_otropic shell, as b_furv, at points m1 and
1964012887-112
102
m2 the tangential displacements v become zero. Here, in the sufficiently
general case of anisotropy, points mI and m 2 have tangential displacements
v which are of '.he same order of magnitude as tangential displacements u.
3. Let us derive the general integral of the equations of the membrane
theory of arbitrarily loaded anisotropic cylindrical shells of a=bitrary shape.
. The general integral is censtructed in the same manner as in the case of an
isotropie shell.* Assuming
! !
r,=_-_-r,. T,=_-FT2. S==S*+S', (8.9.1)
where (T_. _. S*)are the partial integrals of the. inhomogeneous system of
equations in (8.2)-(8.4) while (T',, 7'2. S') is the general integral of the
corresponding homogeneous system, we obtair for T" and T' / j
T_....j: : / " I
.-- =, .. o_ [.. J (8.22)
r=Rz, s,=- j [,' (RZ) -_- r I d=;
aA
cl
, /' of,
rl_----- , --bTdaq-/2:
., (8.23)
S'=./v ',':0.
where/,-= 1,(}) and/2--/2(}) arc arbitrary functions of integration and the
lower limit of integration al is arbitrarily chosen.
, With known TI: T 2 and S, the system of equations in (8.5)-(8.7) is
also integrated in an elementary ma,-mer.
Assuming
u:u'-+-u'q-u", v=-v" _ v' %h '-=w'-Fw'&w", (8.24)
. where, tu'. v*, w') and tu'. v'. w') are partial integrals of the inhomogenecus
systam in (8.5)-(8.7) which correspond to the group of internal forces
*A.L. Gol'deav,_yzer, see footnote *, p. 97.
I
*,h
1964012887-113
103
(_, _. S') and/7' _. T'2. S')respectively; (u". v", _") is the general integrat of the
corresponding homogeneous syatem; for u;, uj. uj we obtain
{" .
f (",_L+ %T;+ %S')a=--
_{ (82a)
jo .
./ f o, I
-nL d= _ (anT ,*-,L a,ag_j_a,6S*)da l ;
J
[{/',
1 d= f Of,
u' :-- -h an j--_-da_ f2da --a16 fld= ;
% a,
[(/" /) /
v' 1 f O/,
-- h a,_ aaj O-'Td=-- f2da --a_ I,aa-+-
_" " (8.26)
/ )
+ a,, da 02/I da -- da f eL,
J O_= j---_- da
= =l atj
R 1' O.h ,_ a,
"_: .... ,z]_ f2 -- da +- a:6.f I q--
h - .1 --a-g
(<!r""""-;" 0"
Cti at_ =1
..... / I
, i f
/
q--ale du -bgi-
ti I l I J
1964012887-114
104
"" =/3; v" = -- , -_- a_+/4;
" (S. 27)
Q
0/,
w"--R /" 02Z3da---R- -
J O_2 o0'
where /3 =-/3 (_). /4 =/4 (_) are arbitrary ftmctions of integration and the lower
limit of integration _2 (as in the case of Otl) is arbitrarily chosen. The formulas
derived here by elementary means may be generalized for the case of a coni-
cal shell.
SECTION 9. SOME REMARKS CONCERNING THE MEMBRANE THEORY
OF ANISOTROPIC LAMINAR SHELI__
The results obtained in the previous sections may. without significant
changes, be extended to the case of a shell consisting of an odd number of
layers symmetrically arranged relative to the coordinate surface of the shell*
(Chapter II, Sectior 13).
As is known, in the case of an anisotropic laminar shell the equilibrium
equations (1.1), (1.2) and the formulas associating the deformations with dis-
. placements (1.5), (1.6) remai:l unchanged; only the elasticity relationships
change, which in this case have the form of (2.13.15)
m i
['"_" _ %' B:,(t,_--I, ,,) (9.2)
("it_ = 2 [ lSt# Ilm $ , s='_l
Solving system (9.1) for deformations -=,, -=,, and ,u. we obtain
En--=AI_T1 _-.,ILfl: 2 _--.I_;S'; )
; _2-: .4_,7", _-A,,r 2 + .4,,y; ] (9.3)
,o =: ..ll,Tl _ :1_._;_4-.'l_a,S',
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote *, p. 63.
i
1964012887-115
105
where
C_.,C,, - C_,., C.C,_;- C_6. )
All -- & ; A22 -- _ '
c,oc, - c,_c, c,,c,., - c_2. I (9.4)
"t_2 = _ : A66-- X '
I
Al 6 _ C,_C_-- C22C_ . A_6- CI_CI6-- C,,C,6 . I
._ ' a ' j
- c :)cs6 -- c,c , -- (9.5)
Comparing (9.9) with (1.3), it is easily seen that they differ only in
the coefficients of T1, T2 and S. ttere, instead of a/-2-khin the presence of
internal forces T1, T2 mid S, we have the new coefficients Ajk.
Thus, in solution of problems of membrane theory of symmetrically
arranged multi-layer shells wide use may be made of the results obtained
in the solution of the corresponding problems in the membrane theory of
single-layer shells. For this purpose, m all design formulas for single-
layer shells, instead of coefficients ajk, it is necessary to insert coefficients
hAjk. As for the determination of stresses, here, in distincticn from single-
layer shells (where the stresses are obtained by direct division of the values
of internal forces by the thickness of the shell h), it is necessary to use the
well-known ;ormulas (2.4.2)-(2.4.4), which for the i-th layer of a moment-
less shell have the form*
,_, -= B',-:, + B_,,-': + B,_,_:
<_': = B_,-_-4-BL_-2 -+-B,',_; (9.6)
!
_._ _ Bl(ia 1! ___.
Inserting the values of deformations _,. % _ from (9.3) into (9.6),
we obtain for the stresses
*By direct substitution it may be seen i.hat in the case of a single-layer
shell the formulas in (9.6) are transformed to (1.8).
1964012887-116
106
o: =(A,,8_, _-A,._; +-A,,.U_,,)T, 4-(A,;n',;,_A.,B',._
. ' ' . ' -,_A,,,B'_6) S; 4.- A:.,.B'16) 7, J.-_AI_Bn 4--A._,BI:
.;.',= (A,,BI2 4- A, ,B_z4- A,,,B_b)T, _ (A,,B',. Jr-A, .B_. 4-
(9.7)
-4- A,._B'.,r,) T2-{-(A,_B',. 4- A,.,,B'2, 4- A,_,B_,,)S;
i I r
_,_=--(A_,B_6 + A,,B_+ A,,,B,,.') T,+ (A,:B',,+ A:.,B.,, +
-Jr-A,r,B_) T, Jr-(A,_,B,,;' -Jr-A.,,B,; Jr-A,,_B_,)S:
Thus, with the exception of the above-mentioned slight differences, the
entire problem of the membrane theory of an anisotropic laminar shell consist-
ing of an odd nur,_..r of layers symmetrically arranged relative to the coordin-
ate surface of the shell coincides completely with the problem of the membrane
the,.,ry of a single-layer shell.
Let us examine an example. A three-layer circular cylindrical shell
(radius of curvature R, length L) sustains a uniformly distributed, normally
applied surface load of intensity q. The ends of the shell (s = 0, s = L) are
completely fixed (Chapter III, Section 5, the third problem of a cylincirical
shell). For the layers of the shell we are given:
Layers I and HI are steel. The layer thicknesses are _ = _ = 0,2 c..,
the moduli o elasticity and the Poisson ratios of the material of the layers are
J
2/,,-
?
- Figure 27
1964012887-117
107
. _(a) -_
E_')=E_a)=E_2t)=E(i_)___9 l0b kg/'_2t _ .71!,) _- j,a -- 0.77X106kg/c._=, ,(,' -= ,(2')
Layer IT is made of plastic wood. The layer thick,-_ess is _- b.,) c_:
tile moduli of elasticity and the Poisson ratio of the material are
E_"=o.5._osk_c.,;.E;2'= 2. lO_kg/c,;'.0_)=0._.lO_kg/c_ _ ,_)= 0.05.,_"= O.2.
The outer layer_ of the shell (I and HI) are made of isotropic material
and the inner lay "r (II} is made of an ortbotropic mate_al. The principal
directions o_ e:-=t ;,_'h,.,... ....._ of the material of the inner layer coincide with the
coordinate directions of the shell (Figure 27).
From (2.12.2), for *.he coefficients Bjk we obtain
Layers I 8aid ]]I B_tt) = B_ )-_ B_ )= B_ )= 2,2. 10kg/_ _, BI_) --
= _,t2--_0.66. 106kg/c.u2. B_) = B_ : 0.77 106kg/,==.
Layer IT Bi_= 0.505 l0s kg/c.u_, B_)--_ 2,02 l0s kgl_ =,
=2_--0.101. 10Skg/c_2. B_)_--0.5. :.0Skg/c.u=.
For the design thicknesses of the shell we have (Figure 27)
h,=h 3=4.2 c_. f =4,0 ca.
From (9.2), for the stiffnesse;- Cjk we obtain
C._--- 1.28 106kg/c._. Crz--- 2.50 i06kg/ca,
Ct==0.345.10skg/ca. Ce=0,71.106kg/c.u.
In calculating the stiffnesses Cjk it is considered that for a three-la_,er shell
m = 1 (Chapter II, Section 12, Figure 13).
From (9.4) and (9.5), for coefficients Ajk we have
Al_=0,812. 10"'6 c_/kg, A_ _---0,4t6. 10-_ c_lkg;
At==-- 0,112. 10-_ c._/kg, A_ "---1.41 10-_ calkg.
*The parenthesized superscripts indicate the layer rmmbers.
1964012887-118
108
Having allthe design data for the shell,we may proceed to the calcu-
lationofthe internalforces, displacements and stresses. In designformulas
(5.30)-(5.31),by replacingajk with hall, we obtain
Tt _ A,2
--_,, Rq. T2-----Rq. S=0;
Au A22 -- A22
u _ O. v = O. _ --=-- A,, R2q"
Inserting the values of Ajk, we finally- obtain for th.: design quantities
with values other than zero,
r l : 0,1 3a Rq kglca, T2 = Pq kglc.*t.
_---0.401 10-6R2q .4f.
. (here and henceforth the value of R must be expressed in centimeters and the
2
value of q in _g/cm ).
.from (9.9), considering that for an orthotrov_c shell A,_ = A26= 0
(since B_d '1' ,m= B_ n. m)= 0), from the values of the internal forces we ob-
tain for the deformations
el_ 0, e2 = 0,401 10-6Rq. ._ -:q.
From (9,6), considering the values of coefficients ,_j_"'as well as of
the deformations _ _. '-2. _u. for the stresses within the layers we obtain
_(1,:_ _l_::_0,264Rq kg 'c.u'_, o(_ _--0.004Rq kg c u2,
o(lj .= _(aj : 0,881Rq kg/c_ 2. o('_)= (),081Rq kg, c3V.
e4 $_ S_
The stresses in the layers may also be derived directly by means of
formulas (9.7).
In similar manner we may solve other, more complex problems for
multi-layer anisotropic shells.
1964012887-119
' _ 109
CIL_.PTER IV D/
SYMMETRICALLY LOADED ANISOTROPIC SHELLS OF REVOLUTION
SECTION 1. BASIC PREMISES. INrrlAL RELATIONSHIPS AND EQUATIONS.
It is assumed that the coordinate surface (T= 0) is a surface of revolu-
tion with axis of symraetry z and that it coincides with the internal surface of
the shell. The loca _,on of any point M of the coordinate surface of the shell is
defined by angle _ (the azimuth of the plane extended through point M and the
axis of revolution z) and by the meridian arc s reckoned along the meridian
from a certain initiM point M0 (Figu:es 17 and 28). For the discussed surface
we introduce two more geometric quantities: z, which is the distance MM 2
from point M to the axis of revolution z, and 0, which is the angle between the
tangent to the meridian and the axis of revolution z (Figures 18 and 28).
In the chosen system of coordinates, for the principal curvatures and
coefficients of the first quadratic form we have (Chapter Y_d, Scction 4)
I d_} 1 cos _ I
/q -- R, -- -a:_-' k2= -R_-= r ' } (1.1)
A=:I, B=r:=R2cost). [
It is considered that the discussed she'l is symmetrically loaded relative to the
axis of revolution (X = 0, Y = 0, Z = O) and that it has corresponding symmetri-
cal boundary conditions. It consists 9f layers of orthotropic material so ar-
ranged that at each point of each layer one of fine planes of elastic symmetry is
parallel to the coordinate surface and the other two planes are perpendicular to
1964012887-121
110 _ '
the corresponding meridians and parallels*,**,***. The shell as a whole repre-
sents an orthotropic body of revolution possessing anisotropy or revolution.
z_ -9
r
Fig.re 28
"- Since at the same time the shell will be deformed while remaining a
body of revolution, its internal forccs and displacements will not be functions of
angular coordinate _ and within it there v:ill arise only internal stresses 7"1. _.
.V__ N and bending moments M 1 and M,,,, while only u and w of the displace-
ments will differ from zero.
From the general equations and _'elationships in the theory of anisotropic
laminar shells (Chapter I1), for a symmetrically loaded ani'sotropic laminar s
shell, considering (1.1), we obtain:
the equilibrium equations (Chapter II, Section 7)
r
d (r:..1)._T2_in______ _ N_----- rX; (1.2)
_' ds
(T_ T2
d (rN) ---r -Jr- ) ==---rZ; (1 3)
as -RL /"2
d r,
ds (rMl) _- 342sin - rN,-- 0; (1.4)
*S.A. Ambarts,xmyan, Symmetrically loaded anisotropic shells of revo-
lution, DAN ArmSSR, Vol. IX, No. 5, 1948.
**. A Ambartsumyan, Calculation of laminar shells of revolution,
DAN ArmSSR, Vol. XI, No. 2, 1949.
***S.A. Ambactsum._an, On Calculation of laminar anisotropic shells,
Izvestiya AN ArmSSR (FMYeiT nauki), Vol. V!. No. 3, 1953.
1964012887-122
111
formulas associating the components deformations, changes in curvature
with the components of displacement (Chapter II, Section 2) where W is the
clu w . I (w cos 0 -- =sm B); (1.5)
a. ; _-- W sm____, (1.6)
Zl -- d$ r
angle of rotation of a normal element of the shell in the plane of s meridian and
has the following form:
dw u
_r
-- as R, ' (1.7)
The equation of compatibility of deformations (Chapter II, Section 3)
dE 2
ds -- ("2 -- el) _in_ -- W cos 0 = 0. (1.8)
Equation (1.8) may be derived both from (1.3.3) and from relationships (.. 5)-
(1.7) by elimination of displacements u and w.
The equations and relationsMps oL_tained so far in this chapter (1o not
differ from she corresponding equations and relationships in the theory of sym-
metrically loaded isotropic shells of revolution*;
the elasticity relationships (Chapter II, Sectioas 8 and 12)
T_= C.h -F CW2 q- guzt + K:2z2; (1.9)
T2_- C22s__Cl_-i JFK22Y-.'--gl2xt; (1.10)
-, " -" (1.11)
M! :-: Dnz I J_ D,2x:}-K,I_;-Kr2-2'
hi.:: P,22x2 JrDl2"-: -t-K22L_+ K_2EI ' (I.12)
where, in view of the factthatthe coordinatesurfat-ecoincideswith theinternal
surface of the shell, that is, A= 0 (Figures 8 and II),we have for the stfffnesses
P
P
Kj, : _2- X B;. (_,.'---B",_.); (1.14)
$:1
P
3
- ' ;"_ B__t), (I.15)
Dj, -- 3... a
_=1
*A. L. Lur'ye, Statika tor:kostennykh obolochek, Gostekh*zdat, 1947,pp.
7-34.
1964012887-123
i12
where p = m + n is the total number of layers, B_, is the same as in (2.12.2);
the stresses within the layers are (Chapter II, Section 12) (Figure 29)
i
, \,v-: I
Figure 29
Inserting the values at and at into (2.4.7), after certain transforma-
,f ' p
tions we obtain with an accuracy of k;h. the following value for the shearing
stress -' = t'
"s'_
I-1
t'=-- (y- P,t_ ,)A (Bjgz) 2 A (BJ't_x) -_-?`(s)' {1.18)
where for the operators At (Bj_q)we have
i ,_i ,--,Bt Bi.,ql) sinD]} (I 19)
; ]J ,t [ (Bl,q,-F-m:q2P-i-t '-'.q2_ '
a (Oj,q)= 7 (,is-,r . .
From the conditions of contact of adjacent layers (2.5.2) and at the
i outer surfaces of the shell (2.5.3) and (1.5.4), we obtain for the integration
function
- - 2 _(B;,4]- x-. (I. 20)
1964012887-124
113
Then, finally, for ti we hav?*
_ECTION 2. EQUATIONS OF SOLUTION AND DESIGN FORMULAS
After E. Meissner**, ***, let us introduce the auxiliary function V := V(s),
by means of which the internal forces are repreeented as follows:
7.2__ dV T1: slnO V 1
as ' -- -7- + 7 F (s); (2.1)
N-- cos" V+/F2(s). (2.2)
r
Here Fi(s ) are functions of the outer surface load and are defined by the following
formulas:
V, =: sin _, fre, cts+cosOIP" f
2= rE, ds ) ; (2, 3)
5, $0
v
; .
F2-= -- cos ,q rErds + sin _ 2_ rE. ds , (2.4)
$, $_,
where E, and /:, are the componenLq of the external surface load In the r and z
directions, respectively, and _ is the value of the prIncipal vector of the ex-
ternal forces applied to the parallel circle s = so with radius r0. It ts evident
*Stresses t t (determined by means of (1.1)) are satisfied by all conditions
of contact of the layers and by conditions at the outer surfaces. However, from
(1.21) this is not always evident. In checking this it is necessary to consider
equation (1.2) and formula (1.7.1) as well as the fact that _o= 0
**E. Meissner, Das Elastizit_tsproblem fUr dthme SchalenvonRingfl//chen,
Kugel-oder Kegelform, Phys. Zs., XIV, No. 8, 1914.
***A. I. Lur'ye, see pp. 24-25 of work cited in footnote *, p. 111.
1964012887-125
114
that /-,. Ez, and P'_,have the following form (Figure 30):
E r == Z cos {) -- Xsin _), (2.5)
Ez = Z sin _ -I-Xcos _), (2.6)
P; :_ (r_ cos 00+ N Osin _P)?=r0. (2.7)
"[he lower limit of integration so may be arbitrarily chosen on the basis of con-
venience of calettlation.
z
Figure 30
Insertingthe values of T,. T2.and N from (2.1)and (2.2)into(I.2) and
(1.3),we identically satisfythe firsttwo equilibriumequations. The thirdequi-
libriumequatien(1.4),by virtueof (2.2),takes the followingform:
d
d-s (rMO"+- M2 sin [} -- V cos b -=/'2' (2.8)
%
Simultaneous solution of relationships (1.9) and (1.10) for deformations
% and -=_, taking into account (2.1) and (1.6), yields
1 [C22 _,n _ dV sm t)
_' -- u _ -7-- V 4-C]2 -aT -_-(KnC_2-- K_C'2) -r-- _'" -
dW I
F, (s) ] (2.9)
-- (KIIC_2 -- K12C12) _ -- C22 _
1 [ sin _ dV sin 0
_2= _ _Cn -'F-V + C,,_ --(K22C,, --K,_Cn)-7- W Jr
a_ C 1 (s)] (2.10)
Jr-(K,2Cn--KI,C,2) _ -- "127 FI ;
9.= C,,C_ --C_. (2.11)
Insorting the values of xvand h from (1.6) and of h, and % from (2.9)
and (2. lq) into (2.11) and (1.12), we obtain for the bending momen_
1964012887-126
115
[(D n D'_I) dW sin8 W
-- _ -- (Oi2- D12) ._
MI
i
---g
q_ K_lCl_-- Kl=Cll_dVds_ K_IC=I-- K,2CI=L, sln_r
V_
K,,C.-- K,=C,2 1 F! (s)1]
(2.12)
?l._ --[(0,2-- O_t) clW'--(Oo 2 D_.2)sin0 iV --
= . _ .--- -7-
K.C,_ -- K.C,= a__V_VK.C,_-- K,=C==sin0 V Jr
_-J ds _
+ K,,c,,-_,,C,,o _-e,(,)]. (2.13)
where, along with the known stiffnesses (1.13)-(1.15), we have
l_n -_- (K")_ Ct= -- 2K,,K,,C,= + (K,=) 2 Cn . (2.14)
o
DO __ (K22}2 Cll -- 2K==KI=CI= + (Kl=) z C=_ .
, (2.15)
DI_2-_- KliKt=C=2 -- [KI,K2= Jr (K,=)'I C,= + K.k'l=C.
o . (2.16)
Inserting the values of _, and e2 from (2.9) and (2.10) into (1.8) and the
values of M, and M2 from (2.12) and (2.13) into (2.8), after transformation we
obtain
d_V sin8 dV (C_= I C== slntS/V :
ds_ r as -_- \ C,_ R,R= C,_ r_
P_ d_W P=-- P_ _in _ dW [ 0 1 --c,, a_. + c,, r -aT-l- _.-F
+ K.C,,--K,_C,=c,,R,R=I _P" sin=8 ] W + O_(s) ;r= (2.17)
d'W' sinl) dll/ ( D,,-- D':2 i ms=-DO sl_8_W=_:
d---._' . ds . D,, -- DI R,R= _ D,, -- D o, r= )
__--- P_ d=V j P= + P_ sin _ dg
(O,, --V,,)d" o(0,,--0,) ' ds
1 Ij K_Cs:--K_=C_= I (O,,-- O,) R, o(O,,__ O?,) R,R,
P_ sin' _] V -. _ (s),
-- _(D,,- o,) ,t J (z.18)
1964012887-127
116
where we have used the following notation:
P' = Kl'(:'2 -- K'2C": I
(2. 19)
I
i'2 -_ K_Cn -- KuC_';i
P3 _- K22CI2 -- KI2C22; }
0, C,, 1 d F,(s) C, slnO Fj(s); (2.20)
= C. ;ds CI, r2
1
,t,__-- K,,C,,--K,,C,,] d F_(s)-- [o,, z)';,)r2(s) --
,,(D,,- o';,) ', ," -
K,C,,-- K,2C,__l,__ F_(s). (2.21)
-- (2 (D,,- D'_I) --rT"
Equations (2.17) and (2.18) comprise a complete system of differential
equations in terms of the two required auxiliary functions of Meissner, and W,
by means of which (using formulas (2.1), (2.2), (2.12), and (2.13)) we deter-
mine all the design forces of the problem*.
From (1.16) and (1.17), by virtue of (1.6), (2.9) and (2.10), we obtain
for the stresses in each layer of the shell
ai I (h_2 sina ,- _ -7-_+_,--_)+
1 l
-4- [_-(K,,A,_--K,,_,)---_e_,J ""
. -- _:x12 12 -- --
._ 1,B12]sm_ _',2 i (2.22)
-7- _ -P "-W_, "7 P, (s);
--_- v+,,', -_-)-
_[ ]_-+ [_U,',,,'_:- K,::,,)_,-
:. 4- "i'B_ -7-- W ; FI (s);
r (2.23)
i ,xf, B[,C,,-- ,_C,,. = .. " I (2.24)
= B' A', if, ,Cz2-- Bi ,C22;
,q_. = el,% ,_I_c,_. ,,_, .=8,,..:,-- _',..,c,_. j
!: The only shearing stress ti differing from zero is determined from (2.18).
i The final expression for the shearing stress t i for the general case is not de-
rived here due to its unwieldiness.
*S. A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote *** on p. 110.
1964012887-128
117
The total displacement vector, as is known, may be represented not only
by means of the usual displacement components u and w but also by means of
two other components e z and er, where e z is the displacement in the direction of
the z axis and e r is the displacement in the direction of the radius r (Figure 30).
It is evident that these displacement components are associated by the relation-
ships*
e_-_ ucos0 -Jr-w sin_; / (2.25)
_r wcos_-+-usin_L
Hence, by virtueof (1.5)and (I.7), thedisplacement components ez and er will
be represented in terms of deformations _. E2 by means of thefollowing
formulas:
e, :- r%. e, -=-e & J (sl cos {)4- if/sin O)ds. (2.26)
$,
From (2.25),on thebasis of (2.26),f)r the other pai, of displacement
components we obtain
u _- -- E2rsin _)+ [ e: + f (_, cos O+ W"sin _))ds] cos O; , (2.2' 0
" is a constant defining the translat,.'on of the shell along the In these formulas e
z axis.
SECTION 3. SHELLS OF RE',;OLIrrION CONSISTING OF AN ODD NUMBER
OF LAYERS SYMMETRICALLY ARRANGED RELATIVE TO THE MEDIAN
SURFACE OF THE SHELL
Let us examine a symmetrically loaded orthotropicshellof revolution
consistingof an odd number (2m + 1)of homogeneous orthotropiclayers (Figure
15) (Chapter H, Section13).
*A. I. Lur'ye, see pp. 12-15 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-129
118
In this case, for the stiffnesses we have (1.13.2)-(1.13.4)
[ ' ]
u'._,. _ "_" "" (h, h_ (3.1)
C]k _-- "_ uj_ rLm+ 1 , _ I-_1_ _-
s-I
" I
2 [ ,.+_ , Vsi_(h' h2,,) ; 13.2)
I
S-1
K;_ = 0. (3.3)
Then, from (1.9)-(1.12), for the internal forces and moments we obtain
(3.4)
T1= Cj,E, -{-C,_-z2; T_= C2,)-q -_(]12!l;
A41= Dnx I _- Dl2x2; M2==D2_: L D,.yl. (3.5)
For changes in curvature x,. _2 formulas (1.6) remain valid . fie for
the deformations, from (2.9) and (2.10), we obtain
,( _,n_ dV I )
_ = --_ C22--7- V Jr Cl._ a-s--- C227 Fi ; (3.6)
I "C sl, o dV I f_). (3 7)
e_-----Q-_ _2--7- V + Cn _ -- C_ 7
For normal stresses in the shell layers we obtain from (2.22) and (2.23)
:, _, (_ s,,,_) dV
= ---- -7- v +A',,__) _
(,dtt" B,,: ,m,_ W)-_ -_i: I (3 8)
-- 7 B,_-,E --r - fi- -r- FI;
, .v)
--/-- V + _:1-_-- --
( dW Bi, _in, _ ) 3',,
- 7 B'j.,.... as -/- _" :-""rl _.v (3.9)
For shearing stresses t x, after transformations, we obtain from (1.21):
for the outer layers
tl= X _' _-I) _',-,'_) +
h2 I. x( 1_'2m + '
-FTA(O)_+:-ix)- F ,,o_,_,,-',); (3.10)
1964012887-130
119
for the inner layers (l---- I.2.....m fl-I)
_2
T A(P_kx)-- boa (R_), (3.11)
where for the given elasticity coefficients we have
! , , .2 (3.12)
;
L 3 =_
1 J -- _s+1)
R_k-_ _ _;B_k-F Bj_ (_, , 13. 13)
$-1
where 2h0---h (,SeeFigure 15).
The internalforces T_. 7" 2.N are expressed through fundamentalfunction
V by formulas {2.1)and (2.2),while for the moments, from {2.12)and (2.13),
on thebasis of (3.3)we obtain
dW sin8
M1 ------ D'I _ + Dn "T- W; (3.14)
D dW stn
M2 _-- _ 12_ + D_ -7- W. (3.15
The formulas for displacements (2.26) and (2.27) remain unchanged.
Finally, from (2.17) and (2.18) we obtain as a solution the system of
differential equations
e,v s,n8 ev [c,: 1 c,, s,.,e) Q 1 (3.1S)
as: r :_s+ _, C,, R:R, T.,; r" V=-C-_-#;W+_;
d*W sill 8 dW (D_, I D,, sm*_ I I (3.17)
as' ds O,, R,R, -I O,, r-f--/ lY/"-=-- --D_'f T_2V'Jr- d_2'
where for _we have (2.20) and for 2, from (2.21), we obtsln
l 1
2 = -- _ T F2" (3.18)
1964012887-131
120
SECTION 4. SINGLE-I,AYER SHELLS OF REVOLUTION
Let us discuss a symmetrically loaded orthotropic shell of revolution
consisting of one homogeneous layer*. Assuming that the coordinate surface
(_ = 0) coincides with the median surface of the shell, for stiffnesses Cjk and
DI_ we obtain (Chapter II, Section 14)
C)k----- hBl_. Dik h3
= -_ B;_. (4.1)
Then for the internal forces and moments we find
(4.2)
7"1: h(BnE, + B,2e2); T2=--h(B_ 2-{--B,2e,);
ha h3
M, : -_U(B,,_, + B,2x2);A'I2 = -_-(B22_-_ _ B'2"g)" (4.3)
For changp.s in curvature formulas (1.6) remain unchanged and for the
deformations, frcm (3.6) and (3.7), we obtain
For the normal stresses, from (3.8) and (3.9), we have
sin 0 V dlg' sin _ \ 1
%---- 3'(B,, B,2 W) -+- F,; (4.6)
r h -37"-- -'7-- "ET"
Iav ( aw _ tt22 _in_ )
_ ---=-h as -- 7 Bl2 -ds-- -7- W . (4.7)
The tnternal forces T,. T_. N are expressed in terms of the fundamental
function V by formulas (2.1) and (2.2) and for the moments, from (3.14) and
(3.15), we obtain
h, ( aw _,. ___. (4.8)
hS
/142=__ ___ (BI 2 dW sln_ W)
--B2_-7-- " (4.9)
"8. A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote *, on p. 110.
1964012887-132
121
As before, the formulas for displacements (2.26) and (2.27) remain
unchanged.
The system of equations of solution (3.16) and (3.17) take the following
form:
--as2 -- r ds }-\ B_ R_-R2-- &, r2 I V=
. (4. lO)
- h(_"B"- 8_4 w _-.,.
-- BI, R_
d'_' _,.,_d_' (B,, 1_4. B,, _,.'_)
ds' r as- -- \-Bi, Rliq_ -B;, ra . It" ---
12 I V-}- O,_,
- B,,h -_-_; (4.11)
where for 0, andO2, from (2.20) and (3.18), we have
B,_ 1 d B2a .,in,_ (4.12'
1 =-- --B-Iz r ds F! - B,I r2 Fl'
12 1
02-- B,,h: i F_. (4.13)
Comparing the results of the last two sections, we note that the funda-
mental equations and design formulas for a single-layer shell (Section 4) are
derived from the corresponding eco ations and formulas for a symmetrically
assembled laminar shell (Section 3) by elementary substitutions. In this connec-
tion, henceforth we shall be chiefly concerned with the general case, that is,
with laminar shells.
SECTION 5. REDUCTION OF THE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS IN (3.16) AND
(3.17) TO A SINGLE EQOATION. A PARTICULAR SOLUTION OF
THE INHOMOGENEOUS EQUATION.
We make the approximate assumption
C22 D22
C,---7 --- -B_( = X. (5.1)
where 7 is ari arbitral., constant.
However, as is easily sho_a, condition (5.1) ts precisely satisfied in the
ease of a single-!s_er shell as well as in the case in which the ratio Bill for all
1964012887-133
122
layers of the shell has identical value. We return again to approximate condi-
tion (5.1) in the present section of this chapter.
Considering (5.1), for the equations of solution of the system (3.16) and
(3.17) we have
o _ (_.2)
c,, z V c_, R, W 4- O_(s);
L(V)+w,7 R,,% --
D,, 1 l 1 VQ-2(s), (5.3)
where, for the sake of brevity, we ha, re introduced the known linear operator
dz sln,_ d . sin _I}
/ ----- ds' r ds l, --'r' (5.4)
We then follow the reasoning presented by A. I. Lurtye * in the case of an iso-
tropic shell. Multiplying (5.2) by the still undetermined factor a and combining
with (5.3), we obtain
L(W)--( D,, 1 +' [L(V)-'t-
,+,
{ C,2 1 i V ]
Jr-\ C,, _ .._-a__,.i / _- 2J = (:I)2-_L- a(I)l. (5.5)
Assuming
2 1 o
D,, _-_+ _,, a= --l/_2,
(5.6)
C12 l 1 __ik2,
c,, -nT-+_b,--,- --
for determination of a we obtain the following quadratic equation:
_+_C_L(o,, c,,_,, c,, -o. (5.7)
-- \/h, + C,i I#_-F-D,I--E-)-
i: Comparing one of the roots of this equation with (5.6), with an accuracy of
: h (discarding terms of the order of _( ia comparison with unity) we obtain
[ m
+ +,=-.,; _,,_,,,_, (++)
} -c,,--c;7,,' "= " _ -c,-;;_,,"
J
*A. I. LurVye, see pp. 36-37 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-134
123
Now, insertingthe value of a_from (5.8)into(5.5)and discardingterms
h
of theorder of _ in comparison with unity,we obtainthe differential equation
of solutionof the problem
c_(s). (5.9)
(J
L(z) -4-i Ct_D_I
where for the new sought function we have
CLID,I
while for the load term we obtain
t/ "
.o
_b(s)= r_ i C,_D,t Ci2 --C22 ----FI (5.11)
rDll r t2 _
Numerous investigations*, ** have shown thata particularsolutionof
equation(5.9)correspondingto the rightside of the equation,with sufficiently
smooth change inexternalload may be constructedfrom the membrane theory.
Generally,for the loads ordinarilyencountered in practicethe particularsolu-
tionof inhomogeneous equation(5.9)is obtainedby various approximate
methods***. A method of determining the particularintegralsforcertainspe-
cialtypes ofloadingof a shellmay be found inV. M. Darevskiy****.
The particularintegralofthe inhomogeneous equation(5.9)is obtained
on thebasis of membrane theory. Proe ;edingfrom the basic premises of this
theory(ChapterIll,Section1), inthe, a_e of a symmetrically loaded shellof
revolutioil we assume (3.1.7)
M,----0. M2-=-0. N=0. (5.12)
From (2.2), (3.14) and (3.15), by virtue of (5.12), as the particular integral of
inhomogeneous system (5.2) and (5.3) we obtain
W' = 0. V0- /q (5.13)
cos _ "
*A. I. Lur'_e, see pp. 38-39 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
**V. V. Novozhilov, Teoriya tonkikh obolochek, Sudpromgiz, 1951, pp.
180-183 and 247-255.
***A. L. Gol'dertveyzer, Teoriya uprugikh tonkikh obolochek, Goste-
khizdat, 1953, part V.
**_*V. M. Darevskiy, On a theory of cylindrical shells PMM, Vol. XV,
No. 5, 1951.
1964012887-135
124
Hence, on tL:. basis of (5.10), the sought particular solution of inhomogeneous
equation (5.9) has the form
-_V o F2
Oo_- I C,_D,I co_"
(5.14)
The values of forces T 1 and T 2 corresponding to particular solution (5.14) are
determined from (2.1). After certain transformations for T_' and T_'
we obtain
T_I-_ R2 cos'_ -- rE z ds ; (5.15)
$o
F_ -_. R, cos' 0 2n rEzds 4- O2Z. (5.16)
$4
and _ may easily be derived directly from the corresponding formulas in the
membrane theory of shells of revolution (Chapter HI, Section 4). From (3.4.21)
and (3.4.22), by means of (2.3)-(2.7) we obtain for _ and _ the same formulas
as (5.15) and (5.16). As was to be expected, the formulas for _ and _ do not
differ from the corresponding formulas derived for the case of an isotropic shell
of revolution*.
SECTION 6. ASYMPTOTIC INTEGRATION OF THE
EQUATION OF SOLUTION (5.9)
Assuming thatthe particularsolutionof inhomogeneous equation(5.9)is
preciselyor approximately derived, we shallhere concern ourselves only with
problems of determining the general solutionof the corresponding homogeneous
equation.
The principalmethod of obtainingthe general solutionof the homogeneous
equationof a symmetrically loaded anisotropicshellof revolutionwillbe con-
sidered tobe the method of asymptotic integration,which, as correctlypointed
out in the citedworks by A. L. Gol'denveyzer, A. L. Lur'ye and V. V.
*A. I. Lur'ye, see footnote 1 on p. 123.
1964012887-136
125
Novozhiiov, can provide the required accuracy corresponding to the accuracy of
equation of solution (5.9). We shall not concern ourselves with the other
methods of solution of problems of an_.sotropic shells of revolution*.
We shall describe the method of asymptotic integration of the equation
of solution (5.9) used by A. L. Go)'denveyzer**, in whose work many important
and interesting details concerning asymptotic integration in the theory of shells
are discuased.
In expanded form this homogeneous equation is as follows:
dSa sinOda sln28 _/ u :
ds z r ds k-Ti'-a-J-I ]/ C, jD,, R_ --0. (6.1)
The coefficient cf the last term of equation (6.1) is a large parameter

" 1 (6.2)
A = CI_-DII -- ho '
where a and b are c, rtain constants depending on the elastic properties of the
layer and on the ratios of the thicknesses of the individual layers to the half-
thickness of the entire shell (h =- 2h0). It is evident that these constants have the
dimension of Bj_ (see (3.1) and (3.2)). Introducing the notation
k2= A. k = /--ff ho'/', (6.3)
the integrals of equation (6.3) will be sought in the form
a = _ (s, k) ek/(s), (6.4)
where _(s. k) is a function of intensity and/(s) ls a function of variability***.
The intensity function may be represented in the form an asymptotic
series
_,s) _ -I- =/:0). (6.5)
4_ _, (s) + --g- + + . . (%
(s. k)_%(s)_ k "'" ,
*Ye. F. Burmistrov, Symmetrical deformation of a near-cylindrical
shell, PMM, VoI. XIII, No. 4, 1949.
**A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 282-326 of work cited in footnote *** on p. 123.
***L. L. Gol'denveyzer, see p. 287 of work cited in footnote ***, on p. 123.
1964012887-137
126
in which :,,. :, ..... %.... do not depend on k. Inserting the value of cr from
(6.4) into (6.1), considering {6.3) and (6.5) and canceling e_', we obtain,
, l
V I [(,;I_" i X. I fd!f_ ._,tf.l_ ._.,_d1,,l +
..... o (6.6)
]
_,r { ds_ -- r- d,_ -- t, r2- % =0.
n=lJ
Requiring that the coefficients in (6.6) for all powers of k vanish, we
obtain an infinite system of recursion formulas for determination of 1. %. _ .....
(d! t
,,,) + -_ = o:
- as 9-( -_ = O;
' _,1,_2 -r ds 1%
o d.f d: n [d__2f___m_ df', (6.7)
__ [d2:n_t _ina d_n-i ) .,m2_ ) \ da i as "--r _-- an-I
(n=l. 2. 3 .... ).
Limiting ourselves to the first approximation of asymptotic integration (that is,
examining only those equations which are obtained when the coefficients of k 2
and k vanish), we obtain
; (6. s)
(a(/"
ds I -- R2 ;
2 _tsds "d_ 7 cls/% = O. (6.9)
1" m (6.8) for the variability function we find
(1- i)_/ ds (6 10)
1
I"_= -+- iG __V_"
$n
Inserting the values of/(s) from (6.10) into (6.9), In order to determine
% (s) we obtain the following differential first-order equation:
d% sin 0 { 1 A?2
i_s :17 k -Jr R;) ao= O. (6.11)
1964012887-138
127
From (6.11) for % we have
%_ ff,"r-"_. (6.12)
Inserting the values of _,, and f from (6.12) and (6.10), respectively, into (6.4)
and considering (6.3), we obtain for a
" _/_ [_e -II-i' :;-F:C',e-'):_I. (6.13}
o-- _rr
where
3 __ (_4" f ds (6.14,
'-- VR;:
_n
(; and .'2._are arbitrary complex constants.
Inserting the value of r in terms of C2 into (6.13), we finally obtain for r
- ' + (6.15)
_R2 cos2,_
The solution (6.15) derived in this manner is the first approximation of
the general solution of differential equation (6.1).
Examining the procedure for obtaining solution (6.15), it is easily seen
that with the same accuracy the solution may be obtained directly from the initial
homogeneous equations (3.16) and (3.17) if we disregard therein the third and
tourth terms (that is, those terms which contain ratios C_/C_ and D_'D,,. By
virtue of this it may be asserted that the limiting assumption in (5.1) loses its
force; that is, if we limit ourselves to the accuracy of the first approximation
of the asymptotic integration, condition (5.1) wil! not have any effect on the sub-
sequent calculations for a shell of revolution in the general case of symmetrical
lamination and orthotropic anisotropy.
By elementary reasoning it may be shown that the first approximation in as-
ymptotic integration of the equations of solution of s.vmmetrically loaded orthotropie
saells of revolution has an error of the order of l/h/-Rjin comparison with unity*, **.
*V. V. Novozhilov, see pp. 255-267 of work cited in footnote ** on
p. 123.
**A. I. Lur'ye, see pp. 147-148 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-139
128
In the present work we shall limit ourselves only to the first approximation,
since ._or purposes of engineering calculatior, its accuracy is quite adequate*.
With these remarks in mind, it is easily sho_n that with at_ accuracy of
] . upon differentia-
the first approximation the factor in formula {6.15), _/R, cos2
tion, behaves as a constant. Then, including the mentioned factor in the inte-
gration constants, we obtain from (6.15)
a-_C,e-O-O__4__2e(,-O _. (6.16)
Considering that
C,-_-E, +IF,; C2=:E2q--IF2;
e-('-0._" = e-,_(cos 0+ l sin _); e('-O ___ e_ (cos _ -- t sin_).
we finally obtain for
o -_-(E, cos _ -- F, sin _) e- _-+-(E2cos _ -t---/",sin 3) e,_--}-
-_I[(Elsin_+ FIcos6)e-_--(E2sin_--F_cos_)#I. (6.17)
Since the general solutionofthe equationof solution(5.9)is the sum of
solutions(5.14)and (6.17),on the basis of (5.10)we obtain
$V-- IA -_,'-V = (E, cos _ -- Ft sin _)e-,' -+-(Ei cos _ -[- F, sin _)e_+
+ 1 [(E l sin _ -_- F t cos 6) e-_ -- (E 2 ._in _ -- F 2 cos _) e_l -+-
___tC,,i_ (s_) (618)
_2 "" COS _}
Hence, separatingthe imaginary and real parts, we obtain
W -_- (El cos _ -- Ft sin _) e-_ + (E_ cos _ + F_sin _)e_. (6.19)
V ---_-- _ [(El sin_ -}- Ft cos 6) e-B--
-- (E2sin _-- F2cos B)a_I t-, (s) (6.20)
" COS_' "
*If desired, proceeding from the system of equations in (3.16) and (3.17),
we may obtain the second approximation, the accuracy of which will not be less
than that of the initial system of equations.
1964012887-140
129
Following A. I. Lur'ye*, *.he solution of equation (6.1) may be repre-
sented with the aid of
a = (C1-- lC3)(91 -- 219_),_-(C2 -- tC4)(91 -- 2/94). (6.21)
whereC_ ... C4are arbitrary constants, 9](_) are A. N. Krylov's functions (See
Table 1), which are linear combinations of e-O -o_ and e(!-o_. From (6.21) and
(5.14), on the basis of (5.10), we obtain
W --- lA-_ V = (C__ lCs)(o _-- 2lO.s)Jr- (6.22)
+ (C2-- :C,) (92-- 2:24) + t _ A
fl
ccs0 "
hence, by analogy with (6.19) .',_',.d(6.20), we have
W -- Cz9zJr C2_2_ 2Cs93-- 2C494; (6.23
V = ADn (Cs91-F C492-Jr"2Czga-_- 2C2Q4) fz (S) (6.24)
COS 0 '
Table 1
A. N. Krylovts _unctions
dgil d*2 k da121 d'O k
] ch _cos _ -- 4_4 -- 4(2s -- 49z -- 4_-)-1
2 2"1 (oh (_ sin _ -t- sh _ cos _) I ....4t)4 4QS 4'.t2
l
3 -_-shp sin p _2z ._ -- 4o. _ 4_.__3
1
4 _- (ch I_sSnp-- sh _cos [_) o_ _ _, -- 4_4
The solution of equation (5.9) may be presented in slightly different
form**. Let us introduce the new variable (Figures 18 and 28)
t/f f"f
= _ _--_, (6.25)
$_ $o
*A. I. Lur_ye, see pp. 68-69 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
**A. I. Lur'ye, see pp. 59-61 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-141
130
considering (6.14) and introducing for the constant the notation
$;
Su
Table 2
0 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 0
O,1 0,9_07 0,81O0 0,9(X)3 0,0903
0,2 0,9651 0,6398 0.8024 O,1627
0.3 0,9267 O,4888 0,7077 0,2189
0,4 0.8784 0,3,564 0,6174 0,2610
0,5 0,8231 0,2415 0,5323 0,2908
0,6 0,7628 0.1431 0,4530 0,3099
0,7 0,6997 0,0599 0,3798 0,3199
0,8 0,6354 --0,(X)93 0,3131 0,3223
0,9 0,5712 ---0,0657 0,2527 0,3185
1,0 0,5083 ---0,1108 0,1988 0,3096
I,I 0,4467 ---0,1457 0,1510 0,2967
1.2 0,3899 ---0.1715 0,1091 0,2807
1.3 0,3355 ---0,1807 0.0729 0,2626
1,4 0,2849 ----0,2911 0,0419 0,2430
1,5 0.2384 ---0,2068 0,0158 0.2226
1,6 O,1959 ---0,2677 ---0.0059 0,2018
1,7 0,1576 ---0.2047 --0,0235 0,i812
1,8 0,1234 --0,1985 --0,0576 0,1610
1,9 0,0932 --0,1899 --0,0484 O,1415
2,0 0.0667 ---0.1794 --0,0563 f 1230
2,1 0,0439 --0,1675 --0.0618 O,1057
2,2 0,0244 --0,I 548 --0,0652 0,0895
2,3 0,0880 ---0,1416 ---0,0508 0,0748
2,4 ---0,0(0_ ---0,1282 ---0.0569 0,0613
2,5 --0,0166 --0. ! 149 --0,0858 0,0492
2,6 --0,0254 ---0,1019 --0,0536 0,0383
2 7 --0,0320 --0.0895 ---0,05_ 0,0287
2,8 --0,0369 --0,0777 ---0.0573 0,0204
2,9 --0,0403 ----00666 --0,0534 0,0132
3,0 ----0,0423 --0,0563 --0,0493 0,0871
3, I --0,0431 --0.0469 --0,0450 0,0019
3.2 ---0,0431 --0,0383 -0,0407 -0,0024 i
3,3 -0,0422 ---0,0306 -0,0364 -0,0058
3,4 -0.0408 --0.0237 --0,0323 ---0,0085 I
3,5 --0,0389 --0,0177 -0,0283 -0,0106
3,6 -0,0366 --0.0124 -0.0245 -0,0121 I
3,7 --.-0,0341 --0. 0079 -0.0210 ---0,0131
3,8 -0,0314 --0,0040 -- 0,0177 ---0,0137
3,9 -0,0286 -0,0008 --0.0147 ---0,0140
4,0 ---0,0258 0,0019 -0,0120 ---0,0139
4,1 -0,0204 0,0057 -0,0074 -0.013 t
4,2 -0,0'204 0,0057 --0,0074 ---0,0131
4 3 -0,0179 0,0070 -0,0054 --0,0125
s,4 -0,0155 0,0879 -0,0038 --0,0117
4,5 -0,0132 0,0085 --0,0523 --0,0108
4,6 -0,0111 0,0089 --0,0811 --0,0100
4,7 --0,0092 0,0090 ---4),0001 ----0,0091
4,8 --0,0875 0.0089 0,0007 --0,0982
4,9 -0,0059 0,0087 0,0014 --0,0073
I
L
!
Note: Comma represents decimal point.
1964012887-142
131
Table 2 Continued
5.0 --O,(D4(i 0.00hi4 0.0019 --0,(}(Y6.5
5, I --0,0033 0.O08U 0,0023 --0.0057
5,2 --0,0023 0/_)75 0,G02(_ --0.0049
5,3 --0,0014 0,0069 0,0023 ---0,0042
5,4 ---0,0005 0,_1o4 0,(X)29 ---0,0035
5,5 O.O(X_ 0.0058 0,0029 --0,0029
5,6 0,0005 0,0052 0,0029 --0,0029
5,7 0,0010 0,0046 0,0028 --0,0018
5,_ 0,0013 0,(X)41 0,0027 --(}.0014
5,9 0,0015 0,0036 0.002fi --0,00l 0
6,0 0,0013 0,003| 0,00'24 --0.0007
Note: Comma represents &ecimal point.
for the independent variable we obtain
_ %-- B_. (b. 27)
Inserting the value of f] from (6.27) into (6.19), we ob 'tain
W _- (El cos _ -- Fl sin _) e--_-+-I(E_cos %+ F_ sin%) cos _14-
r
-_- _E2sin % -- F_cos %) sm _l] e'_- ,.
Introducing the new constants
A_._---El: A2_ (E2cos % _t..F2sin :Zo) e_.; ]
BI -_- -- fl; B2--- (E2sin ao_ F2cos ao) e_, j _6.28)
for the sought W we obtain
W .-_ Ale-_ cos _-_- Ble-$ sin _-b A,2e-_cos _l -_- B2e-_' sin )l. (6.29)
Similarly, from (6.20), for the sought V we obtain
V -_ -- _ (Ale-" sin Ble-_ cos _ -+-A,_e-_, sin _1
(6.3O)
--B_t-_,cos_,) --f_(s_____.}
COS}'
For the tabulated functions let us introduce the following notation:
0 ([,_) .-_ e-_ cos _, C,O) ---e-';_ sin,'_, |
(6.31)
q,O) = oCD--r.O).f
1964012887-143
132
Table 2 liststhe values of these functionsfor values of arguments 0..<__ (i (The
tablewas taken from A. I. Lur'ye. See his frequentlycitedwork.) Between
these functionsthere existsthe followingrelationships:
d_(_)=__(_), d
,_). _-_:_) = _,(_}.
(6.32)
d_,- O)= 2'-_,_). -- :.(_)----- -- 20{_). d[_2
Considering (6.31), from (6.29) and (6.60) we finally obtain for the
sought flmctions
IV= A,0 (_)-JrB,r(_)4- A20 (_,)_ B2_ (_i); (6.33)
O
V _ A-C_, [- A[.(_)4-R,O(_)--.A2_ (_,) 4--B_0(_,)] --/'2_os(S)_. (6.34)
SECTION 7. INTERNAL FORCES, MOMENTS,
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS
Inserting the value of the homogeneous part of V from (6.24) into homo-
geneous formulas (2.1) and adding the corresponding particular solutions (5.15)
and (5.1S), we obtain for internal forces T 1 and T2
sln@
Tl -= --ADn [Cagl qLC492 4- 2C1_3 Jr- 2C241 -_- Jr-
, {p:__ ./;' ) (7.1) F R.,cos2_ _2= rk.', ds ;
So
yrA,
T. _= D,, 2_ 1C4' -L 2C,O 2 -Jr- 2(:29_-- 4C3941--
R_cos2_) _2_---. rE, ds _ R2Z" (7.2)
$,p
inserting the value of V from (6.24) into (2.2), we obtain for the lateral
force
c,,,__ (7.3)
N='4DnICa_21 "_C4_2 4-2CI9_Jr-2C2_1] r
Inserting the value of W front (6.23) into (3.14) and (3.15), and disre-
Vrr
garding the terms of the order of #7' we obtain for the moments
1964012887-144
133
V/--.A-
Ml = Dt_ _ 1-- C2O_-,- 2CaO2_:- 2C4,_3_ 4Cr941; (7.4)
M2= D12 _ [-- C291-I- 2C3Q2-Jr2C4_a+- 4C1941-+-
sin 8
"Jr"D_ IC1.(21 --.}- C292-- 2Ca93-- 2C49.11 "7" (7.5)
From (3.8) and (3.9), for the normal stresses we have
1
, _, dV _2{VSln__ _j) ,, _/W (7.6)
J_ -- _-" d,_ @ _2\-- / T B] -j; -- B_2-7- W . (7.7)
Co.nsidering (1.16), (1.19); (3.6) and (3.7), from (3.10) and (3.11), with
the accuracy of calculations adopted here, we obtain for the shearing stresser,
in each layer of the shell:
for the outer layers (t = m + t, m + 2..... 2m Jr 1)
-t=_:,. . :_, ,l_W C_lB_ "'_-'
_/= X _Jr- _ _,_ -E_ _ :: X
["_: "-' c_ d"v h_ . d2_"
X \B-_-_._-? ) _,,,2 2 P_':-'-- 4- (7.8)
12
.+ hoCtlRi r_ 4/R ='m+2-' Ct_I cl2V
for the interna; layer (t--= 1, 2. 3..... m Jr- 1)
_,_ d2U/' CHB'I_, B'_ C_'\ a_V
Inserting the values of _ and _ from (3.6) and (3.7) into formulas (2.26),
we obtain for the two components of displacement
et .... _'v d-_<l,,i -t'---_,!I,"sin it.. -- -=.'C!' /=,(s); {7.10)
r '$
' : f. [ C,= O___._vC.{v=,., _-9)_]ds.
rz -:- e Jr- . [["sinI) -- -_ cos ds [_-_-- Ra" RI ]J
(7.11)
i The components of displacement may be represented in slightly differ-
i ent form. From (3.4) for the deformatlous _e have
I
I
1964012887-145
134
C_2T, -- CtL7"z . C_,T2- C,2T,
_'- L, . _ = ,, (7.12)
Inserting the values of _, and E_from (7.12) into (2.26), for the displacements
we obtain
c,,r_- c,2r, . (7.13)
er _ t.2 '
2
o J ( C22T,--CI,T, )
e, -= e, + Wsint, -t ,.2, cos 0 as. (7.14)
The values of functions V and W in design formulas (7.6)-(7.14) are not
represented here due to unwieldiness of the formulas derived thereform. In
order to facilitate calculations associated with the indicated design quantities
let us present the final expressions for the required derivatives of the sought
functions V and W
( / )
R, cos 2_ _- -- rE. ds -4--RLZ;
$o
cl2V Di I - _
ds_ -- 2t?--2 (2C,_, + 2C292-- 4C3_-- 4C,.q,t);
d--;-- --= _ (C29_-- 2C39-_ -- 2C'49a-- 4C'94):
d2W / --A o _
d3 2 -- -- _ (_{'3Q1 --{-- 2C4Q 2 _- 2C1Q 3 -_- 4C294).
d
In deriving these formulas terms of the order of _ were discarded in com-
parison with unity.
Proceeding from (6.33) and (6.34), then following the procedure given
at the beginning of this section, for the design quantities of the problem we
obtain the following formulas:
sin 8
rt = ADn IA,_.(t_)-- e_0(_) +- A2r. (_) -- B20(_])!--7- "+
, [p_o_ / ) (7.15)
$o
/,/ )
R, cos, _ _,2,_ . :E, as -R2z: (7.16)
$o
1964012887-146
135
cos___., (7.17)
N -_ ADI_[Bl0 (_) -- Al_ (_) -+-B20(_l) -- "12_ (_1)! r
V/--_ ,,,
M, ----D,, ___2 IA ._(_q) _ B,.. (_) ._ 4,.o(_,) _FBi_,(,3t)l; (7.18)
./'7,- ,.. _/_ :,( ) j.
---- [A,_(_) -Bf_tP)--A2"-?(_l) , 2', _ ]
...... sin 0
-F D_2IA_0(_) %-B_5(_) -F A20(_) -_- v2- t?_)l --F-" (7.19)
The formulas for determining the stresses and displacements (7.6)-
(7.14)remain unchanged. As before, letus present the finalexpressions for
therequiredderivafivesof the sought functionsV and W:
dV ___-- Dn ,1/- -_-
d_ _;,l-- &q' (_) -- B,_ (_) + A2_(_,_+ 8_'_@)l --
] -- rE zds 4- R2Z;
RI cos_
d_V _
d_, --c,,,_, [4_o@)+ B_r.(_) F A_0(_,) P B.,'.. (?_)1;
as -- | Z_IA,_(,_)-- B_,_(_)-- A_',_(_,)-FB_,_(,_,)I;
d_W ,4
_ = 7q_l/x:, (_) -- 8_o(_ A_ (_) -- B_0(_:)I
/--L-
In deriving these formulas we have discarded terms of the order of V_in
comparison with unity.
We will note that we cannot expect that from the design formulas de-
rived here all points of the shell will have an accuracy of the first approxirna
tion of as_unptotic integration. At singular points of equation (6.1) the design
formulas may yield unacceptable results. The radii of curvature R1 and R2
of the discussed shells must be sufficiently smooth functions of coordinata s.
In the special case of a cylindrical shell, wherein I/R 1 = 0, R2 = R =
const and :_= 0, the derived design formulas in the first approximation of
asymptotic integration are precise, that is, they have the accuracy of the
initial equations. This is easily seen by introducing appropriate changes in the
course of deriving all of the equations and design formulas of the present
chapter.
1964012887-147
136
SECTION 8. EDGE EFFECT IN ANISOTROPIC SHELLS*
If the point of reckoning of coordinate s coincides with one edge of the
shell and the length of the shell over the meridian arc is designated as L, for
values of E corresponding to the edges of the shell we will have (6.14) and (6.26)
L
= o. _= _ _% -- _- 18.1)
o
Then, as is easily seen from (6.27), the coordinate of the current cross-section
of the shell reckoned from edge s :-- T. (Figure 31) will be expressed in terms of
E1 = _'u-B.
z _.,_A :,_,,_ rB,:oJ
I i s__o./.y:o//._: _o)
Figure 31
Examining the fmlctions entering into solutions (6.33) and (6. P,4), it is
easily seen that functions e (B) and _ (_) decrease with disW.nce from edge
s = 0 and functions O (B1) _,nd _ (El) decrease with distance from edge s = L.
As is seen from Table 2, Li_ese flmctions are of the order of 0.04 even _,-ith
E = _r. Hence, if the inve3tigated point lies on the periphery of a cross-section
of the shell which is sufficiently removed from the edge of the shell that with
the given elastic constants E _ lr, the influence ol this edge on the stress of
points of the investigated periphery or more remote points, within the accuracy
of el_'lneering calculations, may be disregarded. This condition may be ex-
pressed in slightly different terms: if the elastic constan*_ (Cll, C22, C12,
Dll ) of the material of the shell are such that _ _, _r with given s, then the
influence of the edge on the stress of the part of the shell corresponding to s
may be disregarded.
*S.A. Ambartsumyen, Long anlsotropic shells, Izvestiya AN ArmSSR
(FMYeiT nauki), Vol. IRr, No. 6, 1951.
1964012887-148
137
If in expression (6.14) we disregard the variability of R2, for _ we obtain
/-
-7-
= s. (8.2)
Inserting _ instead of _, we obtaiv the length (over the meridian arc) of the zone
of extension of the edge effect
(8.3)
S'=V, F -A-"
Hence, if the length of shell over a meridian arc L _ s*, the interaction of the
edges may be disregarded. This means that _ith L _ s* the load applied to the
edge B = 0 has practically no effect on the s_ess of the other edge (B = o4)) and
vice versa.
For homogeneous anisotropic shells, on the basis of (6.2), (2.1]L (4.1)
and (2.14.9), we have
A___-E
Inserting the value of A from (8.4) into (8.3), we obtain Me length of the zone of
edge effect in the ease of a homogeneous orthotropic shell of thickness h:
I (8.5)
In the special case of an anisotropic shell, considering that E_0= Es and t_2 =
1 for the zone of edge effect we obtain the well-imown formula uf A.I. Lur'ye*
m'
VFT Vf m2
s"= _,R2 _ 3_,m'- 1) (8.6)
Although formulas (8.3)-(8.6) are precise for a circular cylindrical
shell, they elsewhere introduce a certain error for reasons of simplicity and
in order to obtain general formulas for all types of shetls of revolution. How-
ever, where necessary, in each special case the quadrature in formula (6.14)
may be calculated precisely and we may find the required value of length of
the edge effect zone.
*A. I. Lur_ye, see p. 61 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-149
138
Comparing formulas (8.3) and (8.6), we note that in distinction from
isotropic shells, by appropriate selection of the elastic constants in the case of
amsotropic shells we may substantially change the effect of the edge conditions
(with a given length of shell) on the overall stress of the shell.
Let us examine two examples.
First example:
_ h L
E-_-_--12, "2-_-0. R-_= 0.04, R- = 0.4;
from formula (8.5) we obtain for s*
3.14.0.2
s"_ _ R_ ----0,256R_.
}r3_
Second example:
E_ h L
_-___ 0.083, _2= 0, _-__ 0,04, _-2-_ 0,8;
from formula (8.5) we obtain for s*
s" _ 3,144"0,2 R2 _-- 0,88R2.
It is seen from these examples that in the first case the i:ngth of the edge effect
is less than the length of the shell L = 0.4 R2 > _.256R2, while in the second
case, conversely, the length of the edge effect is grea_er than me length of the
shell L -- 0.8R 2 < 0.88R2. Hence, it is ev_.dent :,,at in the first case the edges
of the shell will have no effect on one another and interaction may be disregarded,
whereas in the second case the edges of the shell will effect one another and
there will be no justification for disregarding interaction of the edges.
In shell theory long shells are considered to be those shells for which
interaction of the edges may be disregarded and short shells are those for
which the interaction of the edges cannot be disregarded. From this stand-
point, in discussing anisotroptc shells we notice a certain contradiction be-
tween the geometric and mechanical concepts of length of a shell.
If from the geometric standpoint an anisotropic shell is considered long
(or short), this still does not mean that from the point of view of mechanics it
may be regarded as a long (or short) shell; this is also true of the converse
condition.
1964012887-150
139
This is easily seen by examination of the examples given above. Despite
the fact that from the geometric point of view the length of the shell in the first
case is half the length of the shell in the second case, we must consider the
shell in the first case to be long and in the second case to be short.
The results derived in the previoua sections are wholly acceptable and
sufficient for solution of the various problems or long shells as well as for
short shells. However, in subsotuent discussion we shall deal only with long
shells as being most important from the standpoint of application. An under-
standing of the procedures for calculation of short shells may be obtained from
an examination of the work by A.I. Lur rye. *
SECTION 9. LONG SHELLS OF REVOLUTION**
The anisotropic shells of revolution used in engineering practice are
largely long shells (for which the interaction of the edges may be disregarded).
Let us discuss a long shell of revolution along the edges (s = 0, s = L) of
0 and L and the intersecting forces NO
which there act the bending moments M1 M1
0 and L
and NL (Figure 32). We will note that M1 M 2 are positive if they increase
the curvature of the coordinate surface of a shell with positive Gaussian
curvature or if the stresses caused by them at the outer grain of the shell are
tensile forces and on the inner grain of the shell are compressive; the inter-
secting forces NO and NL are positive if, being applied to areas with positive
external normals, they are directed toward the positive normal to the coordinate
surface. The positive directions of the forces and moments are sho_ ia.
Figul _ 32.
In consideration of the basic property of long shells, we shall discard
functions B1 in calculating quantities referring to edge s = 0 and functions 8 in
calculating quantities referring to edge s = L.
With s = 0 (which, on the basis c. _6.14) and (8.1), is equivalent to
assuming 8 = 0) for the transverse forces and moments we obtain from (7.17)
and (7.18) (Figure 33)
N _---NO: AD11 cos __._._o Bl __ AD_l
ro - (9.1)
*A. I. Lur'ye, see pp. 68-80 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
**S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote on p. 136.
1964012887-151
140
A/A /_/_ /V
Figure 32
Ml:-M:Du V_(Az-- Bz). (9.2)
With s = L (which is equivalent to _1 = 0) for the transverse forces and mo-
ments we obtain from (7.17) and (7.18)
NL_ AD,, (9.3)
/W (B_.- ,42).
M 1 = ML = Dll
(9.4)
By simultaneous solutionof (9.1), (9.2) and(93), (9.4) for constants
A1, B1, A2 and B2 we obtain new values which are represented by means of the
initial parameters
NO; Ax _ NO ] V[_/Vl0; (9.5)
Bx-- AD,, _ _;;
R__.NL 1
B2-- AD,, NL; A2-- D,,A D,, M_. (9.6)
Inserting the values of A1 . . . B2 into (6.33), (6.34) and (7.15)-(7.19),
for the principle required functions and internal forces we obtain the following
formulas:
1 [R_NO_([_)Ac- ]/-2---_o ..,' ,_0([3)+
W = _-DT,
-+-R2LNL_ (_z)-- V'2--_2L A,Vl_0([_,)]; (9.7)
1964012887-152
141
p
I 5/I
Y
=0
Figure 33
+ n_N'_(P,) + i/_AM_: 0,)] _,o). (9.8)
COS8 '
T, [ R_No_(,_)+Vo . = -- . 2R2AM,.O)--
- R_N'-_ (p.) - V2n_AM'F(Ih) ] '_"e
---r-+
( ; )
! po re. ds ; (9.9)
+ R_cos_e 2_ ,
$(,
1 -- rE. ds (9.10)
Rj cost O
$o
N [n__:*, 0)- _r_--g,,., ..o, : v'_,,.'_"h.Q)+
+ R_Nt_ (_,) -+-V2-RL2AMfr,(p,)] cos8. (9.11)
M,=2n_ _-_ N:O_ + v _, _,"_,0)--
(9.19. )
D,, . De, sin8[RON09(p)__ -
M_ = -D-_'% D,,A
-+"V 2R A/$Io(P)-+-R_NZ_(P,)-- I/2"g_AM_O(P0]. (9.1 3)
1964012887-153
142
The formulas for determining the stresses and displacements (7.6)-
(7.14) remain unchanged. In determining the design stresses and displacements
we shall also be interested in the following quantities:
4V _/r-_- o 0
--2RbvL0 01)--V_,_AMI_('_1)] + R_z--
( /
I P_ (9.14)
Rtco s2B 2n o rEzds ,
$o
+ 2_ 2-YOGA NL:0,)-% V R,
As in the general case, the boundary conditions do not differ from those for an
isotropic shell of reTolution. * Let us present the three basic variants of
boundary conditions (see Chapter II, Section 10):
edge/3 = 0 is free (2.10.1)
NO= o. Mo= o: (9.16)
edge _ = 0 is M_ged (2.10.3)
M = 0. w = O; (9.17)
edge/3 = 0 is fixed (2.10.6)
R_N+ V2R_AM_ = 0, _= 0. (9.iS)
The correspondingboundary conditionsfor edge fll= 0 have the form
N L= 0. M_ ---- O; (9.19)
M(- = 0. w = O; (9.20)
R_NL--V-2-R._AM_=O, w=O. (9.9-1)
For the normal displacement _, by virtueof (9..9.7), (7.13),and (7.14),
we have
*A.I. Lur'ye, see p. 64 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-154
143
C,17,- Ct_T,
w- ,_-- rcos0+
+I.o : c.r,-c,,r. ) }
, . ,, cos_ (is sin 0. (9.22)
$j
SECTION 10. I XAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF LONG
SHELLS OF REVOLUTION
In all the examples we shall limit ourselves to only the first approxima-
tion of the asymptotic integration.
1. A long cylindrical shell possesses two nondeformable end plates
which may be displaced in the axial direction. '.The edges of the shell are fixed
in the end plates. The shell is loaded by a uniformly distributed normal load
of intensity q. The radius of curvature of the shell is R. Using (2.3.-(2.7),
for the load terms we have
E, -: q, E_ :- O. t_z: r,R2q. |
_._2 R2 / (10.1)
Fl ---=_- q = _ q. F2-_ -- qRs.
since for a cylindrical shell 0 = 0 and r = R; for the lower limit of integration
we take s 0 = 0.
From (9.9) and (9.10), considering that the edges of the sheel are fixed
in the end plates (that is, with consideration of (9.18) and (9.21)) and that for a
cylindrical shell sin a = 0, for the internal tangential forces we obtain
R (10.2)
T,: 2_R-- :2q;
T2=-- _/_R RINcP(_)-- Nt_ (_')]-_- Rq. (10.3)
Then from (9.22) we have
_v --_ R CILT_ _ Ci2Ti __-- R2q (Ci, _0.5C,2)
u. t.,
I/' (lO.S4
Assuming a shell length L, for the values of fl corresponding to the edges of the
shell we obtain from (8.1)
0.
1964012887-155
144
Since with these values of _ the normal displacement 00 becomes zero, we obtain
for the initial parameLers NO and NL
if i/
No - C,, -- (),5C,_ tR C,,--0,5C1_ 2R
- - C;,--- A q' N' ....... C._--- -A-V. (I0.5)
0 and L
Further, from (9.18) and (9.19), for the initial parameters M 1 M1 we have
M,:= kq c,,-osc,, (lo.6)
A C1, '
Rq Cj] -- 0,5C,2
M_-= A C,, (i0.7)
Using the values of N and M1 in (10.5) and (10.6), from (9.7) and (9.8)
we obtain for the principal required functions
IX/ __ -A--_Rq vlf_-A C,l- 0,5C_,c_,[:(_)--r_(_x)l; (I0.8)
F
V :qR|/ _-_C,,--o.sc,_lO 0) - O(_,)l-FRqs. (10.9)
Inserting the values of W and V from (10.8) and (10. b) into (7.6) and (7.7), we
obtain for the normal stresses
a, = Rq C,, i -L;- ["P(_) Jr ?(t9_)] --
i (,0,0, ADll _ I
C,,--0.5C,_ ( "_I
=t = _ Rq .......... I'P(r,j)+ :p0x)l Jr
YB1,
' '!Cq.- ('"-_-_;' 1 -+ AD,; I'.I, 0) F_, (10.11)
From (9.22) we finally obtain for the normal displacement
_,= _-q(c,, -- 0.5q2) {1- l_(P+,P0_)1}.
(lO.
12)
Let us discuss an example of a three-layer shell. Let the outer layers
1964012887-156
145
by isotroplc (Es 1] f = E [1] = E_lfa _- E[31 = E), while the inner layer is orthotropic
(_.[2] E[2]} For simplicity we shal! assume that t)._ Poisson ratios of all
u s , _.'
layersare equal to zero. We shallcon_ _lerthathI = h3 = h0, h2 = kh0 (Figures
15, 27, 34). From (3.1)and (3.2)we obtainfor the stiffnesses
Cn = 2Eho(I __ t_ __ rnsk); C2_ -- 2Fho(I --It _-m_k);,
with the following notation:
e!71
ms=-_-; m,_= E
For thestresses in each layer we obtain
E i
0 i =.: "_
-+",_(_q)l,
Rqc_; [1 --[V(,_) .- ", '
Comparing these formulas with the corresponding formu!as in the membrane
theory, it is easily seen that changes in the normal stresses, associated with
torsional phenomena (the second terms in the formulas), are local in nature
and at a certain distance from the edges these cl_nges may be disregarded.
In view of this it will be of interest _o examine the stresses at the edge of the
shell, where in addition to stresses of the membrane state we have greater
stresses from bending.
Considering that with _ ----- 0. d_(D --- _ (_) = 1.0. _ (_,) _ _ (_,) _ 0. we obtain
i
for crs
a'-qR Ets [ 1 , 21"3 1
s 4n0 E (1--It+m,k} h o '[/'(1 :-_3-_-m]k_)(l- /t--_-m-_'k} "
With R = n stresscsoI are equal to zero.
)
For the sake ofclaritywe shalldiscuss a numerical example. Let all
the layersofthe shellbe isotroplcand for the ratiosof the elasticrnodul!of
"helayerswe have m s = n_ = 0.1. Let ue furtherassume thatk = 0.8.
1964012887-157
146
Figure 34
4
Representing the normal stress _s
in the form
oL _ Rq
,--Xl-4_,
for individual points of the end section of tile shell (Figure 34) and for Ai we
obtain the following values:
Layer I H m
Points 1 2 3 4 5 6
Xi 12.45 10.67 1.07 - 0.35 - 3.53 - 5.31
I
The results of these calculations are represented graphically in Figure 34.
2. An infinitely long cylindrical shell is loaded by forces and mo-
ments uniformly distributed over the periphery of the cross-section. The
load intensity is q kg/cm and the intensity of moment m kg (Figure 35).
Let us first examine the case wherein the shell is loaded only by uni-
form transversely peripheral distributed forces q. Let the origin for the
reckoning of coordh-xates s arxdB coincide with the plane of the loaded cross-
section.
1964012887-158
1_7
Figure 35.
Let us examine the part of the shell to the right of the loaded section.
Then, with _= 0, for the right portion of the shell we have
W:=0, No= 1
_q; (10.13)
further, from (9.19), we obtain
Rq (10.14)
M'_: 2fnA"
Inserting the values of NOand M_ into formulas (9.7)-(9. _13), for the design
quantities we obtain (0 _ _ _ _)
v - _ o(_); w-- 2AD,,: (_);
M,- (10.15)
Similarly, for the left portion of the shell we obtain (0 _ _ >/-- co)
Rq Rq _
v=--_ o_([_);w:.E_-bT ' (_);
M, -- 2_-_ (_); N ==-- q 0, (_}; (10.16)
Rq ,/'_ R,qC,,v/'-_"
T2=-- _]/ _FI([B); w-- 2 ,2 _7,(,_).
where we introduce the notation:
0,(_)= e: *cos_; r (_)___ e_sin[3; }
ml(_)= 01([3) -- q ({_); +1([_)= 0,([_)+-_., (_). (10.17)
1964012887-159
148
Among these functionswe have tllefollowingrelationships:
a o_(_)= v_(_). _ "
d3 _ -,(8) ----- _ (_),
(10.18)
d2 d 2
_ 01(_)= -- 2:1(_). d_-_ q (_)= 20, (6)"
In the case where the shell is loaded only by moments with uniform dis-
tribution over the transverse periphery, all the design quantities of the problem
are derived in elementary fashion on the basis of the solutions obtained in the
first case (that is, when the shell is loaded only by uniformly distributed
forces q).
Assuming that the shell is loaded by two systems of uniformly distri-
buted annular forces (Figure 36) (each of intensity q) which act in opposite
directions and as 17approaches zero form a distributed pair with inte.-.sity
m =q _. from (10.15) we obtaia* for the right portion of the shell
,.,.. ]
-: 2ADll "q 2ADI_ dS "
or, finally,
V-- p(rq), W _(_). (10.19)
2D,__2-EA
Similarly, from (10.15) we obtain for the remaining quantities
m ,aV/- _
M_= _ o(_); N= -- _ _ (_);
(lO. 2o_
m ___@ T2 : -_- A_, (_); _ = -- _ A_ (_).
*S. P. Tlmeshenko, Soprotivleniye materialov, Vol. II, Gostekhizdat,
1946, p. 17.
1964012887-160
149
I a I
i iI,
Figure 36.
In like manner, from (10.1,;) we obtain for the left part of the shell:
Rm /-_ Rm
V--
2 |__fi ,_, (_); w -- 'hfib;
2D,, 1/'2-R-A
m ,_V/-x
MI = -- _ 0_(_); B = -- 2 _-_+_(_); (10.21)
m R,'nC_,
Now let the shell be loaded both by an annular force q and distributed
moment m. We also assume that the origin of coordinate s (as of _) lies not in
the plane of the loaded cross-section, but to the left by a distance b from the
loaded section* (r-'igure 35).
Assuming, that in the coordinate system (01 -- _) to the quantity b there
corresponds t = b _A_. for the sought W and V, from (10.15), (10.16),
(I0.19) and (10.21), we obtain:
in t_ sector 0_t
_/ q_ :(t_D4 mR
-- 2AD,, 2D,, 1/'2#-A_(t -- p); (10.22)
in the sector t _ ff_ o0
mR
w:- qR , (_ t) _(_- t_:
2-AD,---;" -- -I-2D,,Y_-fi3
(10.23)
*S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward calculation of anisotropic cylindrical
shells of revolution fastened with transverrJe ribs, Izvestiya OTN AN SSSR,
No. 12, 1955.
1964012887-161
150
Inserting the values of W and V from (10.22) and (10.23) into iormulas
(2.1), (2.2), (3.14), (3.15) and (7.10) or by direct use of formulas (10.15)-
(10.21), we obtain for the design quantities:
in the sector 0 _ _ .< t
qR_C,, V/---A mR C,, A: (t _ _); (10.24)
34 i _ qR m
2 _r2R-A_ (t -- [3)--_ 0 (t -- _); (10.25)
v 0(t -- _)-- m VFW (10.26) N -- 2 Y _ _(t -- _):
T2-- qRV/--A2_?(t--_)--_, m A:(t--_); (10.27)
in the sector t _< _ _< :o
w= q_' C" d_2AR mRC" "4""" (10.28)
u _0--t) --'t_-t);
AqI _ qR '_(_ t) m
2}_2RA. -- -F--_-0(_--t); (10.29)
m /-W
N : -_0 (1_-- t) -- _ }, _ _ (1_-- t); (10.30)
qR VF"A m
r2= -- -_- _ _(_-- t)+ _ A: 0 -- t). (10.31)
Let us analyze the stress of the shell in the case where the shell is
loaded only by a uniformly distributed annular force of intensity q. From (7.6)
and (7.7), in virtue of (10.15), (2.24) and (1.12.2), we obtain for the normal
stresses in the shell layers:
[?< ]
o' e_, --A Ci_ "_ Rq (10.33)
"= _- _I,', _ _--_c,,]'_(_)+'_-i_,, _'0) -_
In the vicinity of the sections where the load q is applied we have for the normal
stresses
([_( C,l_ Rq. I
,= i i _.]_ c,,S 2-_,, ' I
I -- h _ (i0.34)
t

:rL +
1964012887-162
151
Let the orthotropic shell be a single-layer shell and the Poisson ratio of
the shell material be zero. Then, for the stresses entering into (10.34), we
obtain from (4. I)
Cll -- Esh, C_z==E_h. Dn Esh_
-= - I-2-' C12: O,
and further, from (6.2), for A we obtain
2
On the basis of the above relationships for the maximum normal stresses %
and % we obtain from (10.34)
a_ 2h II' -_-s "
By means of these formulas it is easy to establish the nature of the
change in normal stresses % and % in accordance with e=5_/5_, that ,s, de-
pending on the ratio of the elastic moduli of the principal directions. Modifying
the formulas, we obtain
q 1/'_-_ q]/_
% h2 1,14e-'/, -- h_ _'s.
hz 0,66e'/,= h_ k_.
The coefficients of these formulas Xs and X_, are represented in the following
form:
0,I 0,25 0,5 1,0 2.0 3,0 I 4,0 8,0 IO,v
_s 2,03 1,61 1,36 1,14 0,96 0.871 0,81 0,67 0,64
,. 0,37 0,47 0,55 0.66 0,79 0.87 I 0,93[ 1.12 !.17
For the sake of vonvenience the data of this table are represented in graphical
form (Figure 37), whence it is easily established that for the discussed problem
1964012887-163
152
from the standpoint of strength it is more convenient to have greater stiff-
nesses in the annular direction of the shell. It is also of interest that with a
sufficiently wide range of change in e (from two to five) the normal stresses
% and % have sufficiently close values.
3. A semi-inifinite cylindrical shell is loaded by forces and moments
uniformly distributed over the periphery of a loaded cross-section at a distance
b (t := b V _t-/-2R)from the free end of the shell. The origin of coordinates s and f_
is tocated in the plane of the cross-section of the free end of the shell (Figure 38).
The solution of this problem may be constructed by the method of super-
position. That is to say, on the solution of the problem of an infinitely long
cylindrical shell loaded at any intermediate cross-section by forces and mo-
ments uniformly distributed over the periphery of the loaded section (Figure 35)
we superpose the solution of a semi-infinite cylindrical shell loaded by the fol-
lowing uniformly distributed (over the periphery of the end section) bending
moments and intersecting forces (Figure 39):
q_ '7 m 0(t); (10.35)
m i/ A (10.36)
No -- _ 0 (t) 4- 2- v _- ? (t),
,1
, r i
ZC --_ i I I
t f t I i _
0 .:J gd d.Y 4.0 3,q dO 7.(] 8./) gO No
Figure 37.
which with opposite sign are the values (10.25) and (10.26) when
q
;_.ZZA _'L::: z._,:f." .; "..;z.. ";.... -'-.-'_ /_;1 _;__._;_,4._(.4_'_
ms,../

Figure 38. Figure 39.

1964012887-164
153
From (9.7)-(9.13) and (9.22) for the second auxiliary problem (the
problem of a semi-infinite shell with end loads) we obtain the following design
for mulas:
1 [RNO,_O) _- V'2--ffAM 0 0)]; (10.37)
W--- ADt,
V -= RN+(_)-- V'2-R'AMr 0); (10.38)
2R N%(_)_{_MOcp0); (10.40)
N N'_ O) 1/2RA .
= _ M_.O); (10.41)
r,=- [2RNoo + 0>l. (lO. 42)
Considering (10.35) and (10.36), from (10.22)-(10.31) and (10.37)-
(10.42) we obtain the following design formulas for the problem under consid-
eration:
over sector
w=--q-_ fgl,_(t--_)+2o(_)o(t)+_(D_(t)i -
R (10.43)
-- m -_ -_ A [; (t -- _) + 0O) _ (t) q- _,O) 0 Ct)l;
w=qR I
n ['_tt -- [_)+-_0)_ (t) * '_o(_) 0(Of; (10.44)
+ m'2D--_,_ V_I_X '
n lo (t -- _) - + 0) oit) _-_ ([_),_(t)l -
V= --q_2
R |/ -:4- _ m: 2 ,zR[_(t__)__,_(_)._(t. j __2:,0)0(t)l; (10.45)
R
M_ :-=q 2-_i,4 [ -- '_(t -- 3) + 2_@) OCt)+ _?0) q,Ct)l--
-- m 2] "'(t -- _) -- r.0) _P(t) -- ? 0) 0 (t)l; (10.46)
N .... _-[0 (t -- _)- '_0) 0(0% :.0) q4t)l --
,if-a-
--m -_- 2/-[,p(t -- _) -. _ 0) _p(t) -_- 2_.(_) 0 (t)l; (10.47)
1964012887-165
154
T2=__qR]//--A-
"2 :2_-[_ (t - - [_,)-F 20(_) 0(t) Jr- '_O) q_(t)] --
(10.48)
-- m ::L:tt -- [_)4- 0O)'__t)4- _(_)0(t)];
over sector t ._/_ ._. :_
.. c..iI-
_v =-:-- q _- _-- I'_(_--t)_-20(_)G(t)-l-q_(i_)q_(t)14--
/_ C_, A l_(_ -- t) -- 0 0) _ (t) -- q_([3)0 (t)]; (10.49)
R 1
W= q _ _-_,, [_0 -- t) + _([3)0(t)+ 0(_)q_(t)l 4-
R
+ m 2D,, VTEA- [q_(_ -- t) 4- _ (2) _o(t) 4- 20 (_) 0 (t)l; (10.50)
v ----q_ l O(p-- t) + _CP) oCt)-- r,(13) _(t)l --
# f
-- m_ V_-_ I,e0 - t) - _(13), (t_+ 2r.O)o(t)l; (lO. 5I)
R
241= q _ l -- _ ([3-- t) + 2(I3)o(t) + _ 0) 9 (t)l +
1
4- m_-10(i3-- t) -F _.(i_)_(t) 4- _(_)0(t)l; (10.52)
N = _ l0(t_-- t) 4- q_(Ib0(t) -- _,(_) _b(t)l --
1 /-A-
-- m -_ 1/ 2_ I_P(!3-- t) -- q_(_) _P(t) 4- 2r.([_)0it)l; (10.53)
Rl/r-x- T_= .- q _ _-Rlv(_-- t) + _o(p)O(t) +- _(_)q,(t)l -k-
.4
+ m _ l_(_ -- t) -- 0 (_) _ (t) -- _,(._)0(t)l. (10.54)
4. A vertically positioned cylindrical reservoir with the upper edge
free is filled to the top with liquid. The lower edge of the reservoir is closed.
L-- A7---,_.
,t .... t --
1
Figure 40.
1964012887-166
155
We shall assume that at the lower edge s = 0, (_ = 0).' and at the upper edge
s-_L, (_--_]/ A-_l_ s --_l) (Figure 40).
On tht,, basis of (2.5) and (2.6), we have
Er-_Z_-P(L-s), Ez=O,
where p is the volumetric weight of the liquid. From (2.3) and (2.4) we obtain
F I=0, F_--_:--pRs L-- g .
From (5.13), (5.15) and (5.16), for the particular solutions corresponding to
the given load we obtain
__-o. _=oR(L--,). V=pR,(L--{). (10.55)
For the free upper edge of the shell we have, after (9.19), NI_=O, and
N t -- 0; then from (9.8) we obtain the general solution for the sought V
v=RN, (_) -- V_,C (_) +_R, (L-- ). (zo.56)
For the normal displacement, from (9.22) and on the basis of (9.10), we have
c,, ./'-_ [2RNoO (p) +g_--_,_io_(p)l +PR,__.(L_,). (Z0.5_)
w=--R-D- V
whence by _"_r_e of (1.7) we obtain for the second sought W
_ =_-_,, [R_ (p) + V2-_M0 (p)] - pR' -_-c". (1,_. 58)
For the lower closed edge, from (9. I8),
for p--=O_ W--0, w-----0.
For initial parameters M. N we obtain
M--=-- L--_ R_7-_pR;
(10.
59)
- -- -- _" (10.60)
Then, we finally obtain
- +,R.(, -
1964012887-167
156
C,,
-- V'_(L-- Y'_)_O) --pR'-_, ; (10.62)
.., c,, i/- [_2R (_____/._ i) e0)+
w---" pK
From (7.6) and (7.7) we obtahl the formulas for determining the normal
stresses in the shell layers
o,- e_ c,, ,__ _-A -L--I 0t_,+
+ 1 _ i -_- Cu ) -- Ul'_2
/_ [ 2R( V_aA t)'O)+
, 1-..14 _- c, ] 2fi t,---_-- L -- I 0O)
(L-- s) --
f'__,'z: O)J pR.
-I-'I/ -_A-t L -- (-2+_--) + (i0.65)
In the case where the Poisson ratios of all the layers are equal to zero
the des.Lgn formulas are simplified; in this case, from (7.8) or (7.9), we obtain
for the maximum tangential stress
ma, = 2 O,, L--I +(_)-{--
(10.66)
Examining formula (10.58), it is easily seen that in distinction from the
previous examples W contains a component corresponding to the particular
solution of inhomogeneous equation (5.9). If we were to retain the premises of
Section 5 of the present chapter, for W, instead of (10.58), we would obtain
1964012887-168
157
W =_T,I [RN_O)+V_--_'_O0)]
Then from the conditions for the lower closed edge the init._al parameters
and M will be NO5yayT
JH= --pR L NO= pLVF__R . (10.67)
Comparing (10.67) with (10.59) and (10.60), we note that in the expres-
sions for the support moment (10.59) and the intersecting support force (10.60)
componeiit8 not coutaining L are associated with the presence of the last term
in (10.58), _._.tch represents the solution of inhomogeneous equation (5.9). Iu
comparison with the principal components in _10.67), these components are of
the order of I/L and are proportional to the thickness of the shell*. By exam/-
nation of the deslgn formulas in (10.64)-(10.66) it is not difficult to see that at
a certain distance from the closed edge the stresses in the _hell layers (deter-
mined b7 means of the homogeneous equation) will contain an error of the order"
of h/R. In considering the local stresses such an approach to the problem may
result in an error of the order of Vh_-R *.
By way of example let u_ examine the calculation of a 7-layer container
(Figure 41). Let 1t = 500 _m, L = 500 cm, 0 = 0.001 kg/cm 3. The elastic and
geometric characteristic of the layers are listed in the table belo_. It is seen
from the table that the ceutral and outer layers are lsotropic and the other
layers are orthotropic. 8
, ". I__
_ -
PI! ! I|I!
Figure 41.
*A. I. Lur'ye, see p. 77 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-169
158
Layers hm(c_l _ e'
I & VII 10,0 E E 0.0
il _gVI 8,0 #rE E 0,0
111gr,V 7.0 E k2E 0,0
1V 6,0 E E 0.0
_ssuming that =2.08. k2=2.35, from (3.1) and (3.2) we obtain for the
stiffnesses
Cn ----22,2E kg/c_, C_ _ 22,7E kg,'c.a.
Cl2 -_ 0, Dn --_788.3E kg c.a.
The stresses in each layer of the shell are determined by the use of formulas
(10.84)-(10.66). The results of calculation are listed in the tables.
Table of Normal Stresses _ dcgc.uq
Layer!
_ Layer I Layer Layer IV
Start End II III begin.
0 15,7 12,6 :26,1 11,0 9._
-lo i.o i o.8 J 1.7 0,7 0.4
L I2 --0.4 ---0,3 --0.7 --0.28 --0.'24
The stresses _, in the remaining la.ve s (VII, VI, V and at the end of
layer rv) are correspondingly equal but of opposite sign. Stresses :' in the
second and third layers vary inconsiderably over the thickness of the layer,
hence the table lists only one value of stress in each of the mentioned la_ers.
With a zero Poisson ratio for the thicknes: of each layer stresses _ remain unchanged.
J
1964012887-170
159
Table of Normal Stresses_i_ (kgc.,__}
q I
., ' LayerI,LayerII LayerlII LayerIV
,, o.o o.,, ! ,,.o [ o.o
' I
L IU 2,1 2. t 5.8 2;I
I
i I. 5 3.7 .),7 13, ; 5,7
L 3 7.2 7.2 1,,'J 7,2
I 1. 2 i h,U b.O I _, I 6,0
I I
Stresses 7( in the remaining layers (VII,Vl, V) willbe of correspondingvalue.
v
Examining the tablesof stresses _' and ai itis easilyseen thatin cross-
sections.,L-L'2the normal stresses J_,may De disregarded and calculationof
stresses :( may be achieved from the membrane theory, thatis, from the
followingformula:
_i : E' y_RR(L - s). (10.68)
7 _ _22
On the basis of (10.86),consideringthatin the case under discussion
i,(i.1=4) .21- for the maximum shearing stress (in cross-sections=0)
I1 --- I kg, t'.ll 2,
we obtain _(,v) 2,7 ' "
-=- kg_ C.W-,
IINIX
5. A closed conicalshellisloaded by a bending moment of intensity
m kg m,i;ormly distributedover the support contour (s--0)(Figures 20 and 42).
For the median surface of a circularconicalshellwe have, from
(3.5.32),
Rl:--oc, r=-(s'--s) sin_. I
1 ___c,_sa ct_" D=. _ (10.69)
2,
R, r (s' -- _)'
}
where s' is the length of the generatrlx of the shell _ti'at is, the value of s for
the vertex of the cone), s is reckoned from the support section of the shell;
is the vertex angle.
1964012887-171
160
Figure 42.
From (6.14)we obtainfor
= - V2A_,_-,(V_'- _- V;_).
In view of the fact that the surface of the discussed shell is free of load and its
vertex is thus not loaded, we have:
E.=0. Ez_0, P_-0. F 1=0, F2_0.
For the discussed shell the initial parameters have the following
vahtes*, **:
3f,'=m. N u=O. ML,=O, N L=:O.
Then from (9.7)-(9.13) we obtain for the fundamental design quantities
": V2-_Ptg o(lb; I
W = _ (i0.70)
{
V = -- mV 2As' tg a _(It);
7"1-_ _-_--s V 2As' tg a {(_);
, (10.71)
_, T2= -- mA -- '" 01;
: $' m S
m cll_a
N _ V'2As' tg a _.(3); (10.72)
Y.
M, = m p_._ ?0);
', (10.73)
D,_ m D,, _,r2As'tf_ao[_) "*
i M2= DT,M, F E-:--s D,, A
l *A. I. Lur'ye see pp. 94-107 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
*V. V. Novozhilov, see p. 265 ofwork cited in footnote ** on p. 123.
I
1
J
1964012887-172
161
The stresses in the layers and the displacements are determined by means of
formulas (7.6)-(7.14).
We shall not discuss other problems of conical shells, since they will be
solved in precisely the _ame manner as the similar problems for cylindrical
shells. It is necessary only to consider _hat for a conical shell relationships
(10.69) apply. If the shell is closed (con'_ains a conical vertex), then it is nec-
essary to assume that
82-=0, A_0.
or, which is the same thing, to consider that initial parameters Mr &N L are
equal to zero (Figure 42).
We will note also that in the vicinity of the vertex of the shell the pro-
posed theory may not provide reliable values for the design quantities of the
problem.
6. A spherical shell is loaded by a uniformly distributed, normally
applied load of intensity q kg/c_ _. The edge of the shell (s = 0) is fixed. Let us
designate the radius of the sphere as R ._r._ introduce into the discussion angle
_. which is reckoned along the meri&'.an from the pole (Figure 43). Let2%be
the central angle corresponding to the edge of the _hell.
'N_ /
Figure 43.
For the discussed shell we have
R_=R2"--R, 8=_---_, } (10.74)
_-_Rsin% Rd?=--ds;
J
Z----q, X-----0, E.=--qcos_p, E. ===-- qsin?.
1964012887-173
162
From (5.15)and (5.16)we obtainforTO and T_
/ ]
l I
TO=- _ -]- R E, sin _ d7 , I
!
_ ' (I0.75)
] I
%
In the ease of a closed shell and in the absence of a concentrated force
at the vertex, internal forces TOand T_. calculated from (10.75), must be finite*.
Then for pOwe obtain
Pz= ')r_R_f Ez sin _ d_?: -- :R_qo sin2%. (10.76)
0
From (10.75) for the particular solutions we find
T O__ qR T O qR (10.77)
2 -- 2 "
In the ease of the homogeneous problem, from (9.9) and (9.10} for the internal
forces we have (NL: Mf : 0)
(10.78)
( v ) ConsiderIng that withs:0 [_= ,2Rs , _=1, 0:1, :=0, from(7.13)
and by virtue of (10.77) and (10.78) for the radial displacement of the shell
edge we obtain with accuracy of the order of the first approximation
On the basis of (9.18), assuming that for the fixed edge
c,, _/-_ [ 2RAM': +-2RN1_-(c. - c,_)-_Rq = 0,
RN+ 1/'_M = o,
*A. I. Lur'ye, see p. 110 of work cited in footnote on p. 111.
1964012887-174
163
we obtain for the initial parameters
M'_ -- C,i--C,2 Rq.
ACII 2 '
(10.79)
N o C, I-C]_2A Pq
-- ACII R 2 "
Then, finally, for the principal unknovms we have from (9.7) and (9.8)
W - _ [ 2i_.1C_--Ct2 Rq_.
,, 2 0), 1
I
l" ]'2[_.t C,,--C,, Rq 0(_1 F,(s) I
(10.80)
..... -A- C,l 2 cos_ " J
From (9.9)-(9.13), by virtue of (10.77) and (10.79) we obtain for the internal
forces and moments
7". =/2-_ R- C,,--C,t Rq 0(_)tg0-- R.._qq.
AC,, 2 2 ' [ (10.81)
7.2 Ci, -- Ci, Rq Rq .
J
= C,, "_-'_(') 2 '
-_ C,, - C,, Rq 0 (_); (lO. 82)
N = _ -R AC,, '2
NII C,,--C12 Rq
= ACt, -2- _ (_); (10.83)
o,, o,,,/-_xc,,-c,, --_-:(_)t_.o.
M2= b_ '_ -- _,,,-j, -g - X,c_;
The stresses within the layers may be determined by means of formulas
(7.6) and (7.7). In the special case where the Poisson ratios of all layers are
equal to zero, the formulas for the stresses are simplified and take the form
, E,(v s,., clw) _ Ft(s).
(10.84)
, ,(_ dV _,_.)
Hence, limiting discussion to the stresses of the edge effect, that is, the
stresses which arise from M and /v'. we obtain with an accuracy of ]_h-]-R.
E_ Rq ;,= E; Rq
_ =_-,AT-2--_({_). , c,--;-_-+(_). (lO.8S)
Let it be pointed out that in order to determine the total stresses it is
necessary to add to the stresses tn (10.85) the nominal stresses (stresses of
the membrane state), which with known _ and _(10.77) may be determined by
elementary means by use of the formulas in (3.9.7).
1964012887-175
164
Let us discuss a"-numerical example. Let a three-layer spherical shell
t__ h/3-_ 1,0 c_. and, further, let _0_ 35% R/h ==30. q = 1.0 kg/c_ 2 Moreover,
for reasons of simplicity we shall assume that _he Poisson ratios of all layers
are equal to zero. Three different ratios between the elastic moduli of the
layers are examined, namely:
I. The elastic modulus of the middle layer is ten times greater than the
elastic modulus of the outer layers.
II. The elastic modulus of the middle layer is ten times smaller than the
elastic modulus of the outer layers.
Ill. The elastic moduli of all layers are equal, that is, we have a homo-
geneous isotropic shell.
The elastic characteristics of the layers a-_d the stiffness of each of the
shells are listed in the following table.
Elastic Moduli of !_ersi
.... I t, D A
Case Layer I Layer IIi_ ._-er III
I
! E 10E E I 12E 3E '
I 2,0
I
I1 10E E _E _ 21,8E ! 0,98
Iii E E E 3E 2.25t- I 1,15
g
I
The values of stiffnesses C -_ Cn _- C2_ .. D --_D,i =- l)2. - and coefficients A are cal-
culated, respectively, by means of formulas (3.1), (3.2) and (6.2).
By means of formulas (10.85) it is easy to calculate the edge-effect
stresses in all layers of the shell. The table of s_resses lists only the maxi-
mum values of edge-effect stress, It is easily seen in (10.85) that the edge-
effect stresses _, and _ reach their maximum in section s-_ 0 (_=0). where the
furctlons _(_)= _(_)=l,0, that is, they have maximum value.
From (3.9.7) and by virtue of (3.9.4), (3.9.5) and (10.77) we have for
the nomi.,ml stresses
t__ qR (10.86)
1964012887-176
165
Table of stresses _' &g/c,u2) H_ (_'e_b in cross-section.
I Layer II ] Layer HI
Layer
Stres-t Case
ses Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 41Point 51Point 6
I --11,25 --3,75 --37,50 37,50 3,75 11,25
-2t II --31,50 --10.50 --1.05 1,05 10,50 31,50
"$
III --25,98 --8,6b --8,66 8,66 8.66 --25,98
I 3,75 3.75 37,5 37,5 3.75 3,75
-' il 21,4 21,4 2,14 2,14 21,4 21,4
a9
I11 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0
The values of nominal stresses with opposite sign coincide wRb the values of
-i
_ in cross-section s _ 0. The edge-effect stresses _ and-a_ in sections----0are
represented in Figure 44.
__ ........ I1aYer_.... lIIlayer
_-_ Ila_y_er _ IIlayer IIIl_.yer
"
Figure 44.
The problems discussed in this section may also be solved without
particular difficulties in the second approximation of asymptotic integration
(for a cylindrical shell, as has been stated, this is not necessary). However,
1964012887-177
166
the second approximation is of no interest to us here, since, on the one hand,
the formulas of the second approximation are extremely unwieldy and, on the
other hand, our knowledge of the materials and structural characteristics of
shells are such that for purposes of practical calculation the first approxima-
tion is adequate*, **.
SECTION 11. SOLUTION OF A FEW PROBLEMS OF
SHELLS OF REVOLUTION OF ZERO GAUSSIAN
CURVATURE CONSISTING OF AN ARBITRARY
NUMBER OF LAYERS***
Here we shall investigate shells consisting of orthotropic layers whose
planes of elastic symmetry are mutually parallel and whose principal direc-
tions of elasticity coincide with the principal directions of the coordinate sur-
face of the shell (see Section 1 of the present chapter).
' ,suming R1-----oo.from _2.17) and (2.18) we obtain the following system
of differential equations of solution.
d2v _ln_ dV C,_ sln2@,V_ - Pi d2W
"as= r as C_ r= U=; as_ +
+ P,-p, , p,
"CI, r as _j R2 C,i r_
d_W sin _) dig," D2=-- D_2 sin = _,
-ds i-" r ds Dtj- D_I r" W = (11. 1)
Pt d_v 2r- P2 + P, _m 8 dV
t_'(Dr, -- D_I) ds' P-(D,t -- D':I ) --r .... as -_
[ P, _m'O 1 I ]i/,+ O2(S)"
+ _ (Dr,-- D'_Ij r' D,t -- D'_I R2
Proceeding as in Section 5 of this chapter, let us as_sume
D=2 K2= C. (11.2)
*V. V. Novozhilov, see pp. 260-261of work ctted in footnote onp. 11
**A. I. Lur'ye, seepp. 77 and 125 of work cited in footnote onp. 111.
***D. V. Peshtmaldzhyan, Toward calculation of symmetrically loaded
anisotropic shells of revolution, Izvestiya AN Arm SSR (seriya fiz.-mat, nauk),
Vol. X, No. 2, 1957.
1964012887-178
167
then the system of differential equations in (11.1) may be reduced to a single
second-order differential equation of solution of the following form:
cl2=( iP, )d_( ______iP, .) sin I} d-s_ I--VC,,.,_(D,,__D?,) --ds I--V_. _(Dt,_D_,) r
V c,,t,(K:-D?,)) r_--F-['C,,_L_I-=--D,) r J (11.3)
= @2(s) -_- ! _-' (D,, -- D','I)
where for the sought function, by analogy ,_ith (5.10), we have
C,, V. (11.4)
: W -_- i u (D,, -- Do,)
Thus, the problem of an asymmetrically assembled multi-layer shell
(upon fulfilment of condition (11.2)) reduces to the solution of differential equa-
tion (11.3). Having the value of the sought a. from (11.4) it is easj to determine
the values of the princip_ unknown W and V through which all the design quan-
tities of the problem are expressed.
As in the above cited work, let us present a detailed discussion o," cases
of conical and cylindrical shells. Therein we will examine only the correspcnd-
ing homogeneous equations, since determination of the particular solutions
corresponding to the right members of the inhomogeneous equaflo_,s presents
no particular difficulties (see SecHon 5 of this chapter).
A. Conical Shell. Considering that for a conical shell we have (10.69),
tlmt is,
Rl= "-% r=(s'--s) sir, a, }
1 cos,__ ctga / (Ii. 5)
e_ = ---r-- (s' --s)' _ --=a.
where s' is the len_h of the generatrix of the shell and 2a is _he vertex angle
(Figure 42), we obtain from (11.3)
d2_ _ 1 d_ [ 1 -- ra ctg a 1 -ds_ s,-__s-ds--- X(s,_s)2 t-eros_--_sJ_--=W(s). (11.6)
where
' '-' .. t,?,)l. (11.7)
= - ci,::(o,, v?,)+Pi
1964012887-179
168
r,, is the radius of the base of the cone,
1
y'(s)= c,,:+, (n,,- v'h)+ P_ {C,,_'2 (&, -- V;_,)%,_+) - Ill. 8)
- C_tP_,lqCs) 4- i )/Cut, (D,, - /y;,) [C_,l,_ (s) t/q'l'2 fs)ll.
Following A. I. Lur'ye* and assuming
_l'(s' -- s) ctg (11.9)
1+,
from (11.5} we obtain
[( '/' "3
a_ 4_,-- 4 _ _'ro_ :=0'
dx 2
5 is the total thickness of the shell.
Thus, we obtain one of the forms of the Bessel equation, the general in-
tegral of which may be represented in the following form**:
-= l/x [C,;e , r (11/-_-_o_, x) -FC2F.,, vi-(i l/_r-_,_x)], (11.11)
where L. and Y, are Bessel functions of the first and second kind, respectively,
with lnde:: : C_. C2 are complex constants.
Let us limit discussion to shells with small angle _ and deal op2y with
pohlts which are sufficiertly removed from the vertex of the cone. Then,
together with x t_,e argu:aent of the Bessel functions takes large values and for
them asymptotic expansions will be valid.. In order to obtain the latter let us
examine the expansion of Hankel functions in terms of which the Bessel func-
tions are represented as follows:
I(H,),4_H_), _. x(,H_ Hc:_.
whereupon for the Hankel functionq we have the following expansions***:
*A. I. hur'ye _,ee p. 83 of work o,Red in foutnote on p. 111.
**G. N. VCatson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions,
Cambridge, 1044, p. 97.
***G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions,
Cambridge, ]944, p. 198.
1964012887-180
169
' ]
u'",_) (:_-'1 -s '(' _-_) V (_,.o
_._z ___,, (2iz)_ + 0 (z-p) .
where
(,i. m) = [4`2-- l_l [4,12--3_1 ... 14,1 =-- (2m-- I)_l
22ram!
and the symbol o (z-p)designates the function of the order of z-p.
In calculating the Hankel functions, depending on tne values of argument
with consideration of the required accuracy, we may limit ourselves to a defi-
nite number of terms of expansion. Thus, with an accuracy of l/z.for the
Bessel functions we obtahl
L (:)= V_ cos z 2 4 '
v, (z) = 1/_ sin z 2 "_ "
Then, by virtue of (11.11), (11.9) and (11.4), for the sought functions W and V
we obtain
'
_"-- E, -_ cos _-
I
_+_E2_ x. I sin(--h V'r-'_x 4r" ],/'k_) ch (a ]/r--_,_x)--
I ( -" v = ,.:(r),,-c?, r_';,'j e, _,.;! _o__ bV,'o_., 4 V'_,_)
' ( "
_t,(,,I;_,_)- e, v'X`_"-- _' V_x 4
r--- ]
-- l
1964012887-181
170
where
,,= --! c,,!-L(',,-'",',l' <'-",i.
.r_[q,..(.,, -" ': " " -- 01,1 ,,]
I/ , _ = ..... (11.13)
..11; c,,..(n,, -,,:,) _"+_'_'l
since it is assumed that
V_ =. _-_h. (1:. i4)
/sand Fs are real ir,tegraion constants which are determined from the boundary
I conditions.
Having the values of W and V, from formulas (2.1), (2.2), (2.12},
(2.13}, (2.22}, (2.23}, (2.26} and (2.27) we may determine all the design quan-
tities of the problem.
Let us discuss the case in which the conical shell consists of isotropic
layers. In this case condition (1_1.2} is identically satisfied. Then in the gen-
eral case of a conical ,_beli consisting of an arbitrary number of isutropic
layers solution (11.11) is represented by means of Bessel functions wiLh an
index of 2 (_,_ I)
. : ]r._ [C_I: (i V;,q-_,3x) a- C,V. (i ]i ';r0_x) ]. (11.15)
Bessel functions of index 2 may be represented as Bessel functions of indexes
1 and 0 by means of the following recursion formulas:
2 ')
l:l:) z l,(z)- I.(:) )':(:)-:_ - Yiiz) 4 )'_(:). (11.16)
while fum.tions 1,(:). lo(z), r_(z), Yo(z) foc complex argumeut z-_l _Ur0_x have
been tabulated ih sufficient detail.
With large values of argument we may take expressions (11.12) for the
' Eesscl functions; then for the sough_ functions W and V we obtain
1 cos(- hW'ru_x)h(a _r&'_i,-_)-}-
,:t
' ,, I sin(-- /,V_roX) Sh(a V;Jox).4-- (11.17)
t_ _.l l- I )rx
' i ....
,_, _r.': V.,-_'"( /,V_,r,,., -)_,(,, Van, x)-
l
' (--- Va,-ox) ._l, (,,li _,;,],<_,
-- 1":; i'_ cos ,,
_,
&
1964012887-182
171
/',71 D, D"_ -
" ' - "' r' _ _os(-;,V_,7oX)Ch(,, V_x)-
v: V .... ....l
-' ' ,_,,,(--hl/_,_,,-)sh(a C_n-,x)
(11.18)
F' 1 -- "
: . . tin (-.- h l/},rux) ch (a V _Tr_,x-) -t-
- _ .t.
_f:" ' )]
:,, _,:os(,-- hV_,4sh(,, VT,;oX ,
where F" F'are new integration constants which are related to the old constants
"j' 1
as follows:
V_
t:; _=}:'L-e (/:,,-- E,),E_ (E,-,.- E2);
2 --- 2
t'r_- 1/'2 (F, -_- 1:2).
Fi:--)-(F 2-F,), ,'-- 2
A similar problem has been examined by E. I. Grigolvuk* in the special case
of a two-layer shell; however, it is assumed therein that the Poisson ratios of
the material of the layers are identical.
By way of example let us examine the problem of a closed conical shell
consisting of isotropic layers and sustaining an edgewise load in the form of a
distributed moment v4th intensity m (kg) ar.d distributed thrust with intensity
q (k_/cm) (Figure 45).
I
S'
tT/ N_ /v" r,
Figure 45.
*E. I. Grigolyuk, Equations of axially symmetrical bimetallic elastic
shells, Inzh. sbornik, XVIII, 1954.
1964012887-183
172
At the edge s = 0 we have the coaditions
A4c_ _ m. NOcos ,, -- T sin -, = q. (11.19)
By virtue of (11.9) we obtain from (11.15) for the sought function
= c,12(t V_x) + c_v2(t V_;;%4 (11.20)
In order for the solution to remain finite over the entire extent of the
of the sheh, constant C2 must be taken equal to zero, otherwis_ solution of
(11.20) at the vertex of the shell, tha_ is, with x =_ 0, reverts to infinity, since
with x = 0; Y2(i V _x) --=_. Then, considering that C1 is a complex number,
from (11.19) we obtain
o = (A- iB)l:(i F ,_r0_x). (11.21)
Representing the Bessel function of index 2 in terms oi I0 and I1, by
means of formula (1!. 16) and assuming
: ==i W _'ro,_x- _ei:,
:- P _ro(a+"4- b_x.
'+:= arctg(-- ;-), (11.22)
" Io(f,e":):: Uo(,_, _)-l- iVo(p, _),)
i
Il(_,e") -_u_(:,. _) it,_ if,. _).
we finally obtain for the sought functions W and V:
_' A u'cs?@ p- % cs''s- u -_- (11.23)
t' ]
-}-B - vlcos_-- u, dn'_ ---v.
2 "0o) .__
,, .,+,o.-
- lJ C,, -/ '
,: )! --B u, cos's_- _ v,sin_- % . (11.24)
Inserting the values of W and V from (11.23) and (11.24) into (2.12),
(2.1) and (2.2), therein consideriag that t:_(s)=-: o. F2+s)--o and inserting the
resulting values ee moment and force into (11.19), for determination of con-
stants A and B we obtain the following system of equations:
T
1964012887-184
173
A ,.l o,s:> -- u, sin "i,-- --B :2 2 (11.25)
/" C,, qs., sin 7;
=--V(",,: ':':b
d', q_ 2
-- u_ _os ',;, {- " sin _, -- uo
-_' [? ; l _-
f
K,aC,, |/ te(D,,--Ot: I d:, 1 +-
( 4) 2%
-I- l _ ;= ulsm _ 4-- t-
, [,
_,,,c_, - _,,,c,, I '-'(D,,-- D,,) [2
_' - " .... s' _' -- C,; t_- vzcs_-
:- jl Q'-B (D'I-D_;') ds 1 ---_ vlcos?+
(-,) j -1- I a- F ulsina-}- 2
, -- _t0
- s; ' _, vI''OS_--u lSill_-v 0
V "'[( "_ C;_ --'- l- --
.- la$
-(, +:1 ' j
;2/v2 sin '? Jr- 7 u --
-- " s' C,, uI cos _ +
-- % sin _ -- u0 .... m, (11.26)
where after transformations it is necessaly eve;-ywhere to assume s= 0;while
ut, u0and %, v:, as follows from (11.22), are the real and imaginary parts of
Bessel functions of index 0 and 1, respectively.
B. Cylindrical Shell. For a cylindrical shell we have:
Rt :- _, r=R 2 =R -const, 0_0. (I1.27)
Then the initial equation of solution (11.3) is obtained without the assumptions
in (11.2). Consequently, for any combination of elastic constants of the layers
we obtain from (11.3) the following equation of solution of a cylindrical shell:
dg_
ds' -- _ ::--W(s). (i1.28)
1964012887-185
174
Considering (II.14), solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation is ob-
tained it,the form
-- (E, 4- i/-',) ea ib -F (E2 + IF2) e - (a ibl; (11.29)
whence, in virtue of (11.4), for the principal unknowns V and W, after elemen-
tary transformations, we obtain
1/" _(Du -- D'},) (11.30)
V
V
C_, [Y,/.,(s)-4-E,r,,(s) +-F_/.(s)-- E2r,(s)l;
W _- E(/., (s) -- FIT,; (s) -i- E2Z (s) -_- Yp, (s), ( 11.31)
where
Z(s)_---e-"*cshs. 7,(s)=-e- .... ,inhs. }
X,(s). _e'*_coshs. 7,t(s ) -- _.... stubs. ] (11.32)
I1
Inserting the values of V and W from (11.30) and , 1.31) into formulas
(2.1), (2.2), (2.12), (2.13) and (2.27), we obtain for the design quantities the
following homogeneous formulas:
Tt _ 0; (11.33)
T2 Iv CI, [(aEt-- hi:,) T,_ (s)_ (al:_+ hEt)Z,(") L (Ii.34)
}-(al:" 2 hl"o)'r_ls) -(at".: 1- h/-.2lOl.s),
,,* - - _
'|/'l"_.-Y"')lrt/,,s). "t_,,_)4-ra(,) r,_,(s)l: (11.3a)
N =- K ' " "
I K,j(:_2 --Kj2C,I
M; - II) L, /)'l'/)(a/'l- hi:t) -t .... _--- .'_
/ -- /)it (al't ; I'l"l) -
X / (bll 1 }- a/",) 7,(s) 1- (/),j " _ "
('-" I I
"- ]
V/"( lh - - 1_','_)
KI_C,,_._ _-Kj2C" tal:'l Iq',) - Cl, *'1("_)
[//-b_( D,, -I,',',-) l k"1C_2----KI2Ch',_,- -- (I,t'. L aF.,). - CL, "" }-
-t-(/)u D',',)(al:'.,. h/":;lZ(S)_ l(/),-l)'i't)(aF., + hE.,)--
l-- _ ' I
Kl/2,2--KI2C_: _ / L'(D_--I)I_ _
- :. "' ":' v c, l',(s); (11.36)
|,
,t"
. |
1964012887-186
175
w _n ',[! c,,u .... _u,i " t)'I,)t_,E, 4-_&) - P,(_e, - bep]z,(s) + [_.c,,,.:, tD,, --D';,)(d:,--I,r,) +P, Oe, + at,)] _,(s)--
(11.37)
......... II--
_ [I, c,,_ ID,, - D,,)(hE2-,aF9-- P, (aE2- t,l_2_] Z(S)+
+ [ _c',_,., U),, - u',',)c,,e_ -.-_,e_) -FP,(hE_+ ,,r_] ,,C_)}.
In the formula for moments (11.36)j -- 1 or j -- 2. I,et us discuss two examples
of a cylindrical shell.
1. We have a long cylindrical shell whose length L is greater than the
zone of extension of the edge-effect. Proceeding as in Section 8 of this chapter,
for the zone of extension of the edge-effect we obtain
[,/- 2,+lc,,,, (D,,-r_,)-+-,ffl
s" =- r, . (II. 38)
L_[V L'HU ( D,,--D_,)+ P'_-- Pl]
Thus, it is assumed that L > s*.
Let us consider that along the edges of the shell (s _ 0, s -_ L) there act
transverse, forcesN'. N and bending moments M. M[ (Figure 46).
.4,. _ R J
C --_--.-- s
)
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
'We
Figure 46.
Proceeding as in the previous sections of this chapter mid omitting in-
teraction of the edges (since L :> s* ); for constants Ej and Ft we obtain
' ' . A:N--A",M?. I
F, .=- A,N--- ,4;','VI_-. F.,==: . } (11.39)
r,--tr,.v,.... +_;'_.4_., J.._=_?+", j
1964012887-187
176
where
As := R Ctl 1' Clt'-'(l)ll -- D'l'li In,, (s) b((s)]
(,D,, D'l'l) a J/ " "" U -- Cll"[,/)tt - l)1'1) _ bP_
__ Pl In7 (s)- b,, (,)] J.
a _ C;lt_(,l)ll--l)'l'l) ; bt'l_ 1
L '
Aj --- C,,:: . (__ 1)/ 1! (sl
lqj- i)'_' t a _' Cn"-:(Dll-- l,lz I -. I,/q
j/ C',, 1 __ r,i_s.)
B'y = t_ _-- '-'-( l)ll -- l)'l'l) "/l (s) _ (s)
Z1 I .
e'/= - _ _(s) V" c,-,:..,
a I/c,,'-'(o,,-to;'l)+oPl to._ t.,,t
In these formulas, whenj = 1it is necessary to inserts =- Land when] _-: 2it is
necessary to insert s -- 0.
Inserting the values of Ej and/"y from (11.39) into (11.30) "__. (11.31),
. we obtain for the sought functions:
|/ t:(l)ll- l)','1)
I,'
C,, {[Bi/. , (s)-: .-1t ,,, (s) l .\" (11.40) I'
-- [tS'y t(.,.> +.4/,, , (_)] ._If_I</_")
-- ..l_,,/,'q \u " .'l. ',[_'_ ,ll t,
_v=_:[._;,,._) -<,,,(._)lX, -l._,'/,,,,_ I_,,,,(.,.q._i I
whence, with ,_1_-= .v/ ---0 we obtain the solution for a semi-infinite cylindrmal
she], with loa'ted edge.
2. Let us examine a long cylindrical shell which in cross-section ., = n
is loaded by peripherally uniform forces q (kg/cm) and moments m (kg)
( Figure 35).
Omitting the previously derived conclusions, let us write the final
values of the required functions of the problem:
when s ">o
m R J
V qR_/(s) - lu/.(._) JrI)T,(s'II.
2 " "2
(1.t.42)
,k. f C,, {,tie ,,,I,'l/,z(.,.)_,,.r,(,.,ll; I
V --- , q(s) _- ,_
'"(/>it-- Dlt) '
t
m
1964012887-188
177
when s < 0
aO m_
_,r -- _" _/.I (S)- "_2'" [_l_l (S)- bTq (S)l,
(11.43)
W- - 2(DII __ l)'l'l) - _-- *,l (S) + -_ th_/.l (S) + o', 1 (S)] .
The design formulas are not derived here due to their t,nwieldiness.
However, as is seen from the preceding section, having the values of W and V,
the design formulas for all of the discussed problems may be written in elemen-
tary fashion.
SECTION 12. ANISOTROPIC CYLINDRICAL SIIELLS OF REVOLUTION
REINFORCED BY LATERAl RIBS*
Let us discuss laterallyrib-reinforcedshellsconsistingof an odd num-
ber of orthetropiclayers symmetrically arranged relativeto the median surface
of the shell.
The ribsare sufficiently thinand narrow, in connectionwith which itis
assumed that: (a)thecontactforces m and q between any rib and the shellare
uniformly distributedover the circlecoincidingwith the m_..'nidane of the
given rib;b the radius ofcurvature of the rib is the same as the radius of cur-
vature ofthe shell,thatis,R+ho+tl:H_.R (Figure47).
Figure 47.
Then for the change in radius o_ curvature and angle of rotation of the
lateral sections of the rib relative to *.he axis of the rib under the action of
uniformly distributed forces q and m we have**
*S. _ Ambartsumyan, see footnote on p. 149.
**S. P. Timoshenko see pp. 77-83 and 163-167 of work cited in footnote
cr_ p. 148.
1964012887-189
178
qR2 p(/p mI 2
'vv _ E,F' -- t:',J_' (12.1)
where E 1 is Lhe elastic modulus of the rib material; F and Jy are the area and
moment of intertia relative to the _, axis of the lateral section of the rib.
Let us discuss a few examples.
1. A semi-infinite cylindrical ._hell reinforced by a single lateral rib is
loaded by t orces N and moments M, uniformly distributed over the periphery
of the end section (s = 0). The rib is located at a distance t. (t -- ,_ A/2R) from
the loaded end of ghe shell (Figure 48).
_ ". _f ".:"2i//Z4 _ L "_fL[_%'ft. "-'2/I4Z///////_ _1
Figure 48.
From the conditions of simultaneous funcLloning ot the shell and the rib,
on the basis of (10.37), (10.39), (10.43), (10.44) and (12.1) we obtain
(12.2)
; I',"
f qR_ i ] 2., "rdl (l) ! /:11" O;
R .4
" -AD,,I [R,V'_(t) _--V 2R;i ,ff, o tt)] _- ,n ,ID,, 2R ,,, (t))- (12.3)
Itl/_2
where
:" 1 _ 2_t) 2 _ ,'(tp I
_,_(t) ..... 2 -' 1
I _ 2u(t) 2 !_(t) 2 I (12.4)
;. "ri2(t) ..---.... 2 " I
1964012887-190
179
P. sln_"lta; .._.., u'ionof (12.2)and (12.3)for the unknown m and q, we
olY_in
l2R.;_,J(tp-i,'7_t)/,(t) \'o _
fell l I) /._ (l) -- .'1', (i) _
(12.5)
r-2R)i., ,)/,(t) - A,,(_)' _(t)
KIj (,) ;.2 (0-- Au OP
k'_J(02 It) -- Sr 21Ji ,, (t) 1_ (t) .%;0
q _ -- tCLl(t)/.'_(t)--A'(l"
_ A,_',jL)/+(!__--lr'2L_;IA, I_f_(0_ ._4'_. (12.6)
Bl., (t) L',(t)-- AO0)'
where
|i
/., -:--I/;i-2/-? ,,_it) 4--c_-,L_):: ' I
- D,,A I (12.7)
/._ k' A, ::R _,2(t) _- L_J_R. I
Having the values of m and q, we may regard the problem as solved
s:::ue, with consideration of (12.5) and (12.6), by appropriate summation of
tlO 37)-(10.42) with !10.43)-(10.54) we obtain two groups of formulas (the
sectors o - '_._ t , t _ _ _ _) for all design quantities of the problem.
In the special case where a long eylindric'd shell is reinforced by an
end former, that is, when ,?= o (t -- o) the problem reduces to calculation of a
semi-infinite cylindlical shell loaded by end forces IA/'_-I- q) and (#!'_ -r-m),uni-
formly distributed over the pe_riphery of the end section. In this case for m
and ,/" w_ have from (12.5} and (12.6)
I ,.:Tr,ffiA ] ["" N_
A 4--C,_E-tF A1'_ _- -C,,E----_F- (12, 8)
m_--- .......
...... I]
,'-. I 11
A,Z,,,. FA4- AD,, At o
_1(' --
A- R [2 S A- " /-"-A-----_4D_, R-:" (12 9)
When the rib is infinitely removed from the loaded edge (i. e., t--= co) or
the rib stiffnesses is equal to zero (i. e., E_I" ==0, /:._]_= 0 ) it is easily shown
that m -- O. and q = 0. aud the prob:em reduces to the elementary calculation of a
1964012887-191
180
semi-infinite shell loaded by end forces M_. N. If the rib is absolutely stiff
(that is, k',.F_ _. E,J, _ ,_ ), regardless of whether t :> O, we have the problem.
of a cylindrical shell in which one edge of the shell is rigidly fixed and to the
other edge there are applied end forces M]' andN". In this case for m and q we
obtain
V_I ! ] (12.10)
2- f)(03 -- _) _ (t) ,_,(t) _,o 0(t) _, (t) -- ()(02 +(t) M_';
m --- '/,., (0 _, (,) - 0(,)' - ---' _,,()_,_i{O--_(t)'
o(t,(t)_c(t),_,(ONo I// _ [+(,) n, (,)-- 2')(t)'l M': (12.11)
q_ -t 2_,,(t)_,(t)_oU)_ - I/2.,,(t)_,2(t) O(t)_ "
In examining the derived results it is easily seen that with a decrease
in rib stiffness or upon increasing the distance of the rib from the loaded edge
of the shell its influence on the maximum values of the design parameters de-
creases. In this connection there arises the problem of determining that mini-
mum value of t at which we may begin to disregard the influence of the rib on
the maximum values of the Oesign parameters.
As a characteristic design parameter let us take the maximum value of
w, therein considering that only the lateral end force NO is applied t_, the shell.
In this case, as our calculations have shown, maximum error occurs from
disregarding _he influence of the rib, that is, dye to discarding terms contain-
ing m and q.
Let us discuss the pessimium case. Let the stiffness of the rib be in-
finite, that is, k.',F= .-_. I',1_ --=o. Considering that in this case we obtain for a
sufficiently large value (of the order of 9.5_r), in subsequent discussion we may
assume ::_.tb idgh accuracy that
1 I (12.12)
_(t)-= _. rd2(t)--: 2
and, with the same accuracy, from (10.39) and (10.43), we obtain for the w(O ())
maximum value of
_ c, t/- A No c,, o(o- ,.RA
c,,
... 2R qR t:- t'. "+_t)' (12.13)
}
1964012887-192
181
where for m and q we Imve from (12.i0)and (12.11)
V/-2R m=--_ A-lfJ(t) '_--t'4"p(t)],_. q = -- 40 (t) .Vo. (1_-.14)
Disregarding the influence of the rib, from (12.13) we obtain for w max
With this omission the assumed error will be
af_(t -- 8v (t) _(03 - 27 (02 100. (12.16)
,=_ 0 0 .........
-I -- 14o(02-- 87(t) o(03 +- 27(t]
Below we list a few values of this error, depending on _he location of the
stiffening rib along the length of the shell. Examining these vah:es, we see
that with an accuracy of 10 percent the influence of the rib on the maximum
values of design quantities may already be disregarded when t = y. A further
small _crease in the value of t substantially decreases the error assumed in
disregarding the influence of the rib. Considering that the edge effect extends
to t : 7r(see Section 8 cf this chapter), we conclude that an absolutely stiff rib
located a: the center of the edge-effect zone has little effect on hbe maxlmum
design quantities of the shei,.
t Ifl 1,7 1,8 1,9
--A% 9,5 8,3 5,3 3,7 2.7
Fcr a semi-infi,dte cylindrical shell reinforced by a single rib and
loaded by an end force NO assume that we h_ve.:
for the shell
h 1
t',_ : l"s --:[', "q_:=-_21=0. R=-I_" h=2_;
for _ie rib
tt-:- 2h --=4_, a =- ,_==2_, El := mE,
where m takes the following values: m = 1, lO, 100. I._.t us dlscu_zs the ease
where the rib is loeatud at a distance ht =0, b_O,125s , t_:_--=0,25s', b4_---O,5s
from the loaded end of the _.hell. s* is the zon,_ of extension of the edge effect
and has the following form (8.6):
1964012887-193
182
i/-.--" i
s" --_:-- _[sP
R 1_3(l-- ._2)_ 0.24R.
Considering that t! = bj I/.;_2R. for each location of the rib we obtain:
t_-----0, t 7= 0.4. t 3---=0.8. t 4== 1.6 (here, as an approximate assumption for the
extent of the edge effect, instead oft-_ ?,14, we have t--_ 3.2).
By means of the above formuhm the values of normal displacemcnt w at
point j3--- 0 were calculated. The calculations were performed using the pre-
cise and approximate formulas. In the table below we list a few values of error
_'Tmax -- _;_ax
A% -- tO0.
_max
where *m,_ is the precise value of normal displacement at point 9 = 0 as calcu-
lated by means of (10.39), (10.43), (12.5) and (12.6), while _v_,, is the value of
normal displacement at point 8 = 0 as calculated from the approximate formula
(12.15). No data are given in the table for large values of error.
11,0 (1.4 I 8 I.h I
I 1.0 --14.0 --4.6 o.0 {
i
I0,0 25.3 0.0 1
100.0 --0,3i
In examining the results of the calculation we conclude that for almost
all practical problems we may disregard the influence of the rib on the maxi-
_ mum values of design quantities with an accuracy of 5-10 percent in the case
:., where the rib is located at a distance t = 0.5_r from the leaded edge of the
!_ shell, that is, when the rib is located at the center of the edge-effect zone.
+ It must be pointed out that only extremely flexible ribs (m = 1) located at a
_" quarter of the edge-effect zone have negligible influence on the maximum
values of the design quantiti_;s.
' 2. A semi-infinite cylindrical shell is reinforced by one lateral rib and
loaded by an internal pressm e of intensity p. We assume that the shell has end
', plates which may be displacec _n the axial direction _nd do not interfere with
normal displacement and rotat'on of the end section _" 0 (Figure 49).
For the load terms of such a shell without a rib we have (10.1)
E, =- q,. F., :.=O. 1_ = _R_p, I (12.17)
F I = -_ R2p. F2(s) = .-- pRs.
I
1964012887-194
183
J
Figure 49.
Considering thatfor the discussed problem M 0__0, M_-_ 0.N ---- 0. N L_ 0.
and also thatfor a cylindricalshell0 ,=0,R3= to.we obtainfrom (9.7)-(9.13)
for a shellwithoutrib
W_0, N ---_0,
MI=O. M_=0. (12.18)
1
V-_ pRs, TI_-_ pR,
7"2= pR. (12.19)
Inserting the values of T 1 and T2 from (12.19) into (9.22), we obtain for the
normal displacement
= C_, --0.5C,, (12.20)
o R"p.
From the conditions of simultaneous functioning of the shell and rib and
on the basis of (10.43), (10.44), (12.1), (12.18t and (12.20), we obtain
__ .C=I-- 0,5C,= "A"
= R=.+ _ V"_ _,(t) R,_+ (12.21)
Cll R=q_ 0;
+ -_- A0 (02R,',z +-_-VF
o(0'Re+ ,;,(0 Rm+ R',,, =0. (12.22)
AD,, Da, ]/'2--RA EIJI
whence C,,- 0.5C,, e (t)_ P; (12.23)
A 0'(t)'
m_-- C,, I'I=-- W"
1964012887-195
184
q-- C,,--O.5C,._ Y_ _p. (12.24)
C,l A
1.,'/.2- R fj(t)"
Inserting the values of m and q into (10.43)-(10.54) and adding to the
derived formlLlas the corresponding quantities from (12.18)-(12.20), we obtain
two gro,,ps of formulas (for sectors 0..< _ _< t and t _<_ _ co ). In view of the
elementary nature of the operations we shall not derive the sum formulas.
In the special case where the shell is reinforced by an end rib, that is,
when t -- 0, we obtain
C. --0.5C1=
C,, (12.25)
D,,A R] A P'
+o. ,]
C,,
+ e--KT R
In the other special case, where t = oo, we obtain the well-lmown result
of a uniformly loaded infinite tube reinforced by a single rib
C,,- 0.5C,2
m= ._ O. q= C,, P. (12.27)
"_ C,,E,F
When the rib stiffness is ecual to zero, that is, when ElF = O, E,J_ = 0 we obtain
m----O,q--O. (12.28)
If the rib is absolutely stiff, that is, if E,F --- co and EIJI = _o we have
: m--_ C,,--0.5C,, R Off)' _; (12.29)
: C. A I
_, (t) _, (t) -- e (t),
q __ V-A- _,(t) (12.30)
&C||
_ 0_Cl_
R
., C,, ""A" 2,'_ ! P"
. T '_' (t) T,_(t) --o(t),
': In analyzing the results we note that with increasing distance of the rib
"{ from the free edge of the shell (that is, with an Increase in t) there is, in the
: first place, a decrease in the influence of contact moment m on the stress of
the shell and, in the second place, the contact force q approaches the value
1964012887-196
185
_o (i. e., the value of q in the case where t ----- oo. In this connection there
arises the problem of determining the minimum value of t beginning with which
we may, with required accuracy, assume q----q- or disregard the influence of
moment m.
As before, let us discuss the case irLwhich ElF -- oo and EIJT--__o.
From (12.?,7) for q_we have
c/_= 4 C_,--0,5C1= P.. /'V--A--
C,, -A 2_qg (12.31)
Comparing (12.30) and (12.31), we obtain the formula for determining the
error which results upon replacing q with qOO.
/%o6 _ T_.(t) -- 2T,t (t) _qz(t) --_46 (t)' | 00 %" (12.32)
_=(t) ' -
we list a few values for this error:
t 0,9 ] ! ,0 1,2
I
,6
i
--_ % 11,0 I 8.2 53 4,3
I
From (10.43), considering (12.29) and (12.30) as well as (12.20), we
obtain for the n_rmal displacement 00 at point 8 = 0
w-_C"--0'SC"[ _'=(t)O(t)+_(t)O(t)']u R2p I-- _-_11 (t) _=(t)-- 0(t)' . (12.33)
If we disregard the icfluence of m, for approximate _j we obtain
w'--__Cl'--0"SC" [_ R=p l-- 21_h(t)"1'(00(0 )_,= (t)-- 0(t), . (12.34)
By means of formulas (12.33) and (12.34) we easily derive formula
(12.35), from which we may determine the error resulting from omission of
the "influence of contact moment m
_% = _p(t) o(t)2 lO0; (12.35)
I
_ _, (t) _, (t) -- o(t), -- ,l_(t) o(t)+ _(t) o(t)'
1964012887-197
186
a few r_.sults of calculation from this formula are given below-
0[
% 29,4 I 12,4 4,8 0,0
In calculating the value of c_ at point ,8= 0 it is evident that we may also
disregard the influence of q (that is, we may generally disregard the influence
of the rib); however, while this addiffor, al omission is possible in calculating
a) at point fl = 0, it is not admissib]= in Investigating the value of oJ at points
lying close to the rib or in investigating other design quantities of the problem.
For example, if in investigating the bending moment M'_we introduce the addi-
tional omission of the influence of q, we shad obtain for M1 zero values at all
all points of the shell, which does not correspond to the facts.
Let us determne the feasibility of disregarding the influence of m in
calculating the ben_.ng moment. From (10.46), considering (12.29) and (12.30),
we obtain for the bending moment/Vl at point x = t
P C,,--0,5C_2. R [l--:(t)'_(t)--7(t)O(t)lO(t) a
MI = 2 C,i A I
_ [1-- 2; (t) _,(t) -- 7 (t) (t)] _,_(t)
-- ] (12.36)
-_ v,,(t) _,2(t) -- 0(tp
Omitting the influence of m, we obtain for M 1
M;= P C,,--0.5C,2 R [J--2_.(t) O(t)--_(t),_(t)l_2(t) (12.37)
4 C,l A 1
-_ _,,(t) _,,(t) -- t,(04
As in the previous case, in order to determine the error we obtain
A% = _ [1-- ,p(tl o(t),. 1oo , (12.38)
1 [1 -- '.(t) 0(t) -- _o(t) ,,_(tj I .,2(t) -- [1-- _(t)2l o(t)'
2
from which we ebtain the following results of calculation
1964012887-198
187
I
I t 1,1J 1,1 1,2 I ,b
.....
I
---_ % 11,9 _J,4 3,5 C,0
Examining the results of calculation of error by means of formulas
(12.32), (12.35) and (12.38), we note that if from the free end of the shell
(P-- 0) the rib is located at a distance of 0.4-0.5 of the edge-effect zone, then
with an accuracy of 5-10_ we may assume q -- q_ and it is permissible to dis-
regard the influence of m on the stress of the shell.
The above examples are of importance in themselves and may be used
in calculations for anisotropic laminar cylindrical shells reinforced by a single
lateral rib. They may also be used in calculations for cylindrical shells rein-
forced by many lateral ribs. Let us discuss two examples from this series of
problems.
3. An infinitely long cylindrical shell is reinforced by lateral rib,j of
constant cross-section t" _ uH and with spacing b. The shell is loaded by a
uniform internal pressure of intensity p {Figure 50). The analogous problem
in the case of an isotropic shell has been solved by other authors*, **, *** by
another method.
/
Figure 50.
In engineering practice stiffening ribs are generally placed no closer
than 0.8-0.9 of the edge-effect zone. In this case, considering the above re-
sult, the problem may be solved by shnple but somewhat appro_mate means.
*Z. V. Kantorovich, Osnovy rasheta khimicheskikh mashin i apparatov[
Design fundamentals for chemical equipment ], Mashgiz, 1946, pp. 89-127.
**S. P. Timoshenko, Plastinkt i obolochkt [plates and shells],
Gostekhizdat, 1948, p. 382.
***E. I. Grigolyuk, Strength and stability of bimetallic cylindrical shells,
Inzh. sbornik, XVI, 1953.
1964012887-199
188
Assuming that the stress of the shell between any two ribs is affected
only by these two adjacent ribs (that is, tne ribs located at the beginning and the
end of the examined segment of the shell), from (10.15)-(10.31) we obtain de-
sign formulas corresponding to a contact force q which is approximately equal
to q_ (12.27):
V --_-_-qR 10(_)--O(t_ _)];,_ (12.39)
qR
W _--_-XD-_-, l:(_)--_.(t -- 3)]; (12.401
2 u _# l?(?)+ _(t--_)J; (12.41)
Mi qR r l
2 V ['_(_)-P-,_(t--_)l, (12 42)
._/-,4- (12 43) T_---- -- _ l'_ (_)+ _ (t--,_'41.
Adding to (12.39)-(12.43) the corresponding quantities from (12.18)-
(12.20), we obtain the final design formulas for the problem.
For the sake of comparison, let us present the precise values of the de-
sign quantities of the problem. Omitting procedural details, let us write thc
final results:
V =- qR cOS_ch(t--_)--cos(t--_)ch_ . (12.44)
2 ch t -- cos t '
l_"=- fIR sin_ch(t--_)--_in(t--_1sh_ ; (12.45)
2AD,t cht-- cos t
qR = C,I If A- I cns(t--_)sh'_ln(t--_;)t'h_l
2 _2 V-2-/}- [ ch t cos t - Jr-
<.
rns_oh (t -- {_)-4- sin _ ch (t --i') ]
Jr ...... - I; (12 46) rht -- cost "
,_ MI =-=--q_- _-2-R'-AI-- [sit, (t--_,ch_--cos(t--_)sh '_ch t--cost +
2r-sm _ch (t--_)--c.s{_sh(t--_) ].- (12.47)
ch t -- Cns t
'"l_--- qR /--A-[cos(t--_'_sh3+om(t--i')ch_
-- -- _ cht --cost '
Fos_sh(t - _) + stn_ch(t -- _) ]
+ (12.48)
cbt --cos t J
1964012887-200
189
where for the contact force we have
.7:- - --_:,, ..... C, :i1: _- '2 -(ht-Zcr-,_-t-' (i2.49)
Here, as in the case of the approximate problem, the final design formulas may
be derived by summation of (12.44)-(12.48) with the corresponding quantities
from (12.18)-(12.20).
By way of example, let us compare the total ,alues of u_ as calculated by
the approximate (12.41), (12.20) and pre_:ise (12.46), (12.20) methccls. In
I
comparing these values it is assumed that k'_F = -.=_and ,_-- _t. We present a
few of the results of comparative ce.lculations performed in a manner similar
to that of the previous examples.
I I I
t [ 2, 1 i : ,, I 2,_ 4,u 3,'1 3,6 3,8
I
A,,,, i IcLI I 5,24 --0,74 --2,91 --2,97 --2,38 --1,87
i I
By examining the results of the calculations we observe that the maxi-
mum permissible error with t - 0,at, does not exceed 5-10%.
Considering t_mt the edge-effect zone is determined by the quantity
t -- rr, we conclude that if the stiffening ribs are located no closer than 0.8-0.9
of the edge-effect zone, the problem may be solved with sufficient accuracy by
means of approximate formulas (12.39)-(12.43).
4. A semi-infinite cylindrical shell is reinforced by Iateral ribs of
constapt cross-section F -: aN ,_th spacing of b .> 0.as* The shell is loaded by a
uniform internal pressure of intensity p (Flg_lre 51).
"0
Figure 51, Figure 52.
1964012887-201
190
Considering the results obtained in the previous examples, we may
simplify the design procedure for the dL,,,ussed problem {Figure 52) by limiting
ourselves to the sheil sector between the first and second ribs (that is, the
sector for which () /.._ / t For the remaining portion of the shell (t _ x ), we
have a repetition uf the previous problem, that is, the problem of an infinitely
long shell reinforced by ribs. On the basis of formulas {10.37)-(10.42), (10.43)-
(10.48) and (10.18)-(12.20), we obtain for the design quantities
v :=/,':,-_-_q !o(t--FO-- q,(3)o(t) u :(_)_(t)] _-
-- (,,), (12.50)
W-- Rq I
2 AD_,[-e'(t--_)_-_p(3)oCt)_oCF_),_(,)l+
! [Rq_(_)-+-V_2R,.I n,_0 (7;)]; (12.51)
-4--J-_
C"--0'5C'2 '-2 kiq Cz, / A- .4._9 0 ,
Rq
Mj = -- ,2)_21_: 1 I,_(t- _) -- 2"-(F+) 013) -- '_O)+(t)l
2R
__ q0: (_) _Lm%(,_); (12.53)
, lr2_ , ,
RGvr_ " 1:,2 .Rp- =2-- 2_l'._(t---7 ) 4-20(3)Ott)@'_(_)'_(t)t--
--/2R[2Rq%(_) 4- V 2RAm'_,(_,)]. (12.54)
In these formulas q represents the contact force between the shell and
the ribs (beginning with the second rib) and is determined by means of (12.27).
Forces m 0 and Q0 are determined from the conditions of contact of the outer
(first) rib with the shell. The contact e,)nditions have the form
Ci,- r),5Cil Ci D
C_, R2p -_2R"q ;;'_]/- 0(ti4-
-2- / qk_
+R _J' _._AC'2nq +-V"2hAm)_-- _, k, --=o: (12.55)
mORI
-A_, _ (t)-fi'-.7..uq 2F I_(o".4Di, ""_ uF-V"_-Am)+-Ej_-:o'. 112.56)
By simultaneoussolutionof (12.55)and (12.56)we obtainfor the unknown
quantities
1964012887-202
191
c,, o.5c,, [2 - _ fj(t) _ ,;,(t) ./I,}
Cll - P-_- 2/4 q
mo = ; (12.57)
A/t
c,,-o=,c,, ,, [ A ]
......... " _R (t)-- R (12.58) qO--- C,_ I:P-- '_ /2_ .'. (t) q
where
ttaving the values of m0and q", ,he problem may be considered solved.
In those rare cases where the distance between ribs is less than 0.8-
0.9 of the edge-effect zone a solution of the problem may be simplified. In
this case the contact equations become more complex (for equations with four
unknowns) and q (beginning with the third rib) must be taken to be t_ e for_e de-
fined in formula (12.49). However, these complications introduce no funda-
mental changes in the presented problem.
The results obtained in this section may also be in reducing the problem
of a shell reinforced by tateral ribs to the problem of a lamitmr anisotropic
shell consisting of homogeneous orthotropic layers. As an example of this let
us discuss the problem of determining that maximum distance between ribs at
which a given shell reinforced by specified lateral ribs may with certain accu-
racy be regarded as an anisotropic laminar shell consisting of homogeneous
orthotropic layers.
For concreteness and sh'nplicity of calculation we discuss an infi,utely
long shelf reinforced by equidistant identical lateral ribs symmetrically
arranged relative to the shell itself (Figure 53). It is assumed that the shell is
single-layer ortho'.roptc shell with a thictmess of 2h2. The ribs have rectangular
cross-section (F : : a X H)and arc spaced at distances of b (t =/, I/A 2RL The
radii of curvature of the ribs are the stone as the radius of curvatm-e of the
shell, that is, R *: _ + 17 H _ R; the shell is loaded by a uniform internal pres-
sure of intensity p.
For the sttffnesses of the presen_d shell (here regarded as a three-
layer shell) we have*
*S. G. Lekhnitsk_y, Anizotropnyye plastinki, Gostekhizdat, 1957, pp. 258-
260.
1964012887-203
192
Zlr, -i-
#- l',7 "_ ,',
J
Figure 53.
..... ---_211,_,_lEs " I
t
C., 2#"-1 .,,,,, (12.60)
E. {
C - = _h,------ -t- 2nailEr,;
1 -- '_,'l !
2 }_ o;, 2 + _,e______z: .
P - _- 1_., ; . = _-h.; I --,,,, ' (12.61)
2 E,_ [aHS ]
D..=--_k] I--',,_a 4-2n 7-+.tth2(H +k2) Ep.
where E, and .,7.are the elastic rnoduli for the principal directions s and _, re
spectiveiy; ,, and "2 are Poi.- on's ratios; Ep is the elastic modulus of the rib;
n is the number of rib pairs (inner and outer) per unit length of shgll.
From (12.20) we have for the uormal displacement of the presented
shell
t
Cil -- 0,5C_
w* -- Rip. (12.62)
from (12.46) and (12.20) we have for the normal displacement of points under
the ribs (_ = 0 ._. _ = t)
- _-_r sln/-4-sht ]
WO-o) = Cll --O,SC_i 2R ch t --cos t
'a R'p 1-- }/../ (12.63)
!2 -A- slnt+sht I
_ C..IFEp sc _ ch t --cos t _,
From (12.46) and (12.20) we have for the normal displacement of the mid-points
between ribs (_ = t/2) we have
1964012887-204
193
- _/"-A- cn_t/2 sh f/2 _=qn tf2 ch H2 -[
C,, -- 0.5Ci2 2 _ ch l -- cns t I
_(;,=t,_.) =-- -*' R_'P 1 -- ,___ /-.4" slnt+sht " (12.64_
_ Cl,-EpF _- '2-I_ cht--cos/ _
It is easily seen that the normal displacement under a rib is less than the cor-
responding displacement of the given shell, while the normal displacement of
the mid-point between ribs, conversely, is greater than the corresponding dis-
placement of the shell, that is, we have
'w*=: C_v,-_ =_), C :> 1. "[
w* -- B_vo :,_4. B < 1. / (12.65)
Inserting the values cf displacemevts from (12.62), (12.63) and (12.64) into
formulas (12.65), we obtain after certain transformations
sintq sht ,_""_-R CQ"-
ch t-- cos t -- -- C;,FF-p ' (12.66)
cht--cost - , . (sin t -+- sh t) -{-
g
__.__
tJ*
__ 2B (cost/2sht/2 +sint/2cht,'2)]: C;,F-Ep (12.67)
By means of these formulas we may establish those maximum values of param-
eter t (that is, b) at which, from the standpoint of normal displacement w and
with required accuracy, a shell reinforced by lateral ribs may be regarded as
an anisotropic laminar shell consisting of homogeneous layers. Similar for-
mulas may be derived for other design quantities of the shell, particularly for
the stresses. In view of the unwieldiness of the derived relationships, we
shall not present them here.
Let us examine numerical exmnples of determination of t by means of
formulas (12.66) and (12.67).
Let the shell be isotropic and possess the following elastic character-
istics:
E_E_--_/:'. _t:v_:O"
The shell thickness h2-= h. a R/h = 25. For the ribs we assume: a =--h, H-----2h.
Ep : E/m where m has the values 1.0 and 0.1.
The values of t are to be found for C = 1.05. B = 0.95 and C = 1.1,
that is, with the order of 5 and 10%. From (12.66) and (12.67) we have
1964012887-205
194
slnt-Fsht 2A ___ (A--I)m ,/'_-
V
-h
cht--cost _-t---- 4 ;
ch ! -- cos t V.N
14-4 tm
+ ch -
1+4 RTm
Inserting the corresponding values of A and B, we find for parameter t
m _. 1.,_; I I.Io ,,_\. o.9; I o,_)
I
i l,O 2.4 , 3.0 i 1,0 1 2,0 3.0
From these tables we may find those values of t (distance between ribs) at
which, from the standpoint of normal displacement, a shell reinforced by ribs
may with a given accuracy be regarded as an anisotropic laminar shell con-
sisting of homogeneous layers.
It may be noted that with an increase in the distance beLween ribs the
accuracy of this derivation decreases. The stiffer the rib, the smaller the
value of parameter t must be (that is, the closer the required spacing of the
ribs) for a given accuracy. For example, with an assigned accuracy of 10%
a shell reinforced by ribs for which m = 1.0 may be regarded as a derived
shell t .<. 3,0, With a decrease in t the accuracy of the derivation is increased,
for example; when t.._ 'L0 the accuracy of the derivation increases to 5%.
1964012887-206
,m
195
CHAPTER V
ANISOTROPIC CYLI)IDRICAL SHE LLS
SECTION I. BASIC PREMISES. LNITIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND EQUATIONS
Let us discuss a circularcylindricalshellconsistingofan arbitrary
number of homogeneous aniso*ropiclayers. Itis assumed thatat each point
ofeach layer of the shellthere existsonly one plane of elasticsymmetry paral-
leltothe coordinatesurface of the shell. Without disturbingthe general
validitywe shallsimplifythe expressions for stiffnessesby assuming that
the coordinate surface of the shell (_----0} coincides with the internal boundary
surface of the shell {for all points of the shell _ 2. 0).
It is also assumed that cz and/3 are orthogonal coordinates coinciding
with the lines of p_rincipal curvature of the coordinate surface, that is, with
the generating lines (_ = const) and with the direction arcs (_----const) of the
cylindrical coordinate surface of the shell.
If a and 8 are respectively understood to represent the length of the
generatrix and the length of the arc of the direction circle (Figure 54), the
coefficients of the first quadratic form A and B and the principal radii of curva-
ture R 1 and R2 o_ the coordinate surface are defined by the formulas
! l I (1 1)
A=I. S=_. _F=0. _-:=-_.
where R is the radius of curvature of the cylinder.
Ifwe use the dimensionless cnordinatess and e, wherein s = oJR is the
dimensionlesslengthof the generatingline(thatis, the ratioof the true length
ofthe generatrixto the radius R of the shell)and e = B/R is the dimensionless
lengthofthe arc of the direcOon circle,thatis, the centralangle of transverse
1964012887-208
196
/
Figure 54
arc reckoned from a certain initial generating line (Figure 55), then for the
coefficients of the first quadratic form and the principal radii of curvature of
the coordinate surface we shall have
A=R, B= _.Rl--c,c, R2=R.
(1.2)
Figure 55
In the subsequent discussion we shall use both representations of
coordinates o_and/3. "n this connection, in all the basic formulas and equa-
tions coefficients A and B remain unchanged, but, in addition, in virtue of
: (1.1) and (2.2), we consider that the coefficients of the first quadratic form A
and B as well as the radius of curvature R2 = R are constants.
Thus, for a circular cylindrical shell we have:
the equilibrium equations (Chapter II, Section 7)
I aT, I os,, (I3)
o_ F -B-- o_.... X;
1 or2 Z OS,,+ I ,%=_y; (1.4)
-B -O_ +" A aa k
1 1 ON, I d,V_ (I 5)
R-ra A O, B 0_ ==Z;
1 dM, I OH2I
A O, + B -3V" = N,; (1.6)
t
1964012887-209
197
BI OM20._ -_ A10tt,,Oa-- N_; (1.7)
I
S, 2-- S___-- _ H2_==0; (1.8)
Formulas associating the components of deformation with the components
of displacement (Chapter II, Section 2)
1 Ou. 1 Ov 1 I
q-- 74 0_' =-2-- B O_-F-Kw;
I o. 1 or. I (1.9)
1 O2w. 1 c)_w ! 1 Or.
"_=" A' 0,.'' '_2-- B, 0_, +R B 0_' } (1.10)
2 t)zw 2 I Or. i
"c= _ AB OaO'k -f- R A Oa ' )
the elasticity relationships (Chapter II, Section 9)
(1.11)
T, =- Cub +el2-- 2 ',- ("_,,, _ Ku_ l +Kl2, 2+Kl(:; (1.12)
7"2= C22"2+-Cl2-:l-F C20_ _/(rex2 +- Kl_(i Jr-K_'q
S_2 = C06,o+ C16hJr- C..6%_LK_': Jr-K_o_.z%l_=(,._ '-
I
-Jr -_ (K_ + Kl( l --FK2o':2.J- D_ --f-Dlsxl -Jr-D_x2); (1.13)
S_, =-=C66_0 Cl6h -JrC_s2 +K_'c +K,_ h +K_z2; (1.14)
M_ =--D_fh %-Da2x_Jr-D_ -FKuh _-K_2__4-K_; (1.15)
A4_== D22z_-_-D_2x_-_-D_ -F Kr_e_-4"- K _2_-}-K_._; (1.16)
+ Kr_) + _('_ Jr-K_a, (1.17)
where, by virtue of the fact that the coordinate surface coincides with the inuer
surface, that is, A=0 (Figure 8 and 11), for the stfffnesses we have
(Chapter II, Section 8)
p
c_ = _ B_ (_,---_--0; (i. _8)
,I-I
p
I 2
$-|
P
s _ _:_,).
,
where p = m d-, is the number of layers.
On the basis the stress within the layers (Chapter II, Section 4) of
(1.9) and (1.10) will be:
1964012887-210
198
,. Ou _s_B, 1 ov , (B ou 1 m,
o'_--13_%_-o; _"-_ -_o +13_ - -o7+ -x & ) -r 7e -& +- &' q- &: w --
1 02w '2 02w '1"
, B,, 10v , B',,_ 10u ' (10u 4_ 1 Or' )
,'=- ---t_ o,_ ' ) -o_a_ B,_ -_ --o', ' -A o_ -+
"_(,'3":' ''_' ' '2-- Y" _ -t" _ -B --0",-_ B2u A d_ ] _ lit:2 -/4 _ --
-- _2- -O,;_4- B]: A" b_'- -' B':o_h- o_o,;
"' - t_L ' o,, , I o,, ' ( L "" ' 0_:14
"=,"- A Oa -_ B2_ "_ -0,_- -}- f3,. _,B o) _ -_4 O= ,
+ 4 (8;_ _ o_, , 2 o_,I + 13%1
,, ' 'w/ (1.2a)
-- "( B_GA---f0=_-_, B2,, N_- -0_'-'- + B_ AB 0_ 0,;/"
Relationships (1.9)-(1.10) were used in deriving formulas (1.21)-(1.22).
In another equation, the equation of compatibility of deformation, which for
a cylindrical shell has the following fo.'m (C.hapter II, Section 3):
xI 1 C)2-_ 1 02,o 1 02e,
-t--_O, _ AB 0_0._ _- tJ" 0;', i =--0 (1.24)
SECTION 2. SYSTEM OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (.,2 SOLUTION
IN DIBPIACE M_ENTS
Insertingthe values of deformation components -,.L_.'".*,,_2. and _"
from (I.9)and (1.10)intothe elasticityrelationships(1.11)-(1.17),we obtain
expressionsfor the internalforces and moments represented by means of dis-
placements u, v and w:
1 0 I O
' s,0,,
-t- it',= 4--k- -_
0, _ _0"_ _ (2.1)
--2K_s AB 6"_0} K_2_ O0=]w;
] )1 0_] ,(l l O'
I O' 1 O' )w; (2.2)
2K_6-4/9 OaO} K2a B= O}a
1964012887-211
199
.) , D26) | I (C26_ I '
0,_ j
( , o , , 2K) , o
S21 C_6-Ao_ t-C66B u 4- C_-r_ _;-F
[} ,,
-- 2K_ 1 0_ 1 _2
AB d_0_--K26_ -0-_ 2] _; (2.4)
A4, --(K,, A o_ _ K,6_-_/. + K,_-F . d,_ _--ff;-+-
__ zD]6 I 0_ l d" ) AB 0_0,'_ D_2 --_-.0-_- _ _ (2.5)
; o; + K2_-_f -0_ . --_ --_ _. 4--
.-_ (K2, _ +-_ D2_ _ v-j- K_ -- D_ _ O__
1 ,9' 1 0') (2.6) --2D26AB d_a;_ D_-B-_ w
H:- h,_-__--1-K_- E u " D_)-_ _7-- r-
Jr A26+_D_6 -_ -_ v-F, K26--/),6 A _ O_
-- 2D_ 1 0_ I 0_ \ (2.7)
AB O_ O_ D26 B-f d--_-} 'W.
Examining the elasticity relationships (1.13), (1.14), (1.17) m_d equation
(1.8), it is easily seen that the sixth equilibrium equation is identically satis-
fied. In this connection, here and in subsequent discussion when elasticzty
relationships (1.11)-(1.17) are taken as the basis of derivation it will be assumed
that the sixth equation will not be taken into consideration.
From the equilibrium equations (1.3)-(1.7), excluding the transverse
forces, we obtain
1964012887-212
Inserting Lhe valucs of the internal forces and moments from (2.1)-(2.7)
into equilibrium equations (2.8)-(2.10), we obtain the foUowing system of
eq,dlibrium equations in displacements:
Ln_Cjk)u _.- l.,.,(Cj_Kjk) t, + L13_C,._., Kt_)w : .V, I
.. , . |
L,I (Cj_Kj_)u + L.2_ "_C_,_hj_.Djn) v 4- L.:_(Cj_h'jd) n) :;' _ I/; _ (2.11)
L_ _CJ(,j_) u + l.s2(C'_K#I);_) v t Lj._(Cfl,Kj_D:D w --: Z.
J
where for the linear differential operators we have
1 ,j2 " G;,, I ._ (2.12)
lI_ LC_j,')-:Cll _1_ o-,_ o-_
( ) 1 ,,-'
4 Kt,u _. -I 1),,. ..l_ ;-
l :: (Cj.fl'lt.Dil.) = (-'t;_; "_-R -/_ o__ '
( 5K, ' 4 ) I ,,_ :_
-r 2C.2 6 - -i .. -i. _ D.,_ Al_ -oao :
'd 1 1),,) _ d2 -_- (C,,, _, ) h':: * i_ -- l_' ,,;_ (2.13)
') ) I tfl I._,_(C_Kzt. ) --: L_ (C_K_t.I =- (t._,; :- -R /''_" .1_-o:_ "r
,. C6_ _ I (K,2 S - .,,,,)J .IB tlzo,'_
' " '_h" 1 0_ ,
Ct'|'' ' ' /
( ' h',,,) ' '" (2.14) Jr- C'2_i*- R , B_ a,:_
1( I 0 _(? 1 O)
1 0s 1 O
--Kll-A_ -oaa -- 3Kx6_._B 0220) - _K_2': 21x'._ _>(
I 0_ t o' (2.15)
SiB* o_0;* K-";-B_ o,__;
I ( l o _.C,, I O) L23(C,_, K:k, D,.k) == L32(Cll _, KjnD_)-=- R Ce'" IJ 0.: " .-I o: _t-
[ ' ] ' ')'
( 4 ) I O' __(Kv " _- ' De,) I o'. (2 16) 3K'2_+ _ D'_'i 5iBr -o, 01_ _ /_' /3' 0,_ ' "
-2 :/( l O' L_. 3(Cj_Kj_D,_) --- _-C'_2-- _- ik'_2-A- ,;-,'_Jr
I o_" I 0'_ ) I {)' -F2K2e AI3-o-_t)-_ *-K2., B_ tL.3 '4-//11 :,|,- I)_' 31-
1 0_ l O'
-t- 4DI_-_:_ B -o_'o,_ 4- 2(l)r2 _,-2D ;_ .!_1_ qa_G_ q-
I O' .LI) .... 1 o' (2.1 'r_
-+ ll)'"c'"hlS.("0,-tl= ' -. B' "0_' "
1964012887-213
201
Thus, solvingthe system of equationsin (2.11)with given bo_mdary con-
ditionswe determine the soughtfunctionsof u, v and w by means of which, using
formulas (2.1)-(2.7)and (1.21)-(1.23),we may determine al_the internalforces
and fundamental design stresses in the shelllayers.
Examining the system of equationsin (2.11).we note thatitpossesses a
unique symmetry of construction,namety: the linearoperators (Ln. L21.
L13,L_, Lj2), symmetrically arranged relativeto the principaldiagonalopera-
tcrs d-_t,/-._. L_).have identicalvalues,
The symmetry of the matrix of differential equilibriumequationsin dis-
placements in the case of an isotropicshellwas firstnoted by V.Z. Vlasov.*
By meanb of the operator method the system ofdifferential equations
in (2.11)may be reduced to a singlefirst-orderdifferential equationof solution
for a certainpotentialfunction (a,_),in terms of which allthe designquantities
of the problem may be represented. However, due to the extreme unwieldiness
of the resultingcoefficientsof theeighth-orderequationof solutionand ofthe
design formulas we shallnot derive them here in the general case of auisotropy
of the shelllayers.
SECTION 3. CYLINDRICAL SHELLS CONSISTING OF AN ARBITRARY
NUMBER OF ORTHOTROPIC LAYERS
Lel a cylindricalshellconsistof orthotropiclayers and letthe principal
directionsof elasticityat each pointof each layer coincidewith the directions
of coc__uate linesa, /9and 7 (i.e.,ateach point,_feach layer one of the
plancs of elasticsymmetry is parallelto the coordinatesurface ofthe shell
and the other two planes are perpendicularto the corresponding generating
and directingarcs of the cylindricalcoordinatesurface ofthe shell).
Thus, the discussed laminar shellas a whole is an orthotropiccylindri-
cal shellwhose principaldirectionsof elasticityat each pointof the shell
coincide with the directions of coordinate lines ,_, B and y. In this case, for
the coefficients Bijk we have (2.12.2), namely:
I-,H' l ,,'
--_l_'_ (3.I)
-- _tF2 Sl.--- S_---- 0.
I-q4 l "' _1_2
*V.Z. Vlasov, Obshchaya teoriya obolochek, Gosteldflzdat, 1949, pp.
257 and 262.
1964012887-214
w -
/_y irtue of this, from (1.21)-(1.23)we have for the stresses within the
Iryc_:s
, ' ] 0u ] dv I
a, -_ Bh -A-_ 4- B'_:-_--_ 4- B',_-_ w --
-- ]' BII A 2 8_ B2 d) 2 ] R B d) ' (3.2)
_,=: B'.,.-B-_ 2 W -k- w --
( , 8,_, 4.B,I: 10'.)4..i.B,., I I at,
-- ._ B_,_B2 0::_ A' 0_ -R -E -a?: (3.3)
" () au 1 0v_ ; 2 ,o'w _i_.fB_2 I 0v (3.4)
_:__---B_ _; + -X --_J1-- ";B,;GAB a_a_ R A O,."
On the basis of (3.1), from (1.18)-(1.20) we ob,:ain for orthotropic shells in
general
CIs_-0, Kle-----0, DIs----0;
C2r ,-=0, K2_ ,_0. D26_0;
then from (2.1)-(2.7) we have foz the internal forces and moments
Io,, ( l )lav.
T,--- C. A a_ + C'2+_ K,2 -_ -_+
(__ a' , a,)
+ C,2-- K,,I -a_ _ __K,_ B' a_' a',; (3.5)
lOu(. I )lOt', T2-- Cl2-_ -O-_- + C224- _ Kn -_ -_ -_-
(3.6)
1 1 Ou 3
)' 0,, )' ,,'- + De_ A a, -ED_ AB a_o_; (3.7)
au ( 2 ) Iav 2K , a'_, .
S_, = C_ 1 --0-_4- C66Jr-_ K66 A 0,. AB O, o,_' (3.8)
,at,( ,),or M_==U_ A O,, -1- K_ -Jr-"-R" D]2 -B-_ 4.
Jr- g12-- Dn A' d,,' D,_ /_ E_i w; (3.9)
lOu( I ) ' Ov
(_ ! O' ! O') (3.10)
@u( ._ ) l Ov 2DIO' (3.11) H = Ke--_ -t)-_+ Ke + D_ a 0,, AB O,,O'p"
!
Insertingthevalues of internalforces and moments from (3.5)-(3.ii)
intoequilibriumequations(2.8)-(2.10),we obtaina system ofthree differential
1964012887-215
203
equations for the three unknown functions of u, v and w. Externally it does
not differ from the previously derived system in (2.11); however, in *,.hecase
of an orthotropic shell in linear operators of the system, Ljk, have the follow-
ing form:
b_ I 02
L11(Cp.) = Cu -_- _ %-C_ B_ 0"_ ;
(3.12)
4 . 4_ _', o_
I._2(Cp. k,'j,.l)j_)= (c'6s%- _ _,_ + k-r t)_) _.,
" O_[
-F Or2%- W Km %- _- o_2 B' 03' ; (3.13)
L'"-(CP/<'_)=[ Cv'-_-c_-j-' R (K,2 +-2Kc_) ]1 O' ; AB OaO: (3.14)
! ] d I O3 1 _3
L13(Cj"lx'J_)_ Cr27_ _4 Oa KII As da_ (KI2+ 2K66)A-B2 0:tO_2 "
o (3.15) 1
i 1 0 %- K,o R_
/..,_(C]_Kj,,Dj#)---C2_, )_ -B- O) -- B d_
[ I (/),_ i D6_)] I 03 I ) l Os
-- K,_ + 2K_,;+- _-_ .T A'B d,' O_ (K22%- -R D'_2 B30_3; (3.16)
2( , o, , o,)
I. _3(Cjt_KjJ)j#) --- -R2 (222 -- _- KI2 A2 Oa2%-/('22_-_ d-_ %-
1 0, I O, I d, (3.17)
+Dn A' o2, q-2(Dl, " --21)_6)A2B20a _c):_ _-D.2 B' 0_';
L2, = L_2. Ls, -= L_a. Ls, = L_. (3.18)
As was stated in the preceding section, by means of the operator method
the system of differential equations in (2.11) may be reduced to a single
eighth-order differential equation of solution for a certain potential function
,I_(_ [_, which may be used to represent all the design quantities of the problem.
The general procedure for such reduction is described in detail in the works
by V.Z. Vlasov, A.L. Gol'denveyzer and A.I. Lur'ye. Without going into
detail, let us present a few basic premises which are valid also for the general
case of anisotropy. The general premises are described in much the same man-
ner as in the cited works.*,**
Let us rewrite the system of equations in (2.11)
*A. L. Gol'denveyzer, Teoriya uprugikh tonkikhobolochek, Gostekhizdat,
1953, pp. 208-210.
**A. I. Lur'ye Statikatonkostennykhuprugikh obolochek, Gostekhizdat,
1947, pp. 194-198.
1964012887-216
204
Lnu.- Lpv-_ L,sw .... X: ]
L:,Iu .Jr- L,,_3, _.L-L2a_.... )-; I,i (3.19)
1.31u--;--La,v-_ L33w-= 7.. ]
In view of the constancy of the coefficients of equations (3.19), we assume that
here we have a complete system of algebraic equations in terms of displace-
ments u, v and w with constant coefficients in the form of operators Ljk. Let
us obtain the determinate of equations (3.19)
L,IL_=L,3 [
d _ L==L==L=3; (3.20)
LslLsaLr, !
and calculate its minors
du : L22Ls: - Ls_-L';6I (3.21)
dl2-----L.2sL31-L;1L_. _ I
etc.
We assume
u -= dnOl -_-dl;tl, _q- dr(l).6 (3.22)
; v = dl20 =-F d2_O2-+-d._sq'_: (3.23)
; w : d._l'l)t -'Fds_.q)_ -F d_O, (3.24)
and insert these expressions into equations (2.11) or (3.19); then we obtain
three differential equations
dO=:--X; dO==--,'; dOs=:Z, (3.25)
defining the sought functions q)=(=, _), q)=(a, _), (1),_=,[_).
=
If by the functions (l)p %, and Os in formulas (3.22)-{3.24) we under-
stand any particular solutions 0;, (I);, and {}s of the equations in (3.25), then
the general solution of the system in (3.19) may be obtained by superposition
of the particular solution
1964012887-217
205
_ = d,_;+ d,,_;+ d;3_;I (3.26)
$
and of the general solution of the homogeneoussystem corresponding to
equations (3.19)
.0= d,,%+ d,250+ d1_%;
= d=,0 + d_0 + d230; (3 26')
where in determining functions _', _. and _ instead of equations (3.25),
we have the following homogeneous equations:
d_-_-0; d_=:0; d_ a=0. (3, 27)
Thus, the functions u, _o,and w. defined by relationships (3.26') will yteld the
integral of a homogeneous system corresponding to equations (3.19) at any
values of _, tp0. and q_. satisfying homogeneous equations (3.27). In particu-
lar, we may assume
_0=0, _o=0, _o=_. (3.28)
Then to each solution of the homogeneous equation
dO _ 0 (3.29)
there will correspond the integral of a homogeneous system of equilibrium
equations in displacements (3.19) as defined by the formulas
,,o= _, _o= d_. _o = d_. (3.30)
For the most widely used forms of external surface load the particular
solution for displacements u, v and w may be determined directly from the
system in (3.19); then the problem reduces to solu_on of homogeneous equation
(3.29) and to the use of formulas (3.30), (3.2)-(3.11) for determining the
1964012887-218
-'O6
displacements, stresses within the layers and the internal forces of the shell.
We shall turn now to the problem of an orthotropic laminar cylindri-
cal shell. By virtue of (3.12)-(3.18) and (3.20), we obtain from (3.29) the
%llowing equation of solution of the problem:
1 OB
1 0',tl, 1 OS(l' _-P_ A'B" -_
P, .4a 0.8 + P3.46B, 0:'; 0,__ " 0,' O,_'
I dS l o_O
I .)*o +p2 Bs O_s "l'-Q, As _+
l 06@ 1 O*'t' l 0*@
+ Q3A*B _ 0,'O;,'+ Q_ _i2B ' a; O# -#-Q_ B' _'# 4
I O,* I 0,o i o,o (3.31)
+- R, A, 0_,'+ R3 i_-B' 0-,_u,_, + R2 B' 0p -- o,
where the following notation is used:
P,-----Q,(C,,D,, -- K_,); /:'2==C_(C_D_ -- K_;); (3.32)
Pa----- Dn (F2Cll-F (}2C6e-- V2) -_-202ClI(Dr2+ 2D_)--
--K,,[F_k" n -_-202(/<,2 + 2K_)--2"/W]- CnW2; (3.33)
P4---- D_z(F2CH-+-Q2C_-"V_)q-2F2C_(D,2_ 2D_)--
Dn \]
-- (K,2-Jr-2K_)IF 2(K,=+ 2K_) -- 2V (K2=-{- -E-JJ --
_2Cvo(Ko.,_..__)W_C,,(&. +.___)z (3.34)
Ps : DuCe_F2-t- D22CuO2-}'-2(Dn -_- 2D66)(F2Cu '. G2C_ -- V'-)--
--K,, 12F2(K,, + 2K.)- 2(k, n +-_'-) Vj-
-- (K m _- 2K_)[Q2 (Kl2 + 2Ko0 -- 2t'""] --
(3.35)
- 2Cu _'<22+ ,2 / W -- C_W_-;
2 (3.36)
Q, : -_- G2(C,2K,, --C,,K,2);
2 "_'_) (K_ __ : (3.37)
2
Q,: _{c,, (c.,+ _,),, +_...,._.. +
+_.(,_.. _K..)-v,_.-... (c..+ _'9v-
--K_ (F_CH + O,,C_--V2)--02CttK22',: (3.38)
){(c,,+-%,-)[_._ +c,,(,,. _-_;,)j +
Q4= -_"
+c,,[_,(,_,,+2,_.,-(_o +_,)v]-,,,,(,_c,, :_,_.v,)
-- t'2C.K,,--. (K,2+ 2K.)(C2, + _-) V}; (3.39)
1964012887-219
207
lu2(c,,c,_ c_).
R, = Aft -- ' (3.40)
R2-- _-;Ce; . .
Ra= -k_
In these formulas and in subsequent discussion
F_ ----C_2_+_-_2&22 _+_72_ ;/)22 (3.43)
(_2 -= C_ 4KG, 'IDa6
, p, _--_i- (3.44)
I,,= Cn + Ce8-_ K,, + 2K,,. (3.45)
R '
W = K,2-{--2K_ _.u.D,, + 4D,, (3.46)
' R
In terms of the sought function (_, _) displacements u, v and w are rep-
resented by formulas (3.30), which have the following expanded form (in the
displacement notation the superscript ".eros have been omittedp.
I ds_
u --- Q2Kn AS d_s nt- [F'_Kn-{--Q2(Kn nt- 2Kc_)--
I ds_
-- VWI ASS, O_20_' i- iF2 (K_..-{- 2K_) --
( _)] ,o,o
-- K_ -Jr- V 1 OsqJ 1 0,C1. ' __ _ ___.
AB 4o" O,;_ R " A_ Oa_
I
+__[(c.+_)v_c,._ 4 , o.o AB20_ O2," -+-u"; (3.47)
o=c.(,,,,+_)' o,o[c_ _1 Bs 0p + _-Cn [K2=-5 --
-- (Kn -Jr-2K_) V]
1
05_
A2B_Oa_O'A}
( ) ( _.-)',;'o
+ CnW__Kn v i 0_ I C_ C22-_- B_ 0_
' [_,,v (c,,+_)] ' o,o (_.) -+ --ff -- Cn ,4:a 0=' 0:_+ v';
1 d4_
I 0_ _(F2Cn -JF"Q2C66 -- V---) A'B' Oa' d"l' _ _- O_Cn A _ Oa_
t 0, (3.49)
where u*-- - -" (_, [3), v'= v(_, _), and w'= w" (_, _) are the particular integrals of
homogeneous equations (2.11) (with operators (3.12)-(3.18)) defined by the given
surface load components X= X(=, _), Y = Y(2, _), and Z = Z (_, _).
Having the vahtes of the displacements, by means of formulas (3.2)-(3.11)
we may easily find the values of the design stresses and inte_al forces,
1964012887-220
208
SECTION 4. ENGINEERING T'-IEORY OF CYLINDRIC.& _ SHELLS CONSISTING
OF AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF ANLSOTHOPIC LAYERS
Of great practical importance is the so-called engineering theory of
cylindrical shells*,**, ***,**** which, along with the fundamertal hypothesis
of nondeformable normals as given for the entire stack of the shell as a whole,
is based on the following additional assumptions:
a) In the geometric relationships in (1.10) we may only retain com-
ponents containing the normal displacement w;
b) We may take the simpler relationships for elasticity in (2.9.1)-
(2.9.8), which only approximately satisfy the sixth equilibrium equation
(1.8);
c) In the second equilibrium equatiou (1.4) we may disregard the term
N2/R, which originates in moment;
d) Approximate satisfaction of the second equation of compatibility
of deformations (2.3.2) is permissible.
On the basis of the above remarks, for a circular cylindrics! shell
we obtain:
the equilibrium equations
1 t) Ti 1 OS
A 0_ + B c)_----X; (4.1)
! dT_ 1 OS
B 0_ + A 0_--_-- Y; (4.2)
1 i ON, 1 ON_
-[(7"2 A 04 B 0:_ --Z; (4.3)
I OM, 1 OH N (4.4)
10M2 1 OH (4.5)
B O'_. % A 0_--N2;
the elasticity relationships
*V. Z. Vlasov, Fundamental differential equations in the general theory
of shells, PMM, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1944.
**Kh. M. Mushtari, Some generalizations of the theory of thin shells, Iz-
vestlya Fiz.-mat. ob-va pri Kazanskom universitete Vol. XI, series 8, 1938.
***V.V. Novozhilov, Teoriya tonkikh obolochek, Sudpromgiz, 1951, pp.
77-83.
****A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 250-251 of work cited in footnote *, p. 203.
1964012887-221
2O9
where, as before, for the stiffnesses we have (1.18)-(1.20);
the geometric relationships
1 Ou. 1 dv . 1 !
el = A o_ ' _2= --E -3_--t- --_w;
!
I 0,, I Ov | (4.12)
": a 0_+-Z-O_ ; /
I O_ I O_w
_= A' O_' ; _: O_ O_' ; (4.13)
2 O_w
x : AB OaO_"
Inserting the values of deformation from (4.12) and (4.13) into '2.4.2)-
(P. 4.4), for the stresses in the shell layers we obtain
ou ,(_ Ov '_ B,.,(' u-a- _ or)
_i -- B_t--X-d--a + Bt'_ --ff -o-( q--R / + ' -B- O_ A -O--_
( ] 02_ ' I I "''_' 20'.)
-'_ B_t A._ Oa' % B]: B' O._' -+B't6AB e,O_ ; (4.14)
=, Bi (1 c)t, __) , du t ( , du i Or) ,' - B _ -_- + O_., .4 o, + B:, -d _.T+ 7- _ --
1 O_w ot 1 O_w t 2 O_w ) --._,(B_ B, O_, +'''-_, o,, FB,,x8 O,O, ; (4.15)
, , ,,,, ,(, ,o + ;_)+._,(__ ,o , o_)
( , o', , o',,, _ o'_, ) -- "_ B_ .-ff -Oa,- if- B',_. B' O_' + B_ AB OaO_. . (4.16)
Inserting the values of deformation from (4.12) and (4.13) into (4.6)-
(4.11), we obtain for the internal forces in displacements
( 10 -.t.-C_61 O) ( 1 a
T_= C_-X_-- _ -B" , a+ Ct_-_--_--a+
i d 1 d_
+ (-#- C_2-- Kn A_ Oa2
.+ q.. _E .._ ) v
1 O_ 1 O_)
-- 2K_ AB O:O_'--K_-B-_ b-_ _n; (4.17)
1964012887-222
210
( 1 0 +C26_/ o) ( 1 ,, __
1"2= C12_--_T o, u = C.,, .I ,),
I 02
I 0 ) , ( I t,:, ' Kl2 .12022
+-C22_-,).; v , t --
1 02)
1 o2 --K,,/p d_ w; (4.18)
2K,,.s.11_o_ o', "I,
( l O . , ,,) ( l u
S: C16;21 0_-:-C66 _( 0)-, " "- C6, A v-_ -v-
1 d I . k" I e)2
1 ,)2 K.,,; _ O' ) w; (4.19)
--2K66 )B 9_0,3 " B2 a_:2
( ,oo ,o) (,o
A11= KI| _. FKI6-_-_- U+ K16-_3_- %
1 0) (l l o'
v+ k--g_2--
-t-KI_ _-_;- Dll ,t_ 0", 2
1 0' l.),., ;z ')' )w: (4.20)
2DI6 -AB Oa o,_ -b'_ _-
( 1 0 l O)( , o
11'12= K l" ,4 O_-_ + K26B_ u-Jr- K26_"_
,a) (_ , o,
"-+-K22-K -_ v + gn -- Dl_ A' O,2
1 t}_ I a2 )
_2D26 AB O_O: D22_i-o_ w; (4.21)
( ,o)
H= Klb A Oa
-+-K2__ K2t, .'9_6A_ O:_
2D_ I O_ 1 d_ )
AB OaO_ D26 B_ O__ w. (4.22)
Inserting the values of moments, M1, _ and H from (4.20)-(4.22) into
the fourth (4.4) and fifth (4.5) equilibrium equations, for the transverse forces
in displacements we obtain
1 O_ 1 @ 1 0* ) NI"-_" Kn As Oa* -+-2K_6 AB OaO_ -1-K66 -_ _gT u q-
[ l O' 1 O' l O']
,( , o , o) ""{--7_-gl2 "-A"_=+ t(96-B _ _ -- El (Die) W; (4.23)
1964012887-223
2i.1
1 O_ ] &_ I #1 /
Jr- K26 Bl 0_ F(Knq-K_) AB 0_0_ q-K_6-_J "_L
,( , 0 , o) + -_ K_ _ -_ + K._ 7 -a; _ -- g2 (Djk) _". (4.24)
where for third=order imear operators we have following notation:
03 . I 03
E'(DJ ')=D''I _--+-3D'o'-X_ 0,'0_ F
-+ (D,_Jr2D_) l 0* ! 03 .
AB' O=0_'Jr D_ B3 0_'' (4._5)
1 0' , ^,. I 03
E2(D_k)= D_ B_ _ -r _2_ -_A O_'0_ +
I 03 1 0' (4.26)
+ (D,2+ 2D_) -B---_ 0_0,' JrD,_ A' 0,' '
Insertingthe lastderivedvalues of internalforces TI, T2, S, N 1 and
N 2 intothefirstthree equilibriumequations (4.1)-(4.3),we obtaina sym-
metrical system of three differential equationsin terms of the three sought
functionsut=,_), v(=._)and _(a._)
il2 (C;#) " "F L22 (Cj#) g -_- L23(CI#K j_,) _ _-- -- Y; (4.27)
L_a(Cj,Kp.) # Jr-L23(Cj_.KI_)v -F L_ LC_Kj_:Di_)_ = Z,
where the linear operator Lll(Cjk) remains as in (2.12), L]3(CjkKjk ) remains
as in (2.15) and L33(CjkKjkDjk ) remains as in (2.17), while for the other oper-
ators we have
L,2(Cp.)= C,_A_ 0__ , . A/J O, o> -B__>T; (4.28)
1 O_ 1 _2 1 _ (4.29_
L2:(Ct_.).=. C_,.;_ -o;,"-_ 2C:_";t-/J O:'-_.( "{- C'_2B_ o,__ ;
, ,, ,,) L2_(Cj_KjD ;.=-/_. C.:2-_ -o_. -..r o-; --g_(Kj,).
Or thotropic Shell. In the case where the shell consists of an arbitrary
number of orthotropic layers such that the principal directions o_ elasticity
at each point of each layer coincidc with the directions of the corresponding
coordinate lines _, /9 and 7 the design formulas and equations are somewhat
simplified (see Section 3).
1964012887-224
"_12
In this case: for coefficients B;k we have (3.1); for the equilibrium
equations we have (4. D-(4.5); for the geometric relationships we have (4.12)
and (4.13). In virtue of this, from (4.14)-(4.16) for the stresses: we obtain
the following formula s:
i ; du t (I dv , w\
( 1 d2w)
o2_ -i- BI_ _
---_ ,_',1 -_, o=, oo, (4.31)
, (_oo o,, o_--- B_ '@-+ A 0.
( , ,, (432)
, =B_(I O, I Or) i 20'w (4.33)
From (4.17)-(4.24), in view of the factthat C16 = C26 = K16 = K26 = DI6 =
= D26 = 0, for the internal forces and moments we have
1 a,, I o,J (1 l a, . 1 0,)
T_:C,,-XTg-I-Cn-_3T-+--_cn--gn a' O=' t':'2_r_ _"_;
l Ou ._ l Ov
7"2--- Cn T "_a "-t-t. z: "B "fir +
, a, g_ a, (4.34)
+ (_C,--Kn .4,O.., -6P-)m;
Ou .., 1 Ov 2 02=,
S--c_l-_ -t'-('e_ A O. K_ At} O=O'_' (4.35)
Ou . . i Ov
A'la-- Kn I T= -i-.xl2 _ _--i- (4.36)
(l ] o, 1 o,) -_" W g'2-- Dn A' O,' --Dl2 "_r _ m;
1 Ou I O,s (4.37)
1 O2 1 Os
-+ ( R K, -- Dl,-_- -ff_d--- D,, -_--a_) mo;
1 Ou I Ov Dr_ 2 d'w . (4.38)
!i _'w ff"_ -_-K. a O= "_E a=of ' (4.39)
Nl= _ _, -t-Kiwi u -'_-(KI:-'}-K _1 _-
1 1 dry
Jr" _ g,m a o,. E, (li)1#) _; (4.40)
(_ , a, , a,) , a,. , N,= n'_" _ + K= ,_+ (K,, + g_)
l av (4.41)
1964012887-225
213
where for the third-order linear opera' _r we have
l o, _(O n_F2o_) I o_ |
Et (D;t' = Dlt A' 0=s AB_ 0=013t;
I 03 1 _* ! (,.42) E, (D/t) = D_ B3 0_* _ (Dn -j'- 2Dee)BA' O='0,_"
Inserting the values of intervat forces from (5.34)-(5.41) into equilibrium
equations 15.1)-(5.3), we obta':,-; a system of equations of solution which coin--
cides extecnally with the system b, (4.27), while for linear operatox s Ljk we have
I 02
Ln (Cj#) = (CI2 + C_) _-d 0_0_-; ". (4.43)
01 ! 0'
L2_(C.,_) - C_ A_ 0# 4- C2_e' o;_' : (4.44)
t i o (4, 45)
L23(Cjd_'j_)-: fi C2__ _ --2(gjk);
Lll(Cjk ) is the sa_e as in (3.12), L13(CjkKjk ) is the same as in (3.15) and
L33(CjkKjkDjk ) is the same as in (3.17).
Proceeding in the same manner as in the previoue section, the system of
equations in (4.27) may be reduced to a single eighth-order equation of solution
for potential function (=. _), in terms of which we may represent all .he design
quantities of the problem. Proceeding from (3.19)-(3.49) and the basic premises
of t_-e engineering thee ry of cylindrical shells consisting of an arbitrary., numbe.-"
of orthotropic layers, we obtain the basic equations and design formulas of the
problem.
The eighth-order equation of solution in the case of engineering theory
takes the following form:
I 8B' I r)aO -_-Ps 1 080
0' ! 0'4_ I 064_
t 0'0 _ 0'' _ ,"O ----0, (4.46)
_3 A*Bt 0=' 0;*' -_- Q4-A'B' 0==r)_' +-RI 4' O=*
where for th_ coefficients of equation (4.46) we obtain from (3.32)-(3.40);
l't= C_s(CI,D,,- K_,). P_ =: CeerC.n. -- &'h); (4.47)
!' a . Dtt (_ -- 2CnC_) + 2CtlC_ (D_ + 2D_) -- K. [C_Kn --
--- 2Ct_(Kn 4- %_'eall -- Ct_(Kn + 2K_)_; (4.48)
I'., !)2_(_ -. 2C_2C_)+ 2C_C_ (Dn -_-2D_) --
(Kt,.,"F2K_) IC_ (Kr_ Jr"2K_) -- 2C_K_] -- C,tK_; (4.49)
1964012887-226
214
P5= D, iC_CM+ D_CnC_ Jr-9(D,2 -F 2D_) (2 --- 2C,2C_) --
--- 2Ku [C_ (Kn Jr-2K_) -- K, 2(C,_-I'- Cr_)l--
-- 2(K,2+ 2K_) [CnK_ -- Cn (Ki2 Jr"2K_)I; (4.50)
2
Q, -- -_ C_ (C,2Kn -- Cn.Kl2); (4.51)
2
12 . ;
2
q _= -# C_ (C,2Kn -- C_K t2); H. 53)
1
R,= _ C_ (CnC= --C_). (4.54)
From (3.47)-(3.49), for the displacements, represented in re'ms of
function (_. _). we oi_tain the following formulas:
" = C_Kn AS a_5 F ICmKn -- Ci_.(Kn -Y2K_G)I->,__ .:_-_
I dS'l '
-4-[C_(Kp.-F- 2K_) -- K_ (C,2+C_)! AB 4 d_c)','
! L. L.'12"_ 1 03_ 1 I 030
AB' a,, aI_' (4.55)
I Os_ I ()s_
1 8s
-F [Cn (K_2_- ?K_) -- Kn (C_ -Jr C_)l A'B _)_J,;
] 1 03_ 1 1 034)
-- -_C_.C__ a_-- r --_ (_--C,_C_)A'_ a=,o_ _ v'(=._); (4.56)
l 040 I d'@
I OteP
+(2 --2CnC_) A,_ a_,a'_, -_-"_" (_"D, {4.57)
where, as usual, (2=C,,C_ --C_.
Having the values of displacements u, v and w, by means of formulas
(4.14)-(4.24) we may easily write the formulas for the internal forces and
stresses.
SECTION 5. CONTINUATION OF SECTION 4.
The equations for the engineering theory of anisotropic laminar cylindri-
cal shells may be presented in the form of equations of the combined method in
the theory of statically indeterminate systems. *, **, *** Assuming
*V. Z. Vlasov, see pp. 301-310 of workcited in footnote *, p. 2 01
**S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward calculation of laminar anisotropic shells,
IzvestlyaANArmSSR(FMYeiTnauki),Vol. VI, No. 3, 1953.
***M. Mlshonov, Toward a theory of shallow shells, PMM, Vol.XXII, No. 5, 1958.
1964012887-227
215
!
d2_
P
A ] Xd_,
7", = 8, e_, . (5. _)
1
s f Yalp; (5.2)
T2 _--- AI d,I
S=--.] 0,_ {5.3)
AB a_0"_'
where ?-----7(2. _) is the soughtfunctionof stresses, we ide.qtically satisfythe
first two equilibrium equations (4.1) and (4.2), and from the third equation (4.3)
we obtain
I 1 a'v B [y _ oN, i oN,
d[}
Z.
R At O__ R,] A d,' B 0.3
(5.4)
Solvingthe elasticityrelationshius(4.6)-(4.8)for the deformation com-
ponents,we obtain
where as coefficientscharacterizingthe elasticpropertiesof the shellwe have
C2_C_.- C_6. An =: C,,C.--C_s . I
A 11-- L'* ' td* '
A12= C,sC2, --Cz_Ceo. A_== Ci,C,,-- C_2. Ii ;;* ' w ' (5.8)
C,2C28 -- CjsC22 CllCl6- C,_C,, .
A_6 -- U_, ; A26 _ u', ,
_."= (c,,c_ - c_)c_ + 2c,#,,q, - c,,c._, - c_c_; (5.9)
dn -_ AnKn Jr-A_2K_2-}- AisK_s, (5.10)
dn := A_KI_ %-A_K2_-Jr-A_K_, (5.11)
d_ --=-A_K_ -{- A_K_ -Jr-A_K_; (5.12)
d_ =: AnK_ -}- A_K_ + A_K_; (5.13)
d_ = A_Kn at- A,nK_ Jr- A_K_s, (5.14)
dis _ AnK_ -Jr-AnK_ -Jr"A_eKe, (5.15)
d_ = A_K u -Jr-A_K_a Jr-A_Kts; (5.1 '_
d_, := A_K_s-1-A_K_ -4-A_Kss; (5.17)
de_= At_Kn q-A_sK_ "Jr-AssK_. (5.18)
1964012887-228
216
From the elastici_ relationships in (4.9)-(4.11), by means of (5.5)-
(5.7), eliminating the deformation components E_. e2. ,,. and considering
(5.1)-(5.3) and (4.13), we obtain for the moments
MI_B _ 0_2 Jr A3 O__ Ab 0,,O_ 7_
(D_t--DI O= D,,--D% 0' Dj_--D_2 02)
(5.19)
( d, O' d,, O' d,, O' ) M2---_ Az O=2 _ B2 O'_ = AB O_O'_ ?
( O,, - D O' D=,-- D_ O' D,,-- D_2 0' ) ._, jr_M];
-- B= 0_--_- q--2 AB 0=0_ _- a' 0=' - (5.20)
(dr. O= d,. O= d6. c)=)
1"1_ . B, O_2 "+ A_ O_3 AB OaO_ _ --
o,6- o_o, o.- o_ o, o.- o",oo, _ ,
a, o,, +2 an o,o_ + n, o,--U.']w+M' (5.21)
where
(5.22)
M;---(a,,.4f _a,+a_,sf va_) u=,. 2. 6).
The formulas for the moments (5, 19)-(5.21) contain the derived bending
stff_esses Dj_, originating from the "tension-compression and shear" stiffness
(Cjk) and the "interaction" stiffness (Kjk), and have the following form:
Dl --=-Knd n @ K12d21Jr-Klsd61; (5.23)
D_ = K12d12+ K_d_2 Jr- K2_d_; (5.24)
D_ = Ki6d16-_-K_d_s.-_Knsd_; (5.25)
D?= Kud_ 4- K_d;a Jr-K_d_ -_-K_=dn -Jr"K_d_=-F K_sds_; (5.26)
O't'6= Knd_ -4-K _d_ Jr-K]_d_= K_dn -Jr K_sd=_ -Jr-K 6sd6_" (5.27)
D_ = Ki2d16 Jr- K_d_ Jr-K26fI66 = K_sdp. Jr-K26422 -]- K_d62. (5.28)
From the last two equilibrium equations (4.4) and (4.5), considering the values
of moments (5.19)-(5.21), we obtain for the transverse forces
( a,, o, o'_ o, o,)
N,= a. o=,+ a.-a., a,,-a, a,.
A_B d==o_ _- ABI daO{_ = -_ "B_ O_s ?
e,(Oj, o _ o_; _ oM;
-- --Dj_)_nq--_ --_-, --F a Op ; (5.29)
N=_ B= Op" t- O=Op = q- at= . a.
O='Op 't'-AS O,a
L 0_;. _0M; (5.so)
--e'(ol'--O_')_' B O_" A O= '
1964012887-229
217
where for linear operators Ej(Dj_-Djk ) we have (4.25) and (4.26).
Inserting the values of transverse forces N1 and N2 from (5.29) and
(5.30) into the third equilibrium equation, which after the transformation
has the form of (5.4), we obtain
. ' i 1 0=?
l._(Dj_ -- l)/,,)w- La(d/k) ? 4: l_ A= _,' --
f , o=M;,_ ,
b Yd}+ A' + + -, (5.31)
Z t]_ 0== AB )_0_" _ O__
where for the linear operators we have
/.,(_,_- D'],) = z_,,--A'07' _'e'+ 4 n,_--O?_e'
A3B 0a3 _ _"
4-"2(t""- t_?_) +2(t_- o) e'
A=B _ 04" O_a
o 04 o 0 ;
1226- D26 Dn- D,2
--t- 4 AS 3 O, 0"_ q- S, 0_, ; (ft. 32)
aA_l O" _# 9d26--d_l d4 dll -'_d22--2d_ O_ L:(,tla)--
)*'_' ' AaB 0=30'# 4:" A_B 2 Ox_ 03_ -
2'1_6-- d6_ O' d,i O' (5.33)
Thus, after certain transformations from the equilibrium equations {4.1)-
(4.5) we have arrived at a single equation with two unknown functions _ = _ (a, _)
and w---w (2. _). The second equation is required in obkdning the complete system
of differential equations in terms of the above-mentioned unknown _unctions
and may be obtained on the basis of the third equation of compatibility of
deformation (1.24). The first two equations of compatibility of deformation
(2.31) and (2.32) are identically satisfied with an accuracy of the additional
assumptions of the engineering theor 3 of shells.
Inserting into formulas (5.5)-(5.7) the values of T 1, T 2 and S from
(5.1)-(5.3) and ,_, x,,. and _" from (4.13), we obtain for the deformation com-
ponents h, _,, and m .
A,_ 6_ At, 0t A_, 0a )
_+.(d,, #' a,. _. ^a,, O' ) A' 0_' + B' Oit' + x -WE _ * +';; (5.34)
0.)
='_--= B_ OB_ _- a _ O__ AB O_Op' ?+
Ida, 0_ a.. O_ d. O_ )
+ k At 8=" _- "B_-_ + 2 . . ..{-t;; (5.35) AB OaO_
1964012887-230
o|
t.,/,,, o= d6, O' ,% O' ) . (5 36)
where
s;.'=----(AuAf Xd_--A.B. z.I j_"Y'd;_) (j:: 1, 2, 6). (5.37)
Inserting the values of the deformation components from (4.13) and
(5.34)--(5.37) into equation of compatibility (1.24), we obtain the required
second equation of the problem.
1 1 82w
L_.(A]k)?-FL3(djk)w-- R A= O_'_--
. ,; I O'_, (5.38)
I O_'_ *,% 1 O'" '"
-- A= d__ AB O=O,', B"_O_= '
where :or the new linear operator we have
A=2O4 A2_ dI
/.2(.4i_)-- A4 0=4 2 AaB O=3d;_+"
2AI24-.A6_ 0 4 AIs OI All O4
-_- A=B= d==0_= 2 -_ (5.39)
AB3 0aO:',J -B'- -0_;"
Thus, the general problem of the statics of a cylindrical shell consist-
ing of an arbitrary number of anisotropic homogeneous layers in the engineering
theory of shells reduces to a system of two differential equat%ns of solution
(5.31) and (5.38) in terms of the two sought functions: _(a, ,_)the stress :unctions,
and ::,(_, _) the displacement functions, means of which (using formulas (5.1)-
(5.3), (5.19)-(5.20), (5.29), (5.30), (5.34)-(5.36) and (2.4.2)-(2.4.4)) all the
design quantities of the problem are determined.
In view of the unwieldiness of the final formulas for the design quantities
in the general case of anisotropy we do not derive them here; these [orma]zs
are obtained by elementary procedures.
Orthotropic Shell. In the case where the shell consists of an arbitrary
number of homogeneous orthotropic layers such that the principal directions
of elasticity at each point of each layer coincide with the directions of the cor-
responding coordinate lines, for the elastic constants of each layer
Bik asisknown,we have (3.I); moreover, as was statedinSection3 ofthis
chapter, el6--- C_ = K,6:= K26_ DI6= D2_= 0. Then, from (5.8-(5.18) and (5.23)-
(5.28), for A_k,j d_kjand DOj,,we obtain (for cosfficients differing from zero)
1964012887-231
_,, c. cI, I .
--" ' A22-=---' A_=C-E-'_ (5.40)
Cl2
/_t2...... __, . 9.-_ CnCz2_ Ci2;
du := K,,G2--,,K,_C_ . d22-= K,C_ --uK_C_ ," (5.41)
dl__._KI_C22 -- K22CI2 K,_Cll -- KjlC12.
_., ' a21---- u ' (5.42)
K6tl *
d_ =- C-_,' (5.43)
D_i -_- K'nCz2-- 2KnKr2Ci2+ K_2Cn ;
(5.44)
,, KnKtzCz2-- (KnK2._+ K_2)C,2+ K22Kt2Cn;
Dn == u (5.45)
d.,'_. = _.:c,,- 2K,,_,',.,c,., + K_,.,C_ . (5.46)
= _. (5.47)
o_
Then the system of equations of solution (5.31) and (5.38) takes the form
I I a-"w I a%*. I a2_
L2(Cj,:) _ -Jr- L3(dj_) _ _ R A2 0_2= A_ 0_' B_ O'_ ;
1 ] a,,p (5.48)
L, (D,k -- D_h).cv-- L_(.4j_)7 _ R A' O:,' --
.=z+-/(y Ydi)+A, o_, + _, e_, ,
where for the linear operators and load terms we have
+_(_'"-:")+_(u_"-_) o,
A_B _ Oa_0"_ ' (5.49)
].2(Cj_.,).= " C,, 1 d' CT, , I 0' ( C,,_ I 0' .
t., .t, o., + n B, Op + "_._2 ,-W-., ] A'/_ O_,'O_-'
(5.50)
L_v_ .--- _,',,c,, -,_, _,-, ,c,,._,' o,.' + (_<,,c,, -,,_,,c,, _ __ +
Jl" K,:C,,-- Kt,C,,) 1 O' K,,C,,-- K.C,, _ O' (5.51) -- _ - A'B_ 0='O__ "+- u -_ -_T;
/
' K"C"--K"C"AJ K'_Ct'--K"Ct'B YdO; (5.52)
Mt == ,, Xd=_
,,f ,..B_,<,,c,,-,<,,c,,A. f x,,:. (,
1964012887-232
,; c. Bf rd_ c,, f (5.55)
----. Jr-- E- A .f X da.
The design formulas for the internal forces and stresses in the layers
of the shell in this case are give1_ by the following formulas.
The bending and torsional moments from (5.19)-(5.21)
.,.I,--= -(D.- V'_', ')'_'--_,_, -- (I..',,--. D?.). 8, o:,,-+'
._._K]2CI1--_'+1CI2 1 027 KIIC221_-.} KI2CI2 I {):_+
,, :t, ,;,, 4 ........ #_ o:_+ M;: (5.56)
I O'w (D,,__ D,;,) I O"w
M., =--(D:2--D_o.) B+ O#+ . A+ O.+ +
1 02? K22C,,-'Ix'j_Gu 1 t)_ L M " (5.57)
Jr" k',_q2_, K_2C,_-B-_0;+' + -'.;- - A-_ -b_2+- "
. __ o'w k'_,, 1 0'; (5.58)
The tangential forces TI, T 2 and fi are defined in formulas (5.1)-(5.3).
From (2.4.2)-(2.4.4), in virtue of (3.._.), (5.34), (5.36) and (5.40)-(5.43), we
obtain for the design stresses in the l_.yers of the shell
i C** i i t)27 B_I .....
o_= B_; ,--7+ -- BI_ B2 0_2 ,, Xi _ -t-
1 O_w .
+(at, _"c"F,K"c"+ 8_,_,,c,,-J_,.c,.__,, .c8_:) ._-o_+
( _,,c..-_,._. _Bt.,.c,,-._,. , ) , 0,.
+ Bh _, t" --78u A_ 0_' +-
l i _:'*.
+ Bltel + BI+*" (5.59)
( c, +@), o.+(++, c. o.+
+(_K,,c,,F_,,c,, _ _,<,,c,,-K,,c, _, _,:')A;o,,+o,, +
( ),0.
+ _ r,,c,,-r,,c,,o+BI_._,',,c,,-&,c,,u -- _B_ _, o>,_-
l *
+ B_.,+ + B_/,; (5.60)
B_ l 02_ ,_0_ (Kin_7) ! _w (5.61)
_=---c,, Aa o,o_ "t-'_,-c_ Aa o,o_"
Thus, formulas (5.1)-(5.3), (5.56)-(5.58) and (5.59)-(5.61) are used
in representing all the design quantities of the problem by means of the unknown
functions _. (=, _} and _ (=, _), which with given boundary conditions may be
determined from the system of differential equations of solution in (5.48)
In the general case of an anisotropic laminar shell all the design
quantities of the problem depend both on the stress function 7 O, _). and on the
displacement function _#(_. _).
1964012887-233
221
The formulas for determirdng the tangential displacements u and v will
not be p;esented here, since in tae case of the combined problem they are of
no particular interest; however, _hey may be defined by means of formulas
(4.12).
Of considerablepracticalinterestis the case inwhich the shellis
loadedonly by a nnr_.a!lyappliedsurface load, thatis, when X = Y _-o. Z + 0.
Then thesystem ofequatlonsof solution(5.48)is rewrittenas:
i I d2w O;
L2(Clk) _p+ Ls(die) _v R A_ o_, --
(5.62)
I 1 O'_ Z.
L,(Dle--O_k)_--L3(dj,)'.p-l-- R A* O ; --
The system in (5.62) may be reduced to a single eighth-order differential
equation of solution in terms of the potential function g' (a. 6) *
Assuming**
__-L2(Cje) IF; 1
! ! 0"_" } (5.63)
_o- R A* daI
Ls
(die)
tF.
!
we identically satisfy the first equation of the system in (5.62) and from th_:
second equation for the sought function _"(2, _) we obtain one eighth-order
linear differential equation
l I o,_" =Z. (5.64)
Lo(Ple) iF- 2F(QIe) tF-_ R_ A, O,,
where for the linear operators we have
1 di 1 O_
Lo(Pje)=PL Aa Oa_-FPa A6B , da6O_, +
OI 1 ds 1 d
+ P5 + P4 kP2 " (5 65) A2B a O_l O_a B_ d_8 '
1 d_ 1 Oo 1 do (5.66)
r (qje) ==Q, A_ 0_,+ qs A,_ 0_,0_,+ Q4A'B, 0_'0_,
*V.Z. Vlasov, see p. 319 of work cited in footnote *, on p. 201.
**S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote **, on p. 214.
1964012887-234
_.22
For the coefficients of these operators we have
p, 2[(o,_--D'_,)_- 2(D_--D)] c'' ' (D:, _:)' i
5- -- _T ,
-_2 (Kl=CI,-- gliCl=) (KI=C== -- K_=Ci2).
_.J=
q _= _- ,_, , Q_ -- -fi
(.,_ =_(_,,c,,- _,,c,..- __"_c. _'"c"T-,_"c"- )
Representing the design quantities of the problem in terms of the sought
function _(_, _), we obtain:
For the tangential forces
I ] 0= ] i a=_' (5.67)
T_= R A_ O=_ L:_(dl_) _ O__ ;
[_t 1 O' Ls(d,,)] I O'_'. (5.68)
S -_- -- A _ a=_ L_(dl,) -d=d_ '
for the moments
1964012887-235
223
=_ _ _,_)-x, ;-,',],.,(_,,)_+
L .'21--_- _ Jr-(D12"- o 1
[, , a' ][ Jr- R A2 0=2 L3(dl_) .<j=C2=--K.C,2_ B21 0_20_i
K2_CII--KI2CI_ 1 02 ] :: A__ qr: (5.71)
0_
,<.[,, , ,.,, j , o, (5.7_.) C. _R A2 0_2 La(dj_) "lib a.,_ ;
for the stresses in the shell layers
[ ][( c..9/, ,,,
o. -_- R AI 0=j
_ _ ,,,. + ,,,c,,_,,,,c,,,_, +
"ILB_2K==CI'--K'=C'=u -- "_B{2)_"1_a=1-' _-n/"tK,,C.--K,IC,,u
jrB_2K,,C,,--K,,C,= lBli I I a' 1
I a' (5.73)
, r, , ," ,-.., (,,,,,)] r(_"I:'--,,_._ _)_ ,,,,
o_--_t_ "_"a-a=, -- .
-(B_ c,= ,,, c,,_I ,_, T,r,,c,,
+,_,,:,,c,. - ,<,=,:,.,, -_'_':)x,_+' ')' (,8" ":"":"" - K'"c'= +_ ,., _
a_T] L=(Cj,)_';
1Bin) -/P a=
= (5.74)
I I d_ ] 1 O=_F.
"_-_-- _--_ [ R A' 0,' Ls(dJ') "-A-_*
K_s 1
+_,,.(_,,_ _)_,__' a=-a_L=(Cp,)_'; (5.75)
for the tangential displacements
[ ] I a'" "a- u=--_--_--b_K_ 1 0_ I C_Ku__Cn(K__F2K_ ) A_/Pa='aP_-
Os_k"
+_i [C_(K_.. -t- 2K_)-- K_,_. (C_= + C_)l_, a=op,'
i C= 1 O=_v I C. 1 a=E (5,76)
R u A= a== -Jr R u AB' a'_-_/;
Kern 1 0=_ Jr 1 1 dr,_'
1 O_q "
Jr- [Cu(K_ +-2K_)--K:s(C_=-FCe_)I A,BO=,O_ (5.77)
--_ _aF-- -g t-;,,---_)_ 7__"
Comparing equations of solution (4.36) and (5 64) as well as their
corresponding design formulas (4.14)-(4.24), (4.55)-(4.57) and (5.67)-(5.63),
it is easily seen that they are fundamentally identical and coincide in accuracy
if instead of the sought q_(a. _) we insert C_(=. _): or, conversely, instead
t
t
of the sought (=, {t) we insert _' (= _)/C'_. /
1964012887-236
224
SECTION 6. CYLINDRICAL SHELI_ CONSISTING OF AN ODD NUMBER OF
HOMOGENEOUS ANISOTROPIC LAYERS SYMMETRICALLY ARRANGED
RELATIVE TO THE MEDIAN SURFACE
In this and the next two sections we discus3 shells consisting of an odd
number (2m + 1) of layers (Figure 15).
By virtue of symmetry we have for the stiffnesses (Chapter II, Section
13).
"+" " (h,-- h,__) (6.1)
Cjk-=2 Bj_, hm+l'Jr_ Bj_
$=|
" 1
r Dm _IL 3 _3 h3
Dj_ ---_ -'_ . s = 1 j ['-'1_ -m+t-F-_ B;,( ,-- ,_,) ; (6.2)
KI_ = O. (6.3)
TEe elasticity relationships become simplified and take the form
The formulas for determining the stresses (1.21)-(1.23), the equilibrium
equations (1.23)-(1.8) and the equation of compatibility of deformation (1.24),
as well as the formulas relating the components of deformation and the changes
in curvature with the displacement components (1.9)-(1.10) remain unchanged.
From (2.1)-(2.7) for the internal forces and moment represented in
terms of displacemevts u, v, w we obtain
# I d I d !
T, =(c,, _-_+c,,._). +(c,, _,,-_+_,,-. _)o+c,; ;_
r,=(c,,'_ ' _ _+c._ o, _...,.
_--_+_.-_ _),. +(c. _- _ _),_,,__,
(6.7) d 2 i
.,,-(c,, _-. [(c.+ +
0 I O=
+(c.+-_,,.) -__]o. (:.-,,,,-_- -,__
_2D_A__ O' I 0'_ =, (6.8)
1964012887-237
22_
( ,,) .
, , I c ;= 4- C_- x_-t-c_ B_p _,FC._.
, o , ,),. ( , ,. (6.9) 341: (2D._ -;f _- -.{-Dl2 _- _ _--- Du --_ _ -_-
-Jr-2D,6 I us 1 0=)
_; (6. IO)
( , ( ,o,
M2: 2D26A _ -{- D_2B a_/ R-- DI2 A= O_,=i'-
-{--2D_ 1 O' I 02 ) (6.11) AB 0=0_ -+ D22_- _ w;
( '0 ,0)o(
= D16_ _ Jr- (6.19.)
! 0' , _ 1 0' \
-{--- 2D_ AB 0=0_ t'-u=e_ "-E@-_' ) _"
Then the system of differential equilibrium equations in displacements
(2.11) is rewritten as follows:
L], (C,,k)=+ Ll_(Cp,)_,4 Ll_(C/,,)_, :.=-- X; }
L2,(C/t), + L_ (Ci_D/,) v Jc L= (C/,D/,) w = -- ; J (6.13)
L3,(C/_) ,. Jr-Lz:(CI_D._)_ + L_.(CI_D/,) _ = Z.
where the linear operatgrs Ljk have the following form (for completeness we
rewrite Lll):
1 0= "_B 0= 1 0=
L.(C/_ )=cu A, O=,+2C1_ _-;--_-t- C_T-Eg_,;
(6.14)
,,,(c,,o,,)=(c,,+ ' ' _' (_c. ' o _' _'
1 1 0=
.+ C= + _ D_ I _ "_[(_;
(e._s)
O= 1
L.(c,,) c,,-_.,+(c.+c.,_ _--__' o,
----- 0--_-_P "F c_ -_" "_-P; (6.16)
I C_=--_-_+C_ ;
L,_(C/,,)= "E (6.17)
1 i O 1 O
L_ (CiteD#,)_-"_ (C_ C_ _ _ _ _ ..4.. -_-66+ _;)--' [2D,,' o'
O' 1 o' _a,].
Jr- (D,_-_-4D_)A 0=' 0[_ -{-4Ds _ 0-_-0_*-}- D_ _'_ (6.18)
1 1 8' . _ ! O* -
L_ (C_D_) = --_ C_ + D. -_- -O-Ec "t- _u,, _-_ _-_-
, " _-2D_) _ 0, 1 O, I O, (6.19)
-I-2,_,,= (6.20)
Orthotropic Shell. In the case where the shelf consists of orthotroplc
layers so that the prhacipal directionsof elasticity at each point of each layer
coincide with the directions of the corresponding lines or, _, T (see Se-.tion 3),
1964012887-238
226
the design formulas and equations, as has atready been _tated, are consider-
ably simplified. In this case, by virtue of (3.1), for the stresses we obtain
formulas (3.2)-(3.4) and for the stiffnesses with subscripts 16 and 26 we
evidently have
CI6=C_---0, DI6_---D_6=0;
then from (3.5)-(3.11) for the internal forces and moments we obtain
I 0= I dv , ,, w. (6.21)
du I 0v w (6.22)
10u ( 2 ) I Ov 2 - I 0'. (6.23)
Sl2--_C_--_-O_- t- C_ ff--RT Des A O= R U_ XB_;
i du +C_ 1 #v (6.24)
1 1 dv 1 O=w i r'w.
/t4, = _- Dl2 B O_ Dn "A2 O== Dl2 B= O_=' (6.25)
I i dv 1 O=tv 1 d_w.
M_ = _ Dr2 B O_ D_2-,42 as= D22-B_ O_2 ' (6.26)
2 10v 2D_ 1 02_
Its-- -_ D_ A O,. AB OaO_ " (6.27)
The system of equations of solution does not differ externally from the
system in (6. _3); however, for the linear operators Ljk we have the following
values:
1 0= I 0= .
Ln (CID = Cn A' O,a -k-C_ Er 0_=,
(6.28)
t (CjkOj_)= C_6.4__._D_ A= 0,,= + On -Jr-_022 B= O,_;
(6.29)
, 1 0= .
_.,,(Cj_)= (C,=-+-C=) An 0=0_ ' (6.30)
l ! 0 (6.31)
L_ (Cj_) = "-EC_ A O,, '
1 1 c)
L=(C_Oj,)= -EC=_.eo_
! [ 1 O" 0= ] (6.32)
: 1,33(Cj_DI_) = --_ C_ .q-Du "-_'_-_."t-
+ 2(D,=-.{--2D_,_ 1 0, 1 0' (6.33)
a=/i, 0-, 0_, -t'- O_ B, 0_, ' (6.34)
L=_---L_, La_=L=a, L3_=L_.
As before, the problem may be reduced to a single eighth-order equation
of solution relative to the potential function _(_. _) This equation, as was to
be exl:acted, has the form of (3. bl); however, for coefficients P.,_ Qj and R.j
we have the following values:
1964012887-239
227
Pl = G2C11Dn; P_ ----C_C_D22; (6.35)
P3 = Dn (F2Cn + 02C_ -- V2) -_- 202Cn (D12Jr 2Dc_)-- CnW2; (6.36)
P _= D.2(F_Cn -{-02C_ -- V2) -Jr-2F2C_ (DI2 -F 2D_)
2 Cr_D.z:W_ I
-- _ -_ CnD_2; (6.37)
P, F_.C_I)a 4- G2CIID_.2 + 2 (D=2%-. O_) (F2Cn + 02C_ V2)--
2
-- C_W2 -- -R-CnD'_2W; (6.38)
QI =- O, Q2:- 2 C_C_D_; (6.39)
9
Qa = _- (CnC22W -- C,2VW); (6.40)
2 [C_(C_W ' 1 C,2D2:V] ; (6.41) Q_ = 7( 4-_ enD.2.,)- _-
(s.42)
I?_= -RT-
R_ = -_- C_C_ fF2-- C2_); (6.43)
1
= [(c,,c. - %) C + c:. (o:c, - 4-
(6.44)
+ C_ (2Cr2V - CnC22) ],
where for F2, G2, V and W we have
D22 4D6_ .
F2 = C2_+ R= , O_= C_ + -_-,
V -= C_ -1-- Cry, W -- D,, 4- 4D_, (6.45)
R
Finally, from (3.47)-(3.49) for the displacements (expressed in terms
cf function (l)(_, _ )) we obtain
Osq_ I D22V 1 r)'.O
u : --- VW j3_la Oa_0,9 R AB* Oad)(
I I O_ I (C_2V __ C12F2) I O_ (6.46)
-- -R- G2CI_ A_ Oa_ Jr- -_ AB _ Oa O'__ '
1 1 0_ . (C_W + , ) I 0_ v _ -It C_D,_. -_ -_--_--_- R CnD2. .4HP Oa=O'_ _ -t
Jr Ct_W I OS 1 1 0_0
A_B da' d} -- R- C66C22 B a O} _ _
+ _-1(C12V _ CnC22) A=BI0==o_0_; (6.47)
I 0_
1 c)'_ _jI_(F2CII._FG2C66__V2) A'_B: Oa=O'_ =
w _-=G2Cn A_ Oa_
0, (6.48)
nt-F:C_I 0_ "
Having the values of displacements, by means of formulas (3. Z)-(3.4)
and (6.14)-(6.20) we may easily write the formulas for the stresses in the
shell layers and for the internal forces.
1964012887-240
).) :
SECTION 7. ENGINEERING THEORY OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
CONSISTING OF AN ODD NUMBER OF HOMOGENEOUS
ANISOTROPIC LAYERS SYMMETRICALLY ARRANGED RELATIVE
TO THE MEDIAN SURFACE*
Let us proceed from the general premises of the fourth section of this
chapter, assuming the shell consists of an odd numL_er (2m + 1) of layers.
In this case we have for the stiffnesses (6.1)-(6.3); for internal forces
T1, T2 and moments M1, M2 and H we have (6.4) and (S.5). For the internal
forces S, N1 and N2, from (4.8), (4.23) and (4.24), we obtain
S = C66__-C_6h + C26_:; (7.1)
N_ --- -- El (D#) w. ,_== - E_ (Dj_) .',,. (7.2)
where for operators E. we have (4.25) and (4.26).
J
Also unchanged in the proposed engineering theory are the formulas
for determining the stresses (4.14)-(4.16), the equilibrium equations (4.1)-
(4.5), the equation of compatibility of deformation (1.24) and geometric re-
lationships (4.12) and (4.13).
For the internal forces and moments in displacements we obtain
Tl = Cn _ _ + C_- _ u -+-
+ C_6-X_-r-C_2y v+q_. g; (7.3)
I 0 I o
( I o I o) ,. (74) -F C263--_ -t- C_ -_ _ v -FC;_h-'
, , o , s__u+
(7.5)
( ' +c,6' _) ".
--F C_ -_ -_-g -_. v -Jr-C.26N '
1 o_ 1 02 1 o2 \ (7.6)
MI = -- Du A_ 0,, 2 -I'- 2Di6 AB 0,_5_ _-Dl2 .-_ O_, _) w;
1 0_ 1 O_ , 02', (7.7)
( , o, , o, , o,) (7 8)
H = -- 2D_ AB O=O_ J_D_ A_ O__ 1-D2_ -_ i_i- W.
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, Calculationof shallow cylindricalshellsconsisting
ofanisotroplclayers,IzvestiyaAN ArmSSR (FMYeiT nauki)Vol. IV, No. 5,
1951.
1964012887-241
229
The system of differential equations of solution in displacements has
the follo_Lng form:
Ln (Cjk) uJr- LI2(Cj_) v -_-LI3(C/k) _g--=-- X;
LI2(Cjk) uJr-L22(Cjk)_- _ L23(Cjk) 'w-_--- Y; I (7.9)
LIs(C/,)u-i-L_(C'I,)v-F L:_(C/,DI,) w=Z, )
where for the linear operators w _ave (the values of all operators are rewritten
from the previous sections):
I 0_ l 0_ ] 02 (7.10)
Ln (Cjk) = Cn Ai"_i-_z -_'2CI6 AB Oc_ _-Cr_-_ -_'."
1 Os . 1 d2 1 O_
Lr (Cl_) = Cee_-__ -f- 2C2_ F _, (7.11)
1 ds 1 0s L,,.., I ds . //f'_ P
+ (Cs2 +
(7.1Z)
_121'_'/I/=_'16 A I dotz AB d..d_ T-'_B_ O_''
I 1 d l
L,3 (C/,) = -_ (C,, .-_ -_ + C2s_ d_); (7.13)
I ' l 0 l._Ol
L_ (C/k) --_N _Cr2_ -a_-F C_ _- _-, : (7.14)
1 1 d_ 1 O'
Laa(C/tDik)= _-iC= Jr-Dtl A40a4 -3L4Dle AsB 0_-_-_0_-3 L
1 _)_ I O_
-Jr 2 (D_ + 2Dee) As_ &O0_s-Jr 4D_ B_A c)_c)p -J
+D= B, op (7.15)
With the given boundary conditions and solving system (7.9), let us
determine the unknown functions u, v and w which, by use of formulas (4.14)-
(4.16) and (7.2)-(7.8), will permit us to determine all the design stresses and
internal forces of the problem.
In the subsequent discussion we shall also be interested in the shearing
stresses _ and _ which we may determine by the use of formulas (2, 4.7)
_ ;_.'
and (2.4.8). Performing substitutions and applying the conditions at the contact
surfaces of adjacent layers (2.5.2) and at the outer surfaces of the shell (2.5.3)
and (2.5.4), we obtain for the sought stresses:*
For the layers from the lower first to the middle (m + 1)-th layer, in-
clusively, that is, for 1_ 1. 2. 3..... (m-F 1) (Figure 15)
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, Anizotropnyye sloistyye obolochld (dissertation),
1951, pp. 101-105.
I
1964012887-242
230
.,-- -_- e,(Bj.) =-- TB,,(Bb),, + L,,(B;,)_, +L,,(8;.),,,]-
a2E,(P_t)w--ho[L,,(R',,) -FL,2(R},)v-I-L,s(R_k)w]; (7.16) 2 u
" ' [L_(Bb)+g_(Bb),,
-.;.=-_- E_(B,,,) :,-- "r "-, + z._3 (s';,.).,,.,]--
i
n_ e=(P;dw--ho[L_.,(R;dv+L,=(a;,).+L,s(R,,).,l 0'. z7)
2
For the layers from the upper (2m + 1)-th to the middle (m + 1)-th
layer, inclusively, that is, for i =(m .4- 1). (m +2) ..... (2m-F ',) (Figure 15).
[2 {t_2m.L'2-i_ =Y [LII 'm _2-i
(s;. ).+
.1 -- El
"=t-- -2 _,'_'.lt 1 -- "i
-.- v_- L,3(B,. :-') =l --' _
L,,(B;_' '-') ' :'" " "
, TE, (_. -:-')= +
+ ho["n'"k-Jt(n"'+2-'_, u_.L,2(R_"_'e-i)v-_-L,3(R_;'-')w]. .-_X ." (7.18)
_l _- ._2 (n2rn+2-l_ It [t)2rrt_-2-D,
"_t -2- E2 _ojlt .) 'W -- _ LL,22k_']k ) 'V
, 2m '-_-i [1:_2m-_2-i) h_ .2-,) --,-
+_L,2(Bj.'" )=-l-te3 _z,] --_
V-'ltt --- E2(P_;' w '
, 2tit , 'lm i
_-ho[L22(R,. _'-')v-4-L,2(R_," "_-i)-4-/-2s(n)_ ='-)wl-r I" ; (7.19)
in these formulas
[ 1
l i s 1 I
R'tt: _o- hiBj_ _' Bjk(hs_hs+l) . RjI_---=-Bj_; (7.20)
,_= |
_, _' '(E--hL, , ' ' (7_-t)
P_tt = _ htBj_ Bj_ Plk = Blk.
h3 s=t
In deriving formulas (7.16)-(7.19) it was assumed that the outer tangential
forces (Xand Y) were applied onlyto the upper surface (; = + h) of the shell.
Havingthe values of shearing stresses d=, and :_T'we may for the case
of the discussed cylindrical shell confirm the result derived in Section 11,
Chapter II. From (7.16) and (7.17) at the median surface we obtain the following
values for the shearing stresses:
:m, I h=
,, - 2a',(P_")_,,-
--h [L,, (R_+t) u -{- L,=(R_ ") v -4-L,3(R;__') wl ,
-: __T E=(p_")_-
ill + 1 It| _"
--h [L22(_jlt )'0"3 L" LI2(RT/t4"I) u -3L-L,_I(RIk ')_1'
1964012887-243
231
From (7.18) and (7.19), by virtue of (2.7.1) and (2.7.2) we obtain for
the same components of stress in the median surface
h2
+h [L,,(RT;').
),4;
W' =-
+h t23( j,
Comparing the corresponding expressions for one and the same stress
and, on the basis of (6, 1)and (7.20), considering that 2aRt, +1_Cj,. we obtain
Ln (Cj,) u -_- gl_(C1,) v -+- Li_(Cj,) w = -- X;
L12(C/,) u + L= (Ci,) v -b/-23 _Cj,) w ------ Y.
As was to be expected, the derived equations do not differ from the first two
equations of the system in (7.9), that is, from the equilibrium equatimls for
the entire shelt in displacements of its median surface.
Orthotropic Shell. In the case where the shell consists of homogeneous
orthotropic layers so that the principal directions of elasticity at each point of
each layer coincide with the direction of the corresponding coordinate lines
c_, _ and 7 for coefficients Bik we have (3.1); for the equilibrium equations
we have (4.1)-(4.5); for the geometric relationships we have (4.12)-(4.13);
for the stfffnesses we have (6.1)-(6.3) as well as C_6= C26-=-- D_6= D_ _ 0.
In this case, for the internal forces and moments we have from (7.2)-
(7.8)
10,_FC,2 I Ov _. (7.22)
T_= C,, A o_ -_ -_ -+-C_2-_-,
o- I o_, w . (7.23)
T2=Cl_A _ Cn_ -_+C_ _-,
I d.. I 0_,. (7.24)
.';-= C_-B- -_y-t- C'_ .4 o._'
( 1 o, t o,) (7.25) AI, .... Dn .4' d_' _"DI_-B-i_ w;
1 d2 1 d_
hi2 .... (D,7 _._r .._i. + D_ _. ___) w; _ (7.26)
2 O'_ (7.27)
H _ --D_ _4_ 0_o_ ;
,'g_:-- - E_(D/Q _, N_ =_--Em(D# ) _ (7.28)
1964012887-244
232
where, as usual in the case of an orthotropic shell, for the linear opera-
tors E_(D_k) and E_(DI_) we have (4.42).
The system of differential equa+Aons of solution in displacements has
the form (6.9), where for the linear o' erators
1 02 I 02
Ln (C1_): Cu A_ 0_ + Cm B2 d;_2 ; (7.29)
t 0_ t 02 (7 30)
L22(C1_ ):C_ A2 0__ +C22 B_ 0,_2 ;
I 02
L12 (C1,) = (Ct2--_ C_) AB Oa 07 ; (7.31)
l l 0 (Ci) I l O_ (7 32)
_.,a(Ci,) = -_ C,_ A O_' Lz_ * = -g C'a__+ ;
1 1 O*
L_(CjtDI# ) = _ C22 _t_ Dn A' Oa' Jr
I O" ; O' (7.33)
-+- 2(D_2+ 2D_) A, B, d._ .,_. Jr-D_ B' 0_' "
Proceeding as in the previous _c-:ions, the system of equations in (6.9)
may be reduced to a single eighth-oral equation t;f solution in terms of poten-
tial function (.,. _). For symmetric +;y assembled al_isotropic shells we derive
this equation in the next section.
SECTION 8. CONTI_dATIC_! -SECTION 7
The equations for engineering theory of eyiindrical shells co,._isting
of an odd number of homogeneous anisotropic layers cylindrically arranged
re!ative to the median surface of tbe shell may be represented in tim form of
the equations of the combined method in the theory of statically indeterminate
systems. *
In the case of symmetrically assembled laminar shells, as is known,
all stiffnesses Kjk are equal to (6.3). Then, from (5.10)-(5.18) and (5.23)-
(5.28) we have for all coefficie'ats djk and D:0-_a
dj+= O. = O. (S. 1)
and for the internal forces moments, from (5.1)-(5.3), (5.19)-(5.21) and (5.29)-
(5.30), we obtain the following expressions:
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote on,. 229.
1964012887-245
233
I a:,p _ A f Xd_; (8.2)
a,_ BJ rd_; (8.3)
t o,_ ; (8.4)
S _ -- --_ a-_-
o_____w _ I o2_ 1 O_w. (8.5)
Ml = -- Dn A-r 0,,2 D12 B_r -O--_- -- 2D18_ d-0_'
I a_w ! a2_ (8.6) 0s_,
M2= -- D_ .1 _ Dr2 -# .0,,z 2D26_ 0_-_- '
l 02w I t)_w 1 O_w (8.7)
H =- 2Dc_-A_ 8a08 DI6 AS 0_ D26 /_ 08_
(a. a)
N I = -- Et (Djk) _, N2 _ -- E2 (D]_)_'.
From (2.4.2)-(2.4.4), using (5.34)-(5.36), (4.13) and (8.1) we obtain
for the stresses inthe shelllayers
i (B_,A12+B,2 _-}-B_6.426)'-_- O,.s--
! 02,_
+ (B_,Au+ B{=A,2+ B_,A,6) -_-d_--i --
._(Bi,A,s_}_BI_A,6+B_6A_) ! 0%
-' " ' BI6,;: iS. 9)
+ (B_A= -4- BI2A,.. Jr--B_6A,6)-'_-I0,'c)"_
-- , B_ -&r +- B,:-At o=s -- -_ o,, o8 +
, _ ,. _ * (8.10)
-r- B22_2 -_ BI2-I + B26e6;
-.., _--(B,,;An + B_6An-+-B_A,,) B* 08'
1 c)s_
-Jr-(BIsAr_Jr- B_sA_2_L-B_A26)"-_ 0,'
-- (B_,A,6 -_- B_,A,, + Bt_A_) ' 0% W-a O_O_
Oste _ 1 Ost_ _ O_t__ _
--f-Bi_,; , , _ . (8.11)
1964012887-246
234
The system of differential equations of solution in (5.31) and (5.38)
becomes somewhat simplified and takes the following form:
where for the linear operator L1 (Djk), evidently,
D,l 0' , D,6 0_
l'l(OJk)= A4 0=*-'-4 AaB O_306
1 0_ D,6 0_ D_ O' (8.13)
2 (D,2--_ 2D66)ASBa 0c._06_ -'_ 4 -AB_ 0_06' + B4 064'
while for linear operator L2 (Ajk) we have (5.39).
ghen the shell is loaded only by a normally at.pried surface load (that
is, when X = Y = O, Z _ O) the system of equations of solution in (8.12), as
with system (5.6), is rewritten as follows:
1 1 O_w
L2(AI_)? R A_ 0"_ _0;
(8.14)
1 i 0_? Z.
L,(Dj_)_+R A' 0,,' --
In a corresponding manner ,_,e also simplify the design formulas which contain
load components X and Y.
As is known, the system of equations (8.14) may be reduced to a single
eighth-order differential equation of solution in terms of potential function t_. _).
By ana:_'_y with (5.63), assuming
I I o,_ (8.15)
'w= L2(Aj_) _F, ? :-'-_" AS 0=_-'
we identically satisfy the first equation of system (8.14) and from the second
equation we obtain
! ! 0'_ =Z, (8.16)
L, (DI_)L_(A.3 _F_ ._. A, O,.,
which is an eighth-order differential equation of solution in terms of the sought
1964012887-247
235
function _'(_,, _).
The principal operator of equation (8,16) has the following expanded
form:
as 1 Os
L1(D/k)L_ (A/k) _---DuA22 2_- d,a"-+ 2 (2A2_D_- DnA26) A7B 0,,,7Op+
I 0B
-+-IDI1 (2At2 4- Ask) -- 8D16A26 + 2 (D12 _- 2D_) A22] A6B_ dae0[_. _ -!-.
._- [4D16 (2Az_ 4- A_6)-_- 4D2_A?_ -- 2DnAI_ -- 4 (D12 -4- 2D6_) Ao61X
I dB
X ASB30,sO)3 + [Du'411--817%A1" +2(012+-2D_ )(2AI2-t-Ac_) --
Os
-- 8D26AT_,4-- D22A_21A,1B, d,' 01__ -4-1 :'O2_(2"412+ A_)+
1 08
-_- 4DIsA11 -- 2D_o.A26-- 4 (Dl2 -F 2D6c,)Ai61 A3Bs 0,,30_s -4"
1 0"
-+- IDz2 (2,'112 + :L,_)-- SD2_A1s + 2 (Da2 -- 2D_) Anl A_Bn 0,,_c)_ -_
1 0' I os (8.17)
Jr 2(2D2_Au -- D2"2-'4_)Alt_ a.t,.,_ --_-D_,,A_ B_ O__ "
By virtue of (8.15), from (8. _.)-(8.11) we obtain for the internal forces
and principle design stresses within the shell layers
I I 0_q" I I 0 4q" /
T,--R A'B' O_,'O_' ' T_-- R A' Oa, ' I (8.18)
I 1 O(q" .
S = -- _- -_'_B 0=_O_ '
( 1 a_ I O_ 1 O_ )
M, _-- -- Du A-T_)a_--',- D_2 -B-i-- _ -+-2D_6 AB OaO_ L_(AJ_;_t; (8.19)
( 1 O_ 1 O' 1 O' ) (8.20) M._ -=-- D2_ _ O;_ _Dr'- A" O__d-2D2_ AB OaO'_ L_(,4i_)_;
( 1 O' 1 O' 1 c)') (8.21)
N_ _ -- E_ (DI#) L2(A/_) q', N a = -- E_ (D/_) L2(A/_) q_; (8.22)
' [( ' "_
_., _-- B_,Ar2-t- B_.A,., Jr- B_6A_) A' 0,' 4
+ (BuAu + B_.,A_.,+ Bu,A_c,)B_ 0_'
' o, ] ]
-- Bt2A'_-'_'- -A--BOaO_ R A_ oa_
10' ' 1 a, . 1 20) (8.23)
-- ABO
1964012887-248
236
[( I o,
f t 1 O_
+ ,B22A,_2-F B_2A,2+ B_6A26)A' 0_'
--(B_A:_+BI_A,_+ B_A.) ' O' ] ' l 0'
" " AB O_d_ R A_ Oaz
/ I 1 a* 1 0_ _2B_6 1 0_ )
-- .__B_ B' O'_'-F B_, T4 _ _ AB O_O_ t_( ,lj_)'l'; (8.24)
,._' - [(SI,A,, + B_A,_-_- B_A,) ,,' 0_'' +_
1 02
-4-(B_f,A,':4- B_6A2,, + B_A26) A' 0_'
, o, 1, , o,_"
_ _ A_6 _ B_6A_6 _ B_A_ _
AB O_O_ ] R A2 O_2
(___O' lO' 0')
__ L2(AI_) W.
7 B[6 . _ {-B_6_-_-O_ _+2B_ ABI0_0_ (8.25)
The expressions for shearing stresses _-T and ,c_.;. when X = Y = O are sub-
stantially simplified. The second aud fourth terms in formulas (7.16)-(7.19),
as is seen from Section 7, are proportional to components X and Y of the ex-
ternal surface load; hence, with a zero value for the latter components these
terms vanish and the formulas for the shearing stresses =_ and =_Tare rep-
resented in the following form:
,_1 =_ ,t2m+2-I _ "fl h2
, ., _ _ _, (t_,)_- -_-e, (P%).; (s.26)
7_ h_
_i_= _, -,, __ e_(B_,) _-- T _ (_') _
or, considering (8.15),
]
, -- _- e, (P},) L2(AI_) _; (8.27)
_, - _ e_(p_) L_(A_,)'_,
where _ = 1. 2, 3..... (m + 1).
Thus, it is easily seen that the formulas for shearing stresses (8.26)
and (8.27) do not differ from the corresponding formulas given for an aniso-
tropic laminar plate, * which is easily explained by the preseace of the initial
relationships in (4.13)
*S. G Lekhnitskiy, Anizotropnyye plastinki, Gostekhizdat, 1957, p. 263.
1964012887-249
237
The displacements of the median surface of the shell determine by means
of the following formulas:
I ( I 0,9 t 0,9 1 o,_ _.
" --- _ _'412_ _ + An X'_ O=0_= - A16 A2B O==Op/'
(8.28)
I [ I dsu." l o_tl:
V _ -- R LAll B3 d_s JI- (AI2-Jc- A_) A2 B d==d_
] 03_" 1 0,_'] (S.29)
-- 2Ate _ _-_ -- A_ -_ d=s j,
avd the normal displacement as determined from (8.15).
By substitution we may confirm that the displacements u, v and w repre-
sented in formulas (8.28), (8.29) and (8.15) satisfy the first two equations of
system (7.9) when X = Y = O and the third equation gives the already known
differential equation of solution (8.15).
Examining equation (8.16) and formulas (8.18)-(8.29), we conclude that
the problem of calculation of an isotropic laminar cylindrical shell under the
action of only a normally anplied load reduces to the solution of equation (8.16)
with given boundary con_ions.
Orthotronic Shell. In the case where the shell consists of homogeneous
orthotropic layers such that the principal directions of a elasticity at each point
of each layer coincide with the directions of the corresponding coordinate lines
the system of differential equations (8.12) takes the following form (we shall
not present a detailed enumeration of the baltic premises for an ort__otropic
shell, since they are already known to the reader from the previc_ts sections of
this chapter):
1 ! 0_w I 02_* 1 a2_ [
L2(Cjj) 7 R ..tzO='_ -- -_ c,_ ,7."0_ " (8.30)
i
I I 0'_ =Z+ e f.,
LI (Di_) _ -- -R -A=-5_= = -R .I d_. j
whe_'2 the linear operators L1 (Djk) and L2 (Cjk) are known
I _ ! d4
LI (,gj_) == Dn _ _ 4" D_ _ _ Jr
1 d*
C,_ 1 O' C. _ O' (8.31)
/..=(c'_,,) = _, a, o=.+ -V"_-_-_ +
(, o. + _--2 _ o=,O,"
Moreover, for e_, and ,,; we here have (5.54) and (5.55).
1964012887-250
23_
The design formulas take the following form: fol the bending and tor-
sional moments:
-- l)_: '"_:_' (8.32)
o":_, /-12
31_ -- l)t .:11_,,_ _ o: 2 ,
1 ,J'_' l ,,l._, (8.33)
312 -- D:: B'* _:_ -- 1)12 ..I2 o__ ;
t o_w (8.34)
tt - - 2l}6 .tB o_ o.: '
for the transverse forces
'\'l -- f-_ (I)1,) w; .\'2 - g,: (l)j,. I _', (8.35)
where from (4.42) we have for the linear operators E.
1
D,, 03 D,_ + 2D,, ,,' . (8.36)
El (Dj_) =- -;- -0_3-I- AB 7 " -0_O;7 '
D22 O3 O,_ + 2D_6 O"_
E2(D/k) = -_i O_' + ---/_4 _ _-0; _ (8.37)
Tangential forces T 1, T 2 and S are dete,'mined from formulas (8.2)-
(8.4). The design stresses in the layers
Cn 1 ou_ B[ l ,_ __Bt 2
' _,= B_,_- -- B_= B' 0_' -7 ' A=0,,'
(_I, o'. BI, 2 i , i ..
0" /
--'f A_ 0"2 + B2 d'_a/ _-Bll_'-t--Bl'_2' (8.38)
'-- ' B_2_c") A, O,,2 _2 3',2 B_ O_'
(,;o,o,,,o,o)
-- Jr- B r,e_,
B_ I _'_ 2TB I d,w (8.40)
_t = C_ AB OaO'_ AB Oad_ "
In the case where the shell is loaded only by the normally applied
surface load, when
l"
1 I O_t" (8.41)
w =-=L_ (Cj_) qr, _?_- R A_ Oa_'
,: the system of equations of solution reduces to a single eighth-order equation
of soln'.ion in terms of potential function tt (=, _):
I O_F _ 1 0_I" 1 dsw
- I )'q: I 6)_t]" I 1 O_l e
: -t- t'_ A_Bo -d_TE_ + I'_ _ -o_ + i_a -,4, oa-c = Z, (8.42 I
%
1964012887-251
239
where for coefficients P. we have
J
C,_ -a-_ 4- / l CI_\
p, r,,,c,, & - 2-,. _D,_. .,D_) D,,_C;o--2-_); I
[
I)22C22
((8.43)
Cn , . I Cl_ "
v2 p,=2z(ro,, t
I
.. _, >_. / 1 ,- Cza\ Dn(.'kl
p._ D,_,C,, + 2.(D,_+ ,/_) _ -- 2%-)+ ,7 l
The design quantities are expressed in terms of fun ",tign _V----- tF(_. _) by the
fol lowing formulas:
The tarLgential forces as in (8.18);
The bending and torsional moments
( ] a, ._ , a,) k,l, :-=--- Du -_ _ + _., --__ L2(C/D tI'; (8.44)
(Da2 I a_ I oa
. : --. -B-_ _ -Jr-Dn -,4_-a72)L2(CI_) tI'; (8.45)
1 O2 (-. ,
ft _-- -- 2D6o AB Oa 0} l 2(_/k) tt; (8.46)
the transverse forces
[_D!L O' r), 2q- 2D_6 0a )
,'_ =.:-- %,A_ _:_.-,4-- AB' O_b-:' L2(Cl_)tl': (8.47)
[D2..,_o"_ /-;,_g ?Oo_ a3 ) N2 --=-- \ Ba 3_ -1- -'73Aa...... o?,o_ L2(C1_)tF; (8..t8)
the stresses in the layers
o',,---- Bh ___z,_BL, 2_' ,,_,-_ --
, _,__] I 1 O_tl'
Bu C,_ B' c'l:_ I ._
-- -- '-' -c,- j --;i_,0",' J7-t ,_ E,_ --
-- 7 B,_ .# -o_7+ _{: _r a_,/: ={Ch_" (8.49)
ca--= .. Bp -71--, ]_ A_ O__
( _O' , I a,)
-- "_ SS: _,- o_' + B,: 7#',-6;;' L_(C,,) tr; (8.50}
q,l
1 z,_, I ,mr 2TB_ 1 O_ 18.5!)
_=#=-- R C..,tab o=aa,;- A8 aao} L=t%)_';
the displacements of the median surface
1964012887-252
240
l Ci2 I OJt_" l C22 I 03t|"
u : R :.' A3 0=_+ _ L_,AB---_ _i_a_' ; (8.52)
V-- R t, B _ O_a R _ C66 _ ) A_/J oa "_0._ '
(8.53)
and the normal displacement is determined from (8.41).
SECTION 9. INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF ENGINEERING
THEORY OF A CYLINDRICAL SHELL BY THE METHOD OF DOUBLE
TRIGO_IETRIC SERIES
The equationsof the engineeringtheory of cylindricalshells,as is
known,*,**,***,****,*****,******,******* may be used for the solutionof
numerous problems of cylindricalshells(bothof shallow shellsand of steep-
curved to closedshells). Herein itmust be kept in mind thatin the case of a
shallowshellthe lengthmay b,_considerablygreater; when the shellis steep-
curved itslengthmust be limited. As our calculationsshow****** even with
a ratiob/R = 0.5 the engineeringtheory of cylindricalshellsis applicable
over a ratherwide range of change in _k= a/b (Figure 56);for example, when
a cylindricalshellof open urofileis freelysupported over itsentirecontour
and sustainsa distributedsinusoidalload, thisrange of change in ),liesfrom
0.1 to 10.
In the case ofa cylindricalshellof closed profileapplicability ofthe
engineeringtheoryis limited. However, as A.I. Lur'ye's calculationsshow,***
a horizontaltube partiallyfilledwith water may be dealtwith in the engineering
theoryof cylindricalshellseven m the case where //R= I0 (se_ Figure 55).
We alsopointoutthatwith more smoothly varying loads (forexample, in the
case ofan entirelyfilledtube)thisarea of applicability of the engineering
theorycan be expanded.
Withoutimpairingthe generalvalidityofthe discussionwe shallapply
theprocedure for integrationof the equationof solutionin the theory of
anisotropiclaminar shellsby themethod of double trigonometric seriesto the
*T.T. Khachaturyan, Shallow cylindricalshells,Soobshcheniya In-ta
mat. i mekh. AN Arm.SSR, No. 4, 1949.
**V. Z. Vl_sov, see pp. 315-397 of work cited in footnote * ,n p. 201.
***A.I. Lur'ye, see pp. 178-243 of work cited in footnote ** on p. 203.
****A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 459-460 and 470-541 of work cited in
" footnote *, on p. 203.
,:; *****.V. Novozhilov, see footnote *** on p. 208.
;' ******S.A. Ambartstunyan, Toward approximate theories of calculation of
shallow cylindrical shells, PMM, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, 1954.
-,: *******Kb. M. Mushtari, Some generalizations in the theory of thin shells
\ withapplicationto solutionof stabilityproblems of elasticequilibrium,PMM,
Vol. II, No. ,t, 139.
?
1964012887-253
241
example in the engineering theory of _hells (sections 4, 5, 7, 8). Where
necessary the integration procedure is easily extended to more general equa-
tions of solution in the theory of anisotropic linear shells, for example, to
equation (3.31).
A. Circular Cylindrical Shell of Open Profile. Let us discuss an
orthotropic multi-layer cylindrical shell of oven circular profile in which
the principal directions of elasticity coincide with the directions of the coordin-
ate lines. Let the shell overlap a rectangular plane (a X b,) and have the
following dimensions: along generatrix a, along the arc of the transverse
circle b, the radius of curvature of the coordinate surface R. The coordinate
origin of c_ and B is located at an angle of the shell, that is, at the point of
intersection of two adjacent edges (longitudinal and transverse) of the shell.
The coordinate system is so chosen that the coefficients of the first quadratric
form of A and B are equal to unity (1.1). Let, moreover, the shell be freely
supported supported over the entire contour (hinged edges free in the tangen-
tial direction) and sustain a concentrated force Z = -Q normally applied an
arbitrary point (_-----x. _ = y) of tae surface of the shell (Figure 56).
_f
Figure 56
As the equation of solution of the discuss_._ shell we may take (5.64),
which in expanded form is rewritten as follows:
0sq- 0s_ . 0sq, osu/ . 0sw
Os'i' ds_/ 2Q e_" 1 0'_ (9.1)
With the give_ method of fastening the edges of the shell the boundary
conditions will have the following form: (2.10.3):
for a-=O, _=a: v=w=rl_Ml--:-0;
(9.2)
for _==0, _b: u_=T2_-.=-._[_=-O.
/
1964012887-254
242
Thus, the soughtfunction -_I'(_. _) must be so definedthatwith a given load
Z the differential equationof solution(9.1)and boundary conditions(9.2)are
satisfied.
Examining formulas (5.63),(5.67),(5.68),(5.70),(5.71),(5.76)
and (5.77),we easilysee thatthe boundary conditionsin (9.2)may be satis-
fied,seekingthe unknown functionq'= q"(_.,3)in the form of the following
doubletrigonometricseries:
_ _7 m_:_ n_.'_ _"= Amn sin sin (9.3)
m=l n=l
where Amn are tl=canknown coefficients,m and n are integers(m, n = i, 2, 3,
oio).
In order to determine coefficientsAmn letus expand the load Z = Z
(ol,B) intoa double fourierseries
l- 1,
Z = _ sin sin - (9.4)
amn a
rtl=l t'1=1
where coefficients amn are determined from the we!l-known formula
a b
/ /' mr.a n_
4 " Z (:t. ,3)sin a sin -_- d:_d_. (9.5) arnn- ab , . "
o 0
Inserting the values of q" and Z from (9.3) and (9.4), respectively, into
the differential equation of solution (9.1) and comparing the coefficients of
tne identical sines, for the sought function we obtain
ix- (x_
a"V Z am.sinmr"_ . n,3 (9.6)
q"-:--_, z.J _ ---s,n _--,
m=l n=l
, where for _mn we have
t_ Am"= pirn _ +- pam6n2k2 __psm4n4k4 _-P4m2n6k6I_
' a_ I a'm4' (9.7)
4-/, ,,s_.. F2_ (O,mS-FQ3,n+n2k2+ Q4m_'Mt,4) Jr 1_ _++-
k- a Pl, Q+--KaK B 5
b )
are as in Section 5.
In the discussed case, when force Q is applied at point (x, y). we have
for coefficients amn
1964012887-255
243
4Q sin mr:x . n_y
--- mn .... (9 8)
t-ran -- ab a ._
(m-= 1, 2. 3 .... n --= 1. 2. 3...).
Then for the sought tF(a, _) we obtain from (9.6)
mr.a nx_5 mftx n_y
q"-- -- 4Qa--__] Z sm--d- s)n-if- ,,n --a- sin-g- (9.9)
nSab Aran
m tl
Inserting the value of function q'(_. _) into (5.63), (5.67)-(5.75),
we obtain:
For the normal displacement
4Q,,' V N" a',,, m=_ ,_',:_ m_.x n_.v
u, - -- T.'ab ...a -.a Am-----_ ,,in --a sin _- sin --a sin -----'b' (9.10)
r?l n
where
A' C m4 /1 __2) m2n2) 3 C_2 (9.11)
For the tangential f rees
Ta.... r.'ab R --a _ \ a-A_n-_-m2 X
m iI
n' m=7. nbS m.':.v n_.
X _ sin ---- sin ----' sin a- d, ;
a (9.12)
4Q_._ X"X"p:R.v/.. ) 7"2-- _.'ab R _..a...a\ a2 + m_ X
m Ii
rl 2 ?I,197. , ?|g_ . FII._.X , VI_V
X _sin---sm sm -_m - _-;
a O= a b (9.13)
S .... _,ab- '# =.a _-_ + m2 ,,,"
171 n
. ?| _ V
X y_n m____2_n_._ y_.._r sm --'-
a b
where a,,,cs a cos -usm (._ 14)
A'n,n "-- KI2Cll _ KttCI2 m a _- (/k'2_CII --i7KI2CI2 -- 2 Kss_e_-
___.h'[ ,C,, --_2K,,C,, ) m2n.,..h2 ___K,2C,, _T K,,C,, nQ,4; (9.15)
for the moments
'Q"'ZZ +(o,: a'..+
(9.16)
rn tl
1964012887-256
244
q- R-_-_-/j X u l!
n_y (9.16)
l m_a sin n_ m_x SLIt_ "
X _ sin "--a-" _ in "-a- b '
4Qa.
m m
mq + ,,x
aaa _sin_sin a _o ;
H _ _aa#
m
mn m_.a _ mv.x sin n,y . (9.18)
X _ cos ---_- cos sin a -'#'-'
for the stresses in the shell layers
o, Lc';':V _ ' ---
m n
-- -E--- - .. _, R_._+ ,,_/4-
"- I-- Bi : _j _ 7_1:j tl /.-.t-
1 m=a sin -_ sin m_x sin at.,.,
X_sin T a b : (9.19)
4Qa' C,a B,2_2) n_X2
m n
(a2m 2 #
I ml:a ny_ m_x nr.y. (9.20)
Xa---_,nsin -a sin #sin a sin b '
4Oa'k [(a'm' B_ _"'_A_ ]
mn m=a nn'_ mxx . n_y (9.21)
X _'--mmn COS---a- Cos --h- sin - a-'- sm ---b- "
In the case where an orthotropic shell consists of an odd number of
layers symmetrically arranged relative to the median coordinate surface
(sections 7 and 8), the equation of solution has the form (8.42) and the
design formulas are (8.18), (8.44)-(8.51). Then, proceeding as in the gen-
eral ease of an arbitrarily laminar orthotroplc shell, we obtain:
1964012887-257
245
For the function (a, _) and normal displacement zv(a, _):
#1_ _ m_x sin flay
"" ""o"" -r T (9.2'z)
m n
' mr_ n_ m_x n_v
4Qa_z Z _Amn Sill _ sin T sin --sin --=- (9.23)
W3 _--- _ _ Amno a 0 '
171 n
where
Am,, . -" Pims -at- Pam6n_2-_ ,_m'n'_' + p,m_n_6 +
1 a' m', (9.24)
-t- P2ns_s-[- _ _-
andfor _ wehave(9.11);
For the internal forces aud moments
TI = 4Qa'X'_,abR a_ '_ Z m'n'. m_.aa nb_ m_xa -_-"
sin _ sin -- sin _ sin ; (9.25)
m /I
ZZ rnr_ n,cp m_x n_y
7,2: 4Qa* m* sin sin sin sin (9.26)
-- _ _.---_ _ -_- _ _ ,
m n
4Qa4)_ m_cx n_y
m n
40a: t"mn
m n
b m.x _ (9.28)
X sin m_ sin n p sin sin ;
4Qa_
- (9.29)
m_ 7_ m_x n_y . X sin -_- sin _ sin -_- sin --_---,
80"'_ Z _ mn_:, m_ n.[_ rn.x sin n.y. (9.30)
H= _ D_ _.,------_- cos-_-cos-y sin_ -F-'
m n
for the stresses in the shelllayers
a_ 4Oa*
m n
( _|2 .1 CI I' --,_ m | , m_s| n n_ sin m"Xslnn"Y
- el,_-,.,,_.-_),,-,, j_,,, .-- -- -r ,
4Oa"
. . _ (9.z_)
.n_ n:_y.
X sin m_asin --_ sin m....x_o sin T-'
1964012887-258
246
_ - ,_4ab R _-_
m n
--sin--_in -- sin-- sm ---
Amn o a a b
4Qa_
m Ii
n_ . n,y (9.32)
m_ m_x SII3 "
Xsin _- sinbsin _ -_--,
,Oa" 1
in n
ttll_al
/1I_ ---- _ln---
X cos --cos sin m_x . n_y (9.33)
a b a b
resign formulas (9.22)-(9.33) may be derived from the corresponding
formulas for arbitrarily laminar shells (9.9)-(9.21) if it assumed therein that
all Kjk are equal to 0.
The O:sign formulas derived in this section are wholly adequate for
the solution of freely supported (over the entire contour) (9.2) cylindrical
shells of open profile loaded by a normally applied surface load.*, ** Let
us discuss a few of these problems.
1. A circular cylindrical shell with layers symmetrically arranged
relative to the mean coordinate surface is freely supported over its entire
contour and sustains a distributed, normally applied load which varies over
the surface of the shell as follows:
Z _ -- qosin_- sin-b--"
In this case the design formulas of the problem are derived if in all formulas
_.A" ,
(9.23)-(9.33) Q is replaced by q0sm-_ sm _ dx dy and the resulting expres-
sions are integrated over the entixe loaded surface of the shell.
From (9.23), (9.31)-(. 33), for the normal displacement and design
stresses, after appropriate elementary transformations, we obtain***
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote on p. 229.
**T.T. Khachaturyan, see footnote 1 on p. 240.
***In the ensuing formulas the subscript 0 for Am,0is omitted (e. g., A,, = A,0).
1964012887-259
247
+.
..... qo ;t_--Ju- sin y sin T'
'*""q _ IR+: _ l_ -if-] --
sin-- sin--
Bi"k_ 'I a b .
_.r(B_.+ _..,A,. ",, ,
, .'_-: r:,_,, c,: ,_c.;.__(B_cu_B_c,,_i -
,:__ qo_.t_,.)L_,-,.,.,-_--- Bn _ / , - u /j
r,,a _p
sin -- sin
'} .
- _(B_._+-BI_) a,, . b
All
( ):+__c+__
a_), a_ B_ . l , a b
%:+_ --q0_ R=* C+6 2fB_A n A_
As a numerical example let us discuss a three-layer plywood shell with
the following specific dimeasions for the median surface, a = b = 50 era, k =
1, R = 150 era. Let the ply of the shell consist of two longitudinal (outer) and
one transverse layer. The direction of the grain of the longitudinal plies
coincides with the direction of coordinate lines _ = coast, and the direction of
the gra+ r_ of the transverse layer coincides with the direction of coordinate
lines .-.= coast. For the elastic constants of each layer of the shell we have:
I_yers I and Hi:
E_ = gl_t_:= 120 000 kg,,'c_2; E1:2=E_n. --=6000 kg/c_;
/-_312 fl.lll Ill t . -- _r., -_ 4800 kg/c._'; _l1 --- _1 :--- 0,6; v,:,_ v2 ---_0,03.
Layer II:
E_; _= 6000 kg/c._: e_t -- t _0 000 kglc_;
O', _,.. = 48oo kglc_; ,,[t = 0,03; _ = 0,6.
The total thickness of the shell _ = 3,0 ._._; the thickness of each layer
t, - 1,0 _; the design thicknesses: _ = hs: 1,5 .._, h_= 0,5 _ (Figure 57).
From (3.1), for coefficients B]k we obtain
Layers s_ _,'_'_ _._ sl._ s_
IandII i22t_ 6100 I 3660 4800
I1 6100 12'2000 3660 4800
1964012887-260
248
By means of formulas (6. I) and (6.2) we obtain for the stiff_esses
Cn = 25010 kg/cJ_; C22_- 13 420 kg/c_;
Cry= 1440kg/c_; C12= 1 iOOkg/c._;
Dll= 265kg c._; [)22 ----- 23,4kg c._;
DS8= 10,8 _g CJ4; D]2 --_ 8,3 lr_: c_.
Considering the resulting values of B_, Cj,. Djk, formulas (9.11), (9.24) and
(8.43) and the fact that for the discussed examples m = l, n = I. _.: l, we ob-
tain:
P
/
Figure 57
for the flexure of the shell center _ = T' P =
----- -- 2.6% c._;
for the normal stresses in each layer of the shell when cr= a/2 and
/g=b/'2.
La, rer I Layer 11 4 Layer HI
_tresse
IPoint 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point Point 51 Point 6
--a'. I 520,Oqe 641,0qo 67,0qo 77.oqoiTo3.OqopSe4,Oqo
I
1964012887-261
2_9
Figure 5_ _ve_ _he diagrams for the calculated normal stresses.
Also of interest from the standpoint of illustration are the ma_..num
values of shearing stresses _ and :_. Inserting the value of w into (8.26)
mT
or of Y into (8.27), we obtain for the shearing stresses :_T and _
a Az. (BI, -i- 2B_) -- PI_-_-2P f-+-
mT "t
.E' "a;'{ r "r' `' h_ (_2 -.F2Pt,)] ),- I-
-
+ -- y ==l ,
Figure 58
Considering that for the discussed example _0--- 1,5 _, we obtain from (7.21)
for coefficients PjZk
Layers _[_ _i_c") P_ P_ I
I _ ill 122000 6100 3660 4800
11 i08500 189,50 3660 4800
WiL|_ consideratiou of the data listed in this table, for the shearing
stress _, in each shell layer whmt =-- 0, and _ _ _ and for the shearing
stress _ in each layer when = a/2, and _ -- 0 -re obtain
1964012887-262
250
i Layer I i Layer 1I I Layer III
Stress - -r--- - 6
!Point 11Point o l
., Point 3_Point 0iPoint 4 iPoint 5 _=bint
-._ 0,0 0,84q_ 0,84q0 I 0,85q_ 0214qo 0,84q0 0.O
I L
-2 0,0 0,12qo O,12qo O,2Jqc, O, 12qo O,12qo U,O
--_
Figure 59 gives the diagrams of the calculated shearing stresses. (The
scale of the diagram for the shearing stresses differs from that of the diagra_
for the normal stresse_. )
Figure 59
Figures 58 and 59 clearly show the inf!uence of lamination a,d
anisotropicity of the layer material on the distribution of stresses oyez- the
thickness of the shell.
2. A circular cy ndrical shell with layers symmetrically arranged
relative to the median coordinate surtace is freely supported over the entire
contour (9.2) and sustams a uniformly distributed, norm ally applied sucface
load of intensity q. In this case in fo-mulas (9.23), (9. _
, _! a_...d(9.32), by
replacing Q with q (ix dy and integrating the resulting expressioa_ over the
entire loaded surface of the shell, we obtain for _he normal displacement and
nocmal stresses in the shell layers
15qa4 _ _'_ A'nn sin -- sin .....
w -- r.8 _ J._ m,z---Arn--_ a b '
a' }6qa'_'qVla'rn' [(B_l-C_t2-_a B', (-="_m 2-
m .,1
I _ ?I2_2 _ 1 "_ Bi21[.A.)Awnl ,. , t I a b
-- ' J mn-L,,,
o' J -'
?/I II
:_[II--- MII ....
-- - -- "f (c_..,n ), _ m,lhmn .
'-2--- r,. m 2 B_2m) Am. b
9640 2887-263
251
In these formulas, for m and n we have
As a numerical example let us discuss a three-ply wooden shell con-
sisting of two layers of plank sheathing separating by an inner row of longi-
tudinal beams. We shall disregard pliancy of the bond between the beam
frame and the sheathing. Le_ the specific dimensions of the shell be: median
surface o_= 1150 cm, b = 1150 cm; radius of curvature of median surface
R = 2200 cm; tatal thickness of shell h = 12.0 cm; thickness of sheathing
(i. e., thickness o_ the first and third layers) t 1 = t 3 = 2.0 cm; thickness of
middle (second) layer (i. e., height of beam) t 2 = H = 8.0 cm; distance be-
tween beam axes s = 12.5 cm; thickness (width) of each beam d = 5.0 cm.
-._- -_ _- --:I-.-..-. --L--J -_ zo
# 4,i .dl- "l.>.i- i,<:i!-i'
Figure 60
Assuming that the elastic modulus of the shell material (both of the
sheathing and of the beams) atong the direction of grain is E kg/cm2, for
the elastic moduli of the middle layer (which consists only of longitudinal
beams of rectangular cross-section) (Figure 60) we obtain*
Ell= a E-_-('.4E, El,I--O,
8
while for the elastic moduli of the transverse sheathing, that is, of the first
and third layers:
EI_=EZ,''--0, E i,=Eu',. :0.
Furthermore, approximately assuming that the shear modulus of the entire
shell G12 = 0.1E and that the Poisson ratios of all !ayers of the shell are
equal to zero, for the shell stiffnesses, from (6.1) and (6.2), we obtain
*S.G. Lekhnitskiy, see pp. 258-280 of work cited in footnote on p.
1964012887-264
232
Cu _ 3,2E kg/c._; C22= 4,0E kg cu; C66= 1,22 kg'c u;
Dll-_--17,1Ekg..; [)n---=101.3F kgcu; D_ 14,4Ekgc.;
C12-- 0; D12_ 0; 2 _---12,SE2kg2;c.u2.
Using (3.1), (9.1), (9.4) and (8.43), from the presented formulas for
the design quantities and limiting diseussio_ to the first terms of expansion
(m = 1, n = l), we obtain:
for the normal displacement of the shell center
w=!0,3, l0 b q c.u;
for the normal stresses in the sheathing and in the beams, with cL -- a/2,
and $ = b/2.
Layer ! Layer I] (beam) ! Layer III i
Point 1 Point2 Point3 Point4 Point5 Point6
o.o o,o _3sq 1353q I i
-- :_ _ 0.0 0,0
...... i
-- -,-* 37." q 5,30 q 0.0 0,0 11._.4q 1298 q f
[
Figure 61 shows the diagrams for the calculated stresses.
'
Figure 61
3. A two-layer circular cylindrical shell is freely supported over its
entire contour and sustains a uniformly distributed, normally applied surface
load Z = - q kg/cm 2. Let the dimensions of the shell be a = b , 50.0 cm; R =
= 100.0 cm; total thickness of shell h = 6.0 cm; thickness of first layer
t1 = 2, 0 cm; thickness of second layer t2 = 4.0 cm. Furthermore, let the
elastic constants of the shell layer be: elastic modulus of the first layer
1964012887-265
253
IY l
l 1 4
Figure 62
E_ = E': - r[:; the elastic modulus of the second layer E_':- E_ -: E; the Po2 sson
ratios of the layers _'-:'," - 0 (Figure 62).
From (3 1) we obtain for coefficients B!
. j!
B'.= re. B'.-- _. B',_=0. B_= 0.5,-E.
a'/, = e. B_= r. 8',_ = o.B_= 0.se.
Considering that the design thicknesses of ihe shell are _, _=2.0 c_. _= 6.0 c_,
from (1.18)-(!. 20) :-e obtain for the stiffnesses
C,l _---Cz: _ 2E (r q--2), Ce_= E (r -_- 2), C12=:-0,
8 4
D11-_--Dr2 = -_ E (r -F 26), D_---_-/_(r-_-26), DI2-=0,
Kn=K22:2E(rq-8), Ke_--=E (r --!-8), Ki2: 0.
On the basis of (5.40)-(5.47), for eoeffieieats (Ojk --D/k) we ob-
tain
_Dz?)_- 2 rS4-64r +16 E; (o,,--,_i',)=(O_ _o _
3 r+2
"+_4_i 'st. (D,_--D_,/=0. (D_- D) = _ (r + ' "'
On the basis of the formulas presented in Section 5 we obtain for coefficients
Pj and Qj
pt_____p__ _ 1 rI+64rq - 16 P_:P4 4 rt-4-64r+ 16.
3 (r+2)' ' =3 (r+?)= '
r=-t- 64r+ 16
Ps-_2 (r_t_2)= , Qi=O, Q3=O, Q4--:-O.
Now from (9.23), (9.31) and (9.32), after transformation we obtain:
1964012887-266
254
(mt + n__tnmx__= stn r,_____
24a'(rq-2)q _ _ a a .
w _--- _xeE(r2q_64r+ 16) mnAmn '
m n
[:
24a 2(r4-2) Bt(luq V _ mn
a_,, ' |! --- _t*E(r s -f-'54/" -4- 16) _ ,i,d _ Amn
nl n
--_r + 2 "_ namn sin--a sm--a ;
24a:_r + 2) : _-a a:'
Ot II __ __ __ --
., _'E(r'+fi4r+ 16) -:_ _ ha..
171 n
('+_ ) n ,m'--'_-rl')' ] /';'l_el . /'/_
--" \r -4- 2 -- "[ mAmn sin --a sm ---a
where
1 (__a)' 3(r+2}'
Am n _ (m9_ rt2)4-4-_ r 2-}-64r + 16'
while for m and n we have m, n = 1, 3, 5,...
By means of the derived formulas we may calculate the values of
flexure and stresses in the shell layers with different values of r, that is,
with different ratios of the elastic moduli of the layers. Assuming
'_ : -- )'r a4q
with different r we obtain for Xr
r 1,0 L',O lO,t)
_,r 0,1901 O,1393 0,0750
Assuming
t . I a2q _ t a2q ;
I1 II d3q II II a2q
a., -- )'r_--_-, a: = )'r;, _, ,
for ),,, and ),,, at different points of the normal passing through point _ = a/2
and
and/] = a/2 we obtain:
1964012887-267
255
Coefficient Points = 1.,, =2.u = 1,.,.o
1 0,378 0.431 0,493
I I
", ]
2 0.044 i --0.05_ --0,810
3 0,044 [ ) '_'
--( ,(1_. 9 --O,(_Si
,l[
Irl
t --0.fl24 I --0,518 --0,342
I
0.383 i 0.439 0,515
1
t I . I-
r_
: 2 0.049 ---0.050 --0.788
i
I 3 0,049 --0.025 _"'" ---O,_H'.
t II
4 --0.618 --0,514 --0,340
For a graphic illustration of the distribution of normal stresses over
the thickness of the shell Figure 63 shows the diagrams of the normal stresses
_' for the two values r-:l.0 andr:_10,0.
4. Let us explain the ir2iuence of anisotropicity of the shell material
on flexure of the center efa circular cylindrical shell for different values
r = 7.P r: ,'0.0
zr
Y
!/" _i
Figttre 63
of ), : a'h. From the preceding problems we have for the normal displacements:
with force Q concentrated at point (x, y)
40a2_, y_, ._ ' mr.. mt,_ m_tx mty
_'0 _-- _ z.a z.a 'm--An sin _ sin T sin --- sin T;
_mn II
m n
1964012887-268
256
_Jth uniformly distributed q
_'q -- - mnSm-sin _a sin--b
m n
For the flexures of an isotropic rectangular (a X b) plate with the
same loads we have
n_y
mr.,, n_,_ m=--_-x_ln ----
_C? <Jan. sin--_- _ln-h-- _
_ (ra_-_ ^_n_) _ ;
m n
rn r.ot /'l_
$1[I ---- Mn ----
"-_eD- Z_ Y_.J mn (_ -t ;')n=) ='
m n
,F__ $
where D----i20--_=) is the cylindrical stiffness of the plate.
Applying the well-known method of improving the conve" ace of a
series*,** and obtaining from the solution for an anisotrcpic F ',", the
solution for a rectangular isotropic plate with rides a, b and c of arbitrary
stiffness D, we finally obtain for the displacements of the discussed shells
_, , AI
-- 4Qa 2) 3mn _ D (nl? 1- ,'n ) mn
rn n
X sin ........ m_._sin ---'-sin sin
a b a b '
_'q ----- Wq r.SD _=d m,z(rn2+ )3n2)2Arnn sin -_- _in --b
171 1
Thus, for the normal displacements we have obtained formulas with two
terms #herein the first components (_Q and W-q) are the flexures of an
arbitrary point (a. _) of a rectangular (a h) hinge-supported i sotropic
plate and the second components are the intluence of the elastic characteristics
and curvature on the normal displacement of an orthotropic shell.
The values of the first components may be obtained from well-known
tables (B.G. Galerl_n, S.P. Timoshenko). In the case of the second com-
ponents, in view of the rapid convergence of the double series, we may limit
ourselves to the first terms of expansion. Proceeding in this manner, for
the normal displacements of the shell center (a =--,_2. _ == b/2) we obtain
*T.T. Khachaturyan, see footnote *, on p. 240.
**S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote on p. 228.
1964012887-269
257
[ ]
Qa 4; AI1-- D(14-_")"311 .
z;,_ ---: 1) 2c)- -r.* (1 + _,2)251,I '
qa I [ 16 Alt-- D(I _'t.:)'z Ail 1
I
z:,q-= D |_q r.6 (1 t- _3)2211 I'
where :'u and _ are the coefficients from the tables. Here, in determining
_,,_it is assumed that the force Q is applied to the ccr, ter of the shell, that is,
" y h'_
X O Z, _.
Let us discuss a single-layer orthotropic shell with the dimensions:
h ')"- 0.1 _, h'R=.l/50, b/R-:O,5.
Two cases of combinations of elastic constants are examined:
Case E, e. ,, .. _,,
I t_ 0,05I- 0.6 0,03 0.04E
11 0,05 t-: E 0,03 0 6 0,04 E
In these cases we obtain for the stiffnesses:
Case I
Cn = 10E; C22= 0.5E; C_ = 0.4E; C]2----0,3E (kg'c_);
D_, - 83,31"; l)22 = 4,17E; D_ = 3,33/'; D12--- 2,5E (kgc._).
Case II
C_ : O,5E; C22= 10i:'; C_ = 0,4E; C1. "= 0,3E (kg'c._};
D:l - 4,17t"; D,,, =83,3/'; Dr, 6= 3,33E; l)l_" = 2,5E (kgc-_).
In each case' we examine three ratios between a and b, namely: X= alb _--0,5;
_, : 1.0; ),--- 1..5.
From the above remarks it is evident that the cylindrical stiffness
of an isotropic plate D may be arbitrarily chosen. With this in mind the value
of D is sought from the conJition that the seeon_l components of the formulas
wq and wq must vanish, that is,
Au -- D(I + X2)2h'n --'--0,
1964012887-270
whence, for D we obtain
D _ -- hi1____
r )
(1 + V)_,xlt
which is the stiffness of an equivalent isotropic plate whose flexures do not
dif._er from the normal disglacements of the corresponding points of the
m_isotropic shell u, der consideration.
On the basis of (8.43), (9.11), (9.24) and the derived formula we may
easily determine the values of cylindrical stiffness of the equivalent isotropic
plates for all three values of _. in each case.
I i
Case '="_' I '=" ,=u, i
I
l 58.9E [ 35..1l 2 I_,!t:
I ' t
11 16,7E :_,.It: 4().4t. I
/
I
Assuming
_t_ b_q 'W,I "--t: )
and using the tables,* for the coefficients _ and _ with different values of
q '2
), it, each case we obtain
, Case , ,,, ,- )
1 O,OtXX)I {,,(xx) 2 RtXX' l_)
l)
2q ! .........
! II O.{XX)()4 (),O(X) 2 O.Ot)(.)l5
(
1
.....................
I O,O(}{X)7 [),(M_)_,_ O,(X}()_,
O ...........
_IQ}
i
[ II 0,0(}0:}5 t),t_}O&'} R(_X)AI
F
Figure 64 shows the results of calculation of the flexures of shell
centers.
*B.G. Galerkin, Uprugiye tonkiye plity (Thin elastic plates), Gosstroyizdat,
1934.
1964012887-271
259
The calculations show that in anisotropic cylindrical shells wi_h small
t, (p.< 1). (that is, when we have "short" shells) it is more convenient to have
large values of stiffness in the longitudinal darection (_) of the shell whereas
with large _. (,., -, 1). {that is, when we have "long" shells) it is more conven-
ient to have large values c, stiffness in the transverse direction (_) oi the
shell.
_p
_ m /,5 ,_ _,,_ ,3 ,z5
Figure 64
B. Circular CyUndricai Shell of Cl,_sed t ,'ofilc. Let us discuss an
orthotz'opic, multi-layer cylindrical shell of closed circular profile m which
the principal directions of elasticlty coincide with the directions of the
coordinate lines. Tbe system of coordinates is so chosen that A = B -- R
(1.2) and the origin of coord_r._,te _ is in the plane of any end section of the
shell. The shell is freely su_,_.,orted at the ends and sustains only a normally
_ applied (radial) surface load Z =-Z (_ _). The length of the shell is l and
the radius of curvature R (Figure 65).

' In this case equation ._f solution (5.64) is rewritten as follows:

f)_iI" i}l_,l" f)_iiI" i#! I1"
eiRIl" n .'>,-__6_1" ,_n_,-_ d61l'
7 -2 " d#tl" i')_ if'
-- _ q__,_7_- _- R__ = R_Z. (9.34)
In the mentioned method of fixing the ends of the shell the boundary.
conditions will have the following [orm (2.10.3):
when _ ==0: v = _ = T: :- M_ -:--o; /
(9.35)
when _ k z, .... w : T_ - k_, " I
'rhu , the sought function q" q'(_, _ must be so defined that with a
given load Z there are satisfied: equation of solution (9.34), boundary conditions
1964012887-272
260
y
Figure 65
(9.35) and, by vlrtue of the cloeed nature of the shell, the conditions of
periodicity over coordinate B.
Examining formulas (5.63), (5.67), (5.68), (5.70), (5.71), (5.76)
and (5.77), we easily see that the boundary conditions (9.35) and condition of
periodicity may be satisfied by finding the function _I' q"(_, '_ in the form of
a double trigonometric series
t]- : _ _ .lm, sh, mr_=cos r,_3, (9.36)
m =1 t, fU
1
where Amn are the sought coefficients, _-_fi is the relative length of the
shell, and m and n are h:tegers (m _-- l, 2, 3 .... n -- 0. I, '_',:_... _.
In order to determine coefficiez_ts Arm_ let us expand the load
into a double Fourier series
V
r/1r,l
a_ I_rnn si[i
-- - - .'.)s n_, (9.37)
m_ 1 t;=0
where coefficients amn are determhmd from the known formulas
//
i Z(4, _)sinm_ a_d_,
(l mO =
T_ | f OI!
-. o (9.38)
2 Z (_, _) sin m_ cos n_ da d_.
L) --'
Inserting the values of $ and Z from (9.36)and (9.37), respectively,
into the differeatial equation of solution (9.34) and comparing the coefficients
of the idez,tical trigonometric ftmctions, we obtain
1964012887-273
261
q" --"" _,._ _X__m. sin m.._____=, cosri_, (9.39)
"n = | n=O
where for 2,._ we have
r / ,'?l_ /6
__ (m: 12 I'n_- '_" (9.40)
+Q_(m:t',,_-',--Q,,_,, ,,,, _'j+e"_,,/,
Pj and Qj a,e as in Sectio_ 5.
Inserting the value of function W= it,(=. _) into (5.63), (5.67)-(5.75),
weobtain:
for the normal displacement
= amn_ sin --=, cos :z[_, (9.41)
m _I n=O
where
( C,,)(r,,_. )2n2 C==
,.%,,,,, _ C,,u ,('n='_4 l._,., / _I __ 2 _ _-- 4--_-n'; (9.42)
for the tangential forces
L_=, / --- m.j_am, sin--=_ cosn_; (9.43)
rvl= I ,'1=0
" _,, ]( rn'_2 amrl Ylle_,
L_ a, i \ a I / at
m=| n=O
] m_= (9.45)
v.., _ LX-_, / R -F A,,,,, =, a-_,,%"
m=l n=O
where
A"frltz -: Kq2Cll -- KllCl| ( rn_ _4-_- ( K22clI - KHIc120 \ (ZI / I,) -- 2 __._6.___K158
+ K,,C,;--K,,C,,'_(U ' _m_,,,/'_'n2 _}..K,sC==--K=,C,,= M; (9.46)
for the moments
_=| n=O
+['_'c --'<C' (m" _' +'_C"--'_'C' nq["_+_ ,,,
]} m=
.._._[____ )l m. \_R _amnst.- co..p;., (9.47)
1964012887-274
26'2
[ , ..... /' m= ',21 _,
IH2---R2 _.a _ z_a _ (D.,--D.,;n2 + [Du--D,:Jk--_/) ] mn_-
m=l n.I)
v - -C Fa"
t,1 :':._ ( mr./_R o,.,.,,, s,,, - cos._; (9.48)
-'_ \ a, / "-,..,,,, "L '
H =R 2 `%`'%" I'?(D,,,.-- D,',,)-%,, , A_" !.-%'/,_
m=| ll=U
-4- ;, j _ -a.,[, ,_r--_, _,n n_,
forthe stressesin the shelllayers
o,_ -_- __,_ {[(_',, I+' _' -<'"j ,,_)'_ "_ --(_',, _',: -
ml .-0
_ ,: /,,,_.. [(,,_,,,,.,,_,, _,,:,,c,, +
,,,_9,),,,] [._)-,__-,.,.,:,,,] + __
+ 8',:'',,c,,- '':,,c'' -..,, -_B',,,,) ,,,' _ (8',,_,,,c,,_,<,,c:,,+
I t?l_ 2
+B,,., ,<,,c,, -_,,:,,_,,_-,B,,) (_<)j ..,,,,,,} _;,,_-",,,,,
X sin --- cos ,I_;
_, (9.50)
r _ -- (S_, C,,
rll.l n-O
) ( _,,c,,_ _,,c,, + Blla K,,Cn--:. K,_C,. --7Bla_ _,,
+_',,_,,_,,- _._,, ,)] }-.o..
l'. -- 7Bz'_ n2 Am" sin --- =os n_; (9.51)
, =-_,'2_{[("'")' "! '_'_
/l=l n-0
. m_ (9.52)
--2B_" 7-- C./ m. _, am.am"cs-a,"
Assuming inthe derivedformulas Kjk = 0. we obtai-the formulas for the
designquantitiesof a circularcylindricalshellof closed profileconsisting
ofan odd number of layers symmetrically arranged relativeto the median
coordinatesurfaceof the shell(Sections7 and 8).
As an example letus discuss the problem of a horizontalrobewith
three symmetrical layers, freely supported at the ends and filled with a
liquid with specific weight 7",** Disregarding the weight of the material
of the tube itself and reckoning angle _ from the low point of the tube, for
*S. P. Timoshenko, Plastinki i vbolochki (Plates and shells), Gostekhiz-
dat, 1948, p. 416.
**A.I. Lur'ye, see pp. 203-205 of work cited in footnote on p. 203.
1964012887-275
263
the effective load (the radial pressure of the liquid) we obtain
Z = R-]'( I -- cos_).
Inserting the value of z into (9.38) we obtain for coeff*.cients amn
4_R 4_R (m=.l, 3. 5 .)
(_.ett, - m_ ' aml _ -r/1---_- " "
tQI
"Y_.j
/?
//
Figure 66
and when r _ 2. we absolutely find amn = 0.
l_v virtue of this and (9, 41) we obtain for the normal displacement
X'
m,t_
mlt_
sin
where m, m-,
47R a Ct! /m
4"fRs C,, R2_m,.
_')ml 'It !,2 Aml '
r) .,,
_--- /') I m_ '
\a, l \at /
R2( m_ _4
+ P. (_' P2 +
\ oil I. _ _t I
Let the specific dimensions of the shell be: IIR=O,5;hlR=O.12; h-- 1,_
ca; t, =ts----0.1 ca; t2= 1.0 ca (see Figures 65 and 66). Furthermore, as-
sume that we have two variants for the elastic constants of the shell layers:
1964012887-276
'264
Variant I
t
el = e_= e'/'= _" = E.
O12= O1_'=: 0,3846E.
el'= o.ose,e_'=o,se, ol_= o,0se.
I I Ih Ill
Variant If
El _-- E._= L. 'l:' ---_E_jl = E.
O'12 _.m _- t,'1_= 0.3846E,
I[
el' = o 5_. e__= 0,05E. C_,_ = _ _'_F
I I 111 Ill II II
#I_V2_-Vl _v 2 _0,3, _I _2 _'_--U
Using the presented data and formalas (3.I), (5.40),(6.1),(6.2)and
(8.43),we obtainfor _ and w,,]
Variant I Variant II
Ol
4TJ_aC, . wgfl_ 4T._'Cu Irml 4T_,(2_ Wmo 4.11?_Uj_ _'ml
1 0,3893 0,3945 O, 1351 O, 1259
I
3 26,03"I0-4 2,5,88 10-4 6,42. lO-4 539' 10-4 [
I
5 2,038. I0-4 2,03_. lO-4 0,50. I0-4 0,498 I0-' "
Examining these resuIts,itis easilyseen thathere we have also confirmed
theresultobtainedin the fouzthexample of a cylindricalshellof open pro-
file,namely: inthe case of short shells (I/R==0.5) itis invariablybetter
to have largervalues of stiffnessin the longitudinaldirectionofthe shell.
I It is also evident from the tab_ that in the discussed case the series
i entering into the formula for o_ converge somewhat rapidly; the remaining
design quantities may be found in similar fashion.
"1
1964012887-277
265
SECTION 10. INTEGRATION OF EQUATIONS IN THE ENGINEERING
THEORY OF CULINDRICAL SHELLS BY THE METHOD OF SINGLE
TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES
The method of calculation of cylindrical shells by means of single
trigonometric series has been widely discussed in the literature.*,** *** **** ' , 9
***** In this connection we shall here discuss only the fundamental assump-
tions of the method, which, as it appears to us, are sufficient for a descrip-
tion of the method of calculation of anisotropic laminar cylindrical shells.
The initial premises of the. method will be presented in much the same
manner as given by A. L. Gol'd_nveyzer without introducing any substantial
changes in his exposition, and without further citation thereof.
We shall deal chiefly wi'h questions of integration of the homogeneous
equation of solution of the problem. The particular integrals of inhomogene-
ous equations, as is known, they may be obtained by any one of a number of
methods from inhomogeneous systems (4.27) and (5. 481 or, in the special case,
froin the inhomogeneous equation of solution in (5.64). In addition, in order
to determine the internal forces, displacements and stresses in the shell
layers corresponding to the particular solution it is necessary to use the
corresponding formulas presented in Sections 4 and 5 of this chapter.
In many cases of practical interest, for the ordinarily encountered
surface loads the particular integral may be constructed from the membrane
theory (see Chapter HI).
A. Circular Cylindrical Shell o_ Open Profile. Let us discuss an
orthotropic multi-layer cylindrical shell of open circular directions of the
coordinate lines. Let the shell subtend a rectangular plane (a X bl} and have
the following dimensions: along the generatrix a, along the arc of transverse
circle b, radius of curvature of coordinate surface R.
The coordinate system is so chosen that the coefficients of the first
quadratic form A and B are equal to tmity (1.1). Moreover, let the shell be
freely supported over the lateral curvilinear edges == 0, =---- _ (see Figure
56), that is, over the curvilinear edges we have the following boundary con-
ditions:
*A.I. Lur'ye, see pp. 205-227 of work cited in footrLote **. on p. 203.
**V.Z. Vlasov, see pp. 351-398 of work cited in footnote *, on p. 201.
***V. V. Novozhilov, see pp. 179-232 of work cited in footnote ***, on
p. 208.
****A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see pp. 211-281 of work cited in footnote *, on
p. 203.
*****W. Schnell, Kraftetnleitung in versteifte Kreiszylinderschalen, Teil I,
Die orthotrope 8chale. Zeitschrfft fflr Flugwissenschaften, HI, No. 12, 1955.
1964012887-278
256
when a -=0: w . (I. v :- 0, TI -- 0, A41 = 0;
when a=a: w --0. v:0. T, ::0, M, - 0. / (10.1)
The boundary conditions at the rec_dinear edges of the shell (_ = ,_,
) --,3.0. may be arbitrary.
The equation of solution of the discussed shell ia the case of the homo-
geneous problem is described as follows:
Osq: drip" bell" P Osq" O,ql"
P_ 0_- @ Pa -4- Ps _- 4--P_
0_60_2 _0-_/ ' 4_o_ ' 0_
deq" 06q" o_q 1 _)_q;
-- 2Q_ 0_- -- 2Qa 0,,_)2 2Q4 ,,_o_- _ h'_-d_ : o. (10.2)
Let us seek the principal function of equation of solution (10.2) in the form
x)
W-_ _ ,_(_)sin)._:. (10.3)
r/l=|
where
_m-- m_. (10.4)
a
m is an integer and ,_ (_) is the new sought function depending only on the
single variable f_. Lnserting the value of _'(_, _,_ from {10.3) into equation
(10.2), we arrive at relationships of the form
_, d. (,_,,,) sin_..,:_-- o, (I O. 5)
which may be fulfilled if it is required that
dra('_m) --_P'z d',_,,, p4k2 m de'_,, , a"b,,
d_' _d_- -v- (Ps),_ @-204)3,,) a_,
d',_, n (pl)_ m 1 ,t \ , (10,6)
- + + +- o.
The problem of determining the integrals of the homogeneous equation
of solution (10.2) also reduces to the integration of such equations with con-
stant coefficients. There will be as many equations of type (10.6) as there
are terms in the series (10.3). To each term of the series (10.3) there
corresponds a certain stress and deformation of the multi-layer orthotropic
shell.
The internal forces, displacements, angles of rotation and stresses
within the shell layers may be calculated by means of formulas (5.67)-(5.77).
Inserting the value of Wt_. _) from (10.3) into these formulas, we present
each of the design quantities h',. the form of a trigonometric series
1964012887-279
267
T_ _ TI_ sin),m_. Ml _ _ Ml_ _inr,_.
tn m
T2 _ 7"_.msin ),m_, NI 2 = _ ,'Vj2msin ),m_t,
tTl m
S %_q COS).m_, /4 =ZHmcos).ma,
m m
Nl =_ _ Nlm COS).m_, N 2 --: _ N2m sin ).,ha,
,r/ m
u = _" U,.,,cos ).._. v = _ V,, sin ).,.:c.
m WI
_' _' W,,, sin t.mZt, ?2-= _ '._2msin ).ms,
trl tr/
r?l
.%-- _-'. ,,. cosx,.=,
,tl
where all the eoeffieients of these series depend only on a single variable
B and have the following form:
internal forces
T],. [__y, a2,,_,,, K,_C,--K,,C,_.).4 _'_,,;
=_ ",. -,t'_2 _jr. i ,)_ m d_2
( ) d'_"
K2_C,I--,7K,2CI2 2 'C[_-K66 + K,,C22--s:KI2CI_.)._ ct_.' +
-F K_2C.-- K22C_2d6'_,,,q
.. _-_ j; (10.7)
1"_1 _.h'_Cll--Kl_C_ )6,,_ __
T_.,n 1 "mf,,t L' "m. ,n
4- K,_Cn--K.C_ )?.a,'_m. (10.8_
I ;_,d';,. KnC,_--k',C,_ _._, dCm
S,, =I4 d,; + v7 a;_
d'%, . (10.9)
-i-K,_C,_ --u.%_C,_ )'md-d_-'
bending and torsionalmoments
M,,,, = (D,, __D_,)OIm+_(D,:__D_,a)O,m.4_K.C.--_ K,,C,, r,,. 4-
+ K,,C,,- K,,C,, r_.,: (i0. lO)
M
jrK,:C,, --K,,C,, Tu,,: (10.11)
1964012887-280
268
K. (10.12)
Hm = 2 (D_ -- Dss) 0,2= -I- _ S_.
where the following additional notation is introduced:
__) #,_,., a,+.,. (10.13) o,_, c,,_,__(__L_2 _+_ _' -- _ C6a
-- _j -m -_-p-/--4- _ __ 2 ;kin d_' '-) dS" '
-- u -a_-_- q-- _ -- 2 _'' ap ,., -',nap '
displacements and angle of rotation
_,tm = 4 l "_ d"._m C. d*,b., . (I0.16)
_ )'"}" -- C.u )"-E_'- -l-
Um__ _ C,=K,,--C,,(K,, + 2K66) 3 d=_
+ C==(K,= -f- 2Ka6)-- K==(C,= _- C66) d%
C6_U
-t- _ _ ).,,,_,,,-F -E -. d_, (10.17)
Vm__ K==_ dS'_=d_ _ C_,K,, -- C,=C_s_.(K,, 2K_) "" "_dp _
"3 L C,, (K,, + 2K,,)--K,, (C_, _- C,,)C,,_ )._4 d_md_____ -- -RI _CH_j d=+mdp = jr_
! ( 1 _') ' d'_".
+ R- C,, -- )'''#._' (i0.18)
' _4-'c,,_,_,,_ , c,,
+ C,,K,,--C,,(K,,+2K.) _ , , c__)_, Ira+,.
c.uR x., -- _-_,, - 2 ".,J Tp +
..f_[ C_, (K,i + 2K,,)-- K,, (C,i + C,_)C_eUR )'m4 C,,___ ),,_4 jr_,
]
+-_,(c.. _')_'4'_' -_-p--_, (10.19)
stresses in t_e shell layers
o.=(,,_,-=-c" _,,_. _,),.. (,,_. _c"- ,,_, _)T,._
-(ei, _,,c,,-K,,c,,,, +._ ,<,,c,,-,_,,c,, = - _e_,) o,=--
-- (B_ K, iCi,-- K_,C,, K,,C:, -- K,,C,=
= Jr-B_2 = -- TB_) Ou_; (10.20)
,o.c.. (,,.c.._,,_,_,),.=_
_(_. ,<,,c,,- _,,c,,,, + el:K"c"-_"c"-_e')o,.;_, (lO. ,.1)
1964012887-281
269
B i
In view of theunwieldinessof the expressions for Nlm and N2m they
willnot be presented here. However, where necessary, having the values
of Mlm, M2m and Hm, by means of equilibriumequations(4.4)and (4.5)
the formulas for Nlm and N2m may be _ven in elementary form.
Let us turn to a discussion of the problems associated with the boundary
conditions. Let the particular integral corresponding to the load be obtained
and let design quantities corresponding to the partial integral be found and
representable by means of trigonometric series in terms of variable c_, so
that, in particular,
. . ]
,,# = ,_ WOsin).,,,,' Mo __ _ Mo..,,sin).m,_. (10.23)
rn m
where _. V. W. Mo are known functions depending only on a single vari-
able 3.
Then for the design quantities it is eviden'_ that we obtain
" " I (10.24)
l
m m
_v--- _ ,r,. sin ),,.a -+-/__'<] W,,,sin)..,_.
., ,. J
Hence, considering (10.4), we note that the boundary conditions (10.1)
me satisfied for ea,=h term of the expansion individually.
It remains to discuss the boundary conditions at the rectilinear ._dges
of the shell. For the sake of concreteness we shall assume, for -:,,mph_, that
with _ _- _, the normal displacement _ has the given value _ (a. _).-- _" (a%.
Representing _, (2) in the form of a trigonometric series
."= _ W'.sl.X._, (10.?5)
we must satisfy the quality
1964012887-282
270
m rn m
which is equivalent to requiring
W,_(,,_,) # W",: (_)-=W*,,. (10.27)
that is, also at the rectilinear edges of the shell boundary conditions of the
discussed type are satisfied for each term of expansion individually. There
are other types of boundary conditions which do not permit term-by-term
fulfillment. However, as shall not be interested in these.
Thus, integration of equation of solution (10.2) and imposition of the
boundary conditions (both for the rectilinear and for the curvilinear edges of
the shell) ,nay be performed for each number m individually. Consequently,
for each m we shall have a group of eight boundary conditions (four for each
rectilinear edge of the shell) imposed on the extreme values of function _m
which satisfied the eighth-order differential equation (10.6).
B. Circular Cylindrical Shell of Closed Profile. Let us discuss an
orthotropic multi-layer cylindrical shell of closed circular profile in which
the priaeipal directions of elasticit,, coincide with the directions of the
coordinate lines. The coordinate system is so chosen that A = B =R (1.2).
Let the length of the shell be 1 and the radius of curvature R (Figure 65).
The equation of solution of the discussed shell in the case of the homo-
gene(ms problem is written as follows:
0s_t" p ds:l' dsq" dsq" Osq"
O_ q" d6q" obT __ d 4q"
-- 2R2 Q, g_ + Q3_ + Q4o_ o,:V_- R'_o_- ---=- 0. (10.28)
The principal function of the equation of solution (10.28) will be sought
in the form
OU
tI:-=,n--_u_' _,m ''' cos m_-{-t_ sinm_), (I0.29)
where ra is an integer, q_(_) and _(_) are functions depending only on
one va='iable B. Inserting the value of q't=, _) from (10.29) into equation
eqaation (10.28), we arrive at relatlonshlps of h,_ form
m_._=o [din (_) cos m_ d " (10.30)
+ ,,, (q,,,,) sinm_]= o.
1964012887-283
271
which may be fulfilled if it is required that for each _?_ and _ there exists
dS'_ _%m
dm('_rn) -_ P, -dd: _ (P3m2-+-2R201) _ -+-
+ 2R2m2%-k R2)e_
+
(
Osm4
-- (P4m6 -_ 2/_?m4Q4) d'+m__-P_m%,._ ---:0. (10.31)
The problem of determining the integrals of such equations with constant
coefficients. To each component of the series (10.29) there corresponds a
certain stress and deformation of the anisotropic laminar shell. Th.-. internal
forces, displacements, angles of rotation and layer stresses corresponding to
this stress may be calculated by means of formulas (5.67)-(5.77). For example,
assuming
IIr_ 0?_, cos m_, (10.32)
we obtain
TI = T,= cosm[3. Mt---_M, mcosm_.
7"2----/'2., cosm_, M2= M_., costoO,
S _ "'_msinm_, H = Hn,sinm_,
N, = N_,_cos m_. N 2= N2,. sin _.-.3,
u -- Umcos m_. v = Vmsin m_,'
w = W,, cos m_l. 7, = ?,,. cos m_.
o:= o',._o_, ,,,_. o_= o_.co,m_.
xi,__---_,_msintr,_.
where all coefficients depend only on a single variable B and have the follow-
ing form:
1 [ d2d/ K,2C m 2 d4'_tm
__ -- m2 m l-- hllCl2
Tlm_ RX L dal O p, da4 +
-_ ( K..C,,- K,.C,. K.. K_,C,,-- K,.C,.) m' 4'+'_
p --2_-- u " p, a,,'
._ K,,c,,- K,,c,,_z ,_,l. (to. 33)
R rmJ'
, ,:+;,
/'2,.=:-_-_t a_, : R a_' +
-4-( K,.C,,- K,.C,, K. ,:,,C,.-- K,,C,.) .' a'q,"
-fi 2--;.+ _ ' R a,..
XnC: -. KnCn m' a_4," ]. (10.34)
R d,,= '
J
1964012887-284
272
1 r cll_!,',,, K,2C. -- K,,C,_. ,,, d_'_,'.,
S,,,= -._ L" _=a u -_ d=s -F
"i- ( K.C,, --_K,=C,, -- 2 --c++K" _ K,,C.--u K,,C,, ). m'_t_ d'_+'d.._
K,+c_-- _.,_c,_ ,._'_+',. ].
(1
0.
35]
_ d_ '
J
bending and torsional moments
M,m= (Dr,- D'_,)Q,.,-t-(D,2-- D'_2)O2,,,-1L
+ K,,C,, --_K,,C,, T,., -t- K,,C,, --uK,,C,=T._,;. (10.36)
M=.=(o_- D)O_..+(0,_-- D%) o,_+
K,,C,, -- K,,C,, T2 m -Jl- K=,C,= -- EriC1, Tim, (10.37)
o - u
K. (i0.38)
n. = 2(o=- O) o,_.+ _ S...
where the following additional notation is introduced:
I r c,,_+"
Oi==---k--Ct _ d='
(_ _,,, _+;,c: "+:1-
-- --2"--_)miTm'-'l"--_m4 d=' J' (10.39)
-(___ _,_,_+_: : (_o.4o_
Ol_. -: _-+ md=---- _- --
, + (,0.+,,
displacements and angle of rotation
(, g) ,,+:co+:],
"_'---_ _ d=+ _--2 m=_+_--
I[K,, d'_'''_m C_K,,--C,_(K,_+ 2Ke_.m_ P_,',.
Jr- C=(K,_+ 2K_)-- K_ (C,2+ C_) m4 +. __
+. oc_, ,,,,+-l (i0.43)
__R C____ dz''' d ' J .
_== _ -_- _ '
1964012887-285
273
v,,,= -- _ - c,,u +
d'4,'.,
ell (KI=+ 2K_)-- KIl (Cl=+ C_) m_ 'i-
Jr- Ce6_
-_ R -_- m _, -- R ( _, a,. j' (10.44)
,[_, dS'l '"
_i.,I _ _ _ d=5
Stresses within Shell Layers. Formulas (10.20)-(10.22) remain 'm-
changed, but operators Tjm and Gjm must be assumed to take their new
values (10.33)-(10.35) and (10.39)-(10.41).
Similarly, assuming instead of (10.32)
_' : _?_, sinm_, (10.46)
for the internal forces, displacements, angles of rotation and stresses
within the shell layers we obtain formutas analogous to the previous formulas
wherein T_. T2. M_. M2. N I. u. and _ will contain the factor sin mB, while
/
S, H, N2 and v will contain the factor cos roB. Ccmcerning the operatoz s in
(10.33)-(10. 44), here " "
_ is replaced by _. and m is replaced by (-m).
Thus, having the integrals of 9_ and _ of equation (10.31), for any
m we may construct the stress-strain state of the discussed shell wherein, in
accordance with (10.32) and (10.45), this state is analyzed as consisting of a
symmetrical state relative to the internal generatrix _ = 0 and of an inversely
symmetrical state relative to _ = 0.
Examining the formulas presented here, it is not difficult to see that
the conditions of periodicity for variable 8 are fulfilled in each term of the
expansions individually. However, here, in addition to the conditions of
periodicity, it is necessary to fulfill the boundary conditions at the edges
of the shell. Assuming that the particular integral of the inhomogeneous
pr,oblem is known, the internal forces, displacements, angles of rotation
and stresses in the shell layers corresponding to this particular solution
may be represented by means oz trigonometric series of the form (10.29) in
which, as in (10.23), the coefficients will be known functions. Hence, for
concreteness, assuming, for example, that with ct = _1 (at one end of the shell)
1964012887-286
274
the tangential displacement u has a given value u (_ _)---- u,C_), it must be re-
quired that
V [U_(_,)cos m3- U" (_,)._i. m_] +
z-., rn
tit
I tt
#1
U' I'm. sin m_]. (10.47)
where it is assumed that
.o= u o cos, + (2)
=
represents the tangential displacement corresponding to the particular integral,
wkile
0
is the expansion of the given function u,0); into a trigonometric series. Hence,
as was stated above, coefficients U' and U" are known functions. This
ttl$ r?/_
equality may be satisfied on the assumption that
u' (-,,)+U;.o(,.)=u' }
,, m.. (10.48)
that is, the conditions imposed on the coefficients of the symmetrical stress --
strain state (the coefficients denoted by a sing],, prime) do not converge with
eon&tions imposed on the coefficients of the inversely symmetrical stress
-- stzain state (the coefficients denoted by a double prim).
There are also other types of boundary conditions wh'ch do not permit
separate fulfillment of the boundary conditions for the symrr _.rieal and
inversely symmetrical stresses. However, they will not be of interest to us.
Thus, integration of the equation of solution (10.28) and imposition of
boundary conditions may be performed separately for each numbex m and
separately for the symmetrical and inversely symmetrical stresses of the
shell. Then, on each sought function _ and $_ there will be imposed
eight bomldary conditions for the definition of the eight arbitrary constants
entering into each of these functions.
Without going into detail, we shall state that in the case where the
shell consists of an odd number of orthotropic layers symntetrically arranged
1964012887-287
275
relative to the median coordinate surface of the shell (Sections 6, 7, 8) all the
necessary equations and formulas may be derived by assuming in (10.2)-
(10.48) Kjk = 0.
Examining the problems of ortbotropic cylindrical shells of open
and closed profile, we note that the fir,:t and perhaps the principal stage in
calculation of these types of cylindrical shells is the integrati(m of an ordinary
eighth-order linear differential equation ,_ "-'_constant coefficients (that is,
in the case of shells of open profile equation (10.6) and in the case of shells of
closed profile equation (10.31)).
As usual, in the case of shells of open profile, assuming
_m_ C,_esm_ (Cm---=const). (10.49)
and in the case of shells of closed profile
_m--: C,nepm" (Cm--- const). (10.50)
from equations (10.6) and (10.31) we obtain the eighth-order characteristic
equations
, + A,s_+ A_d' + 4._, + A, = 0; (10.51)
p_,,+ Btp_ + B2IP + B_ + B4: O. (10.52)
where for the coefficients of the characteristic equations we have:
in the case of shells of open profile
1 4
P4_, Pt_ + 2QlX_ + _ ,_
At --= P_ ' A4= P, ' (10.53)
P,)._.4- 2Q:,_,_ p_ + 2O,tX _
A3 -- P_ ' A2 _ P2 ;
in the case of shells of closed profile
Pam2_ 2R_QI P_m6+ 2R2Q_ m_ I
Bi
------ p_ ' Ba==-- p_ '
I
(10.54)
B4_P_m_PI' B2-= Psm4+ 2R2Q_m=+R2PI J
It is seen from (10.49) and (10.50) that both in the case of open and in
the case of closed shells the form of functions _m depends on the roots oi the
corresponding characteristic equations (10.51) and (10.52).
1964012887-288
277
.e " t'
CHAPTER VI
,t/
SHALLOW ANISOTROPIC SHELLS
SECTION 1. BASIC PREMISES. INITIAL
RELATIONSHIPS AND EQUATIONS
We shall discuss a shallow shell consisting of an arbitrary number of
homogeneous anisotropic layers. It is assumed that at each point of each layer
there exists only one plane of axial symmetry parallel to the coordinate surface
of the shell. As in the case of a cylindrical shell, without disturbing the gen-
eral validity we assume that the coordinate surface of the shell (T= 0) coincides
with the internal boundar7 surface of the shell (see Figures 8 and 11).
Along with tile fundamental hypothesis of nondeformable normals as
given for the entire stack of the shell as a whole, the theory proposed here is
also based on the following additional assumptions _, _.
a) In the first two equilibrium equations we may disregard the terms
k,N, and k_N_ ;
b) In the expressions relating the components of bending deformation
( _,, ,_. _ ) to displacements we may retain only those terms which contatu the
normal displacement _v;
c) The first two equations of continuity and the sixth equilibrium
equation are identically satisfied (in fact, they are satisfied only approximately_
_V. Z. Vlasov, Obshchaya teoriya obolochek, Gostekhtzdat, 1949, pp.
301-3t_:_.
"*A. L. Gordenveyzer, Teoriya uprugtkh tonkikh oboloehek, Gostekkizdat,
1953, pp. 365-367, _.54-459.
1964012887-291
278
d) The system of curvilinear orthogonal coordinates a and [_ is so
AB
chosen so that it satisfies the emphatic inequality _,_ 4". 1.
In virtue of these assumptions for the discussed shell we obtain the
following initial relationships and equations:
equilibrium equations
OBT1 OB OAS OA
o_ o_ T_+- O'_--F_,_- S=-- ABX: (1.1)
dAT2 OA TI -4- dBS . OB
0_ o_ _-p _ S =: -- ABY" (1.2)
_ (ktr_+k2T2)+__, OBN, OAN,_
(__EE__a _F._/___ Z; (1.3)
____ OA 0B ( 1.4)
(1.5)
OAM_ dBH dB OA
O_ + -0_- -_- od H-- _ MI : ABN_;
elasticity relationships
T1= Cn.,I 4-Cl:- 2-I-Ci6o) 4- K]]xI 4- K12124- KI6=; ( 1.6)
T2-=C_s2-{-Ci2sl +C2s _0Jr K22x27LK,2 I J_ K'_6z; ( 1.7)
S -- C66,oJr-CI6:14- C26%-{- K_'. 4- Kl,_xlJr-K_x_: (1.8)
/l_[ I _ DII': ! -_ D!2x 2 + DI6 _ Jr- KII$1 -}- K12_-2 -Ic K160; (1.9)
Jl,l_: D=_2.-}-D_x_-+-D_e_+ K2,,'-:4- K_2__+ K_; ( 1.1 0)
H == D_= + DI6X1Jr- D: x2%- K_w % K_6-:_+ K26ta. (1.11)
where, aa usual, for the stiffnesses we have ( Chapter II, Section 8) ( see
Figures 8 and 11)
p
C]_--= Z ff_ (_, -- _, ,); (1.12)
s=l
D
I _" s .}. 2
KI'---- -2 ..a B/k (%-- _,-,); ( 1 .13)
s I
P
1% "_ s , .3
_- Bj_(_s -- o,__); ( 1.14)
D]_ -$
geometric relationships
1 Ou 1 ca (1 15)
_l-- A Oa + AB 08 "o--}-k_w;
1 Ov 1 OB
_ :: -E _ + AB 0, u + k_e; ( 1. I6)
. o(o) o(;)
w=-_ _-_ 2- +_--o-E : (1.17)
, o (_o.) , o.4 o,,,.
xz= A 0_,,_,_ At 0_ 08' (1.18)
1 0 (.__. 0.) I c)B 0,. _ = -- "-S-_ -E -- _'r _"g- -Eg ' ( 1.19)
1964012887-292
279
2 /o,w ,oA (1.20)
equation of compatibility of deformation
!Io 11 o_, os
A O_ OA 1 0 I [ 0,, OA
80_ OB ]1
20_ O_ o_ _0. (1.21)
We have listed only those relationships and equations which will be used.
The stresses in the layers will be determined by means of the usual formulas
( 2.4.2)--(2.4.9).
An approximate theory of shells, base_ on the presented initial relation-
ships and equations ( 1.1) -(1.21) in the case of an isotropie shell, has I_oen
expounded by A. L. GolldenveyT.er * as a theory for the calculation of shells
with large variability index. However, as has been correctly pointed out by
A.L. Godenveyzer, this theory may also be used in solution of problems which
would appear to have little in common with the problem of calculating stresses
with large variability index ( e.g., in investigating problems of shallow shells
and shells with zero Gaussian curvature, in discussing problems of represen-
tation of a simple edge effect) .
The initial relationships and equations ( 1.1) --(1.21) have been used by
many authors, who have found for them completely different applications. L.
Dom_ell _, Kh. M. Mushtari _'_ and U.N. Rabotnov *_'_ have used them for in-
vestigation of local stability. S.M. Feynberg *r'*_, V.V. Novozhilov _**_,
A.I. LurVye_'K'_** and T.T. Khachaturyan **_'_'_ have used these relation-
ships in constructing a theory of cylindrical shells. In the solution of problems
*A. L. Gol_denveyzer, see pp. 358-368 and 454-460 of work cited in foot-
note _'_ on p. 277.
_-_L. Donnell, Stability of Thin Walled Tubes under Torsion. NACA, Rep.
No. 479, 1933.
_Kh.M.Mushtari, Some generalizations of the theory of thin shells, Iz-
vestiya fiz.-mat, ob-va pri Kazanskom un-te, Vol. XI, series 8, 1938.
_'_Yu.N. Rabotnov, Local stability of shel.ls, DAN SSSR, LiI, No. 2, 1946.
_'_S. M. Feynberg, Toward the problem of a moment theory for cTli_drical
shells, Proyekt i standart, No. 12, 1936.
*_-_'_V.V. Novozhilov, Teoriya tonkikh obolochek, Oborordgiz, 1941. (Cited
in.same author's monograph of same title, 1951).
_'_'_*A.I. Lur_ye, Statika tonkostennykh uprugikh obolochek, Gostekhizdat,
1947, pp. 177-243.
_'_'_-_'_'_'T. T. Khachaturyan, Shallow cylindrical shells, _obshcheniya In-ta
mat. i mekh. AN ArmSSR, No. 4, 1949.
1964012887-293
2S0
of shallow shells these relationships have been used by V. Z. Vlasov*, S. A.
Ambartsumyan** and N. A. Alumyae _'x'*. A. L. GoPdenveyzer _"M'_*and Yu. N.
Rabotnov_*_ have used these relationships in constructing equations for the
edge effect.
Here we have cited only a small part of the vast number of works devoted
to the discussed problem. However, the citations listed here suffice tJ confirm
that the approximate theory of shells based on the initial relationships and equa-
tions in ( 1.1) -( 1.21) may be used for investigation of numerous, completely
different problems in the theory of shells. This is to say that although interpre-
tation of the discussed approximate theory of shells as a theory of shells with
large variability index or as a theory of sh_llow shells is perfectly accurate,
such interpretation does not reflect the wide possibilities of this theory. From
this point of view the title of the present chapter, "shallow anisotropic shells,"
is doubly formal in nature.
SECTION 2. EQUATIONS OF SOLUTION AND DESIGN FORMULAS
Let us limit ourselves to investigation of the case in which a shell is
loaded by a normally applied surface load Z =_ 0. The remair, ing components
of the surface load X and Y are equal to 0. Assuming_-_.,,_, _-_a****
! 0 (1 0_) ! OBdr. (2.1)
, o(_o_ I , OA 0_.
7"2-- A 0_ .0._ -_-AB_ 08 0_' (2.2)
-- AS 0_0_ _ O_ O_ A O_ O_ ' (2.3)
where _-----?_. _)is the sought function of stress, we identically (with the ac-
curacy of the given assumptions) satisfy the first two equilibrium equations (1.1)
and (1.2) (X = 0, Y = 0), and from the third equation (1.3) we obtain
A_ W W (AN,) =Z. (2.4)
*V. Z. Vlasov, Basic differential equations of the general theory of shells,
PMM, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1944.
*_.A. Ambartsumyan, Calculation of cylindrical shells with curvilinear
generatrix, 1946 ( dissertation).
***N.A. Alumyae, Differevtial equilibrium equations of thin-walled elastic
shells in the post-critical stage, 9MM, Vol. XIII, No. 1, 1949.
****A. L. Gol'denveyzer, Qualitative investigation of stress of a thin shell,
PMM, Vol, XI, No. 6, 1945.
*****Yu. N. Rabotnov, Boundary-zone equation in the theory of shells, DAN
SSSR, XLVII, No. 5, 1945.
******V. Z. Vlasov, see footnote * on p. 277.
*******A. L. Gol'denveyzer, see footnote _ on p. 277.
1964012887-294
281
Solving the elasticity relationships ( 1 ._) -( 1 .Ii) for the deformation
components, we obtain
_1: AuTl @ AI2'F2d- AI_S _ duxl -- d12xl-- dl6"c; |
e2: AI2TI-[-A_T2-]-AaS ---d2ff I--d22x2 --d_; ] ( 2.5) o == AI6T I 4- A2GT 2 Jr- A_S b d61x ! __ d62_ 2 _ d66%
where for elastic coefficients Ajk and djk we h_/e ( 5.[ .8) -(5.5.18) .
From elasticity relationships (1.9) -(1.11) , by mear R of _ 2.5) , elim-
inating the deformation components el, _2 and w, then considering (2.1) ..( 2.3,_
and (1.18) -( 1.20) , we obtain for the moments
M, =/. (_,,)+-/2(0,, - D_)_: (_.6)
,_ =/, (d_)+-/_ (o_ - _,),_. ( _. ?)
t 0
H I_(d_)_ -- 12'm n.._ _ (2.8)
where for linear operators _ we have
o 0 / 1 _1 _1+ ,_, o, o,J
[ o, , oa . , OA O] ds. O_-O_ A O_ Jr-
d2te 0 I OA 0
i 0B
oo)[ o. o.]+
o. ' "": ' :""1
l,t _o,4 o 1
+ (D'it -- D:ll) [ _'-_ (._"-_-_ ) + _ "_'_--'_-j " A (_.10)
The formulas for moments (2.6) -(2.8) contain the bending sflffnesses D_s
which have the form (5.5.23) -(5.5.28) . From the last two equilibrium equa-
tions ( 1.4) -( 1.5) , considering the values of moments (2.6) -(2.8) , for the
transverse _orces we obtain
l 0 [AI_ + OA
N_ = A---_ { _ (d.)l _ l_(_.) +
+--_--IB/,(du)l----_---1, (dzz)}_--
OA
-A{ -_ [A',(o-- ol_)i+ _ ',(,,- ') +
o [B/i(O,l DO)l_ os/i(Oil_t;l_)}=; (Z.ll)
+-a; - _
1964012887-295
282
! { o [Bil(d_)]_+_ 09
N2--=-A---B_a _ / I(d_) -i-
dA (dn) }qo
..+-._-_ [All (dn)l -- -_ Ii
0Bt2(o, D )4-
---3B{-_--gl o [bl2(D__DO)] -4- -0-; -
0 [A!2(02:_0o.,)]_ #A (2.12)
From (2.5) , considering (2.1) -(2.3) and (1.18) -(1.20) , we obtain
for the relative deformations and shear
eI = 11(All) _ -_- l,*(tin) w; (2.13)
"- e2_ Ii (A_)? + 12(d22)w; (2.14)
w= I l (A_) _ + L*, (d_) w. (2.15)
where for the linear operators _ we have
,tk,[.__.rl o) IoB o]4 _
.jl_2 d,, [ d. l OB d 1 OA O ]
AB LO,,O_ a O_ O_ A O_ O:_ 4-
as, [ o (1 O) 1 OA O ] (2.16)
Inserting the values of transverse forces from (2.11) and (2.12) into
eqailibrium equation (2.4) as well as the values of deformation and of the com-
ponents of change in curvature from (2.13) -(2.15) , (1.18) and (1.19) into
the equation of compatibility of deformation (1.21) , we obtain the following
system of differential equations of solution of the problem:
L,(DI,--D_j,)w--La(di,)_ ? _-V,? =Z; [ (2.17)
L 2(AI,) p+ La(dl,) _ -- VrW = O,
I
where for the linear operators I_ and v, we have
0)]
L,(01,--D1,)= AB O_ A { -_
oa o [Bz,(o,,-o ,)l
q- --_- !, (0_ -- 0 ) + --_
OBI,(D.-- D_)-t- _ [aI, (O_-- 0,)] -----_
.+ _ OA 1,(0,,__0o0}; (2.18)
1 8 1 { O OB
L_(AI_) = _ _ _ B ._--_1_(An) "1- _ [It (An) -- It (An)] --
a o t)A } _ o _ l o 2 o[_l_(a_) -- -_ I_ (A_) + aO O_ '_ A -_ I_ (Au) .-t-
oa e o OB (2.19)
+ -OUlIt (An) _ !_(A_)I 2 O,, I_(A_) -- -_- It (A_) };
1964012887-296
2_3
' ]/o _ ole/,(d,,_l--
L3 (dJk) = AB d', A "-_ [All (dr_)] -}- 11(dry) 4-
OB _ , , __i,:) oe
O= I] (d22) -{-- AB 0_ 6----_IBI_(d_)l q- -EE= !_(d_) -q-
dA
+_ !A_, (d,,_l---_ _, (e,,) }; (2.20)
1 0 i _B d . dB ,
L4(dik)-- AB da A _ _ I'z(d_)-Jc'--_a [l_(d_)--l'2 (rill)j-
,, o o,, o o
OA , B 0 dB )
-t- _- I/._(dn) -- I; (d_)]- -_-_ I_(dee) -- _ /_(dr, 6)_," (2.21)
k o_+
Thus, the problem of equilibrium of a "shallow" multi-layer anisotropic
shell subtending an arbitrary surface reduces to a system of two differential
equations of solution (2.1"/) in terms of two unknown functions: the stress func-
tion: _(a. _) and the displacement function _ (a. _), in terms of which the design
quantities of the problem are defined.
It is interesting to uote that in the special casv of a multi-layer aniso-
tropic plate ( k1 = 0, k2 = 0) system (2.17) is written as follows:
L,(Oj,-- O,)_ -- L,(aj_) ,p= Z; _ ( 9.. 23)
L_ (AI_) _ -t- L4 (di_) _u-_. O, !
that is, in distinction from single-layer or symmetrical multi-layer plates, it
does not break down into two independent equations*, _'_.
Orthotropic Shell. In the special case where the shell consists of an
arbitrary number of homogeneous orthotropic layers so that the principal direc-
tions of elasticity at each point of each layer coincide with the directions of the
corresponding coordinate lines, for coefficients B_k we have (2.12.2), that is:
l i i ' i i '
- _2 _- _m (2.24)
: _e._ _ = e_= o.
1 _i _1 '
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, Some basic equations in the theory of a thln lam-
inar shell, DAN ArmSSR, VIII, No. 5, 1948.
_S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward the problem of calculation of laminar anl-
sotropic shells, Izvestiya An ArmSSR (FMYeiT nauki), VI, No. 3, 1953.
1964012887-297
284
By virtue of (2,24) all quantities with subscripts 16, 61, 26, and 62
become zero, whereas in the case of a cylindrical shell the quantities Ajk, djk
D_k will be determined by means of formulas ( 5.5.40) -( 5.5.47). In this
and
case the system of equations of solution (2.17) remains unchanged externally
and operators Lj (2.18) -(2.22) also remain unchanged while for operators Ij
we have from (2.9) , (2.10) and (2.16)
11(dn) ----- dnvp_ -4--d2wp_;
11(d_) _ d_v_, -4-dl2Tp._;
I I (d_) ------ dssvn=_;
C== C,=
!, (A_)= CI--! Vp.- _ vp,;
l
Ix(Ass) ------ -_ 7h,_.
t,(o,,- o,)=(b,,- o?,) v,,. + (D,, -- O._,J v,,,:
i,(D,,-- O)--_(D=-- D_._)V,, -_(O:,- O_2)Vp,;
l,(Dse-- DO)= 2(066-- O) Vh._;
!_(dn) -_ all, V_, -4-dl2 Vp_;
I.:(d=) ----- d_ Vp._-t- d2w_,;
[*(dss)_ 2d_vh._,
where for the hyperbolic and parabolic operators we have
____L/ o2 10a 0 ! 08 o)
W,,_ AB _OoOp a Op 0,, B O= Op,; (2.25)
, o) , o,,o]
V_-_--_-- _.4 _ t- _ O_ _" ; (2.26)
, [o(, o) , oa o]
Vp_=--K _ T_ -_a' O= _, " (2.27)
For the internal t_mgential forces T1, T2 and S we have (2.1) -(2.3) and
from (2.6) -(2.8) , considertng the -_alues of operators Ij, we obtain for the
moments
M,= - (o,,- Do,) v,.,-, --(o,,-- o,) v,,:,,, +
K=,C==--K,=CI= KI=C,,-- K,_C_=
u %fP _ u V_; (2.28)
_, =- (_ - a_)v,_- (_,,- D_)v_+
g==gn-- c_=g_= K,=C==- K=,,C_=
-4- u V_p 4---- = 'V_; (2.29)
1964012887-298
285
2(D.--D)vh.p_---_u Vk.p?. (2.30)
/4=--
For the design stresses in the shell l_yers, proceeding from the we'll-
known, often cited formulas and relationships we obtain
m !
-+(81,,,,,c.-K,,c,,,, +B:,,_,,c,, u_<,,c,,Te,,)v,,_,,,+
+(e_,K,,c,,-_<,,c,, e' _,,c,,-_<,,c,, _ _rB_,)v,...
t" 12- (2.31)
U u
,,,c.,
+(e'., _<,,c,,--_,,,c,,,, +8_, _<,,c.--K,,c,,u --'_B_,)V,.,.+
+(e_ K..C,,--K,,c,, + B_ K,,C.--K,,C,, ,
_ -- i'B_-2) Vp_m; (2.32)
Bl_ ' 2B' / Ku _[)V,.e_. (2.33)
_ = _ _Ev,._- _-_--
Thus, all the design quantities of the problem are determined through
formulas (2.1) , (2.3) , (2.28) -(2.33) by means of the sought functions
w(=. p) and _(=. p), which under the bounda__j' conditions may be derived from
the aystem of equations in (2.17) .
The equations of solution in the approximate theory of shells as based
on the initial relationships and equations in (1.1) -(1.21) may also be written
in displacements ( in a manner similar to that in the case of cylindrical shell_) ;
however, in view of the unwieldiness of these equations we shall not present
them here.
SECTION 3. SHEI,LS CONSISTING OF AN ODD NUMBER
OF HOMOGENEOUS ANISOTROPIC LAYERS SYMMETRICALLY
ARRANGED RELATIVE TO THE MEDIAN SURFACE
We shall discuss _ anisotropic laminar shell consisting of an odd num-
ber ( 2m + 1) of homogeneous anisotropic layers symmetrically arranged rela-
tive to the coordinate (median) surface of the shell ( see Figure 15) .
In virtue of the symmet_ical structure of the shell, for the stfffnesses we
have ( Chapter II, Section 13)
tn
[um+lL
c..,=2 [,..,, ,,,.,+ ,_ _,(h,--h,_,)]: (a._)
$-t
1964012887-299
286
2 [_.+_,_ _ --h,-l)]. (3.2)
$-i
Kp = e. (3.3)
by virtue of which, from (5.5.10) -(5.5.18) and (5.5.23) -(5.5.28) , for
coefficients djk and DOkwe have
d]_=0. D_,=0. (3.4)
Then from (2.6) -(2.8) , (2.11) and (2.12) , we obtain for the moments and
transverse forces
M,= - t_(o,,- oo)_; (3.5)
M2 ---___Is(D= __ O)_v; (3.6)
H = -- :2(D_-- D_) _,; (3.7)
+_ 1,,_(t),, - _,,)l - ___,(o,,- _)_) },_. (3.8)
1 0
_+._._0[AI,(D,__ Do)] -- -_-_OA 12(D,, __ Dy,) }_v. (3.9)
while for the internal tangential forces T1, T2 and S, as usual, we have (2.1) -
(2.3) .
Finally, from (2.4.2) -(2.4.4) and by virture of ( 1.18) -(1.20) ,
(2.1) -(2.3) , (2.13) -(2.15) and (2.25) -(2.26) , for the stresses in the
shell layers we obtain
-p (BI,Au + BI_A,2-f- BI6A,,) ',_?.--(B{,A,s-F-BI2A_ "Jr-B_6Ase) Tn._? --
-- "I' (B,xTp,,_-{- BI2vp_'wJr-2Bi6V,,.;/w), (3.10)
_'_= (B_A,2 + BI2An + B_A,,) T,,? +-
%= (el,a,,+ n_,a,, + e_,,4,Jv,,:_+
-.-(B_eA,e + B_eA. + B_A.) Va,_p-- (3.12)
- _(ei_v_,_, + el, v_:,+ _Bi,v,.,_).
1964012887-300
287
The system of differential equations of solut='on (2.17) is somewhat
simplified and takes the following form:
L_(Dj_)_ + Vr_= Z: |
L2(Ajk)_0-- Vr_= 0. / (3.13)
where for linear operator LI(Djk) we have from (2.18)
L_(DI_)-- AB Oa A [AI2(D_)I"F
OA 12(D66)_.F 0 [BI2(D_)I - OB _..j_
Jr- -_ _ -_ 12(D_z)
I
Jr- AB O_ B _ IBi_(D66)I-F h(D66)-F
0
OA
_, 3.14)
4-. _-_[AI2(D_)1-- _ "2(Dn) (
while linear operators L2( Ajl0 and v, remain unchanged, that is, they have
the values (2.19) and (2.22) .
Thus, in the case of an anisotropic laminar shell with symmetrically
arranged layers the equilibrium problem reduces to a simpler system ( simpler
than in (2.17) ) of two differential equations (3.13) in terms of two unknown
functions: _(a. 0) and _(a _). We note that in the special case of a multi-layer
anisotropic plate with symmetrically arranged layers ( kI = 0, k2 = 0) the sys-
tem breaks down into two independent differential equations
Lt tDj_)_ = Z; (3.15)
L_(A,_)_ = O. (3.16)
The first of these quations (3.15) is the equation for transverse bend-
ing of a symmetrically assembled anisotropic plate in orthogonal curvilinear
coordinates a. [3.
Orthotropic Shell. In the ease of an orthotropic shell where the shell is
symmetrically assembled so that the principal directions of elasticity at each
poi_t of each orthotropic layer coincide with the directions of the coordtnat_
lines, for coefficients Bjk we have (2.24)
l
Let us derive the final results. The system of equations of solution
(3.13) remains externally unchanged. Operators Ll(I_k) in (3.14) . L2(AjI0
in (2.19) and _, in (2.22) also remain unchanged, while for the oper_ors
entering into Ll(I_k) and L2(Ajk ) we have
1964012887-301
2SS
Ci2 /i (All) == Vv,_-- -_- Vp_;
/ IfA_)- _ Vo._ Vp_;
1
11(A_) -- C.eVh.:_; (3.17)
12(Dn) : Ollvr_ + DI2Vp_;
i_(D2,2)= D_2V_ +- Dl2v_;
12tD_) -_ 2D_vh._.
The formulas for internal tangential forces T1, T2 and S (2.1) -(2.3)
remain unchanged.
From (2.28) -(2.30) or from (3.5) -(.7) , we have for the moments
Ml __ -- DllVp_ZV_ DI2Vp_w; ( 3, _)
M2 _- _ O_vp_ -- O12vp.w; ( 3 .-_)
H= -- 20_Vh,_. (3.20)
From (2.31) --(2.33) or from (3.10) -(3.12) for the design stresses
in th_ shell layers we obtain
m2 ---if-) Vp,,_--
= (Bc,,_ 812c,, /,,, c,, o, c,,,
+ BI2V._); (3.22)
,_-_ --_ Vh.p?- 27B_va._w. (3.23)
Thus, in the case of an orthotropic shell the problem also reduces to
the solution of the system of differential equations in (3.3) with the given boun-
dary conditions, since by means of formulas (2.1) -(2.3) , (3.18) -(3.23) all
the design quantities of the problem are represented in terms of the sought func-
tions w (a. _) and _ (a. _).
SECTION 4. EXTREMELY SHALLOW 8tIELLS. BASIC PREMISES,
INITIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND EQUATIONS
The title of the present section, "extremely shallow shells," as that of
this chapter, is conditionat in nature, since the approximate theory of shells
discussed herein is applicable not only .,or calculation of extremely shallow
1964012887-302
289
shells*, **. *_* but also for calculation of shells with large variability
indexes****, for representatioa of a simple edge effect **_'_'_,_'_*, etc.
Thus, in treating the theory proposed herein as a theory for extremely shal-
low shells, wewill not forget that it is also quite val! _ for investigation of
other problems in the theory of shells.
We shall discuss an extremely shallow, an_sotropic, laminar shell in-
scribed over a certain portion of an arbitrary surface. It is assumed that the
]
rise of the shell / .._ -5-I. where l is the smallest specific dimension of the shell
at the coordinate surface. It is approximately assumed that the internal geom-
etry of the coordinate surface ( 7 = 0) does not differ from the ordinary geom-
etry at a plane. ( For shells with zero Gaussian curvature this assumption is
omitted.)
We shall assume that in the plan view the oisc,_sed shell has the shape
of a rectangle with sides a and b. Let x and y be the Cartesian coordinates of
a point of the plane of the shell ( Figure 67) . Then the square of a linear
element on plane xOy is given as follows:
ds_ : dx2-_- d_. ( 4.1)
that is, the coefficients of the first quadratic fo-.m A and B in the chosen coor-
dinate system are equal to unity:
A=B=I. (4.2)
For the discussed extremely shallow shell, represented in the cu_lin-
ear orthogonal system of coordinates 2. 8. 7. the first quadratic form of the
coordinate surface of the shell is represented with sufficient accuracy in the
form (4.1) , that is,
ds2_ d_ + d_. (4.3)
which is equivalent to the assur tption in (4.2) , that is,
_S. A. Ambartsu.nyan, Toward calc'alation of shallow shells, PMM, Vol.
XI, No. 5, 1947.
**S.A. Ambartsurnyan, Approxim_te method of calculation of thin, shal-
low saells, DAN ArmSSR, VI, No. 3, 1947.
*_'_v'. Z. V]asov, see pp. 436-453 of work cited in footnote * on p. 277.
_'_tA. L. Gordenveyzer, see footnote on p. 279.
_'_A. L. GoPdenveyzer, see footnote **_'_ on p. 280.
_*Yu.N. Rabotnov, see f,Jotn,3te _ on p. 280.
1964012887-303
29O
A_I, B_I. (4.4)
Inthe case where coordinatesa and _ are dimensionless, insteadof
(4.4) itis assumed thatthe coefficientsofthe firstquadraticform A = At a,_)
and B = B( 2,_) upon differentiation behave ,.s constants. With the same accu-
racy foran extremely shallow shellitis assumed thatthe principalcurvatures
of thecoordinatesurface kI = kI(a,_) and I:2 = k2( a._) also behave as con-
stants.
0
Figure 67
The purely geometric definitions presented here axe hardly sufficient for
the construction of a theory of extremely shallow shells. To the_e assumptions
(A = const, B = const, k1 = const, k2 = const) we must add all the initial as-
sumptions from the theory of shallow shells in general ( see Section of this
chapter) .
With these remarks _n mind, for 'J.n extremely shallow shell we obtain
the following initial relationships and equations:
eqvilibl _um equations
I 0T, I 0S (4.5)
1 07"2 . 1 OS
___ -A- -_- = _ y; (,_.6)
1 ONI 1 ON2
--(klTl-i'-kITll-_ a O_ -+---_--_--_--Z; (4.7)
1 034, 1 OH
a 0_ t- B 0t_=N_; (4,8)
1 OMI 1 014
T _ + -_ _ = N2: (4.9)
elasticity relationships ( 1.6) -( 1.11) and formulas for stiffness ( 1.12) -( 1.14)
1964012887-304
291
remain unchanged ( and it is assumed that the coordinate surface T = 0 coincides
with the lower surface of ths shell) ;
the geometric relationships
I Ou I dv
I Ou I Ov (4.10)
o,= -6 b-f+ -_--o-_;
I drw. 1 daw . 2 drm
xl_ A _ Oar ' *-'_ Bz 0_2 ' '-- AB dad8 ;
the equation of corapatibility of deformation
I drtr I 0r,,, 1 d%,
#'2Xt-'_ix2-'_- .4 2 da r AB 0_0_ 2r- B2 0_' =0; (4.11)
stresse,J in the layers are determined by means of the usual formulas
(2.4.2) -(2._.4)
, ---_ B16(_K O. I
Ou . , + _,) + , I
( I Or. , I O'*e +.B_6 2 02_,) (4.12)
--'_ B_I At da r -T BI2 B_ 0,_2 AB'Oad_ ;
o___ B_ ( I Ov , . ,__-, Ou , w\ B' ' 1 d,,. 1 0_'\
1 02 2 c)rw \
I Oatv +B_aAr +B_ J; (4.13)
--'[ B_2 B2 9_r O# AB dad,,
i 1 w -i / 1Ou 1 O*J_
-- r B_6a, o,,2+ n_ .... - (4.14)
B_ O_r B6sA-B O_O_ "
The initial relationships and equations in (4.5) -(4.14) in the the theory
of extremely shallow shells may be de_qved on the assumption that the unknown
quantities are substantially increased by differentiation.*, ** , *** , ****
_Kh.M. Mushtari, see footnote _'_ oa p. 279.
_S. M. Feynberg, Toward an approximate moment theory of thin-walled
shells of arbitrary profile, "Issledovaniya po teorii sooruzheniy," sborutk
No. 3, 1939.
*_'*A. L. GoPdenveyzer, see p. 457 of work cited in footnote _ on p. 277.
*_A. L. GoPdenveyzer, see pp. 366-36 ,_ o.nd 469 of work cited in footnote**
on p. 277.
1964012887-305
_92
SECTION 5. EQUAT!O-_IS OF SOLUTION AND DESIGN FORMULAS
IN THE THEORY OF EXTREMELY SHALLOW SHELLS CONSISTING
OF AN ARBITBARY NUMBER OF ANISOTROPIC LAYERS
From ( 1 ._) -( 1 .ll) , by virtue of (4.10), we obtain for the internal
forces and moments
a C 10\ ( ]_ '_)
T,_-(C,,Ja_+ ,'Bo_)"* C"Aa_+C"B "J-
i i o, i o, I o,_ (5.1)
--t (i_Cn _-_C_2--KI_ A_d_, 2K_0 AB o_d'_ KI2-_O_] w;
:_ ) (,o ,o)
1 4- C261 0 u -Jr- C_ -a--C_ _p..L
1 ! 02 I 02 i 02)
o I
1 o, ! o, Lo,3
"}- (-R-_ICi 6 4- 1.R2c2b -- KI_ AS 0_ 2K_ AB 6., O'k K_ BS O'_'l w; (5.3)
1 0 ' K 1 o\ ( 1 0 I a\
,_.,=(X,,_y-r- ,s-__) " + K,_X_ +-K,_.qO-_) v+
(, , ,0, , o, ,0,)
-Jr- K_Kn-_-t_K_--DnA_O,., 2D_AB 0a0_ D_OO-_ _; (5.4)
o ,o) ( , o , o__ ll4_=(KI_ A -b-a-4-K_.__, u 4- K_"X i_-F K:aE 0?4v 4-
(, + ,o, , o, ,..]
-}-- _ K_ I,t, K_ -- D'_ A' O,' 2D_ AB ,_ 0._ D_ --_i_;,, ' w; (5.5)
o n o u+(K_.E;4 _-#-_/v Jr
tj=(K, I +K.__) , 0 K ' 0'_
(I I 1 0_ lO s I _) --t- -H-_ K_ -4- _ K_ -- D_ _, e_' -- 2D_ AB Oa0"_ D_ _i _ _" (5.6)
Inserting the values of internal forces into the first three e.quiltbrltun
equations (4.5) -(4.7) and with consideration of equations (4.8) and ( 4.9),
we obtain a symmetrical system of three differential equations in terms of the
three sought displacements u(a, 13), v (=, 13) and w(,_. _3)
L_ (Cja) u 4- L,_ (Cl_) v -Jr-L_s (Ci,Kt_) _ = -- X; i
L,_ (Cj_ ) u -+- L._ (Cj,_) v -_- L_3 (CjI_KjI_) to = -- Y'; j (5.7)
L=._(Cl_Kj,) , Jr-L= (CI,,K/,) _ -_ L= (Cl,KI, DID m--_Z,
where for the linear operators we have
1 8= 1 o= 18=
L,, (C_,).= C,, ._ _, +2C,_ 9rE _ +C_ _; ( 5 o8)
1964012887-306
293
1 8s 1 Ss _C_ I ds,
1 Os 1 Os 1 0s
Ln (C,.) ==CseA-i_ + (Cn+ Ct_)AB 0. 0_Jr-C__i 0_'; (5.10)
! ! a
L,3(C/.Kj,')=(k_C.+k2Cn)_ := }-(k:C,e+kiC20-__--E_(KI_); (5.11)
L2s (CjtKjt) = (k_P_ -t- klCl=) _ 0 I a
O__J_'k_c=+klc]6) Z _--E2 (Kj,); (5.12)
ds
,.=(c.x.oj.)=- +
+ (kc;, + 2k,k2C,, + Zn) + L,(Ds,). ( 5. ls)
,_,Js usual, for the linear operators EI(KjlO, E2(Kjk) and l,l(Djk) we
have, respectively, (5.4.25) , (5.4.26) , and (5.5.32) or (5.8.13) .
Thus, with the mssigned boundary conditions, by solving the system of
differential equations in (5.7) we determine the unknown displacements u, v,
and w in terms of which all the design quantities of tlie problem are represented
by means of forrnu]as(4.]2) -(4.14) and (5.1) -(5.6) .
The equations fo the theory of extremely P.hallow anisotropic laminar
shells may also _ represe:'t _ in the form of equations of the combine(x method.
Let us construct the eq',.ations of the combined method on the basis of *_e z_-
sults obtained in Section 2 of t._s chapter, that is, for the ease of practical
importance wherein X = 0 and Y = 0_. For an extremely shallow shell, assum-
ing
A = const. B = const. (5.14)
we obtain from (9.17) the following cvstem of equatic_,s of solution:
L,(Djt -- O_.)-. - -L_(dl,)?+V._ = Z; } (b.15)
L2(A/t) ?-_-La(d/t) _e-- Vt_v= 0,
J
where for the linear operators we have
*The equations of the theory of extremely shallow anisoU--oplc laminar
shells may also be constructed for the general case in which X _ 0, Y _ 0 and
Z _ 0 ( se_J M. Mishonov, Toward a theory of shallow shells, PMM, Vol. XXH,
No. 5, 1968 and Section 5, Chapter V of this work).
1964012887-307
294
l.t(Dp__D_k) Dt'--D_)t 04 A' 0_' + 4. 016- D_6 04
-- ASB Oa_O'_ "_
+2 ( 0,_- 0_)+ 2( 0_- 0 ) O'
A2Ba 0.,2 deI _. 4 D26 -- D6 04 AB 3 da Op3 -JI-
D. 2 -- D_2 04
F B, op ; ( 5.16)
A,, O' A,6 d*
L2 (-411) = "--A-i-d-di -- 2 .... ASB 0_fb, _ +
__A66+2Ax_ 04 AI, O' Art O4.
A,B_ O,,_O_, 2 AB 3 O,,O.3 + B" Op' (5.17)
dtl 0' . 2d, s--dsl d4 , dtl-l:,-d22--2d6e O*
La(dJ t) -- A' _' _ A3B OasO) -c" A2B2 Oa_d,_2-'_-
___2d,e--d6_ O' all2 6'.
AB 3 O_,O_3 _ B' O;" (5.18)
1 O2 1 O_'
Vr = k2 _ d-_ _t--_l _2 d_2" (5.19)
For the internal forces and moments, from (2.1) -(2.3) and (2.6) -
(2.8) , we obtain
I o_,,,, ] o',e S ! o'v (5.20)
Tt -- B_ d; 2 ' T2 -- A _da _' -- AB d_ c)_ '
(all O_ d-21O2 de. O2 )
( 011-D1 0'2 )
A" da" -'_ 2 D16 -- 0?6 02 D72 02
AB Oa d_ _ DI2-- -- B2 b3 w, (5.21)
i'd22 02 dr2 O_ ds_ O2 )
312 ::: k'-_ -_2 -+- B2 d_ AB Oa O,: "P--
( 02. 2 --0'11 0 2 0"2.6 -- 006 02 O1'9--002 0'2'_ -- B_ "" dC +2 AB O,,O_ + A_ O_ij w; (5.22)
( D16.- D_6 02 D" 02 D06 02 )
A_ Oa_-+-2 D66- t_6 D'26_ .
AB 0,,0"_ _ B_ O)_ w. (5.23)
The stresses in the layers may be determined on the basis of the general
formulas (2.4.2) -(2.4.4) wheron, along with ( 4.10), it is necessary to con-
sider that
=( A,,.' o, a,, o, )
I" dtt d_ dr2 Os ,-}-2 dts O: ) @ \ At _=_ e, o__ AB o,,o_ w; (5.24)
1964012887-308
295
The system of equations of solution of the combined method in (5.15)
may be red-cod to an equivalent single eighth-order differential equation of
solution. Assuming
-= L2(Aj_)W; (5.27)
+= V,_ -- Ls(djk)_. (5.28)
where qr= qr(=. B) is a certain unknown potential function of coordinates and ,
we identically satisfy the second equation of the system in ( 5.15) and from the
first equation we obtain
Lo(Pj_)_'- 2F (Qjt:) _ -'F-V_q'r= Z, (5.29)
where L0(Pjk) is an eighth-order linear operator, F(Qjk) is a sixth-order
linear operator, _7 2 is a fourth-order linear operator; these operators have the
following form:
Lo (PJ/t) -_- Ll (Djtr -- Dk) L2 (Aj_) -Jr-[Ls (dJh)]2; }
F (_j_) = Ls(dj_)V,; V2, = V, V,. I (5.30)
These operators ( except V2) in the general ease of anisotropy are extremely
unwieldy, hence we shall not present them in expendedform.
' Thus, the eight-order linear differential equation (5.29) is an equation
of solution in the theory of extremely shallow anisotropic laminar shells. With
_iven boundary conditions, having the solution of equation (5.28) [that is,
q; = _(=. _) ], by means of formulas (5.27), (5.28), (5.20) -(5.26) we may
find the values of all design quantitie, s of the problem.
Orthotropic ShelP. In the case where the shell consists of an arbitrary
number oi homogeneous orthotropic layers such that the principal directions of
elasticity at each point of each layer coincide with the directions of the corre-
sponding coordinate lines all quantities with subscripts 16, 61, 26, and 62
_S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote _ on p, 283.
1964012887-309
_ ,)6
Then for constants _k: Ajk, djk, Dj_ we will have (2.24)
_ceome
zero.
(5.5.40) -( 5.5.47).
In this case all internal forces, moments and stresses in the layers will
be represented by measm of the following formulas:
internal forces
10u I dv
Tl--Cll ,4 O, +Cl2g-_.n +Cnklw+
I 02w 1 02_. (5.31)
-4-CIJc2'--KIl A_ 0_2 K12-B2 j_T.
1 Ov 10u
1 O2w. (5.32)
! d2m K! 2At
-4- Cl2kl _J -- K_ B_ do_ 0_2 '
! Ov 1 O- 1 o_tv . (5.33)
the bending and torsional moments
1 d2m 1 O_o
M2=--Dn A2 O,,_ Dl_i-g_-_l -]-KnRt_-4 -
?
1 Ou I Or. (5.34)
-+- K12k_'to+ Kti -_ -_ -4- Kl2 B O_ '
112 : __ D_a 1 _ DI2 "_i _ + Kr21_w q-
I Ov 10u. (5.35)
+ Kl_'k_w+ g_a --E_f,_+ g_ .4 0., '
o,,_ ( o,, o. _.
H : -- 2D66 AB d,, 0.3 .A- K66 k A Oa -4"-B O[_]' (5.36)
stresses in the layers
1 Ou _t_ 1 Ov
+ Bl_k2w-- ]'B_ A' 0',' B-_ d_' ]' (5.37)
1 av-4--B_ ! Ou
+ R_,w - __B,_ B, o_, + B_ a, o,, 1' ( 5.38;
(__ o,,) , o,,,,
t __ 2,1B_ "_m3 _- B_ Ov 1
-_ -4- -_ O-_ AB O_O_ (5.39)
Assuming that the unknowns are displacements u(:t. _), v( _. _) and
w(_, _), in order to determine them we obtain the following symmetrical system
of three differential equations in terms of three unknowns;
1964012887-310
297
cn l Otu -Jr C_ 1 O=u 1 O'v
i o_v (5.40)
+ (/hCn +/z2Ct2) ,_ 0= E! (K/,) _ = -- X;
AB =u
C_ -_ _- + C_ A" _="
a_ 52(1(p)_:_ y; (5.41)
+ (kzC_ + ktC+2)1 o_- --
1 du
(k_C. + k2Ct2)-X-aT- E_(Kj_j u -t-
1 av
+ (k_C,_+ 2/hk_C_+._C_) w -- 2(/hK. +
02_ .
I O=w 2(k2K_+klKt2)l-d_--t - LI(Dj_)ff)__Z, (5.42)
where l 03
1 0s
Et (K ]_) = K n -_ -_,_-}- (KI2 -_- 21(ss) AB = 0= 0_=' (5.43)
i d . 1
E_(KI_) = K_ d-_-t-(K_-F-2/_ _) BA = 0_ _== ; (5.44)
1 0' . ! 0' 0'
L_(DI_):Du ___+___D B_;._.+_2(Dt2_}._2D,Q A=B =1 0,.'0_=" (5.45)
In the case of the combined method, where the unknowns are the stress
function _ =_(=, _) and displacement function _ =_(=, _), the equations of solu-
tion are given as follows:
L, (Dj, -- Dj.:)_ -- L3(dlQ ? + V,? = Z; / ( 5.46)
L2 (C/I_) ? -Jr-L3 (dill) _ -- Vr_ = O,
J
where
u A,O_,+ u B,_ -+- C-d-2 A=B=0='of' (5.47)
L_(d_) K==C,,--K,,C,= I 0' (K,,C==--K,=C,,
_2 A +Oa+ + _ --
k'_ K_3Ctt -- K.=C,.) A I__B_ 0' Ki.C==-- K..C,. I 0'
-- 2 c++-+ _, o=, of F _ B, o# ' ( 5.4._)
wldle for LI( Djk - D0k) we have (5.45) or (5.5.49) ; it will be recalled that
D_ are determined from formulas ( 5.5.44) -(5.5.47) .
The design formulas of the combined method have the following form:
internal forces and moments
i o,,p: T2-----io',. s= i Oh, ; (5.49)
71- _, o_, ' 2_-_' -- _-_ _-;a_-_
1964012887-311
298
Du -- Dtl,_-"=, Dn-- Do2d_=,
'Ml --- .42 a,.2 B= 0_2-4-
Q Kt=C,,--K,,C,=_A'I O:=e)I_ -t- K'jC2_--K_2CJ2_ Bz! d_z0%P', (5.50)
D.,..,- Do,, c)" w D17- DO c)_
M2= 82 07=_ " A2 _=--_ -}-
...}__A',=C_,--K,,C,, I _82_._ j K,=C,,--K,2C,2 : 0=_p. (5.51)
u lp #j= - _ A2 d_'
H .... 2(D_--D)AB &'c9 C,, A-E__-; (5.52)
Nl _ K,=CI,-- K,,Ct= ! c)3_+ (KliC2_-- K,,.C_
K.'_ I 0'
-- C. ] AlP a'.a)" -- E. (Dp, -- D/) ,=,; (5.53)
N.. -- K,,C. --c, K,2C,2B3I0"_ 30s'_ _.j_(K22C,,--_. K,2C,2
stresses in the layers
o, ]
_ ] d2=.. (5.55)
+ BfiK,,c,,--'_,,c,,+_",,,c,, _,,c,,__h)A,o, =
(B_,. K,2c,, _ K,,C,, + Bf., K,,C,,--_,',,C,, _,\ _,_,,,,.
-- _) _= _-_,, (5.56)
kC_ 7 ABo= 0_" (5.57)
As usual, the system of differential equations of the combined method
of(5solution..46) may beAssumingreduced to a single equivalent eighth-order differential equation
= t_ (C/,) _; (5.58)
==V,_ -- La (d/#) _. ( 5.59)
where _I, = _ (a, 8 ) is the sought potential function, we identically satisfy the second
1964012887-3 9
299
equation of the system in (5.46) and from the first equation we obtain the
sought equation of solu_on
I 08_I". | da_ I o_q'
Pl A s _ + P3 ASB: 0:6 00: + P5 A4B, 0=' 00' +
+ P4 A'B' 0_' 08' + P2 -# "_ + Qt A' o_, +
1 Oew 1 t_w ! 06tl"
-4- QaA,B' &,, 08' F (24a'n, 0:' 00' + Q2-__ +
._ ! _q' 1 O'tI" _L tt_ 1 0'1F
+ _. _ -_ + 2k_k2A,B' o_*00" T t _ _-_ = Z, (5.60)
where for coefficients Pj and (_ we have
p,=(o=- tg)_ - ,
+_,.c,,_,,c,.t_..c,,-_,.c,._@_ _,,c..-_,._,.);
o 1
Jr" 2K'_lCI'--["Cl'(K|IcII-KIIcl'-2_'II(.) o CJt| "+ KIICII_KIICI'} ;- '
Pr,=--:(O,t--Dt)_-_j_+ 2l(o,,-- O2)+
o i DO C,,
K. K,,Ct2_/<,,Cl,) I +
't- l KI_c'_--V. K,tC,_ 2_ + -
-Jr-2(K"Ct t -- K__Ct,)(Kt_t. -- KttC.) .
2 K.C,, -- K_C,t. 2 K,tCt_-- K_tCtt.
Q]= R-_ o , Q*_--_ o '
= +
lamerting into formulas ( 5.49) =( 5.57) for _0 and _ their v_lues from
(6.58) and (5.59) , we obtain expressions for the design quantities in terms
of the sought function (a. _}. These expressions will not differ from the cor-
responding expressions (5.5.67) -(5.5.75) derived for the case of a cylindri-
cal shell.
1964012887-313
3OO
SECTION 6. EQUATIONS OF SOLUTION AND DESIGN FORMULAS IN THE
THEORY OF EXTREMELY SHALLOW SHELLS CONSISTING OF AN ODD
NUMBER OF HOMOGENEOUS ANISOTROPIC LAYERS SYMMETRICALLY
ARRANGED RELATIVE TO THE MEDIAN SURFACE*
We shall discuss a shell consisting of an odd number ( 2m + 1) of layers
( see Figure 15) . By virtue of the symmetrical structure stiffnesses Cjk and
Ojk are determined from formulas (3.1) and (3.2) . Stiffnesses Kj are all
,;qual to zero (3.3) consequently, for all coefficients djk and I_ we also have
zero values (3.4) .
On this basis we obtain from (5.1) -(5.6) the internal forces and mo-
ments
+
1
a 1o la ._
= , -E_ -I-C_s_ _ 4.
-I-/l i
_,_C_ + _ C_2) _; (6.2)
1 0 10
"16+ E,C_) _; (6.3)
N1= -- EI (D#) _ N2= -- E7(Dj,, (6.4)
1 Osw 1 Oa'_ , _ 1 O=w\ Ml :-- Du Xs-E_-D-Dsa_-E_-f-ff-ZLJls-_-B_-_); (6.5)
I
z1,1._ --_-- _13r2_ _ -Jr-Dl2-X2_ -'P2D_ AB O, O[t ] ; (6.6)
I o_, 1 0'_, . _ I o_,_ (6.7) H :-- 2D_ ABo_ O_ -_ D_ _, _E_-I- L]_ E_-E_- 1.
Stresses in the layers may be determir, ed by means of formulas:
_ I Ou__o_ 10v , o_ [10u l__ov_
"A=-_--'t"-,2 _ _ -'_2B_ AB O=0[_ ; ( 6 .8)
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote * on p. 283.
1964012887-314
301
l B_ i O_ I Ou t (i Ou 1 Ou:
/,,, I o,=, o o,,,, I o_._/" (6.9)
l l 1 Oa ol 1 o_ , oi [1 Ou , I &u
-_B_,k,+B_h_)_ /,,, __.,, .., _w., o._, _ w=) (6.1o)
Let the sought quantities be displacements u(=. _). v(=. _). _ (_: r#).
in terms of which all the design quantities axe determined. Then the system of
differenti_ equations of solution is written as follows:
L, (C1_)" -'t- Lr. (C;_)v L_ (CjD _ = --X;
Ln (Cj,), Z._ (Cj,) v L= (C],). ------ Y; / (6.11)
LI3 (Cj/_| u L23 (Cjt,) "o L33 (Cj,_D)I_) "to= Z.
where for operators LlI(Cjk), 1,22(Cjk) and L12( Cjl 0 we have (5.8), (5.9),
and ( 5.10), respectively, while the remaining operators axe written as:
1 0 10. (6.12)
L_ (C;D= (_C. + _C,_)_ + (_C_e+ _C_) S o_'
l_p 10 (6.13)
L23(Cjt_)-_'(I_C_ 2) C26-lt-k[Cls) A e_;
' . ._ 1 O_
1 O* 1 O* 1 04 (6.14)
+ 2 (Dn + 2D_) A'B' 0_' 0_' {-4D_-A-# _ +Dm B, Op"
Solving system ( 6.11) with given boundary conditions, let us determine
functions u, v and w, then by means of formulas (6.1) -(6.10) let us find all
the design quantities.
In the special case where X = Y = 0 and Z 4= 0 the equations of the com-
bined method take the form
L l (Dj_) _o V,_ = Z; }
L_(A]t)_P- V,_ -_ 0. ( 6.15)
where operator LI(D_k ) has the value
D_ 0_ . D_ O_
LI (DIQ-= "_'_-t'- 4 A_B oM_O_
1 04 4 D-DJt d' . Dr= 0_ (6.16)
+ 2 (Dn 2D_) X_-_t *_;'_-E_ AB"_ -at-"-_ O__'
while for L2(Aj! 0 and Vr we have (5.17) and (5.19), respectively.
1964012887-315
:_02
In this case the design quantities of the problem will be determined
through the sought functions w(a, _) and 7(2. _) by means of the following
formalas.
Internal forces: T1, T2 and S as in (5.20) ; N1 9:ld N2 as in (6.4)
[where, as usual, Ej is determined from (5.4.25) and ( 5.4.26)]; the bending
and torsional momentsM 1, M2and Hasin(6.5) , (6.6) and (6.7); and,
finally, the stresses in the layers:
a= (BhA12+ i l 1 o2_
' Bt2Ar2+ BI6A_) -_ 0,,2--
B_ 0"_2
- (_hA,_+ehA_+ 8_A_) _ o,_
A B O_ P,_
--'_(B_I 1 Ottv 1 02w . "X"_-_*-4-BI=E__-p 2B'6 ;-B a'w
0=0_ ) ; ( 6,1 7)
t 1
BI2AIt -4- B_6ale)-_ _ +
++(B_Aza-[--B_2An-.{-B_o.42,) A' Oa'
i l B_6A_) 1 02_
(BmA_ "-FBt2Ate -'F AB OaO_
( 1 02w__, 1 02w . 2B_e 1 02w)
--T B_-_-r'-_2#b_+ aBoc, O_ ; (6.18)
l t i , l 0;'_
"c=:, = (Btt6At, B26An + B_A,_) -_ _-_-_ l B_.A26) ! Oa?
+ (B_At_ -_- B26A22 + A a Oa2
_ B_A_) 1 O',
-- (B_eA;6+r-B26A26-+- "ABOaO0
/o_ I 02w _ 1 02w 2B_ A[3 _'_ _ -- ++- B26 _ .... b ( 6.1 9)
TP'_ _ 0_- 0_= o._0_1'
The system of equations of solution in tho combined method (6.15) may
be reduced to a single equivalent eighth-order differential equation of solution.
Assuming
w = L_(A_) _', }
= v,q;, ( 6. _o)
where, as usual, qr= _F(a. _) is the sought potential function; ideptically sat*a-
fying ),.he second equation of system ( 6.15), we obtain from the first equation
the sought eighth-order equation of solution, whi.-,b has the following form:
L0(P1,) W+ V_,_"-= Z. (6.21)
1964012887-316
303
where L0(Pjk) = LI(Djk) L2(Ajk) ; in expanded form it has the form of (5.8.17),
while for Vr2 we have
2 i 04 k_ 1 0' .... ! 0'
V_=V,V,--=k2_-,+ -_ _-+- "z_l_2 A_B, O_ia__. (6.22)
In this formulation the design quantities of the problem are represented in terms
of the sought function _(a. 6) as follows:
internal forces
1 0_
7",= _ _ v)r.
! 02
r_ ---- A' o_, V,_. (6.23)
S: 1 02
AB 0" 0[_ _rtF;
N] = -- EI (Djk) Vr_, /
N 2 E2(DiD V,q:; I (6.24)
bending and torsional moments
02 I _ _ 1 02
o,, (6.25)
AIz :- - D22 -B3"_-_- Dla -_ 0_ -_ 2D26 ABOE_ I1(A1 i)IV; (6.26)
( 1 d_ FDI l oa I 0') H =- --- 2D66AB 0408 _ ;J-_ +- D_6-_ _ La (Ajk) IIJ'; (6.27)
inview of their unwieldiness the stress formulas are not presented here; how-
ever, they may easily be derived from (6.17) -(6.19) assuming for w and
(6.20) ;
tangential displacements
I d3
u = -- (klA22 -- k2A12) A30_3 (2klA_ --
1 0_
k2AI6) AaB 0_a0[_ -{- [(A_ _- AI2) kI
! ds 1 d_/
-- k_A_l AB_ O_0_ k_A_ B_ __ _; (6.28)
1 0_
v = -- (k2A_i _ k_A._) B_ Op (2k2A_
--. k_A_) 1 0s
B_A d__ O_. _- [(A_ + A_2) k_ --
! OI 1 0_)
_ lh A_l _[j_, O__, k2A_ __ -_ _ _. (8.29)
1964012887-317
304
Thus, with the given boundarie_ conditions, having the solution of equa-
tion (6.21) and using formulas (6.23) -(6.29) as well as (6.17) -(6.20) we
may find the values of all the design quantities of the problem.
Orthotropic Shell. Let the shell consist of homogeneous orthotropic
layers such that the principle directions of elasticity at each point of each layer
coincide with the directions of the corresponding coordina*e lines.
Let the sought quantities be the displacements u(2, _) , v(_, _) and
w( a, _). Then the system of oquations of sclation will have the form
I #_u 1 02u , 1 02v
Cn A_r)_' -+-C_ -B' _ -t- (C1_. + C_) A..... B rh0'_4-
1 r)_v
-5 (_lCn q- k2Cn) ?4 _)_:- -- X, (6.30)
C 1 02v , I 0%, 1 a'u
-_B__-_+ C_ _ aV + (C_2+ C_) aB o_o'_+
+ (k_C_+ k,Cn) 'ow
807 ---- Y; (6.31)
l 0u I dv
(klCn+ k_C12) _- _ + (k2C22 4-k,Cn)_ _ +
'} 9C
+ (kit,, + 2k,k,.Cu + k_ ,,J w +- l._(/)j.) _ = Z, (6.32)
where for LI(Djk ) we have
I 0. (6.33)
Ll (Djk) : 13u -X4_ .-f- 2 (DI2+ 2D_) I 0* 1 04
A'/9 0,,' 0__q- D_ B' d_"
For the internal forces and stresses in the shell layers we have
I Ou 1 dv ....
T_----C,, X-g_+C_-g-_-r-trq_n +k2Cn)w; (6.34)
1 c)v 1 Ou
7"2 = C_ -__ + C,_-__ + (k_C_4-_C_) w; (5.35)
S = c_ [-/_); + _ o_1 (6.36)
M_ :-- (D u 1 O_w . i _w]
_-_-_=,- + D,z _ _;0,/ ; (6.37)
/14= (D_ ! t)'_ 1 d=w]
: -- B: 0_- + Dn _-_-d_= ]; (6.38)
i d'_ (6.39)
H:--2D_AB 0=07 ;
N I-_ -- E, (Dlk) W; N 2 --=--- E2 (DI_) w. (6.40)
where, as usual, for Ej we have
1 d' 1 0' .
E_(D/t) -= Du _-__ +-(D n -t- 2D_) AB' dg--O_' ( 6.41)
1 0s , r.)_
while for the stresses we have (5.37) -( 5.39).
1964012887-318
305
In the ease of the combined method where the sought functions are the
stress function _p(2. _) and the displacement ftmction _ (_, _), the system of
equations of solution has the form:
L l (Dj_) _ -4- V/,p --_ Z. }
Lg(Cj_),, P-- V,_ -_ 0, (6.43)
where
L2(Cjk)= Cl; l d' C=_ 1 0_
,-, A, O_r% u zJ, Op-F
+ _-- 2 (6.44) ASB: o_s0pJ'
while for LI(Djk ) and Vr we have, respectively, (6.33) and ( 5.19).
In this case for the internal forces and moments we have (549), (6.37)
-(6.40), while for the stresses in the layers
c,,; ,
-,, ,,
i e[I 0'= _2 o'=) --_[A, o_. F m op, ; (6.45)
( ",
d_2
__ ' CII _ 2_ OI_ [ e'122 0'. ' e_2 0 I,
- (B_, cI, - % ,_j e, o_--_ - "ct-_- _ + _ o.,j; (6.46)
c_-_--- Cs, AB O,.o_ ABOm-_'" (6.47)
In the case where the sought function is the potential function o2=-q_(=, p),
the differential equation of solution is an eighth-order equation and is ,pre-
sented as follows:
d_q" 1 d_q" 1 d_ '
Pz li 0_' dr.-P3 A'Ba 0"' Op -t- P5 Jr- --- A_B_ 0,,_ 0_
o_q .+.p_ l o_q"t-k] 1 ..),_"
+2#_ A'a, o_,o_, Fk_ _-_-_- :: Z. (6.48)
where
c,, (, _)
p__ D_C',, i_== 2 --_T-(D_-{-2D_).-{-Dn _-_-- 2
_) ) ,. )
c (, p__ D,_..c,,, p,= _ ___t, (O,,+ _O_) + D=,e-g, -- _ ;
Pc-- D,,C,, q- 2(O,, q--2De_)(_-- 2-C_)-.} D,,C,,
_, la "
In terms of the sought function the design quantities of the problem are
represented as foUows:
1964012887-319
;106
T .2 v_q'; ((;.49)
T:-= /_ -;-).2., _tl'. T: = .42 o,_
I t}z
S - -- d_ o] ,t; v,.q'; (6,50)
l 0_ I _}2_ T;
._lI = --(D_, A2 c,_2-t-Dl. " -b: T://L'-(Cs ',} (6.51)
1 d2 1 02 M2 =- -- D2, B_- O-_T -i- D_2 24-z o:,_] L._, {Cj_,)q'; (6.52)
1 02
H _--- 2D_ AB oaO_ L2(Csa) q'; (6.53)
N l = -- El {DI}) L2 {Cs,.)tt'; ,%2 = -- E, (Djk) L2 {Cite) II'; (6.54)
[( c_ _) , o. o'= ,Bn -_ BI. _ B_ o)_
I
-(._,_-:'-- .::_)-_5];r""--
-- "i BII A20_ 2 _ B12 B_ _ L.'.(Cje)q'; (6.55)
( -_ _),,,.
_(,,_c_. _B_:_),.'],-.,,-_
__ ._(B_2 1. 02 , Bi , O' , _0_2T 12_- b_-J L2 {Cj_) q'; (6.56)
B_ 1 c)' --27B_lB O,,o_L2{(..'l_)q'; (6.57) _',a -- C68 .4B O_03 Vr It" 02
u:--" kl _," + k 2 -_,-d_--4--
r( I C_ c)_ .
t/ C.,, F,. ] 1 tP
,(_1_ C,,}k.,_k C/,] 1 o' } . {6.59)
u, : L2 {Cj_) q'. (6.60)
SECTION 7. INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF SOLUTION
IN THE THEORY OF EXTREMELY SHALLOW ORTHOTROPIC SHELLS
The raethods of it_tegration of equations of solution in the theory of ex-
tzemely shallow shells do not differ from the corresponding methods given for
integration of equations of ani_otrpoic cylindrical shells. These methods were
discussed in some detail in Sections _ and ,0 of Chapter V. Here we present
only the results of integration of the equation of solution (6.48) by the method
of double trigonometric series and we "westigate only one combined example,
which is of interest from thc standpoint of laminar shells in general.
1964012887-320
30,'
/ \
/ //
Figure 68
Let an orthotropic symmetrically assembled laminar shell cover a rec-
tangular plane with sides a and b ( Figure 68) and sustain a forc. _ Q concen-
trated at point a =: x. _ = y. Assuming that 2 and _ are absolute _oordinates,
for the coefficients of the first quadratic form we will have
A=I, B ----- I. (7.1)
We assume thatthe shellis hinge-supportedover itsentirecontour;
the boundary conditionswillthen have the followingforrr.
when a=O. ",---a v=w =T,=M,=O; I
(7.2)
when _==0. _=b u=_,=T2--A42=0, j
We satisfy these conditions by representilig the sought function _F(_, _) in the
iorm
W= A,,tnsin sin -
z__ _- , (7 3)
rtl-I tirol
where Amn are the sought coefficients.
Ccncentrated force Q is also represented in the form of an analogous
series
Z ____ Q _ __ X _d amnSin m=_ sin mt[t a -Y-' (7.4)
rtl R
where
4Q sin m_txsin mty
am" = a--b- a b ' (7.5)
Inserting the values of _ and Z from (7.3) and (7.4) , respectively,
it', (6.48) , after certain transformations we obtain for the sought function
1964012887-321
-- -- M[| >ill ---- MII -
q:= 4Q a_ _'_Xa sm m_xa _n_Y a n.'4t,
at,,,'_ _ a,.. ' ( 7.6)
m tl
where
A_n _ Pzm _--}- P3m6nr,3-k-Psm4n4), _+ P4tn_n6k6
--}-e2nk a -_--_, (k_m'+ 2k,k,m_n'_. 2 -._ kin')3). (7.7)
The value of P1 is derived in Section 6, while X = a/b.
From (6.60), by virtue of (6.44) and ( 7.6), we obtain for the normal
displacement
I
= al, ,e am,, ---h- -_- sm-Y" (7.8)
rtt tt
where
-? (' - A" = m4 -at- _ -- 2 ,a2n2k2 _, C,__,, n94. (7.9)
From (6.55) -(6.57) we obtain for the stresses in the shell layers
at 4Q), _ a2
rtt n
nr._
sin rn_.+ nr.y rnr.__= _in --
+(B[,m2+ , 2-2 ' -a .i.%-_i.
B,_.n t. )h,.. amn ; ( 7 .I0)
a 1
a_ -- n--Y" L_a _ -
t?I II
( m' CI,
-- \/_. t'- t_-- -- B',,_-C-:) .2] TM
mv.x bY- sin _ sin -- sin - _ shz _" mTtct n_
-- 7(B_2n2X' _-B12m2) hkn _mn ; (7.11)
"d. -- 4Q_' a_ 1
?n tl
-- 2"(A_. _mn sin _m_x sin --if--cos "--a--m'_" c'_ --b ( 7 .12)
Regarding the formulas derived here as interference functions, we may trans-
form and obtain the design formulas for other cases of loading of a shell by a
normally applied load. For example, in the case of a uniformly distributed
load with intensity q we have
I
_) _ 16qa_ a'nn slit m_t_ sin --" ( 7 13)
ne mrlAmn a b ' "
m n
1964012887-322
3O9
al 16qa2 aI
v_ r( c,,
Cl,\
m n
(B_I C. __ Be C,.
l
T 12--fi-} n_)3j
sin -- _ltl --
-_(B_,,,,, 4-B',=,,'>')_" } " '
mn mnamn ' ( 7.14)
1 16qat al
ttl n
--(B_ TC" __ z_,._ -' C-___,21 m=]--
m_ n_
sin _ sin --
__._(8_,,,2x-_-,- B,,,_, ,' } " ' (7.15) / 12 ) mn mtl Amn '
I (ltimi__klniX2) 2.fA,,n]X
"[2 _ 1_4
m n
m"_ nl'_
COS -- COS
a b (7.16)
X Am.
(m:l. 3. 5.... ; n:l. 3. 5.... ).
Let us solve an example. We shal) investigate the dependence of flex-
ures of three-layer shells on the elastic moduli of the layer materials. Let us
investigate a laminar shell with double curvature, freely supported over its
entire contour and covering a rectangluar plane (a b). Let the shell c,Jnsist
of isotropic layers with Poisson ratios equal to zero.
By virtue of (2.12.9) and from (2.13.2) we obtain for the stfffnesses
of an isotropic shell with symmetrically arranged layers
C: Cll : C_ --- CI2-4--2Cos==
.= 2 [F_((_--_), -P 1-- (,,'p (h, -- .%+,) ; (7.17)
$-|
[ }
C_._------.2 2(1..{../n+,)- F 2(l..F._m+,)(/_,_hs+,) ; (7.18)
$-1
012= 2 I __(._m,_,), "Jl'- _ 1-- 1_'), (hs--h.+') ," (7.19)
$-1
D _- Dn -:- D_ ---:D124- 2D_ -.-:
E,,,+,h3 --" )]
2 -- "'m+l y E$ " ? 3
-- 3 1_(,,,,,+,), F 1Z_(,,.,)2ths--h,,+_ , (7.20)
]
O.= _[2(]+.,.+,){- .,)(hz--h_,+,) ;
2 (I + (7.21)
$=1 J
r :..+.,,.,+,+,+, )]
Dl"=:3 [ 1--(,,"+' -'1-,_ 1--(,,')' (h_--h_,, ; (7.22)
s-I
1964012887-323
:310
then for the normal displacement of the shell in the case where it is loaded by
a concentrated force Q we obtain from (7.8) _
4Q a' _ _ (m2 + _n2)* sin m_tx _ln nr.y mr.a mt[l
a --_ sLn---if-sin_6_.
-C a, ' (7.23)
_q Dab r.' m _. (mS 4- kan2)_ -Jr --D _ (k2m2 + ktl'ak2)2
in the case of a uniformly distributed load of intensity q we will have from
(7.13)
16qa' y_ (m,+_,,n,,,sln m_ nr._
m n (mat _n_) ' -+-D- _'4(k2m'Z+k'n2t'2)2J mn (7.24)
Furthermore, using the identity
(m2-_ ).t,,D' 1
C a' (m2+ ,,,)2)2
(sd + _2n_)'-4-D _- (k2m2+ _"n2_2)_
C a4
D ,:_ (kam 24- kttl2},2) 2
-- C a' , (7.25)
(m' + k'n')' L[(m= -_- k2n=)' -r --_ --;- (k,m z+ k,n=k2) 2]
from (7.23) and (7.24) we obtain fox" the normal displacements of shells in
the discussed cases of loading
Qa 2
WQ--_--D- k(w_ -- w_); (7.26)
qa*
_,q= --D--(_v_-- Wqk), (7.27)
and then
(m'+ _n_)_ ; {7.28)
m n
mr._ nz_
_ln--sln ----
q = -_ m. (m_-_ _'.2)' ; (7.29)
m n
mr.x ,z_y m_a ' n_.
: w_ 4a'C _ _ tk'm_ 4-k_n_k_)_ sin _ sin -_- _ln ----- sin
a b
----_---_-D _. " (7.30)
m /1 A ?t_'/_
E" q "_- -_ t-_D rnrtAmn
where Am. = (m_+ k_n_) _ (m_+k_n_) _+ -D _- (k2m_+ k_nD3)_j. (7.32)
! The first terms of formulas (7.2_) and (7.27) are the flexures of the
i corresponding isotrophic plane plates. The values of these flexures may be
_:Here and in subsequent discussion we omit the minus sign before w
since for the example under discussion the sign of _ ia cf no importance.
3
1964012887-324
311
taken from tables. The second terms of these formulas, representing the
correction for the plate and resulting from the curvature of the shell are cal-
culated by means of rapidly converging double series.
For the sake of concreteness we shall assume
3 k2 5 a
k_= 4-g' = -4#' )' = T = 1,0. (7.33)
In (7.30) and ( 7.31), limiting discussion to the first term of expansion (re=l,
n = I) and inserting the tabular values of _ and _ from (7.26) and (7.27),
we obtain for the flexures of the shell center
_o = toQ a_, _vq_ tq=la4, ( 7.34)
where
, ( ' )*) (7.35) tq=-_ 0,0116 =' 16+--4K '
I (0.00406 16 K ); (7.36)
tq=--_ _a 16+4K
C a4
K -- D ='_' is a parameter characterizing the shell.
With regard to shell lamination let us examine.three different variants.
Variant I. A shell of thickness h = 65 consists of three :!ayers of iden-
h
tical thickness _0:-y. The elastic mode'us of the middle layer is ten times
greater than the elastic moduli of the outer layers ( Figure 69),
li 1'7
Figure 69
For such a shell we have
hl _-- ha_ 3_, _2=-=_, EI -- Es -_ E.
= "=(_) --_5, OE.
E= 10E, O!P: 0t_) : 0,5E, ut_
From (7.17) and (7.20) we find for the stfffnesses
C -:--24.0E_, D _ 24,0E_a;
*The force Q is applied to the center of the shell.
1964012887-325
312
then
| 84
In this case for the coefficients tj of normal displacements (7.34) of the shell
84
center with different values of _ we obtain
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
t o 104 4,_ 2,46 1,79 1,46 1.29 1.17
104 1.69 I 0.73 0.45 0.3,_ 0.25 0.20
tq.
]
Variant II. A shell of thickness h = 6_ consists of three layers of ides-
ticai thickness B0=_--. The elastic modulus of the middle layer is ten times
greater than the elastic moduli of the outer layers ( Figure 70).
For such a shell we have
hs=h s=3B, B2_--_. EI=E 3_10E, E2-_-E,
ol' 1= (21 -,12 = 5,0E, ,-q2---_ 0,SE.
From (7.17) and (7.20) we find for the stiffnesses
C---- 42.0Ic3, D _---174E_3;
then
84
K = 0.2414 =_R2--- _ .
a4
In this case for the coefficients tj with different values of _ we obtain
h I
%0 5,0 I0,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
0.67 0,53 I 0.45 I 0.39 0;_ 0.31
l
to. 104
I I
I I
O,lO
o.09
Variant HI. A shell of thickness h = 6_ consists of three layers, the
outer layers having identical thicknesses. The inner (middle) layer is four
times thicker than either outer layer. The elastic modulus of the middle layer
1964012887-326
313
. .
" ! | I
Figure 70 Figure 71
is one tenth of the elastic moduli of the outer layers (Figure 71).
For such a shell we have
hz=hs=3_. _2---:2_. E,=Es=IOE. Es=E.
0t_)= _.(s) _.(2) vl2 = 5,0E. 0,SE.
From (7.17) and (7.20) we find for the stiffnesses
C = 24.0E_. D= 132,0E_S;
then
a 4
K=0,1818--
n4
In this case for the coefficients tj with different values of z,_ we obtain
' I
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 2v,0 25,0
tQ. 104 0.88 0,73 0.64 0,56 0,51 0,46
re. 10_ 0,31 025 0.21 0,18 0,16 0,14
Figures 72 and 73 show the plots of _ese calculations.
$0__ I0'1
4o _------- -IOE
tOE
,,_0 "fOE
10
ZO tOE
,!0
_Q
5 io _5 _o 2s
Figure 72
1964012887-327
314
t9w LIoE
5 10 lJ ZO Z5 _z_
Figure 73
These plots(and tables)show thatan increase in the elasticmoduli of
the outer layers substantially increases the over-all stiffness of the _hell. How-
ever, considerable effect in the use of large-modulus outer layers is noted in
t_4
fiat and slightly co'lvex plates (with small values of _ ), where the bending
parameters are predominant. With a decrease in the bending moments, which
occurs upon increasing the rise of the shell or upon tranG_tion from concentrated
forces to smoothly varying loads, the effectiveness of using large-modulus outer
layers decreases.
Comparing the plots for the first and third variants, we note that in using
an identical amount of material, in the third variant, in view of the presence of
large-modulus outer layers (in comparison with the inner layers), we obtain an
extremely effective (in comparison with the fir4t case) structural solution for a
three-layer shell. The fact is that the bending stiffness of the shell in the t_drd
variant is 5.5 times greater than the bending st._ffness of the shell in th? firFJt
variant even when the shells of both variants have identical tension stiffness.
1964012887-328
315
CHAPTER VII '_/_
NEW THEORIES OF ANISOTROPIC SHELLS AND PLATES
SECTION 1. BASIC PREMIFES AND HYPOTHESES
Let us examine a thin anisotropic shell of constant thtckuee_ ho Let
the material of the shell obey the generalized Hooke's law (1.3.1) and at each
point let there exist only one plane of axial symmetry parallel to the median
surface of the .ell. As before (Chapter _, the coordinate surface is taken
to be the median surface of the shell referred to the curvilinear orthogonal
coordinates _ and _ coinciding with the lines of prir.ciple curvature of the
coordinate surface. Let y represent the distance a_ong the normal from
point (_, ;_) of the median surface to ." int (c_,_, y) of the shell
In this chapter we shall not use the hy_._,_hesis of the ILondeformable
normals and the proposed theory wilt b_; b,._d on the following assumptions:
a) the distances along the normals (v) between two points of the shell
remain unchanized after deformation;
b) the shearing stresses _,_ and _ or the corresponding d_,_ormatio:_s
e,_ and e_1over the thickness of the shell vary according to a given law. *, _*, ***
*S. A. Ambarts,,myan, Toward a theory of bending of anisa_tropic plates,
Izvestiya OTN AN SSSF, No. 5, 1958.
**S.A. Ambartsumyan, Toward a general theory of anistropic shells,
FMM. Vol. XXII, No. 2, 1958.
***S.A. Ambar_:]umyan, D.V. Peshtmaldzhyan, Toward ._ *_- :y of
orthotrepJc shel:s and plates, Izvestiya AN ArmSSR (seriya fL_, .,rot. nauk),
Voi XII, No. 1, 1959.
1964012887-330
316
R is to be noted tbat the theory of isotrophic shells witnout the hypothe-
sis of nondeformable normals has been dealt with by many authors, for ex-
ample, N.A. Kil'chevsky,* V.V. Novozhilov and P.M. Finkel'shteyn,**
A. Green and W. Zerna,*** E. Reissner **** I.N. Vekua,***** T.
Naghdi******,******* and otimrs; however, these works will not be discussed
here.
For greater clarity in the first sections of this chapter the proposed
theory will be applied to the case of an orthotropic plate.
SECTION 2. THEORY OF ORTHOTROPIC PLATES
Let an orthotropic plate be referred to a triorthogonal system of recti-
linear coordinates (a, fl, _/) so that the coordinate plane _fl coincides with the
median plane of the plate and the principle directions of elasticity of the ma-
terial coincide with the coordinate lines.
The basic assumptions are (a) and (b) as given in the first section and
are expressed as follows:
a) we consider approximately
_----0; (2.1)
b) the shearing stresses %7and _h are represented in the following
form:
X ,--- X-
":'_==['('f)'_(:_' _)_ (X+ _-X-)+ 2 ' (2.2)
Y_ -- Y- (2, 3)
'%=.f2(l')q,(:', _)+_-(Y+4--Y-)+ 2 '
*N.A. Kil'chevskiy, Generalization of the modern theory of shells,
PMM, Vol. II, No. 4, 1939.
**V.V. Novozhilov, R.M. Finkel'shteyn, Concerning error ol the
4
KiL.khoff hypothesis in the theory of shells, PMM, Vol. VH, No. 5, 1943.
_**A. Green, W. Zerna, The Equilibrium of Thin Elastic Shells. Quart.
J. Mech. Appl. Math., v. HI, 1950.
****E. Reissner, Stress Strain Relations in the Theory of TMn Elastic
i Shells. J. Math. Phys., v. XXXI, 1952, pp. 109-119.
*****I. N. Vekua, On a method of calculation of prismatic shells, Trudy
i Tbilisskogo matematicheskogo instituta im. A.M. Rzamadze, Vol. XXI, 1955.
******P. M. Naghdi, On the Theory of Thin Elastic Shells. Quart. Appl.
Math., v. XIV, No. 4, 1957.
*******P. M. Naghdi, The Effect of Transverse Shear Deformation on th_ Ben-
ding of Elastic Shells of Revolution. Quart. Appl. Math., v. XV, No. 1, 1957.
1964012887-331
317
where X (e,fl), Y fl) and X-(c_, fl), Y-(o, fl) are the components in the
axes of a displaceable trihedron (along the directions of _he positive tangents
to the lines fl = const and c_ -- const) of the vectors of intensity of surface
loads (Figure 10) applied to the external planes of the plate (y = 1/2 h, y =
-1/2 h) (2.5.3) and (2.5.4); ?(c_,fl) and _ (c_,fl) are the arbitrary sought
functions of coordinates c_ and fl ; fi(7) are functions characterizing the laws
of change in shearing stresses _o_and :, over the thiclmess of the plate,
wherein fiCh/2) = 0.
Solving the equations for the generalized Hookers law (1.3.7) we
obtain for the stresses %. _. %_. _,T. _v and
%_ Bne, 4- Bi2e__ AlaT; (24)
a_--_Bt2e_ + B_e_ -- A2_T; (2.5)
%3-_ B_e,_. (2.7)
where, as usual [see (1.3.8), (1.3.9), (1.4.5), (1.4.15)],
a22__ El ; B_ a_l __ 2 .
BI 2 a,_ _2Ei _tE_ " B_= 1 (9. 8)
B5 5 =--=1 013: B44 = _ = O2a; O. = alla2___ ai_ = EIEI
ass
and, in addition to these,
Al--alaBll-_-azaBI2= _. l--*,,I ' (2.9)
A2----- a_aB_ + a_B_ _ Et 1-- "_'_l
Assuming that for a plate in the chosen, coordinate system
1 =0, k ! (2.10)
kl __ Rt = -_ = 0. H_---. I . H_ = I.
from (2.1.4)-(2.1.9) we obtain for the deformation components
ou, ou_ ou, ou_ (2.11)
e.=-T;, e_=-o-_, e,_=-_-+ o,'
Out Ou, ou_ ou_ ou_ (2.12)
By virtue of (9_.1), from the first relationship (2.19.) we obtain
du_
e_ = _ = O, u_ = u_(a, _) = _n(a, _), (2.13)
that is, as in the classical theory of plates, displacement u3t of may point of any
1964012887-332
/
318
platealongdirection7 does not depend on y and for allpointsof a given
normal element is equal to the normal displacement cvof the corresponding
' point of the median plane.
From (2.6) by virtue of (2.2), (2.3) and (2.8), for the sheer deforma-
tions e_, y and e/3, Y we obtain
e.=/,7) ,(2,_)+ x,+ x_; (2.14)
t_7 =/_(_) %(_,_)+ Y;+_ )'2. (p.. 15)
where we have the followingnotation:
x - --x-
X, _ ass, 2 A'2_ a_,:,(/'( _ -+-X-);
y, -- }'- (2.16)
k'l--a_4 2 , Y2 :a44(F" ivY-);
CI_l -- a5S'_, (1_2_ t144, _. (2.1 7)
Insertingthe values of e t_,Y and eft,y from (2.14)and (2.15)intothe second
and thirdrelationshipsin (2.12),and also consideringlz.13), we obtain
du_ dw _ X2'
Ous Ow ' YI+ t Y2 (Z.18)
Integratingexpressions (2.18)for T over the limitsfrom zero to _ and
oonsideringthatwith y = 0 u _ : u(c_,p)and ufl= v(_,i3),we obtainthe follow-
ingvaluesfor the tangentialdisplacements of any pointof the plate:
On, 7: (2.19)
a,, = u __ -f )A + "iX' + _ X2 %Io, (7) Cp
72
r)w Y1-_- _;,_Y2 _- 1o.(7) _, (2.20)
u_zv_7 O_+7
where
"T "f
Io, = f f, ('f)dT.Io__- f/2(7)d'_, (2.21)
0 0
u(_,/3 ) and v(c_,/_ ) are the tangential displacements of the corresponding point
of the median plane.
Formulas (2.19) and (2.20) show that, in distinction frc, m the classical
theory of plates, here the tangential displacements u a and uf_ of any point of the
plate at a normal distance of _ from ti,e median are generally nonlinea.'ly
dependent on y. We will also note that, in distinction from the cla_si.cal theory
ot thin plates, here the fixing of all points of the median plane (for the purpose
of eliminating any displacementa and rotations in space) doe_ not reduce the
plate to the state of a nondeforraable body.
1964012887-333
319
Insertingthe values ofu c_and u_ from (2.19)and (2.20)intorelation-
ships(2.11),we obtainfor the corresponding deformation components
Ou 02w aX, _2 0X2 0_,
e,,--_._-- 1"-0_2-+-7 --32-C Z,: O,, _-10,-h_ ; (2.22)
d_ "f' d)"_ l &/'_
dv d2w ,
e) -- 0;._ I 0_2+ 7 + 2/, O_ -+- o':, _-; (2.23
du . Ov O_to [OX, OV.
e:3 = d_ -f- b_ -- 27 _ -+ 7 _-0_ + -3,'-)-'+- (2.24)
_2[dX2.1._dy,__l_ ! d_, c)4_,
From (2.1.10) - (2.1.12), by virtue of (2.10) we have the following
equilibrium equations:
Oa, 0%1m O%T
_+-_--+--_i--- o; (2. _.5)
0% 0%_ I 0-.111
_-(+ _ + _- = O; (2.26)
O'rt--yg- + -_- = O. (2.27)
Here the volumetric forces are not considered.
With consideration of (2.8), (2.16_ and (2.17), inserting the values of
%,and _ from (2.2) and (2.3) into (2.27) and integrating for 7', we find the
normal stress %
3_t_[/Oi " .aOI aXl _' ox, 1 0 T
_)--
[!o2(.l)_OT + : at', _ _, Or,1 (2.28)
where X(=,_) is an integration function and may be determined from the con-
ditions at the surfaces of the plate (2.5.3) and (2.5.4), which have the following
f_rm:
h h
wi_ere;=_ %=Z+;where _------_- %= -Z=
In satisfying these conditions we obtain the following value for Z(=, [_):
"., "
X(_,
, [ it\]dO. _[,, OX_ . ,, OY,\ . ,, (2.29)
+ "' k- -_1]-_ + _ k" w -t- o,,_) .- _,,
as well as the following equation:
1964012887-334
320
where we have the following notation:
Z_= z+_2 z-, T2=Z ++Z-. (2.31)
Equation (2.30) is the third equilibrium equation (Chapter If, Section 11); this
is again confirmed below [see (2.51)].
In (2.4), (2.5) and (2.7), inserting the values of e _, e;3 and ea,;3 ,
respectively, from (2.22), (2.23), and (2.24) as well as the value l from (2. 281
with consideration of (2.29), we obtain for the principal stresses %, op and %+.
+B,, [_p _,., .. o., ,,
- _, {_[,0, (_)+,0, (-_)]" (4+,_(-+)]+
+, _,+ _'_,I B.[,'o,(-_)_+ -- B. Jim(T)_ -I-I"_ _ --_-, j --
BY, _' dY=] h / dX:
o,=+.[_ +", "", - _ +_',1-,- --+_--_-'t-/m(+) _-_+ +-_'-+-,2h+pj--
a r,_,, ,_,,,, .... ,++, ,,x, _,ax, l_
-I- #=L_--'f_-i-t-*mtTl-_'+'l'-_--I-2h a=j
" ,,, <_[,o, (_)+,o, (-;)]_+-_[,o, (_) +,o, (-_)] ++' - -- _--
"- -B.[Zo, ('_) o,_ +'r 'a-z.. + _ _-j--" ox, . _,ox,] B. [I.(._)o,_+
+.,-+--,- ,,+-]+,-(,,. -+.- +,,._)+z,}, (_-._
e)v #_w O+_ , d4,_ .
_aX, #Y, \ "r"(oY.
Inserting the values of stresses %, =+, _, %_,_p+,respectively, from
,L
f (2.32), (2.33), (2.34), (2.2) and (2.3) into formulas (2.6.1) - (2.6.5) and con-
i sidering (2.10), we find for the internal forces and moments
f 8_'
, (__,,__h,,_x,_
i r,=__,, ,,.d_=B,,_,_,.-,-_-,.-;-_,',-_)+
_-r- i_-_l+ A_L'" W-a;-"r'_ "E/-r"
" _'_Y'\ _x(", P)]" (2.35)
,._+
'il
1964012887-335
321
h2
-h,2
M{OX, OY,\ 0.. / 0.,] (2.37)
Cj_S-+-_;)-r/_ -_,7 2_.1;
b2
- hi2
+ o_ ]2o_,+ _ -o_+/_ + ,4,[B__ _ + r_N; +
h_or,_].
q-B44(/,_' + _ -j_-_ 2], (2.38)
h,2
f ( h30'ff/ h3_ 0_)2'
- hi2
_+_BI2( M o,w h,OX, o,, i,o,, h,or,__u V4-a7 _ -_-/--
'I O_P, _sOX'_l" (2.39)
-aN
ns{OX, 0Y,_ 0.. / 0.,]. (2.40)
hi2
N,= f ,q:d-_-----Bss(ls(Ih _t:X,); (2.41)
-h/2
N_= f _; d'I -_- B44 (I605 _L- h YI)" (2.42)
-h/2
where we have the following notation:
hi2 hi2
-h 2 -h/2
hi2 h2
/a-- f 7/o[('i')d'[; 14 --=- f l/o_(l)al; (2.43)
-h2 -h/2
hi2 h,'2
- hp -/,N
1964012887-336
322
From (2.7.4) and (2.1) we have the following equilibrium equations:
or, LaS (2.44)
, o_.... x;
dT2 dS
o_ F_ ....Y; (2.45)
dNi ON,
a= + -_ :=-- Z2; (2.46)
OH dM,
-_ -_-_ -_ Nt; (2.47)
o_ F ==N2. (2.48)
Inserting the values of the internal forces and moments from (2.35) - (2.42)
into equilibrium equations (2.44) - (2.48) and considering (2.16) and (2.17), we
obtain
L,,(Cl_)tt+ L,2(C,_)v -'F"a_l,L,, (B,_) _ + a_12L,_ (Bt_)$ --
h.
-A, [{_ L'o, (_)+'o, (-_)J-',} o,+__o. -
+{_[,o(_)+,.(___)], ._o.+1 -
"2f O---_-_._ j : --" _ [L,, (B,_) X_ -4-
h_ 0_X2_ _ 8"f z\
Lm (C,#) v -}--L]_ (Cta) u J+-a_12L22 (Bl_) _ -}- a_llLl_ ( Bgk) ? --
h a O_q_
+{_[,o,(_-)+,o,(- ' 0'+ "
" "}'-L,,(B,y)X,I--B, Y2+'A,[_tBI, _'_ff-FO'Y' Bssa, o;+]-F-h_-_] ;0-_2:_] (2.50)
[,o, (_-)-'o,(-_)I 0+ -_'0+:
( OX, OY]. (2.51)
:--Z 2-h Bss_.+-B4+ 0_ /'
J
Lia ( D+O w -- asJsL n ( Bu,) ? -- a_14L,2 ( B:_) _ *,
ha
' --=-ff[L,,(B_)X, 4- 112(S+_)V,l-- aS_X, +
, h, o,v,_. 12.52)
+ A_ _ (B_ a'X,
+ -_._ H- 844 O_o'_i'
; Lra (D_) w -- a4J4Ltn (B_) d?--ass laL_2 (B_) ? -_-
+[,o,(})-/o,(- _-)]+- ,,-, _. +,._,:
h s
t n, (B. o,_', ,+,,v, _ (_..53)
-+- A_ l--g" "a_- '}- B_' OaO_/'
1964012887-337
323
where, as usual,
02 02 .
Ln (Bik) = B n -j_ -4--B_ -0_,
02 02
L22(Bi+) = B22a_ -%BG_o_ ;
02
Lt2 (Bik) =: (B12 -% B66) 0_ 0_ ;
LI3(Bi_)--_ Bn 3gi -%(B12-% 2 66)_+2 '
02 ,93
h3
Ci_ = hBt_. Dtk --- _ Bth.
Equations (2.49) - (2.53) constitute a complete s>stem of Uce dffferen-
tig.l equations in terms of the five sought functions u, v, w, _. and _. Having
the values of the sought functions, by means of formulas (2.32) - (2.42) it is
not difficult to find the values of the principle stresses and internal forces.
As usual, in solving specific edge problems the applicable boundary
conditions are imposed on the differential equations of solutions (2.49) - (2.53)
of the plate. The boundary conditions are determined by the usual methods. *, **,
' | ' '
In the general case we assume that the edge of the plate is curvilinear
with an external normal n (Figure 74). Then for the internal forces and mo-
ments referred to the curvilinear edge (Figure 75) we find
T. = T1cos_i}Jr T.osin2_ -4- 2S sin {)cos {);
Snt = S (cos__ -- sin2_) -%(T2-- T0 sin I)cos t);
N n_ N 1cos t}-%N 2sin ,_};
M. = Ml :os2_ -Jr-M2sin2t)-+- 2H sin 0 cos I);
Hnt =- H (cos 2_ -- sin20) -%(M 2-- A,I0 sin ,_cos 8.
*S.P. Timoshenko, Plastinki i obolochki, Gostek_hizdat, 1948, pp. 98-102.
**E. Reissner, On the Theory of Bending of Elastic Plates, J. Math. Phys.,
v. XXIH, 1, 1944.
***E. Reissner, On Bending of Elastic Plates. Quart. Appl. Math., v. V,
No. 1, 1947.
****L. Bolle, Contributton en probl_me lineaive de flexion d'une p:aque
elas+Aque. Parts 1,2. Ealletin techniqu_ de la S, dsse Romande, pp. 281-285,
293-298, 1947.
*****B. F. Vlasov, On equations in the theory of bending of plates, Izvestiya
OTN AN SSSR, No. 12, 1957.
******A. L. Gol'denveyzer, Toward the Reissner theory of bending of pla.es,
Izvestiya OTN AN SSSR, No. 4, 1968.
*******P.M. Oglbalov, Izgib, ustoychivost' i kolebaniya plasttnok [Bending,
stability and vibrations of plates], Izd-vo MGU, 1958, pp. 60-61.
1964012887-338
324
In addition to these, for the normal and tangential components of displacement
of any point of the edge in the plane of the plate we have:
u_ _- u=cos ,_Q- u_sin9; un__- u_cos _ -- % sin _.
f
Figure 74 Figure 75
Let us present the uniform boundary conditions for certain fundamental
cases:
a) free edge:
T.=-O, Snt =:0, N,I-'O, Mn-.-=O, H.it -=O;
b) freely supported edge
W_0, Tn--_0, S.::-_0, A| n:==0, HAt--O;
c) hinged edge free in the tangential direction
= o;
w_-0, (u.)_=0---0, S.t_=0, M._0, _ 0] /_0
d) hinged edge free in the normal (n) direction
, l.S_v e =
e) hinge-fixededge
(ou.t_ ----0;
_=0, (un)T.o----O, (unt)T.o--O. M.--':.O, ', Oy /_-o
f) fixed edge (fixed element of median surface)
Ow ( O=,,t _ =
_=0. (u.)_.o=O, (u,.)T.o=O, 0-_-==0' _ ob ),r-o O;
1964012887-339
325
g) fixed edge (fixed vertical element of edge.)
T_,,e corresponding inhomogen_ous boundary conditions may be con-
structed in a manner similar to that in Section lu, Chapter II. It is easily
seen that there are other possible boundary conditions which do not contradict
one another.* However, we shall not present them here since it is our
opinion that on the basis of those which have already been presented the reader
may easily construct boundary conditions of interest to him. The problem
of boundary conditions in the theory of anisot. ,pic shells and plates as pro-
posed herein requires additional investigation.
In a work by the author** it has been shown that certain inaccuracies
which may be assumed in selection of functions fi Y) have little effect on the
final results for the principal design quam__ies. Within the proposed theory
chance cannot introduce inadmissible errors after a logical choice of functions
fi(Y) has been made. (See the appropriate example in Section 6 of this chapter. )
In this connection we assume that**
11(_)_ 12(_)----! (% (2.54)
where f(Y) is a certain logically chosen even function.
By virtue of (2.54), (9 21) and (2.43) we have for the required integrals
(:) () , }
lel (_) = Io_(7) = I0(7), lol = -- IoI -- = g Zl, (2.55)
/ I=/2:0, I3=14:Z_, Is=/6=Zt.
Then from (2.49) - (2.53) for the discussed special case we obtain the follow-
ing system of differential equations of solution:
ht
Ln(Cl_)u-+-LI2(Cu'_v-- 24 ILu(B_QX2-_'-Lt2(B_k) Y2I --B.,._.Y.:+
h, o,)', _ oz, ]. (2.56)
+A,L_(e_,'x' -'F B44o, O_I + tt -_-d-J'
h_
L_2(Ct_)v -_- Lu (eta) u = -- _ [L_ (B_k) r_ + Li2(B_) X_l -- B**Y24-
+ A._[.ff It_, --_- + "_-0-;0_-1
*8.A. Anlbartsumyan, see footnote * and ** on p. 315
**S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote * on p. 315.
1964012887-340
326
0}', "_.
.... 0.\', 4- B_I bT/' (2.58)
0.; o :, Z 2 h B55 -0:,
_ia -+- o) I, t,
L,31D,o) _' - 7._[a.-.J-ii(B,_,)"_, 4- aul'.12(Bi_)'_l "[-/.1_._:
h _
12 [L,, tBil,) X t -f-1.1_(t3,,.) }"l]-- hB',sXI --
(2.59)
--A, h/A B_s- -t- 13,;_oF/_ 1., o_ j'
i., 12 ua 2 "
B ,I . T
L23(D,t.) w --/.2 laaJ-2".(,_") _ -4- _,_5l-x2 (B,j.) _l -_
h 3
:-- _2 IL22(B,l:) Yl _ L12(Bi_)A'II -- hB44Y' --
-- A_ [(h "' h3 ( ,,,)', O'.'/, I-__2 ')z'l (2.60)
- -:_, 12) B,,%,- + + -o,,--J"
In deriving equations (2.56) ar.d (2.60) equation (2.58) was used.
in considering that certain inaccuracies in selection of functions fi(T)
cannot introduce inadmissible errors in the proposed theory as well as the
well-known fact*, **, ***, **** that in the presence of bending the shearing
stresses % and % over the thickness of the plate vary almo_ as the equation
for a quauric parabola, we a_sume
1
Then from (2.21) and (].43) we obtain for the required integrals
' ( "_ '3) ha h" 1,,_)-= _ 4 . Z,=T2, 72 12o" (2.62)
By virtue of (2.62) we obtain from (? 56) - (2.60) the foltowing system
of differential equations of sclution:
h2
Ln(C_t_)u'_"Ll2(elk)v-- 24 ILn(B'k)X2"}-LI_(BJOY2I-- BssX_ '-F
_ ....
*B. G. Galerkin, Napryazhennoye sostoyaniye pri izgibe pryamougoi'noy
plit:, po teorii tnl stykh plit i teorii plit tonkikh ,Bending stress o a rectangular
plate in the theory of thick plates and theory of thin plates], Soch. [Collection],
Vol. I, Izd. AN SSSR, 1952, pp. 347-362.
**A.I. Lur'_e, Prostranstvennyye zadachi teorii uprugosti, Gostekhizdat,
1955, pp. 200-218.
***B. F. Vlasov, On one case _f bending of a thick rectangular plate,
Vestnlk MGU, No. 2, 1957.
****A.P. Melkonyan, On the bending of a thick two-layer plate, Izvestiya
AN ArmSSR (sertya flz.-mat, nauk), Vol. XII, No. 2, 1959.
1964012887-341
327
/'22(Ctk)_'-+-Ll_(Cl_.)u = -- _4"iL22(Bi_') Y-__ Ll2(B_) X2} -- B44Y2-_-
-o-y + BSso_a?,/ + h a'_j '
O_ 0"., ]2 12 ( OX, OY, _. (2.65)
h2 h3
Lvz(Du,) w -- -'i-O[as:,L'_(Di')"?4- a44L,2(Di_)'_l -_- -_ ".?:-
h3
= -_ [L, (Blk) Xl -]- L12(Blk) l"l] _ hB#X 1--
/B a,x, , B a,r, _ h_ Z,I;
h_ h3
L._3(Di_) w -- _ [a_L_ (D_k)4?-{- a_L12(D_.) ?,1-Jc 7 '_-_
h3
= "_-IL:2 (Bu,))"! -+-LI2(Bt*) All -- hB_+Y1
h3 o2X= _ h=
__ A, [_0_ (B44 O'Y, OZ, -0-_- -5 _ss o,,o_ / -Jr- 10 o_ ]" (2.67)
In the discussed special cases of (2. t_q and (2.61) the formulas for In-
ternal forces (2.35) - (2.42) and stresses (2.32) - (2.34) are sora_what sim-
plified. To avoid repetitien we shall not present these formulas here. How-
ever, let us state that in performing the corresponding calculations we must
use formulas (2.35) - (2.42) and (2.32) - (2.34), but in addition in each case
(2. ,_) and (2.61) it is necessary to take into account the corresponding values
of the required integrals (2.55) and (2.62).
Of great practk... Interest is the case wherein X+- = 0, Y+ = 0, that
is, when the plate is loaded only by a normally applied load Z_:. In thiv case
the equations of se!ution (2.49) - (2.53), (2.56) - (2.60), (2.63) - (2.67) and
their corresponding design formulas are substantially simplified. For ex-
ample, in the case of (2.61) the system of equations in {2.63) - (2.67) takes the
following form:
L. (C_) _ -._ L_ (C_) v --=hA_ _ ; (2.68)
0Zi ,
L_ (CtOv + L_ (C_) u :- h,4_ O_ ' (2.69)
0,_ O_ 12
o---; + -_- =: - _ z_; (2.70)
h_
L_a(D_ ) n-- --_ [a_L n (D,.#) _Jr- a_L_ (Dtt,) 0?]-Jc-
h_ h_ OZ,. (2.71)
+--I_ _=-- A_T6---_.- _ ,
h"
L_a(DuOv -- _ [a,4L_ (Dt_) @-'b"a_t,_ (Ot_) _1-'}"
hs h_ OZ_
+ _ _---- A__ _-. (2. _2)
1964012887-342
328
while from (2.35) - (2.42) and (2.32) - (2.34) we obtain for the internal forces
and stresses corresponding to the system in (2.68) - (2.72)
d- _ av (2.73)
r_ : Cn -_ -_ c n -_ -- hA_ZI;
Ou
T_= C_20_ + Cn _-_ -- aA2Zfi (2.74)
dr _, (2.75)
s=c_(_-_+ _/.
M, __ D! ' 02w DA_ O_w .
+ Tff -- (2.76)
AIZ2;
d2w O_w
A42_ -- D_ _ -- Dn %r "{-
ht /D a O+ O_ (2.77)
Dna_ _) _ ht + T6_ _ 44_ + T6,%z_;
a O+,_];
/'/---- O.[-- 2_-t--Tffd'w. h' (ass._ + 'H--_'-]I (2.78)
h* ha
Na :- _ % "V2::- T2 q/; (2.79)
-_ "+ Bna44 c)[_ ] --
I "f I "t 3 ) --":'[Z1+6(4 a a h' Z,J; (2.80)
o,r,,_ B [o- o,,,,\ ,
+ Sna_ -a;) --
1 "I _
oo o,..
I ('t h' "t' O+\]
"_-2 4 3 )(a_sfld_-+a"-o_-]J" (2.82)
CYLINDRICAL ANISOTROPY
Proceeding in the same manner as in the previous sectiov, we may
easily construct a theory for the bending of a plate possessing cylindrical
anisotropy.
After S.G. Lekhnitskiy, * we assume that a plate with cylindrical
*S. G. Lekhnttskiy, Antzotropnyye plastinkt, Gostekhlzdat, 1957, pp. 276-
278.
1964012887-343
329
anisotropy is at the same time orthotropic, wherein all radial planes passing
through the axis of anisotropy are planes of elastic symmetry. We essume
that the pole of anisotropy - the point of intersection of the axis of anisotropy
and the median plane (which is taken perpendicular to this axis') - is the origin
of the cylindrical system of coordinate_ r, 9, _,, that the 9' axis is directed
along the axis of anisotropy and that the 3 axis (the polar axis) is arbitrarily
directed in the median plane. Finally, we assume that the pole of anisotropy
may lie within the plate or outside it (Figure 76).
I"
Figure 76
Let us derive the final formulas for the design stresses and internal
forces as well as the equations of solution of the problem, wherein we have
(2.61) and assume that X + = 0, Y+ = 0.
The formulas for the stresses (Figure 76):
1964012887-344
330
t r ou + or r -' .Jr r-O, Jr-
._ 1,(_ h_
roi +a" (a,
TSf _Z_7- r
Figure 77
The internal forces and moments (Figure 7'/):
T,=C c)u--FC,.,,,l {ov (3.4)
T_= C,,L ( ___ ) '_" (_. 5)
r toO ,4-u -FC,,.,t_-_---hA2ZI;
[1 Ou_4._0t, v] (3.6)
S,r=C_ r 00 ' Or r ;
l 10_w
Mt Dr Ohv Dp , r (r
,,,
+ T6 \-_e- O_J-- 1_:..1,Z,;
1(I O,w Oa, _ O'w . M'=_D'J r -b_ --'F Or 1--D"_'-67 _-+-
10 D_,a,. 7 -do-Jr- u,,o, -S ", -_ -- 10 A2Z2; (3.8)
{ . o ,ow, . h=[ o_ (0+ +.)]1.
H:=-D, -z-b-F_7_)-t-T# a, -O_-4-ao Or I" (3.9)
h3 //3
N,--------_-?. Nr, -'=q-_-',_. (3.1.0)
The system of equations of solution:
I O=u , Ou).+_Ck 10=u u 02v Ct kr -ff_-l- -o'Z r O0' C_7 + (Cq*t-_'-Cu) OrOO
I Ov
(C_-_- C_) r -_ _ hAl _-7 (rZi) _ hA2ZI; (3.11)
( o,,.
Co 1 oo_O'v q_Ck _o=v_+_-O7v __ _+_(C,v_+Cg__.y6_+
+(C,, +CD-_ o= oz, , (3.12) _- = hA= --_--,
1964012887-345
331
1 0(r?)_q_ I 0,_ 12
r Or 3" 0--u- =- -- h --YZ_; (3.13)
0 1 --- D_, ( 1
Or2 / -- OU2 I r20_ 2 -4- -7 -Or ) --
h2 4 {r-_- _ Dr r 0_'
10 ar Dr 0-r
[ 0_,_ 1 0+]} h'
-+-a,, (D,yr q- D_) Or0-----6 -- _D, -F D_) r O_J + -i2 r_?:
h 2 h' : A: ]-6 Z2 -- A1 --fff (rZ2); (3.14)
(1 0'w 1 o'w) o_w h2 I [ 10'_
Do r' 003 -_- r drdIJ -+-Drr_dr'd0 10 ao D_ _-4-
/ 0'+ 0+ _)] ar[(D,,_ 0" -'l-
-at- Dk _r fff_--4 dr +- q- Dk) Or00 --
-q- (D,,q- Dk) 1 OV] h' It' OZ, (3.15)
-_-j }+ -ff rq_= -- A2 -i-6--Y6--"
Tn the given formulas and equations: Dr, D O, and Cr, Co are, respectively,
the bending stiffness and the elongation stiffness for directions r and 0 ; Dk is
the shear stiffness:
h3 h3 h3
D,= -_ Br, D,,=-_ B_. D_ = _ B k,
C, --- hB,, C_: hB,,. C_: hB_. (3.16)
where D,_: D,_,,q- 2D_.
E, B0-- E_ , B_=On; (3.17)
Br -- 1-- "_1"% 1-- %:%
1 _ I , 1 -m- 1 ." (3.18)
ar -- B,T Oq ao= _
E, _,_4- _rj_ /=_ _;' + _'_q (3.19)
AI -- E1 1m _r% ' A2 : --'Er 1 -- _r%
In these formulas: Er, E 0 , E 7 are the elastic moduli in the radial (r), tan-
gential (0) and normal (34 directions, respectively; _,---:-_0,, _o-----_,s, _,,, _0_
are Poisson's ratios (E,_=E,_, etc,); Or_, tire, O_? are the shear moduli for
directions r and 0, r and Y, 0 and y, respectively. In addition, ,_:_(r. _).
_:_(r, 0),_:w(r, 0).
J
1964012887-346
332
SECTION 4. APPROXIMATE THEORY OF AN ANISOTROPIC PLATE
CONSIDERING TRANSVERSE SHEAR*
In distinctlonfrom the general theory of orthotrupicpla_s presented
in Section 2 of this chapter, we here present a more approximam theory of
plates which, in addition to basic premises (a) and (b), contain.,' another
assumption, namely: the normal stresses % at areas parallel to the median
plane may be disregarded in comparison with other stresses.
Without disturbing the general validity of our remarks, let us discuss
the case in which an orthotropic plate is loaded only by a normally _pplied
load Z_- _ 0 (X + -- 0, Y+ = 0). It is assumed that fl(T) = f2(T) = f(T), where
f( _) is an even function , as well as that with 1/ = 0u_ = u = 0, u B = v = 0.
Then for the stresses we have
"_ ---- / (T)_(_,_), _ = / (T)'_ (_,_); (4.i)
a,--:S,,e,+ B,2e0; (4.2)
% -:-B22e_-4-BI2_; (4.3)
":,_: B_e,_. (4.4)
Comparing (4.2) and (4.3) with (2.4) and (2.5), it is easily seen that
the additional hypothesis conce,ming the negligibility of stresses _v in com-
parison with other stresses formally reduces to the assumption A1 = 0,
A2 =0.
For greater strictness let it be pointed out that in disregarding the
normal stresses %. we are not proceeding in a formally consistent manner.
The fact is that in the hypothesis of nondeformable norton} s the correction
;i due to consideration of stresses %. is of the same order (h2/a 2) as the
corm_.ction due to consideration of the irdiuence of transverse shear, which
in the theory proposed in this section we do not d_sregard. However, this
inconsistency, as will be seen from the discussed examples (Section 6),
in the ma._ority of cases of practical impor 'tance cannot introduce unacceptable
error.
*S.A. Ambartstunyan, see footnote * on p. 5:.5.
t
1964012887-347
333
We will point out that in many cases the phenomena associated with
stress _r, must be taken into consideration. Then, in the design formu' ,a
and equations it is necessary to leave 921 terms ,_th factors A1 and A2
(see Sections 2, 3, 5, 6, 7).
From (2.19) and (2.20), by virtue of (2.17) and (2.55) we "btain for
the tangential displacements
ow + to (7) i
u== -- 7 -JE a_;
!
o,,, I (4.5)
,:, = - _-_ + l0(0 a,,_
For the normal displacements w, as before, we have (2.13).
From (2.32) - (2.34), we obtain for the principal design stresses
B a d_
-F -n -ap--_ ) 5- Ic .'D( n 5_"b_'-Jr nna. -_--) : (4.6)
d2ro
a, "f(_22 _ Jr"B_2o2,.\ t,-, o,,'., o_ -= -- Bt2a_ -_-) ; (4.7) o,, ,, q- to(7) _o_a_-_ q-
2 B c)'_, . O_ 8,;,
,.:,=- (4.8)
From (2.35) - (2, 37) and (2.41), (2.42) we have for the internal forees
7"! ---_r 2 -_- S -_ 0. N, _---Z,% N_ = 74_. (4.9)
From (2.38) - (2.40) we obtain for the bending and torsional moments
(Dn O'w . _ 02w'_ I,, _, O_ .
_,-_- -t- un o_' / + "Z2 _o.a_ -y;- t- Bna, " -_-), (4.10)
/HI
,.- (,.,,)
Finally, from (2.58) - (2.60), expanding the linear operators, we obtain
the complete system of three differential equations in terms of the three
sought functions w. _. _:
__ o,I, z,.
+ __ =- x--7'
(4. 13)
dsw , dsn_ d_?
Dn _ "t- (D_ Jr- 2D_) _ --X_ Be_a_ "_n "J -
a o'_ l
-F (B,: + B_) 44_-T_J-k- Z_ = O; (4.14)
1964012887-348
334
' ' 2_ -] (4.15)
Assuming
o, .
@ .)_D_ -- -_ I.(/.2 (assDu-_-a44D_ ) 9_/+
4_(a4,D2,+a55D66)_] * Z_},I); (4.16)
05 03 03
12 rD D 5 ,- 0_
Os 03 O_
we identically satisfy equations (4.14) and (4.15) and from (4.13) we obtain
the differential equation of soluticn of the problem in terms of function ----
(a, _):
[ d' d' d' ] I27,{ O'
Du _ -}-2 (Dl2 -)- 2Dr_) _ + D22 _ _ -- h-i _ a44DnD6_ ' _ Ai-
de
-}-[a,(DnD_-- 2D,20_- O_2)4- aaOnDr_] _ +
o_ } z_2__ (4.19)
Thus, the'problem of transverse shear of an orthotropic plate has re-
duced to determining a certain potential function (a,/3 ) which satis_:ies
the sixth-order differential equation (4.19) m_d the boundary conditions pre-
seated in Sevtton 2 of this chapter.
Generalizing the results obtained in this section for the more general
case of anisotropy (that is, the case in which the material of the plate has at
each point only one plane of elastic symmetry parallel to the median plane of
the plate), we obtain:
for the tangential displacements
d_
u, = -- '__ +/0 ('1)(ar_ 4- a4,_',_); (4.20)
u_-- -- 1-_- + [o('[)(a.q+ a4s_) (4.21)
for the normal tisplacementw (_..13};
1964012887-349
335
for the principal design stresses
_, 7 (B_I 0_w_.uB O2w 02" _ 4-
-_- 1o(_) [( Bnass___B16a44 ) O_ O_
-Od_ -_- (Bna4s -_- Bl_ass) _ -4-
(4.22)
%_ 7 (B'n O2w ^ O_w ' _B O_w\-
"_ i0 (._) [(B22a44 0_ _ ..t- _- B2sa45)_ q- (Bna45 d- B28a_) O_--
+ (B,,a_ + B,6a,5)'__g+ (B22a,.s+ B,6a_) _ ] ; _.23)
--- r 0'w ' B t)'w 0_w _ .
--5/o ('_) [(Ble ass d- B_a4s) -d; -k- (B2ea4s-_- B_a_) _ -_-
O# -u O_
+ (B'/_a44 "_ B_a_s) O_-- (B_na_5Jr- B_a_) -_] ; (4.24)
for the internal forces and moments
N_ =: X_, N_ = Z_; (4.25)
Mx __ (D_x O'w O'w O'_ _ .
,2 X_[(O,,a_ + Dt_a4_)__+(Dna,_+O_a_)__+
oq, (4.26)
+ (D12a44 + D16a45) "_- -_ (Dl!a45 -+- D16a44) O_ ]'
M 2 -_- (D22 0_u' O_w O_w -- 2D2e--0_T) -{-
12 O,_ . O,'_,
___ _- _(_ [(D2_a44 _qt.-D_a4:,) __ _[_ (D_a_ -Jr- D2_a44 ) -_ d-
o,_ (4.27)
-['- _'12Z_[(D_a_ _. D_a_) _O____(D_6a4s _1_D_as ) -6_0_ _1 c
-[- (D,_6a44 -_-- D_a45 ) -_ _- (D,na_ -_- Dsa_) -_-j. (4.2 8)
And, finally, we obtain the complete system of th_.ee differential
equations in terms of the three unknown functions w, ?, _:
_ +__[=_ Z,.x_.i., (4.29)
1964012887-350
336
tas_ as_, Osw
Osm 12 { 02= -}. D_ 0_ _ ._ (Dna:,s+ Dlsa4s) -_- Jr- [(DI_ -_ D_) a45Jr-
d27.-1-
+ 2D:6ass] _ 4-(D26a4s Jr-D_ass)c)_' --(Dna45_
c)2_
Jr-Dl6a_)_ + l(Dl2 t D_) a_ -Jr- 2D16a4sl02,_q-
chO_
o,,_ }+ Z,_= O; (4.30)
-+-(D26a.Jr"D_a4s)_.
0sm .... 03m :)s_
q_ D1e a'_ 12 { a'_'
#; h'X_ (D_a_ Jr-D_a4s) _ ,4- [(D_ Jr-D_) e._Jr-
4- 2D%a_l Jr- (D,_a_ q- D_a_) 0:' '"
O',e -4-
"4-(D_a4s q- D_a_) _, %- [(D_ -+-D_) ass --]-2D:na4s]
O', }jr. 0. (4.31)
-t- (Dt6ass Jr-D_a4r,) _ _tO:=
Here, as usual,
C_ ---_hB_; D_ = _ B_;
aria22-- a_.
B_ = a_a_ --a_a_ . B_ _--- _,:
a12a26 _ a22ai6 al2al6 _ alia26 .
Ble : _1 ; B26 = _ ,
2.
a_ are the elastic constants.
We will note that the boundary conditions presented for the general
_. theoryin th_scase remain unchanged.
Proceeding from th._ basic premises of the theory described in this
section, the reader may easily write out all the design formulas and equations
' of solution for the previously discussed special cases. For this purpose,
in all formulas and equations presented in the previous sections o! this chapter
it is sufficie'at to formally assume A1 = 0 and A2 = 0.
SECTION 5. ANOTHER APPROXIMATE THEORY OF ANISOTROPIC PLATES
For the same orthotropic plate which was discussed in Sections 2
1964012887-351
337
and 4 of this chapter let us assume:*. **, *** , ****
a) th,.,_t_mnc_;salong the normal (7)between two pointsof a
platebefore and afterdeformation remain unchanged;
b) normal stresses % at areas parallelto the median plane may
be disregarded in comparison with outer stresses;
c) in determining deformationse,_and e_,weassume that the
shearingstresses %T and %_ do not differfrom the corresponding stresses
(t0 and _9
_ _ ) as determined from the hypothesis of nondeformable normals,
that is. they do not differ from the corresponding stresses in the classical
theory of bending of anisotropic pl.ates.
In virtue of these assumptions we obtain for the stresses*****
1(h' (h, %_= 2 kT _ = 2 \ 4 -- "_')_o; (5.1)
_.----- Bne.-Jr- Bno_, a_-_"qrfs"}-Bn*.. (53)
wherc
rBn #SWo ")R " 03_o 1.
-4-(B12-F-_e) _ J, (5.4)
_o
_0----- --[Bn d'-o_t_t_ d3"]; (5.5)
. _ T ',_n -4-2B.) d-_J
*S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward calculation of two-layer or_otrepic
shells, Izvestiya OTN AN SSSR, No. 7, 1957.
**S.A. Ambartsumyan, On two methods of calculation of two-layer
orthotropic shells, Izvestiya AN ArmSSR (seriya fiz.-mat, haul0, Vol X,
No. _., 1957.
***S. A. Ambartsumyan, Toward the problem of a nonlinear theory of
anisotropic plates, DAN ArmSSR, Vol. XXIV, No. 4, 1957.
****S.A. Ambartsumyan, D.V. Peshtmaldzhyan, On a nonlinear theory
of shrJiow ort_otropic shells, Izvestiya AN ArrnSSR (seriya flz.-mat, nauk),
Vol, Xl, r,rc,I, 1958.
*****S.G. Lekb.nitskiy,see p. 248 inthe book citedin parentheses on
p. 328.
1964012887-352
338
' 0 is the normal displacement of the corresponding orthotropic plate as
determined from the hypothesis of nondeformable normals. Here, as in
Section 4, it is assumcd that X+ = 0 and Y+- = 0.
Proceeding in the same manner as in Sections 2 and 4 of this chapter,
we obtain for the displacements, deformations and stresses
_w aw
u, : -- 7 _ -F Io%_o, u_= -- 7 T,_ +/oa44%; (5.6)
for the normal displacement we have (2.13)
: e. --- -- "[_ -[- Ioass-_ e_-= -- T l_a t 1oa44_.
( a_o a_,_ I (5.7) : a2w _jr_!o ass 0_ / J
e,+= -- 2T_ -_ + a4, ;
a, : T( Bn 02w - 0'_\ " " .. 0_/o\ -- -_+v,_)+_o[e,,a,_+_,.a.-_-_ ); (5.8)
= -']- Bt2a_ --_-_ ) ; (5.9)
- (B22, - (B_.+,,,
'_,_t= -- B66 [ z7 _-a-_" "Jc-I 0 a55 -'_- a44 , (5o 10)
where, as in (2.62), /0 = ( h'4 _23).
Moreover, in virtue of (2.38) - (2.42) and (5.1), (5.8) - (5.10) as
well as (2.62), we obtain for the internal forces and moments
M1=___(9 ndz_ _ 02w_ , a 2 0_o , .-. 0_o\. 5qv _- i2t20-_-)# T_ (Dllas5 _ _r- urza.-E_-) ' (5.11)
. M, (O O'. _ O'.,. a', O%+O,,ass_._); = -- _" +/-312 _-_2 ) -_-_ [D22a44 -_ (5.12)
on o,. 0+0_ (5.13>
h s h s
N_:72_0, N2=_%. (5.14)
From equflibritm_ equations (2.46) - (2.48), eliminating the transverse
forces N1 and N2, we obtain
O_.4,It O_H . O_M_
o,, +2 o--_+-_ =- zr (5.15)
1964012887-353
339
Inserting the values of moments from (5.11) - (5.13) into (5.15), we
obtain one differential equation of solution in terms of one unknown function w:
O4w
D2z _ ,4-2 (D1. -L2D_) a'w ^ 0"w
__ as
0s Os
Finally, from (5.4) and (5.5), inserting the values of %and _0
into (5.16), we write the equation of solution in slightly different form:
d'w 0+_ 0+w
Dn _- _- 2 (D12+ 2D_) O_-0"--_ 4- D= _ =
=z _ 1___ { o, ro,, O'-o O4-o
-F (B22-_- 2B_) _0+w] 01 r_ o+wo
04wo _}4Wo]
-F 2B22(B,2-F 2Be) _ -F (BI2-F2B_)2 O.' J}" (5.17)
Thus, in this variant of the theory the problem of. transverse bending
of an orthotropic plate has been reduced to the determination of only function
w(_,_) (function w0(c_,_) and functions %(a,_) and % (c_,_) are thereby known
from the classical theory of bending of an anisotropic plate). This function
satisfies the fourth-order differential equation (5.17) or (5.16), the left numbers
of which do not differ from the left member of the well-known equstion in the
classical theory of bending of an orthotropic plate, * and satisfies the boundary
conditions, which also do not differ from the boundary conditions of the clas-
sical theory. As an example let us present the homogeneous boundary con-
ditions for four principal cases* (see Chapter II, Section 10):
a) free edge
, Ofl._
M. = O, N. -t-"_ = O;
b) hinge-fastenect edge
_o_-0, M.=0;
c) fixed edge (fixed element of median surface)
0w
_=0, _-=0;
*S.G. _ekhnitskiy, see p. 248 of work cited in footnote on p. 328.
1964012887-354
34O
d) fixed edge (fixed vertical element of edge)
_=o, (o,,_,_ =o.
-, _ OTIT-o
In the case where the plate is cylindrically anisotropic (see Section 3)
the theory proposed herein gives us the following design fc--mulas and equatior, s:
principal design stresses
ar_ "f[B, OZ= . - /Ol_ I Ow_] '
^, , O+o1. (5. z8)
-,--{-)
BQal _ + v,B_ar + *' Or]J' -t- -_- 4 3 ) a,i,o (5.19)
o ,.o.x , [a or_o_ .
,,, =- "_,_ t_)+ _('rT--aj" _ a,t+_V-7)J"'v_ (5.20)
internal bending and torsional moments
,q, _-- -- u, o--Tr -- ,,_D,7" _,7 _ + _) +
,, { o,o .__) 1 o.+,]. "+-To [D'ar \ Or + vn Jr" _6Dra; 7-_-I' (5.21)
1 (l d=w dw\ ,.,, dzw .
'_e -_"-- D, 7 k7 _ + O-t-)-- _,u__ -l-
n, ! O+o , _ /% O_,o_[ (5.22)
"{- --i-O[D_a_ Jr- _r "
7_u_a,_-7" Or lJ'
2 ( 0=' _ n, r a_o , o.',.o
and, finally, the equation of solution of the problem
Dr_ + 2D_ r=Or=0_=H- D__ -b_r +
i dzu', 1 Os_a ! dzw
d=w I Ow
,_-,o ----72-+ -_ ar[D, -_-+"J'_l +D'_ r' OrO0 -'--_ q-
+ O,( l d',o 1 0_.._. . l 0'% +
+ O_( ] O,,o _ O,_o L o,k_]
k-_ _ -- r' Or0-T+ r' 0_ lJ}' (5.24)
1964012887-355
341
In all these formulas and equations for function _. %amd % we have*
[_ (0'too__ I O'zeo_ ! O' [aeVo
too\
_o---- L-,_at" -- ;-_r/+B";_ _ _----;) -
__(O.o I o'=,o_1
B.
\-_- q- -;- d0s]j; (5.9-5)
_o [e, I O'=o B 10(0m-a-10"_v_l (5.9-6)
------- -;_-t- e_00_#r--r 00z/J"
This theory may be refined on the basis of the results obtained in Sec-
tion 2 of this chapter. The fact is that without Introducing any significant
complication we may omit the assumption of negligibility of o_ in comparison
with other stresses; then from (2.80) - (2.82) and (5.8) - (5.10) we obtain
for the design stresses
-
, _ T(Bll O-_-_-Omev 0see _?
-- 4- Bna. -_) --
%---- _(Bin 0-_ -+"Bn.0= =/ q- I
(s. _.8)
- a=[z,+ (_._-- 2-_-)z=];
.. r.. o,,,, +lo(a. O_o_.. 0.,!,o_I W T ,,.. (5.29)
From (2.76) - (2.79) p_ad(5.11) - (5.14) we have for the moments and
transverse forces
A4,-_--(D n0'= , n Osep_
n./,_ o_,o--_, o+o\ n, (5.30)
+ T_ _una_'3"Z -t'-una.-6_) -- T6 AIZ=;
M= -- (D_ 0=_, n O=a,_.
= o-ff + _'_ _#/-t-
ks / O'_o O_eo _ k_
"+-"]-6_D_zO_4 -_p -{-Dnass -0-;-I -- TOA_Z=, (5.31)
on O=_e n' 0%\ (5.32)
ks /="
N, = _- %, N=----- i]" $o (5.33)
*S.G. Lekhnttskiy, see pp. 277-278ofwork_,itedinfootnote on p. 328.
1964012887-356
342
and finally, from (5.15) and by virtue of (5.30) - (5.32) we obtain the differ-
ential equation of solution of the problem*
Dl a'______2 (Dp q-- 2D_) 0'_ +. D220'w
LOn - 0_.._o1 h2 A a2Z_I (5.34)
4-(D,_-_'-'_'60 d_C2 J }--.. TO-(A, 2z'-SW_+- 2 0_'/"
Examining the formulas for design quantities (5.27) - (5.33) and the
equation of solution (5.34) of the refined variant of the theory, we note that
they differ from the corresponding formulas (5.8) - (5.14) and equation of
solution (5.16) of the unrefined theory only in the terms which contain factors
A1 and A2.
SECTION 6 EXAMPLES OF PLATE CALCULATIONS
Without impairing the general validity of the calculation procedure, we
shall dwell chiefly on transversely isotropic plates. In all examples it is
assumed that at each point of the plate the plane of isotropy is parallel to the
median plane of the plate. In this connection, for the elastic constants of the
plate material we have (Chapter II, Section 14)
Bu = B22= B12q- 2866-- 1-- _2 --
B_ = T E, /3_2+- 866=
[ 1)
a&_,=a44_--_-; -, _13 _ E3 -- 1_, '
I
Al_A2=a13(Bll-4- Bi2) -- E,'/( 1 -F_), )
where E is the elastic modulus for directions in the plane of isotropy; E' is the
elastic modulus for directions perpendicular to the median plane; _ is the Poisson
*In the special case of an isotropic plate, in using equation (2.46), _he
equation of solution (5.34) takes the form
Om Os
Eh a h _ 2-- _ (1-- _2) AZ, A +
]2(] -- ,.,) _AW----Z I0 (] -- ") --'-- _ 6lff ;
this equation almost coincides with the corresponding equation derived by
S.A. Alekseyev for bending of a thick plate. (See S.A. Alekseyev, Bending
of thick plates, Trudy VVIA ira. N.Ye. Zhukovskogo, No. 312, 1949).
1964012887-357
343
ratio in the plane of isotropy; _" is the Poisson ratio characterizing the
contraction in the plane of isotropy in the presence of elongation in direction
y; G' is the shear modulus characterizing disto_ion of the angles between
directions in the plane of isotropy and direction y.
A. Rectangular Plate. By virtue of (6.1) the sys_cem of equations in
(2.70) - (2.72) in the case of a transversally isotropic plate is rewritten as:
_-i+ _ = --_- z; (6.2)
_-E_.-+o,o;_,) _2o_=,-+- 2 o_,+ 2 o;_)+T_ _P=
, h" OZ (6.3)
----_,_ (l -t- _) T5 -_-=;
f" F:{'_"_ o,=__ h_ _ {0,.'_. 1--,0,_, 1+, 0k._ h,
_ 7__'(1 _-_) _' oz (6.4)
--_ 10 _"
In the_e equations it is assumed that Z+ = Z, Z- = 0.
Here we have presented those equations which describe transverse
bending of the plate, since it is our purpose to compare only the normal
displacements of the plate as determined by means of various theories; the
complete system of equations in (2.68) and (2.69) deals with the plane problem
of the plate and is of independent interest.
1. Let a rectangular plate (a X b) be hinge-supported over its entire
contour and sustain a load with the distribution described by (Figure 78)
Z : q sin =" sin =S (6.5)
a T'
where q is the load intensity at the center (a = a/2, /3 = b/2) of the plate.
Assuming
=" " ":_ _--_-= cOS--,
cp=Bcos-_-sm-K-, _=Csin a b
= A sin == sin =--_ (6.6)
a b '
we satisfy the condltiors [or hinge support and from the system of equations
(6.2) - (6.4), in virtue of (6.5) and (6.6), for coefficient A we obtain
.,#)].
_'T_E +_-
1964012887-358
344
then for flexure of the plate center we obtain
J_/r
'jLa --
12a'b'q is the flexure of the plate center as determined by
where w0 = =,h3__(a2_ b2)=
means of the classical theory of plates. *
d
Jl
----b
af
Figure 78
In the special case of a square plate (a = b) we have for the flexure
where _o _ 3a4q/_4h3_"
Let us solve the above example of a rectangular, transversally iso-
tropic plate by means of the theory described in Section 4 of this chapter. For
this purpose we should write out the system of equations in (4.13) - (4.15),but
we omit this since the resulting system differs from the system in (6.2) - (6.4)
only in the right members of equations (6.3) and (6.4), which in this case are
equal to zero, and equations (6.3) and (6.4) of system (6.2) - (6.4), disre-
garding the influence of normal stress %, become homogeneous. Formally
speaking, the terms which contain factor vanish. Then it is evident that
for the normal displacement of the center of a square plate we obtain
_ = _0 (1 _r--_- == "a-i'VE) (6.10)
*S. P. Timoshenko see p. 116 of work cited in footnote * on p. 323.
1964012887-359
345
The same problem for a rectangular, trans_rsal!y isotropic plate may
also be solved by means of the theories discussed in Section 5 of this chapter.
From (5.34), in virtue of (2.46), (5.33) and (6.1), for a transversely isotropic
plate we obtain the following equation of solution:
.]_ EAa_ = Z_ T_ UT-- _'(1 -F_) AZ. 16.11)
where
d' o' (6.12)
Assuming
_ (6.13)
_v= A sin-_ sin --F'
we satisfy the conditions for hinge support (for this theory) and from equation
(6.11), in virtue of (6 5) and (6.13), we obtain for coefficiont A precisely the
same expression as before, that is, (6.7). Then for the normal displacement
of a square plate as before, we have (6.9). In the case where we disregard the
influence of % that is, we use equation (5.17), which in the case of a trans-
versely isotropic plate has the following form:
_ _A A_ : Z lo _ AZ, (6.14)
for the normal displacement we obtain the previous formula (6.10). Hence
we conclude that the obviously simple theory discussed in Section 5, taking
into account the effect of transverse shear and normal stresses %, may pro-
vide sufficiently accurate results.
Examining design formulas (6.9) and (6.10), we easily see that at
certain values of ratios E/G', E/E' and h/a the results of calculation of
normal displacements _ccording to the classical theory of plates may differ
somewhat from the corresponding values of normal displacements calculated
from the proposed theories,
The results of calculation of the maximum normal displacement with
different values of ratios E/G', E/E' and with two variants of ratio h/a (h/a =
1/5, 1/10) are listed in the following tables. In these calculations it was also
assu_med that _ = 0, _'= 0.25.
1964012887-360
346
O,O 2,U 5,1) 10,U
0.0 1.00 1.15,'_ 1.395 1.789 I
h,'a = -_
1,0 O,9t_O 1.i38 1,375 1,770
5,0 0,901 1,059 I,..,_,"_"' i,691
10,0 0,803 0,961 1,197 1,592
I_/O'_ 0,0 2,0 5,0 10,u
E E' \,_,
0.0 1.00 1,0,39 1,09. 1,198 1
h,ta= 1-6
1,0 0.995 1,035 1,0'94 1,193
5,0 0,975 1,015 1,074 1,173
I0,0 0.951 0,990 1,049 1,148
The factor for the data listed in the tables is the corresponding value of w0,
b
that is, the maximum flexure as determined from the classical theory. In
the first line of each table we list the results of calculation from formula
(6.10), that is, for the case where the influence of normal stress %. is dis-
regarded and in the remaining lines of the tables we list the results of cal-
culation from formula (6.9).
i
It is easily seen from the tables that even for a somewhat thin plate
_" (h/a = 1/5) the classical theory (E/E t = 0, E/G' = 0) may yield substantial
,$-
error at large values of E/G'. It is obvious that the error in the classical
i theory is decreased with a decrease in the derived relative thickness of the
plate (h*), which in the case of a transversely isotropic plate has the form
"' tt*-_-- ,v' LQ'
We will note that the derived relative thickness of the plate depends
to a great extent on the geometric and m6hanical (elastic) characteristics
of the plate. Finally, comparing forniulas (6.9) and (6.10), we easily see
| that the correctiun introduced by _,ormal stress %, is small in the case of
t
1964012887-361
347
an isotropic plate. For example, when h/a = 1/5, _ = 0.3 this correction
has a value of approximately 3%, whereas the correction with consideration
of the influence of transverse shear is considerable and is as bigh as 20%.
2. In certain cases of boundary conditions and loading the theories
proposed herein may also be used for calculation of relatively thick plates.
By way of illustration we list the values of maximum flexure of a square
(a Y a) isotropic plate hinge-supported over its entire contour (h/a = 1/3,
= 0.3) as calculated from the theories given herein, that is, from formulas
(6.9) and (6.10) and from the precise theory. * As before, it is assumed that
he plate sustains a load which over the surface of the plate (7 = h/2) has a
distribution described by (6.5). The results _f the calculations are listed
below:
From From lClassieal
Precise formula formula ltheoryof
theory* (6.9) (6.10) |plates***
E
-q_- 3,492 3,498 3 892 2,270
In examining this table it is easily seen that even in the case of such a thick
plate (h/a --: 1/3) the theories proposed herein result in insignificant errors.
Thus, the theory described in Section 2 (formula 337 (6.9)) yields an error of
only 0.18 perceut; the theory described in Section 4 (formula (6.10)) yields an
error of 5.73 percent. As was _o be expected, the classical theory of thin
plates here gives an error as high as 35 percent.
3. In discussing the presented problems we have assumed that
/'
l
:, =
lhz
(6.16)
by virtue of which we have (2.62), that is
/o(.f) = (h, _') h, h,
4 3 ' Z1_--_, Z2_i- _.
However, as _as s_ted above, the behavior of f(7) as given in (6.16) in the
general case c,;,ty approximately describes the actual conditions. In this con-
nection there naturally arises the question of what results will be obtained from
the theories proposed herein (in addition to the theories described in Section 5)
if f (_) takes other values. In order to answer this let us discuss two more
variants of f(11).
*B.F. Vlasov, see footnote *** on p. 326.
**S. P. Timoshenko, see p. 116 of work cited in footnote * on p. 323.
1964012887-362
348
The second variant(assuming (6,16)to have been the firstvariant):
I M
I"
by virtue of which, from (2.21), 17,.43) and (2.45), we have
--7.'_,16 5' Z:= _-_, ;(2=_-_.
The third variant is not quite _,atura], but in the given case it is re-
quired as a limiting case:
t (6.18)
b3 virtueof which, as in the second variant,
' h h s
I0 ('f) _- _', XI='_, X2--- .-_4"
For a comparison of the results obtained in the examination of these
three variants of f(y) -- (6.'16), (6, !7) and (6.1.8) _ let us turn to the previous
problem of a square (a a) transversely isotropic plate freely supported over
its entire contour and loaded by forces (6.5). For brevity of notation and with-
out disturbing the general validity, let us examine the theory in which the in-
fluence of normal stress %. is disregarded, that i% the theory described in
Section 4 of this chapter.
, Proceedivg as before, for the normal displacement of the plate in the
three discusred variants of f(T) we obtain (in the case of the first variant the
value of w is rewritten from (6.10))
+:+0(,
I
'[@l'l=_0(l --_h* ).
where for the derived thickness we have
h* : =IE hs
a' (1 -- _s) a_ ' (6.20)
The res+flts of calculation of ratio wi/w 0 for different values of h* are
listed in tabular form:
1964012887-363
349
I
h'* 0.5 1,0 [ 2,0 5._ XO.O
]
,,,I/zv.. 1.100 |.200 I 1.400 2.000 3.000
wm/Wo 1.083 1.167 1.3,33 I i,833 2,C,b/
In examining ,he "_ble we see that all three variants provide '.tlmost
identical values for flexure. Even in cases where the values of flexux_ from
the classical theory differ fror:'_the values according to the proposed theory
by a factor of 2 or 3, the discussed n_rural variants of f(T), (6.16) and (6.17),
differ from the limiting case (6.18) by only 8.0-10.0 percent. Variants
(6.16) and (6.17) differ from another by only 2.5-3.0 percent.
Examination of the other design quantities of a plate reveals that
the same conditions pertain. Thus, we conclude that in the proposed theories
a logical choice of function f(T) will net be subject to fortuitous introduction
of inadmissible errors. We are of the opinion that function fiT) is more
naturally chosen in the form (6.16).
B. Circular Plate. We shall assume that the origin oi coordinates
(_, _, T) coincides with the center of the circular plate. "Thepl_.t_ ts !wdcd
by a uniformly distributed load of 4_n_nsiLyq
by a uniformly distributvd load of intensity q (Z+ = q, Z- : 0) (Figure 79).
Figure 79
By virtue of (6.1), (3.16) - (3.19) the system of equations in (3.11) -
(3.15) in the case of a transversely isotropic plate is rewritten as:
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, see footnote * on p. 315.
1964012887-364
350
d 12
r-_.. QdiudUdr -_u_ 0; _ (r':) -- h3 rq; _{
D -_- r dr 2]- 7 dr -t-T_-r'_-- (6.21)
hi D r d=,= d_, _]-_-0,
}
1oo' [r-_- -_ ar r
EM
where D= D, ----D,-.-.: 12(1--,=) is the cylindrical stiffness.
From (3.4) 0 (3.10) we obtain for the internal forces
7:.: Eh -_- -t- _.h=--du -- hA q- ; (6.22)
d= __ hA q ; (6.23)
r_:=h-_ _-,h-a-;
__h'td'.; , d.) _,
A4,= 12 \dr= _-_ _ -- A-_q-4--
" _'_C-_- _ __); (6.24)
_- 10 12G' tdr
7_h=( l d_ d=w_ h=
M_ = -- l--_- \-7 _-_ -f- , dr = I -- A T'ff q -4-
h= Eh _ d_
From (3.1) and (3.2) we obtahi for the stresses
o.-- Ldr --_ dF" ' 2G' T 4--- 3)-dTJ-'F
I d_u 1 , h=
;
73 \
37 2 (6.26)
aa= F" 7 dr -_- _7- 7 4 ,3 r] -t-
-Jr- L dr -- "[ -_i--'t'- -_-_- ('[ hi4
! 31 1_
-- A (_--t- -_h--- 2 -_-)q. (6.27)
E ,
In these formulas, as in (6.1), A _- k_ = A_-_ _ -_-, (I -I-').
From the second and third equations in system (6.21) we easily
obtain
1: q C _=" M 2 r-_-- , (6.28)
dF_d r dw' --dr "D"/- ( "_7"-)]= {D-- (6, 29)
1964012887-365
351
C is an integration constant which is equal to zero from the condition of the
finiteness of function 7 at the center of the plate. Equation (6.29) does not
differ from the well-known equation of classical theory for transverse bend-
ing of a circular, uniformly loaded plate.* Equation (6.29) was derived
from the fact that q = const. Thus, the discussed problem of a circular
plate essentially reduces to two independent differential equations:
a,u du u _ 0; (6.30)
r -_- -t- dr r
d r, {, q, (6.el)
d'-r-[r d o \ dr ]J=-2D--"
In order to determine file normal displacement w let us use equation
(6.31). By successive integration o equation (6.31) we obtain
qr' r2
_: _4D-4-Cji- 4-C21n r 4-Ca" (6.32)
From the conditionthatthe flexureof the platecenter is finiteit
must be assumed thatC 2 = 0. The remaining integrationconstantsare de-
termined from the conditionsof fixingofthe plateedge. Let us discuss
three variantsof fixing.
1. Freely Supported Edge. In thiscase the followingboundary con-
ditionsmust be h,lfilled:
for r--_a _J=O, M,---_O. (6.33)
On the basis of (6.32), (6.28), (6.24) and satisfying conditions (6.43),
we obtain for the normal displacement of the plate
qa" i'r* 3-k-_ r= 5-+-"]_.1-
qh' (_7--I- A)(a' --r'). (6.34)
q- -_-ff
Hence for the flexure of the piate center we obtain
qa4 5-+-_ 8h_ E
,,- [,+
where the first term I_q_a'_5 + _)
640 1T_- is the flexure of the plate center as derived
from the classical theory. **
*S. P. Timoshenko, see p. 64 of work cited in footnote * on p. 323.
**S. P. Timoshenko, see p. 67 of work cited in footnote 1 on p. 323.
1964012887-366
352
2. Fixed Edge With Fastened Element of Median Surface. In this
case the following boundary conditions must be satisfied:
where = a w-----0. _'- :: 0. (6.36)
dr
On the basis of (6.32) and apon satisfying the boundary conditions
(6.36), we obtain for the flexure of the plate
w ---__--_ (a2-- r_)2, (6.37)
and for the flexure of the plate center
w-- qa' (6.38)
64D"
Itisinterestingto note thatthe lasttwo formulas completely coincidewith
the corresponding formulas in the classical theory. *
3. Fixed Edge. With Fastened Vertical Element of Edge. In this case
the following boundary conditions must be satisfied:
[0u,_ = 0. (6.39)
where r -_ a _ --=- 0. k OT/_.o
On the basis of the initial assumptions of the problem as well as from
formulas (2.19), (6.28), (6.32) and upon satisfying the boundary conditions
in (6.39), we obtain for the flexure of the plate
_=__D (a,__r,),_.}_ 8___dT (a,__r,). (6.40)
while for the flexure of the plate center
qa4 [ ^ E h_\
_:-_-_ _l + z-_ _j. (6.41)
If the same problems are solved by means of the theory described
in Section 4 of this chapter, that is, by means of the theory which disregards
the influence of normal stress % , it is evident that for the flexure of the
center of a circular plate which is freely supported over its contour we ob-
tain
qa' 5+_ (l + 8h'E ) (6.42)
,r= 64i)I+_ 5(I--_)(5+_)a_-6 r "
*See pp. 65-66 of work cited in footnote * on p. 323.
1964012887-367
353
For the two variants of fixed plat_Bs formulas (6.38) and (6.41) remain un-
changed since they are not affected by a change in ratio E/E _.
These same problems may be solved by use of the theory described in
the fifth section of this chapter. Without presenting the details (these are
elementary and have been repeated more than once), we shall point out tha_
all the design formulas coincide completely with the corresponding formulas
derived by means of other theories,* that is, with formulas (6.34), (6.35),
(6.37), (6.38), (6.40), (6.41)and (6.42).
Examining design formulas (6.35) and (6.41), as in the case_of a
rectangular plate, we notice that for certain values of ratios E/G', E/E' and
h/a the normal displacements as determined from the classical theory of
plates may differ substantially from the corresponding normal displace-
ments as found from the proposed theories. A marked diversity in the
normal displacements is obtained in the case of the second variant of a fixed
_late (that is, when we have a fixed edge with fastened vertical element). By
way of il'ustration we list the results of several calculati_a8 of normal dis-
placement in accordance with formula (6.41):
I
0,0 1.000 1.000 ! 1.000
2,6 1,635 1.229 1 i,057
q
5,0 2,221 1.440 I,I I0
10,0 3,442 1,879 I 1,220
the factor for the data listed in the table is qa4/64D. The calculations assume
that z/ = 0.3. The table clearly shows that the classical tl:eory (E/G'; = 0) may
yield substantially lower values for the flexures of the plate.
By the examples of circular plates it may be shown that the theories
proposed herein may under certain cases of boundary conditions and load be
used for calculation of relatively thick plates. By way of illustration let us
discuss circular isotropic plates for w.hich there are precise solutions of
the problems presented here. We shall compare the values of normal dis-
placement of the centers of the discussed circular plates.
*S.A. Ambartsumyan, D.V. Peshtmaldzhyan, see footnote *** on p. 315.
1964012887-368
3_t
In the case of free support we have:
a) with consideration of the influence of o_ (6.35)
qa' 5t_ [1 ___ 16 h a]
w-- (=4D 1+_ 5(1--_)(5+_) _ ; (6.43)
b) without consideration of _7 (6.42)
qa' 5+_ [ ]6(1 +Y) h'] _-- 64D l_-; I Jr-5(!--_)(5+,,) -_ " (6.44)
In the case of fixing:
a) fastened element of median surface
qa 4 .
w = 64D ' (6.45)
b) fastened vertical element of edge
qa4 _[1 -_ 4 h=\ _ ----- _-D- 1--_ a=/" (6.46)
Fox' flexure of the center of the median plane we have (from the precise theory
of plates)* in the case of free support
2(8+_+_=) h']
qa, 5+_ I + _i_;_(_) 7=-_ (6.47)
In the case of fixing the results obtained from the precise theory coincide with
formulas (6.45) and (6.46).
Thus, a numerical comparison is required onty in the case of free
support. Let us a_ume thgt h/a = 1/3 and = 0.3. The results of the
calculations are listed in tabular form:
i , '|
From t From Classical
Precise formula / forraula theory of
theory (6.43) (6.4__) plates
64D(1 +,_) J
qa 4(5 + "0 w 1.1005 ! q958 1,1245 1,0000
*A. Love, Matematicheskaya teoriya uprugosti, Moscow, 1935, pp.
504-507.
1964012887-369
355
In examining the table we note that in the case where the classical
theory of plates yields an error of the order of 9 percent (in the case of an
isotropic plate), the theories proposed here in one case [formula (6..1a_]
yield an error of the order of 2 percen_ and in the other case [foz_mula (6.43)]
less than 1 percent.
For the sake of thoroughness let us also describe the procedure for
determining stresses %and %. Considering for the examples of a ciz_r,lar
plate discussed in this section that when r = 0 u = 0 and solving differential
equation (6.30), we obtain for the tangential displacement
u _ cr. (6.48)
The integration constant c (it is evident that in integration of (6.30) we have
two integration constants, one of which, in virtue of the conditions at the
center of the plate, vanishes) is easily found from the condition of fastening
of t_ edge of the plate. In the case of free support, when r = a Tr -- 0, we
obtain from (6.22) and (6.48)
Aq Aq
c = 2E(l -i-Y)' u---- 2_(I -FY) r. (6.49)
H for a freely supported edge we assume that when r = a %= 0 , for the in.-
tegration constant c (and thereby also for displacement u) we obtain (6.48).
In the case of a fixed edge (for both variants of fastening), when r = a u = 0
and we obtain from (6.48)
c=0. u=O. (6.50)
Thus, for each example, having the values of u [(6.49), (6.50)], w [(6.35),
(6.37), (6.40)] and _ [(6.28)], the stress formulas are easily obtained.
Let us derive the stress formulas only for the central normal element
of a plate, that ts, for r = 0.
In the case of free support:
(3+, ,,' I _" 2,_ 4-
a,--=-=--_q(l'Jr-_){ " ',i+,_ /== 5 G' F_"
1964012887-370
356
In the case of fixing:
a) fastened element of median surface
7s
b) fastened vertical element of edge
..=o,=qCl+.)[_ _" 3 _
-#} These stresses are in excellent _orrespondence with the stresses
determinr_ from the theory of thick plates.
Examining the results obtained here (Secdons 2-6), we note that the
theory of anisotropic plates, based on the hypothesis of nondeformable normals,
requires corrections in the case of substantial anisotropy of the material of
the plate. The fact is that the classical theory of anisotropic plates (that is,
the theory which is based on the hypothesis of nondeform'dble normals), having
an error of the order of h2/a2 in comparison with unity, as was to be expected,
is completel_ maffected by ratios of the type Bik/B55, ,ik/B44 .qndBik/B33 ,
which in the more precise theories (the theories dealing with quantities of the
order of h2/a2) of anisotropic plates occur with an numerical coefficient
and factor h2/a2 and may have rather large numerical values. This also
explains the fact that the "correction" for the classical theory for substantially
anisotropic plates (by which term we here and her._.eforth mean plates for
which ratios of type Bik/B55, etc are of the order of 5-15) may be considerable.
The so-called "correction" to the classical theory of plates, due to
consideration of transverse shear and normal stress a_, is of the order of
h2/a 2 and depends on the form and relative thickness of the plate, on the
boundary conditions, on the type of load, and, finally, on the numerical
values of ratios of type Bik/B55, etc. In view of the presence of such a
variety of parameters affecting the magnitude of correction for the classical
1964012887-371
35"/
theory of plates, it is almost impossible here (at least in this work) to indicate
the specific limits of applicability of the hypothesis of nondeformable normals.
It may be stated only that the hypothesis of nondeformable normals is applic-
in those cases when )._ (where 7 depends on the above-mentioned param-
able
eters) is negligibly small in comparison with unity.
In order to determine the specific applicability (with one or another
accuracy) of the hypothesis of nondeformable normals it is necessary that
each specific class of problems be subjected to test calculation. The theory
described in Section 5 of this chapter is extremely useful from this stand-
point. Inserting the values of _0and _0 as obtained from the classical theory
into the design formulas and equations of solution in Section 5, it is not dif-
ficult to ascertain that maximum valor, of the relative thickness of the plate
h/a at which the discussed plate may, with a give.u accuracy, be calculated by
means of the classical theory of plates.
However, as numerous calculations performed at the Institute of Mathe-
matics and Mechanics (Academy of Sciences, Armenian SSR) have shown,
the classical theory of plates may be used with sufficiently high accuracy (of
the order of 5-10 percent) for calculatio_ of the majority of actual plates if,
in the case of isotropic or negligibly anisotropic plates (ratios of typic Bik/B55,
etc are less than three) h/a, that is, e (see Chapter II, Section 1) is less
than 0.1, while in the case of a substantially anisotropic plate (ratios of type
Bik/B55, etc., are of the order of 10-15) h/a is less than 0.05. We will
note that here there are no limitations placed on anisotropy in the plane
7=0.
The presented numerical limits of applicability of the hypothesis of
nondeformable normals are approximate and are pessimurn (minimum). Vve
will note that the values of .h/a were found (and in subsequent discussion will
be found for shells) on the basis of an analysis of the displacements of num-
erous and various anisotroptc plates
In the case where th_ ratios of type Bik/B55, etc are less than unity,
it is possible that the hypothesis of nondeformable normals may be applicable
with a high degree of design accuracy for all real problems of anisotropic
plates.
I
1964012887-372
358
S!r_CTION 7. THEORY OF EXTREMELY SHALLOW ORTHOTROPIC SHELLS
As in the preceding chapter (Section 4), we shall discuss an extremely
s_allow orthotropic shell. It is assumed that the shell under discussion is so
sl_allow and the coordinate system is so chosen that for the first quadratic
form of the median surface we may write
ds_--=d:3 _ d_2, (7.1)
that is, we assume that the inte_Tmi geometry of the median surface of an
extremely sha]!o'_- shell of non-zero Gaussian curvature does not differ from
the Ettc[idian geometry of a plane. Hence, with the chosen coordinate system
we have for the coefficients of the first quadratic form
.4_1, B_I. (7.2)
Furthermore, with the same accuracy it is considered that the
principal curvatures of a median surface o._ an extremely shallow shell be-
have as constant quantities:
kI= const,k2= const. (7.3)
In view of the substantial sh_dlowness of the shell, it is evident without
any additional remarks that quantities of the order of hk. will be disregarded
J
in comparison with unity. * In addition it will be kept in mind that the thick-
ness of the shell h is extrem61y small but finite.
The theory of extremely shallow orthotropic shells, considering the in-
fluence of transverse shear and normal stress cry, is constructed on the basis
of assumptionr (a) and (b) given in the first section of this chapter. These
assumptions, as in the case of a plate, ;_re given in the following form:
a) We approximately consider
e_= O; (7.4)
b) The shearing stresses _=_and %., are given as follows:
!
1 [a._.=_ 7=) _, (7.5) _#I_--- 2 \ 4
*A detailed list of literature on these problems may be found in the foot-
notes of the preceding (sixth) chapter.
1964012887-373
359
where, as before, _=_(=. _) and_=,_(=, _) are arbitrary unknown functions
of coordinates a, 8.
It is here assumed that the shell is loaded only by a normally applied
load Z = Z+ and that shearing stresses _,; and _e7 in the direction of the
thickness of the shell vary as for a quadratic parabola* (see the third example
of a rectangular plate).
From the equations of the generalized Hooke's Law (1.3.7) we have
for the stresses
%= Bne , 4- Bn% -- 4141; (7.6)
o_--=Bne , _ B_e_ _ A2a_; (7.7)
%T= Bsse,v "cp_-_ B,ae_1; (7.8)
x,_ = Beee.#, (7.9)
where, as usual, for elastic c_,effictents Bik and At we have (2.8) and (2.9).
From (2.1.4)-(2.1.9) we obtain for the deformation components
e. -_ _ -+-kl"_; e_ -- _ -b"#.2u1" (7.10)
duT . Ou, du_.
e,= O_' e.= -_-_+ -&--, (7.11,
O., Our Ou_ ouT (7.12)
By means of (7.4) we obtain from the first relationship in (7.11)
el = -0_ -=0'0"_ ul = uI (_t. [3)= _ (=. []), (7.13)
that is, as in, ae case of a plate (2.13) or the classical theory of extremely
shallow shells, the normal displacement u,/of any point of the shell does not
depend on T and for all points of a given normal element is equal to the
normal displacement w of the corresponding point of the median surface of the
shell.
From (7.8) on the basis of (7.5) and (2.8) we obtain for the shear de-
formations e,_ and e_T
*For arbitrary f (T) the theory of shallow shells has been discussed in the
work by S.A. Ambartsumvan and D.V. Peshtmaldghyan (see footnote 3 on
p. 315.
1964012887-374
36O
e,_ -_- epl
Inserting into relationahips (7.12) the values of e.r e_ arid % from (7.14) and
(7.13) and integrating for 7' from zero to 7', also considering that when
7=0 u.=.(,,, _) and u_-_(=, _) for the tangential displacements of any
point of the shell we obtain
u":=" --_-_-a-_-_ 4 3 cp; (7.15)
O,v a. ( h' "_' ' _' 16)
where u = u(=._) and v ---_ v (_,_)are the tangentialdisplacements ofthe
correspondingpointof the median surface of the shell.
From (7.15)and (7.16),as from (2.19)and (2.20),itfollowsthatin
distinction from the classical theory of extremely shallow shells* the tangential
displacemvnts ucl and u 8 at any point removed from the median surface of
the shell by normal distance 7' depend on F nonlinearly. Inserting the values
of u,, uB and uT from (7.15), (7.16) and (7.13) into relationships (7.10) and
(7.11), we have fnr the deformation components
_,= _ --7 -0T_-F/h,_fl-"f-_- 4 0_' (7.17)
a,., a,. _.a,, (,',' "'31 a,,F. (7.18)
Ou o_ 0_ ___
Inserting the values of deformations e,, e_ and e,_ into (7.6), (7.7)
and (7.9), we obtain for the stresses
B Ou Ov (B u O:_ O:_,_ ,
*As before, the classical theory is understood to be that theory which
is based o._ the hypothesis of nondeformable normals.
1964012887-375
361
du du
--B /du O_" #2m .
z(_hi
+2,4 --_-)(B.a. o,_, _+, (7.z2)
Insertingthevalues of stresses %, %. %_ and _v_Intoequilibriumequa-
tion(1.1.12) and integrating for _, therein considering that when T_- hi2 o_--
Z -:- _Z, and when 7 = -- h/2 % ==O. with the accuracy of the theory of extremely
shallow shells we obtain for stresses
Z [(k_B, t + _.,.BI0 Ou
%: _ + 7 . _ 4- (_2B_+
+ k,8,,)-j-r + + 2k,k,B,, + ks=) ]+
1 ,_m O_ ]
-t'- _"(_._.n__ 7')[(ktB,, + k,B,,) _ + (k,B_ + k,H,,) --
-4_j
_.(,, _, _ _(_o__ #..__.. ) (7.23)
4 3lkO= + "
Inserting the values of stresses from (7.5), (7.20)-(7.23) into formulas
(2.6.1)-(2.6.5) and keeping in mind that here we have an extremely shallow
single-layer shell, we n_min for the internal forces and moments
Ou kl_ ) C _
+ :,, + -- A,m_
r, ---c,, t-_ +
12-_ + -- (7.25:
/
du
d_
S
- O_w Osm -L.
_" o? '__/ .4_MO; (7.27_
h|
Jr --_ (a.D_ _O_+ ar_D,, _:_) __ AnMO; (7.28'
H= --2D.--_-_+ --ff D. (a. O0-_ --I- =,,"-_") ,0{_" (7.29'
hn h_
m_--=--_-_. N_--q_ 9, (/.30'
where we have the following notation:
1964012887-376
562
a a_' ' "/r - ,o_w. (7.31)
TO.=. -_ Z Jr- (klDn 4-- k2Dl2) -o-_ Jr- (. 2L9._2 4-- klOl2) a_ ,
k , Ov
M = (kiD n + k2Dlz) _ Jr- ( 2D_.2 + ,_1012)-07 Jr-
, hs O'_
+(,4E,,, +2,,ko,2 + - + (7.32)
From (2.74) we have the following equilibrium equations
aT, . as aT2 as (7.33)
a-T-r %- = 0, -aF + _ = O;
(k_ r_ -4- !_2T2) aN,o= o,%0;_ = Z; (7.34)
OMj OIt dM2 OH
a= + -aT = N_, o_ -4-. a_- -- N2" (7.35)
Inserting the values of internal Iorees and moments from (7.24)-(7.30)
into equilibrium equations(7.33)-(7.35), we obtain the following system of dif-
ferential equations of solution in the theory" of extremely shallow shells:
LII (Cllt) U Jr- LI2(C tt ) v -Jr-(kith Jr- k2C:2) Ow
0=
.... Oaw.j_ d3w _ tt OZ A1 (klDn Jr- R2L)t2)_ , (k2D22 --{-/hDt2) 0-_-_J = A! 2 d= ; (7.36)
Ow
L_ (CiD v Jr- L]2 (elk) _'-Jr (/_2C= 4-/qCn) O_
A_ [(k2D22 03_' a3w a aZ "- + k2Dl2) d_] = A2 _- 4-/qO'2) a-_ "4- (klDn ; (7.37)
Ou dv
, (kiCl, + k_C_) 37 + (k_C=_-F lhCn) -_ Jr-
+(_c,,-4-2_,#,=c,_ +_4c==)_-_3.,o_ , o,_
T_[_;--_- -_-/--
[
am
_(I_A, 4- k_A_) (k_D. H-k:D,_) _ Jr-
: a3_ ]-:Z[l + a (7.38) Jl-(k2D_-4- k_D_) -a_-J _ (k_A_ 4;, /_A_)] ;
h_ It3
L_,_'.Di_) w - TO[as_Ln (O_,) ? + a44L_2(O_) '_l + -12 ? -Jr-
+ A_ [(k_D n d:u a_v
0_, _o(_-_,+_/j=; (7.39)
ha
,f
,: jr_(Ic_Dtt_F21c,I_2Di__4__I_2D_2) awO_ 120Its _-_'10"_ -if" &,a'_O{_/J'l] = 0, (7.40)
1964012887-377
363
where for the linear operators and stiffnesses we have the known expressions
a, 0_
LI! (Cjk) = Cll _ Jl- C66 _ ;
r_2 _2
L?2 (C jh.) _- C22 "_r _ C66 ).,_-2- :
)*
L_ (Cj,) = (C_2-t--C_) -gf_ ;
03 oa
Li._(Dj_) =-- Dn --g_f-+ (Di2 4- 2D_) 0",a_2;
03 83 .
L23(Djk) =- D22_ --t- (D124- 2D66)_ ,
h a
Cjk = hBjk, Dj_ = --_ Bj_t.
Equations (7.36)-(7.40) constitute a complete system of five differential
equations of solution in terms of the five sought functions a, v. _. _. 4- In solv-
ing specific edge problems the differential equations of solution (7.36)-(7.40),
as usual, are supplemented by the boundary conditions given in Section 2 of this
chapter.
The principal equations in the theory of extremely shallow shells may
be represented in the form of the combined method. The third equation
of compatibility of deformation (3.3) in the case of an extremely shallow
shell, as is known, has the form
k2xl-'_-k]x2-+ da2 0_O_ t--of=O. (7.41)
This equation, representing the compatibility of the median surface of the shell,
also Just remain un changed in the case of the theory proposed herein, which
theory considers the influence of transverse shear and normal stress (77 .
In oxamining formulas (7.24)-(7.28) the careful reader will probably
have noticed that the coefficient of Cll contains the relative deformation
of thc median surface _1 the coefficient of C22 contains the relative defor-
mation _2 the coefficient of C66 contains the shear _.f the median surface oJ,
the coefficient _f Dll contains the parameter characterizing the change in
curvature of the median surface x_ and, finally, the coefficient of D22 con-
tains the change in curvature _ (see formulas (4.10) in Chapter V'I). Consider-
ing this, the equation of compatibility (7.41) may be written as follows:
1964012887-378
C, 02Ti Ci, 02TI C
+a 0_2 9. Oa' l- "_"!l03T2 Ci2 0272
.... 0=2 L) 0"_2
1 a=S 02w O_w C7_+__0'T
C22 02T + A____.A _C_2_) 0____=0. (7.42)
Introducing the stress function F =: F ((_, f]), in terms of which the
internal forces T 1, T2 and S are represented by relationships
0,t = 02F S: +)21= (7 43)
T, = 0_2 , T2-- 0_2' --c),O---_'
we identical'_y satisfy the first two equilibrium equations (7.33) and from the
remaining three equilibrium equations (7.34), (7.35) az, d equation of com-
patibility of deformation (7.42), by virtue of (7.27)-(7.30) and (7..;3) we obtain
the following syste,n of differential equations in the combined method:
h2 0.',] (7 44)
h'
Ll3 (D_j) w -- -]_ [a_L n (Dl_) ? _- a44Ln (Dik) #! @
.__ _h' 7 -{- Al [(klD n -_- k2Di2) _02u-Jr-(k2Dn Jr- klDl2) _02v _L
-Jr (k_Dn + 2k_k2Dt2 @ k_Drz) dw h5 { 027 0"_ '_1 0; (7.45)
-_ 120_--_=_-+ O=O_IJ--:--
M
. h_ [ 02v 62u .
_+ .,_ _ Jr- A_ (k_D_ Jr- ktD n) _ -+ (k_Du + k_Dl2) O--SO-Jr
[ q
-4"-,.kiDn --_ 2ktkoDu_ -_- k_D_) 0u,O._ i._) \ 0._. _._ _h_ ( 0'_, _-_]J0"e '_] : 0; (7.46)
c)+w
L_(C_) F -- VrW'+-(A _ ---_ A_Ct_ L. 12U/_(k_Dn -+-k_D,_) --o-_--'_
v: "4"-A_ --_,--CI' A2 (k2D22 __ kiOn ) ___ =
I TM+''+ + -
where, along withthe linear differential operators Lll , L22 , L12 , LI3 and
L23, we have the operators L2(Cik), as in (6.6.44), and _r as in (6.5.19).
Thus, the problem of an extremely shallow shell has been reduced in the
combined method to a system of four differential equations F, oo, _o and +.
i
i
1964012887-379
365
The design quantities in the case of tbe combined method may also be
determined by means of the formulas derived above: for the design stresses
we have (7.20)-(7.22); for the internM forces we have (7.30), (7.43); for the
moments we have (7.27)-(7.29). By virtue of (7.24), (7.25), (7.31) and (7.43),
the tangential displacements (u, v) which enter into the above formulas for
the design quantities may be determined from the following equations:
o,= c. o2f c_, a_ ..., ( G, C@) O_ - L' a)_ __, a__ k;.,n- At--b-_A2 X
O"v k D O't_
0"0 t: 0,_ t2 O__ k.a_v Jr- A2 _, -- A] X
'_ [-_-Z .4-(/r2D2_ "4-k D " 0'w 0'w_] e.49 )
t ;.) _-{- (klDl! .4-k2Dt2 ) O,t j.
SECTION 8. APPROXIMATE THEORY OF AN EXTREMELY SHALLOW
SHELL CONSIDERING TRANSVERSE SHEAR
In a manner similar to that for the case of an anisotropic plate (Sec-.
tion 4), we here give a more approximate theory for an extremely shallow
anisotropic shell, which, in addition to basic assumptions (a) and (b), is
based on still another assumption: the normal stresses (r at areas parallel
to the median surface of the shell may be disregarded in comparison with
other stresses.
As is seen from the results in Section 4, the principal formulas and
relationships of this approximate theory of extremely shallow shells may
be derived from the corresponding formulas and relationships of the preced-
ing section (Section 6) if we formally assume
Al=0, A._=0. (8.1 I
Considering (8.1), we obtain from (7.36)-(7.40) the following system
of differential equations of solution in the proposed theory:
L II (Cit) u __, 1.1_.(Gilt) ,_! Jr_ (J_lCl I _L_k2Cl2' ) _)'tf5 = 0; (8,2)
0tv
L,.2(Ctt ) v Jr-LI2(Cl_) u Jr-(k2C_2Jr-kiCi2) -0--_==0; (8.3)
O, . (k._C22+ k,C,2) Ov
(_,C, _- k,_C,2)-_ + -_ +
,., _, (o_, o_) (8.4)
(8.5)
h_ ha
tt_ (D_) _v-- i0 IssL" (D_) ? --{-a,_L,_(D_) _l -F -12? ==O;
(8.6)
h_ h_
!._3(D_) w- T6 [a_L_ (O_) _ + a_L n (D_) _1+ _ _?= O.
1964012887-380
366
For the design quantitieswe have:
stresses ((7.20)-(7.22))
B 0u av ( a2w !),,_
o_ a --r +a,_ 0, -- (a_2_,-t'_' . ,v_)+,,_ (8.7) = 22O,_ _ T Br,
..( ( 0._ d._,
_ + B_6,_ _ g:) ; (S.9)
internal forces ((7.24)-(7.26) and (7.30))
C ( dv k2w) ' hJ
h_,_: (8.11)
()v_. (8.12)
S=-C_(_,_-+-o-f '
moments ((7.27)-(7.29))
d_w 02w h 2 " - a"_
M, =-- D,, --)_ -- D,2 -6'_ _- ]_las;Vu -,JJd_ _j_a.uD,_"o:_). (8.13)
h,( +; ,) M2:= -- D22_- --DI2 -'_- -JI- _ 11411)22 -_|i_ -_-asiDe2 -)_ ; (8.14)
2D d'_ h_ d_ d._
_=_ __ + ,a o_(,,.,_:_+ ,,,,_;). (8.1_)
In the discussed formulation the equations of solution in the combined
method (7.44)-(7.47) take the form
h, ( _o"i = (8._6)
L2(C_) F -- 'C,w ::- 0; (8.17)
h_
12_F:-O; (8.18)
, 112
'_+ L_+(DI+) w -- TO la+4l'2+(D++)+ -_-oJ.r, (/),_.)+l + I,.'+2_ ',_ 0. (8.19)
These equations((8.16)-(8.19)), as the similar equationsin the general ease,
constitutea complete system of four differential equationsin terms of four
unknown functions.
In the ease ofthe combined :nethodwe have forthe design quantities
(7.43),(8.7)-(8.9),(8.12)-(8.15).From (7.48)and (9.49)we have for the
tangentialdisplacements
1964012887-381
367
Ou C_ _F Ci2 32
9;- = :' o_ ,-, a_ -- k_; (8.20)
Ov CII O_F Cj2 O_F
0_(--'-' o_ :: 0_2 k2_' (8.21)
The system of equations of solution in the combined method (8.16)-(8.19)
may be reduced to one tenth-order equation of solution in terms of a certain
unknown function* =_ (t_,/_). Assuming
I h_ . d , Its .
--= [-_ 844D66 _ Lz (D,/,) -- -_- LI3 (Dlk)] L 2(C_k) _; (8.22)
J IP , hs [ da
he (8.24)
--_- ( a_D H -_- a.uD_) _ ] -_- i-- _ } L2 (C,,) _;
02
(8. _5)
we identically satisfy the three equations of solution in the system (8.17)-
(8.19) and from the fourth equation (8.16) we obtain the differential equation
of solution for the unknown function
[,,_ O_ .__i_)L,2(D_,)___4L,(D,,)]L_(C,,),__
i_ D_ (ass --- Jr a_ O_ ' /_
{ h" h' . " _L' h_ 08
+" i_JOa_:,a_D_ z (D,_) -- i:_ [(a_Dr_ "-Fa_sDw,)_ "1-
0_
+ + } -- z.
where, as usual, we have for the linear operators
L_(C,_):: C,, a, C_, O, ( , __) O, . (8 27)
o, (8.28)
, d' 0_ [ DIID'_" - D'_'2 2D_ ;
04 0_ 0'
L_ (Di_) :: D H _ + Da_ _ q- 2 (D_2 -]- 2D_s) 08_0_a . (8.29)
by means of formulas (8.7)-(8.15), (8.20)-(8.25) and (7.43) all design
quantities are easily represented through the sought function (_, [_),. However,
considering the elementary nature of these constructions and the unwieldiness
of the resulting formulas, we shall not present them here.
*S.A. Ambartsymyan, D.V. Peshtmaldzhyan, see footnote ***, p. 315.
1964012887-382
368
SECTION 9. ANOTHER AP_ROY_IMATE THEORY FOR AN EXTREMELY
SHALLOW SHELL
For an extremely shallow shell, as in the case of a plate (Section 6),
we assume :*
a) the distances along the normal (along _) between two points of the
shell remain unchanged before and after deformation;
b) the normal stresses a_ at areas parallel to the median surface
of the shell may be disregarded in comparison with other stresses;
c) in determining deformations e._ and e_q we consider that the
shearing stresses _,_ and _ do not differ from the corresponding stresses
obtained from the hypothesis of nondeformal normals.
By virtue of these premises we have for the stresses -.,. and _,
(5.8.26)
where
O_Wo P' I
% = -- B u 0,-_5- + (Bl2 -}-2B_
,0_' J' (9.2)
d?0-=__[B22
03WO
-_- -_-(B,._ --{- 2Be, ) o,: ,':_-J; (9.3)
1
w 0 is thenormal displacement of the corresponding orthotrop,cshellas deter-
mined frc_.,the hypothesisof nondeformable normals.
Proceeding as in Section7, for the displacements of any pointof the
shellwe obtain
u,,==u--7_2r 7 ,_ h'4 7"3%; (9 4)
o_, "" (_'- "_'i'o' (9.5)
u,-=v--7-_- -4- "_-2- ---a--] '
, ut = w = w(=, _). (9.6)
where, as usual, u, v and w are the components of the total displacement of
the median surface cf the shell
*Section 5 of this chapter lists the literature for this topic.
1964012887-383
369
For the stresses we have
. -- -ff_2--i'- B_2--_)-t- ,/q_-n q-/fl2Bn) _n+
"i
-" -3i- -1- l_a_--bti') ; (9.7)
-- , " t*1 "
h2 .i2 , 8_0\.
__ "( (_aL_ -- -_-)(/_22t144 d'_0
9 -o_- + t_l"-a55-_}' (9.8)
By means of epressions (9.1),(9.7)-(0.9),proceeding as usual, we
obtainfor the internalforces and moments
_,, _,,_,) . _do _,_,). (9.10)
. c m _,) (:,_" _)_ (9.11)
(_ Ov (9.12)
3 _ C_ \d_ Jr _;) :
It_ h_
N_ -- f2?o. N_=. i_%; (9.13)
._ o_ _,_w h_i ,, 0_,o-- _9_. (9 14)
IH__- --l) H-0_ -- D_ _,2 + [6 _assUu -_ -t- a4_On O_]'
o,,,_ o,-_ ,,,, ,,d_o _) (9.15)
M,2 .:-- --1)22-;)S, , -- l)p. 7__ "2t-FO_q44u_ _-_ "{" a_Ol_ ;
. d"_v h2 d_o a d_,/o'_
H -:- --2/_)oed-_--O_ + YOD_e(as_ _)_-+ _ d--_-}. (9. !.6)
Eliminating N1 and N2 from equilibrium equations (7.33) - (7.35), we
obtain
.T, as _oG_ dS (9.17)
dL4,f, 2 d211 d_/l'l"--- Z. (9.18)
Inserting the values of internal forces and moments from (9.10)-(9.18)
into equilibrium equations (9.17) and (9.18), we obtain the following system
of differential equations of solution of the problem:
L,, (Cl_) u-F L_2(C_i)v _- (leiC,l -_-le2C_2) c)_
= O; (9.19)
L_ (C_) v + !.t_(C_) u Jr-(/_Cr_+/e_Cn) _
= 0; (9.20)
1964012887-384
370
aV
klCu 4. _2C'2)_a,'4"(k_:C2_ 4. IhC,2) _-F
-+-(k_C, -+-2klk2C,24. k_C22) _ 4. L, (DiD_ =:
MI r. _ 03_0 03_%
-: Z 4. _ _a_ LL,,_a-_ + (D,_ 2D_) ;)--_-j 4.
[D_ 03%_L_...... 03%1
+
/I44
Thus, in the case of the proposed variant of the theory of extremely
sLallow shells, w_,thconsideration of the influence of transverse shear
we reduce the problem to determination of only three components of total dis-
placement of the median surface of the shell: u(_. _). v(a. _). and _v(_. _).
Functions _0(_, _) and _0(=. _) are deterrn_ned from the theory of extremely
shallow shells as presented in Chapter VI, which is based on the hypothesis
of nondeformable normals.
The sought functions of u, v and w must satisfy: differential equations
(9.19)-(9.21) (,_hich, as was to be expected, do not differ in their left mem-
bers from the left members of the corresponding equations of system (6.6.30)-
(6.6.32)) and the boundary conditions presented in Chapter II (Section 10).
Let us pres,,it the equations in the combined method. Absuming ((7.43))
TI __- _'F c)2F OaF
-_. T2= _ 3 ..... (_J. Z'_)
a , ' O" O_ "
we identically satisfy the first two equilibrium equations (9.17) and from the
third eq,xilibrium equation (9.18) and the equation of compatibility of deforma-
tion (7.42), by virtue of (9.14), (9.16) and (9.22) and A1 = A2 = 0, we obtain
_' the following system of differential equations in the combined method:
L2(Cjk)F -- V,.w: : O; / (9, 23)
_ L1(D_) _ 4- VtF= Z',
where
_2
0'+o 2D66_-_J_'' ]}. (9.24)
The system of differential equations in the combined method (9.23) dif-
fers from the corresponding system in (6.6.43) only tn the load term (9.24),
which in the variant of the theory proposed herein contain s not only the surface
load Z but also the known differential operations on the known functions ?0(', _)
and _0(_, _). In this case we have for the design quantities: (9.7)-(9.9),
1964012887-385
371
(9.13)-(9.16) and (9.22), while the tangential displacements may be determined
from (8.20) and (8.21),
As usual, system (9.23) may be reduced to a single eighth-order equa-
tion of solution in terms of a certain sought tunction = (p(_. _). Assuming
((6.6.2o))
----- L2(Ci_)O, F =: VrO, (9.25)
we identically satisfy the first equation of the system in (9.23) and from the
second equation we obtain the differential equation of solution of the problem
0sO 080 0s_
p 0'0 _ 0sO ,
q-_oGy-_o_,+_'2_,-ffV_O=Z', (9.26)
where, as usual, for coefficients Pi we have
p,---- C,,D,,; p____C_/, D22; (9.27)
C,,_ 2 -q_ (9.28)
1 2_)__2CC_(Dn (9.29)
P4---=D22(C-_6e -- -_-2D_) ;
,,
Equation of solution (9.26), as system (9.23), differs from the cor-
responding equation of solution (6.6.48) only in the load term (9.24). For
the design qaantities we have
_)z 02 #"
T,-----0_--i VrO; T2= _,V,O; S -_-- 0-_-_'VrO; (9.31)
A41-_.__(Du 09 0'
h' _. 0'_o\.
..5 _ (a_D,, _? -+.a,4u,_ -j,6) , (9.32)
d_ 0_
D_ _-_,)t_ (D_)
_'{a D O"_o.
q'FO\ 4, 2_b_'4-a_D,_-_); (9.33)
H .=--- 2D_ OT-j_._ L_(D_) nu _ Dr._ a_ q- a4_ ;
.= -- {(C,, . C,,
, _ _ _,j _ _; (9.35)
,
1964012887-386
372
[%,a, C,,a, (I 2C,,_ o, ],b. (9.37)
Having the values of u, v and w, the _tresses may be determined by means
of formulas (9.7)-(9.9).
Proceeding from the results obtained in the fifth and sixth sections of
this chapter, the theory proposed herein may also be generalized for the case
of consideration of the normal stress aT. For this purpose, in the design
formulas and in the equation of solution (in the'load term) it is necessary to
consider terms with coefficients A1 and A2.
SECTION 10. EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF A SHELL
Let an extremely shallow, transversely isotropic shell which is rectang-
utar in the plane be freely supported over its entire contour and sustain a
normally applied load which is distributed over the surface of the shell in
accordance with the following equation (Fig. 80)
"_ _ (I0.1)
Z ----qsiaE sin-6'
where q is the intensity of the load at the center of the shell (===a/2. _= b,_
/
/
Figure 80
It is assumed that _t each point of the shell the plane of isotropy is
parallel to the median surface of the sheU. Then, for the elastic constants
of rite shell materials we obviously have (6, 1).
Assuming
1964012887-387
373
,I:-- A sin? sin_'_-, (10.,2)
we satisfy the hinge-support conditions and from equation (8.28), by virtue of
(6.1), (10.1) and (10.2), we obtain by the usual method the sought coefficient
A and thereby the sought function (2. Iq. Inserting the obtained value of
into (8.24), we finally obtain for the normal displacement _(_, _I of the
shell center
= _0[l +h+l. (10.3)
where
, , +
h* --_
h, _., _.,_4 -,.;,|' (10.4)
w0 is the normal displacement of the shell center as determined by means of the
theory described in Chapter 6, that is, the theory which is based on the hy-
pothesis of nondeformable normals.
In the special case where a =b, for the normal displace'_nent of the
shellcenterwe ,_btain
,_'T:h ' 4r.'h' ( "_'_"_ "i' (10.5)
_#:_o I-_ 5O'a_4r.4h2F3a*(I--_'llk,_-/_2) 2 l+_l
The same problem may be solvedby means ofthethecx_- discus_vdin
Section9 ofthischapter.For thenormal displacementoftheshell % (that
is,inthecasewhen thehypothesisofnondeformablenorma's ,,,valid)we
have
w=':h=-; =' (1 + 1)4 + "-_i-12=' (l -- ,', b"(_+ k.l'#i] (10.6)
Inserting the value of _0 from (10.6) into (9.2) and (9.3) and then inserting
the resulting values of 0 and _ 0 into (9.24) from (9.26), we obtain the following
equation of solution of the problem:
1964012887-388
374
'-' 0",i,, )s,[, #'I_ dS,lJ _
"""' _ 4-6 4- 4- V_.=-
b2) ',hi -itl h2 7! " \a_ -[- _ h
. /1 1 4 lzr.' (_, . _,,_, (10.7)
As before, assuming
_0t T.t_
'D_-- A sin a sin _-, (10.8)
we satisf,v the conditions of hinge support arm from equation of solution (10.7),
in xdrtue of (6. ]}, (10.1) and (10.8), we obtain by the usual method the sought
coefficienL A and thereby the sought function ,I)(a, :). Insertang the resulting
value of into (9.26), we obtain for the normal displacement of the shell
:i center
_.... w0 I _ h_ ;2 _., 4 _.j _,,, (10.9)
,"-,',
wimre, as usual, w, is the normal displacement of the shell center as obtained
by the theory based oll the hypothesis of nondeformable normals. In the special
case where a = b we obtain for w
[ _.:'_.h' 4-'1,' 1 (I 0. i O) /it = It'll [ _'- 5(J 'd2. 4 r:-4]ll -F 3at (I --",-")(kn -F /,22)l "
Examining formulas (10.3)-(10.5) and (] 0, 9), (10.10), we easily see
that ,--ith an increase in rise of the shell (that is, with an increase in the ratios
i
a b
R,' /_2) the admissible error in the hypothesis of nondeformable normals
decreases. In the case of a plate (k, :=-#: =-_0) this error reaches its maximum
value. The fact is that with an increase in the rise of the sheP Lhe influence of
: bcachng par.:tmcters on the stress of the shell O,_creases, which also signifies
a decrease in the influence of intersecting ,orces N1 and N2, that is, the shear-
mg stressec :_, and -_,which also cause the transverse shear,
J
_. Comp_.:ing (10.3) and (10.5) witl-. (10.9) and (10.10), respectively, we
note* that the aporox_mate theory of shells discussed J;_ Section 9 of this chapter
*We do not present the results of numerical comparisons here.
1964012887-389
_75
may with sufficient accuracy be used for calculation of essentially anisotropic
shells. We will note that this oc_.urs also iu the case of a plate (see the end
of Section 6). Here, in discussil.g the example of an extremely shallow shell
we have limited ourselves to determim.tion of only the normal stress w; the
remaining design quantities may be determined in elementary form by means
of formulas (8.7)-(8.15), (8.20)-(8.25).
As in the case of a plate (Section 6), the example of an extremely shal-
low shell may also be solved by means of the theory discussed in Section 7 _f
this chapter, that is, by means of the theory which takes into account effects
associated with the normal stress :;.
In examining the results obtained for anisotropic shells (Sections 7-10}
we note that the theory of anlsotropic shells as based on the hypothesis of
nondeformable normals in the case of substantial (with regard to ratio._ of type
Bik/B35, etc. ) anisetropy of the shell material also requires correcti_ _.
Without goingintodetail we will state that all the remarks concerning aniso-
tropic plate derived at the end of Section 6 of this chapL _ also remain in
force for an anisotropic shell.
However, in the case of a shell the problem is somewhat complicated,
since here t.he curvature of the coordinate surface of the shell (7 _0) begins
to play a sig,dficant role. As was stated above, this circumstance plays a
positive role from the point of view of broadening the limits of applicability
of the hypothesis of nondeformable normals and is explained in the following
general rule: the smaller the influence of bending phenomena on the stress of
the shell, the smaller the correction in the classical theory of shells, that
is, the theory based on the hypothesis of nondeformable normals. In the
limiting case where we have a momentless stress the above mentioned correc-
tion is equal to zero.
Here, as in the c_se of a plate, for specific determination of the limits
of applicability of the hypothesis of nondeformable normals it is necessary to
perform test calculations; these may be performed by means of the theory
described in Section 9 of this chapter. However, as a rough approximation it
may be considered that the hypothesis of nondeformable normais is applicable
_ith high accuracy if in the case of an isotropic or a slightly anisotropic shell
-_0.I (see Chap*.er II, Section 1). and in the case of a substantially aniso-
tropic shell _ _o.05. that is, we may adopt the limits of applicability of the
hypothesis of nondeformable normals _s established for a plate (see the end
of Section 6).
We will note that in the case of shells there are no limitations on aniso-
tropy ii "-e surface _ = 0.
1964012887-390
376
SZCTION 11. THEORY OF EXTREMELY SHALLOW LAMINAR ORThOTROPIC
SHELLS
Among multi-layershells,from the standpointof the phenomena of
transverse shear, great interestattachesto three-layerand two-layer shells.
In thissectionwe shalldiscuss only the theory of three-layerorthotropic
shellswith considerationof transverse shear.* The theory of two-layer
orthotropicshells,**,***is obtainedas a specialcase in the theory of three-
layer shells. Let us discuss a thinthree-layershellconsistingof homogeneous
orthotropiclayers. Assume thatone of the planes of elasticsymmetry at each
pointofeach layeris parallelto theexternalparallelsurfaces of the shelland
thatthe rem_ning planes of elasticsymmetry are perpendicularto the coordin-
atelines.
Let us take the median surface of the center layer as the coordinate
surface. Assume, as usual, that_ and flare curvilinearorthogonalcoor3in-
I ates coinciding with the lines of principal curvature of the coordinate
surface, y is the distance along the normal trom point (c_, B) of the coordinate
surface to point (_, fl, _) of the shell. As in Section 7 of this chapter, wc
assume that the coordinate system is so chosen that in the case of the discussed
extremely shallow shell the coefficients or' the first quadratic form A-, "_;
" and B(_. _), as well as the principal curvatures of the coordinate surface
#,17. _)and #2(_. _) upon differentiation behave as constants. In particular_
we m:!y assume (7.2). We also assume that after deformation the layers
remain elastic and function simultaneously without slipping.
P_oeeeding from the results in the previous sections, the theory pro-
. posed herein is based on the following assumptions:
a) at each layer of the shell the distances along the norma" (.,l..mg v)
between two points of the layer before and after deformation remain mmhanged;
b) the normal stresses _ at areas parallel to the median surface
of the shell may be. disregarded in comparison with other stresses;****
. *A.A. Khachatryan, Toward calculation of a three-layer orthotropic
shell, Izvestiya AN ArmBSR (fiz.-mat. nauki), Vol. XII, No. 5, 1959.
**S. A. Ambartsumyan, On two methods of calculation of two-layer
orthu[ropie shells, Izvestiya AN ArmSSR (fiz.-mat. nauki), Vol. X, No. 2,1957.
***_ A. Ambartsumyan, Towa"d calculation of two-layer orthotropic
shells, Izvestiya OTN AN SSSR, No. 7, 1957.
****In the ensuing discussion the superscripts will denote the layers,
wherein 0, I, II (E0, E I, EII) refer respectively to the middle, lower and upper
layers of the shell.
1964012887-391
377
C) in determining deformations et and e'__ we assume tl_at the shear-
_7
_rf
ing stresses -f, and .i do not differ from the corresponding stresses as found
". _ ",_
on the assumption of validity of the hypothesis af nondeformable normals as
given for the entire stack of the shell as a whole,
Proceeding in the usual manner (Chapter II, Section 4), we obtain for
shearing stresses "_',Tand -I._, on the a,_samption of validity of the hypothesis
of nondeformable normal_*
u 0 l _ r,0
% = --(y-4-_o)RI'F"_(2 --_o)..'_ _--R3;
(11.1)
o o 1 o
. . . --- R4---
-.:, - 8,._L._) R,,--_ (_ --"f") R_; } (ii.2)
n (B.,-- i' 1,_
%T:: 7)R, )-_""--7')Rl_l; (11.3)
l 2
where _ -_ '"
O,.o **
R',=-Bh _ + BL,,o--- T- _ o,
(11.4)
R!, B_,, ,)_v_ ' 0_% (B'_:-J- -i _ O_uo -- "
:: .----,r_= -{-B'"'--fiT#-+- i.$_,_T_o__(le_B,a__4..kxB_, ). O_'oOh '
(11.5)
on, _ a_'o . (11 6)
"'_"" ( B'_,_ ,,.,_, -E(,_
R', - B_. --.-_r '
-_-I.-(B',: +2B_) O'wo . (11.7)
..... _) R_;
P_ : (_,_ _,.) R_, -F-_-(o, ,, , (11.8)
teJ,-(&, _,,,')R_.L-!_(&_--B_)R_; (11.9)
*Here, proceeding from the basic premises of the cited works of the
author (see p. 376), the theory of extremely shallow, three-layer shells is
given after A.A. Khachatryan (see p. 376) in generalizing the author's results
for three-layer shells and plates.
**Other notation was previously used for certain of the operators R!.
3
1964012887-392
378
28o, (81- _0L (82--8o) are the thicknesses of the middle, lower and upper layers
of the shell, respectively (Figure 81); B i
jk are the known coefficients of
elasticity of the individual layers (2.12.2); u0(_. )). v,,(_, )). and_,0(_. ))
are the components of displacement of points of the coordinate surface on the
assumption of the hypothesis c_ nondeformable normals as given for the entire
stack of the shell as a whole. Thus, the problem of determining stresses
_,T and _;_ reduces to determination of displacements uo. vo. and w0.
Figure 81
Examining formulas (11.1)-(11.3) and conv, ideztng the equilibrium
equations (6.5.40) and (6.5.42) (where X = 0, Y = 0), we note that tile shearing
stresses _ and _( satisfy the following conditions (Chapter !I, Section 5):
aT ,_T
when 7 =-- 6, _ --- _! -_--0: (11.10)
when __8_ -t_---" _0; (11.11)
when _ _ --_o .o__.i _ .i; (ii.12)
when _=_o _o _.. _, _.. (11.13)
On the otherhand, in virtueof assumption (b),we obtainfrom the
generalizedHooke's Law for the stresses in thelayers
l I i , l I.
I I
":_ -=-B_e_: (11.14)
i i i i i.
,_-=-Bt_e_,-F B_2c3,
l B t I , ---_ "
" The deformation components as usual, are represented by the formulas
1964012887-393
379
In virtueof these assumptions and on thebasis of the p.esented relation-
ship_and formulas (11.1)-(11.9),(11.14)and (11.15),we obtainfor the
displacement comp_,nentsof any pointofany layer (fora detaileddiscussionof
the procedure of calculationsee the preceding sectionsofthischapter)
uo: u*= u" : w (_, _);
_ _ (11.16)
E', - u _ o_ B" ?2 +_u_ R'_-- 2"3
(11.17)
(II.18)
,,_.+ , , [- , __o/]
":: "-r-e, K'_R;-_-e. '(_-+-_")+_(P R',+
+ (-f ?,,,)-- _ ((' 4--_') R[ ; (11.19)
"" --_'- _o_+ -&_n,-- B!,. i ' _(f- _'J] R._-Jr
[q '" 'S)] R_' (!1.2o)
Jr -,2(_ _-_.)-vG + I;
tl II II - "_ -- _l
,, z,..,:,n'; + n-,)_ ._-. (-; ..,,)-
, ,] [_: , 1 ul. (11 21)
---.,(-/- -%)n'?- .-;-(-,.--_,,)--(_(:. _,,',)IR, _,
,, v..- '_:-- ' -FR_)+_ %(;_-)_ U,, '" "{ _')_i
(t1._2)
' ' ] [ _'' , ] ,
- _(f'----_:,) n':'- -,_-(;-_,,)--_(f'-"_,'3n,,, i,
where u(a, !t), v(=. _), and _,(:t, _) are the displacement components of the points
of the coordinate surface
0
= +
(ii. _.3) .,)
1964012887-394
380
Ia deriving formulas (11.6)-(11.22) we applied the geometric
conditions for contact of adjacent layers of the shell, which for the problem
under discussion are written as follows (Chapter II, Section 5);
when 7 - -- _o
when "t:=_o u= ',l= _=, u=u I, :,. u=ul;_: (11.24)
u:u n u_,:u u uO:u I. (11.25)
=' =f _' I I
Inserting the values of displacements from (11.16) -(11.22) into (11.15)
and inserting the resulting values of deformation into (11.4), we obtain for
the design stresses
o e;0. 0. (k,B?, k_B;_)_ o.= + 8'b + + --
a_ ,_: I, o _? B'L., Yl.
-- 7 B',', --0- i + B_: o-_) w B':_ 0, -- /_'i, ,b ' (11.26)
o B_:,_'Ov ,, Ou ', kl Bl:) _ -
0- 0:) _'., o _,, .' ,_
--i B'.I,._ _-B',_ w L_4_:O : - IJ:, u,-_':; (11.27)
)
( a#_ ....... ,,, C: 01.28) o o t')v 27 O'w Bu d A_j, I ,,
Oz '=BIt ou B', Ov (k,Bl, ff _. .,)w--'f 0,_T iL o#) _' "_-"
-& _ + " ,_' ' I#,,'"
-4- B',, dR7 B',, ORs /#" ').Xl 1_',. ,, , (11 29)
_'_,,---;- + 8';, o_- _!,,,_ -"',i ,(__::
L Uv Bit, O. (
_. ...... = B',,-_ + _; + (_,B_,+ _,#,:) ,o-- ._ #:..,,,.,"'_-B',,..,"' .)_, -!
B_,, o_ _',_,_r_ B',, ,, 4 _"" " ' "'- - AI;
+ ,, -4- ,, ....... ,,, (n. 30)
B.N O_ B:3 O_ Bt_.l 0,_ B t- O*
' I O. Ov d:w ) BI_, OR; _,:, = B,,., -,,,-+--,i,-- 2x _o/ + <-, o;_-4-
BI< o/e. BI,,, ,; , t_.. ,* _,. (11.31)
b:; " ;_ + (k,Bi_ + - "i ,h' ,,,:_!
8-_ /a
i
Jli
1964012887-395
381
02 [I d2\
_'_ e _ o (_R,+_)-t- = (_oR, +R_) 8',_a
+ ay a 4' _"
+__ o _,,.
(11.33)
( o_,, / _o
" B_ o. o. 2_ (8_r, +rT)-
Bu__ B_ 0 _[ B_ 0 a_' (11.34)
(8_R +'_)-_ 8_,' o_ -_ 8,,!.o, -'
where we have the following additional notation:
a_=( _, _ogf)Ro I /P ,2 \..o , (11.35)
ao : -p o 1 o , (11.. 36)
, ]
,_ = [_, (,__.t._ _o)_f__ (.T___ ?_)]R=g- (.l,_F_,,,)__ .E(.i,3_F__3)_R_; (11.38)
- i
1 ._
.A,' [a._(.[- ao)____(.f _o)]R],_ [_ (-f- ?,o)-6. (-t'3- _,_)]R:'; (11.39)
1 1
= ' . " (11.40)
Considering the presented values of stresses in (11.26)-(11.34), we
obtain for the internal forces and moments
Ou , .., O'O_ji._(klCl I_ k2Cl2,)Zt.)_ .
7", = C,, -E-t- 'n
-- Kn-O_,-t-K_-_, _ ':- _'; (ii.41)
O_ O. (k..C_ -1- k_Cu, _v --
T_: c_ -a_+ c,_-a-;+
__(_TI_-_ + KI2-ff_) _ AcT,; (11.42)
O. Ov 0'_ -{-S (11.43)
S=C=-_+C_-aE--2K_ _ '
hl_ = --(Dn o= a= au
Jr Dn -E_) _ Jr Kn "_ -t-
+/_,, _ + (/hK,, + k_K,=) _ + _; (II. 44)
1964012887-396
382
8, as " K au
Ou
+ Kn -_- + (k_n + ._Kn) _) + M;: (11.45)
a_u, _u + Kr_ Ov
H = -- 2D_ _ -F K_ -E_ _ _ -F H", (11.46)
where for the stiffnesseswe have the follovdngvalues:
. _,Du (11 47)
,[(_]: ,, - --a0)e,.--0_--_)B_A, (1148)
KI t _- 2
] ._0 (ii 49)
D,_---- _ [2_,B,_ +(_,_._..-,, r_, "_a";
while for the internal forces due to transverse shear we have:
i . BI
-- -- -- %) _ R7-- (_2-- B0)X
, , , s",,(R,,+_',+_'_ _)
_:(,_R. +..)+.(o.- o_) _ R +
-ao >,
+,'(,,-,o)' """-_ (R_' _"+_'. R_')],+
Bs_
"' " Bl., Bt;
e o_g,, R_+ 0; - _o) es- (h- _o)" (@_+ es)+
, )
+ _-O,-- _o) _ R_+ 5_,+3_oR_+
H44 8
Bnn_[_[, 5t_=+ 3t,o R_x)]
+ _-! (B2--BoP_ _,_2 8 _.; (11.50)
L
8_ ,._,_o_ -_' (," - _" + s R';)Jr
',,, o
-- 8 +_X
i ') _'_ R_+ (h- _o) _L, . _I_,..,..,,
,. _, - _o)
L
:_ + 5 0,--_o) a a--_ s
}
v )]
,3 r'./r.U 5_= + 3_o
! (B__,_0)_'q R_' (11.51)
1964012887-397
383
1964012887-398
384
,_-g BI, (_,-_,), el,(._,+=,
R,
RI -.t-
+ =_+_,o+=_ R') _-'-o'.:;
......... _-- _ (_ + e,)+
4 '-""_' (='+=' e;' _ +="+:_e")]
12 Bi_ 2 "_- 6 ; (11.54)
H'=_ 3 _ _'+-_-_-_ -
-_: _"R, (_'- _'' _ (-_ R_+
e,- ,,,-,,
-o...(_o+ e,)+
-i"'_'L [ _a_a= 8_+ -'E"' -r ") --_
,_-g a" (_,-_o)_ e"/._. +_. ,
, L_____R,+ i _ eo ,2 B_,
+
IQserting the v_lues for internal forces and moments into the equilibrium
i equations (9.17) and (3.18), which in this case also remain unchanged, we obtain
the following system of differential equations of solution in terms of the three
sought displacements =_==(_, _), _=,_(m [l). and _ -- _ 2. _i):
I (_,, _,+_._).+(_,,+ _._._ +
a=
! +(,,_,,+ ,,:,,)__[,_,, ,_+(,_,,+ ,K.._ _].=
or; _s. (ii. 56_
i :-- "-i"-- "_;
!
!
1
t
1964012887-399
385
= --'_ -- "_'; (II. 57)
(ktCl! "F"ksCt2)_ -1"(kaC= "4- k|Ct2) -_ _"
_W
+ (kc. + 2k,k,C.+ kZ..),. + O,, +
-'F2(Dis "t- 2D_) _ + D_ _ -- L""
+ (K,, + 2K.).-,_] u+ [(K,, + 2K.)--_ +
+(,,X,, +k,X,,) .= z --(k,r" + +
-4- -_- 2 _--0-_+ --_-- } (11.58)
Examining the difierential equations of solution in (11.56)-(11.58),
we note that, as was to be expected, in their left members they coincide with
the corresponding left members of the equations of solution _,n (6.5.40)-
(6.5.42) as deri_" :l on the basis of the hypothesis of nondeformable normals
as given for the entire stack of the shell as a whole. The additional terms
due to consideration of the phenomena of transverse shear enter into the
right members of tl-.e derived equations. These terms, being lmown (we wtll
remember that proceeding from the th_o -,-based on the hypothesis of
nondefcrmabl3 normals as given fu- t.he, =,.tire stack as a whole, the additione!
terms are described by means of formutas (11. :,_)-(11.5E'. 117.. 4)-(11.9) and
(11.23)), are the load terms. The boun-r.4c- cex_iition3 t ;n are the same
as the boundary conditions listed in Secti;m 10, Chap_ez _!.
In the special case of a two-layer shell* where the coordinate surface
coincides with the contact surface of the layers (Figure 82), in order to obtain
the equations of solution of the design formulas it is necessary only to assume
that 5 o = 0. In view of the elementary nature of the transiormations we
shall not present them here.
Proceeding from the results obtained in Sections 2, 5 and 7 of this
chapter, the proposed theory may be somewhat simplified, that is, we may
*The details o. the theory of two-layer anisotropic shells may be found
in the author's works (see footnotes **,***, on p. 37.).
1964012887-400
386
Figure 82
omit assumption (b) (the assumption concerning the negligibility of a_/in com-
parison with other stresses.
The theory for calculation of three-layer shells without consideration of
the hypothesis of nondeformable normals has been discussed in thc works of many
authors, for example, E. Reissner*, E.I. Grigolyuk**, et al. ;however, we shall
not evaluate these works here.
SECTION 12. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF LAMINAR SHELLS AND
PLATES
For illustration of the procedure for calculation of laminar shells and
plates let us discuss two examples.
1. A rectangular (a X b) orthotropic plate whose layers are symmetri-
cally arranged relative to the coordinate surface and is hinge-supported over
its entire contour sustains a normally applied load with distribution over its
surface in accordance with the equation (Figure 83)
"_ ",_ (12 1)
Z _---q sin -a- sin _--.
)N ...... ,-
_% _ z/Y//..z. _//Y/I//J..." - v.
i
;: Figure 83
i Contributions to the problem of structural analysis of
*E.
Reissner,
sandwich-type plates and shells, Theory and Practice of Sandwich Construction
in Aircraft, A Symposium, Preprint, No. 165, 1948.
**E. I. Grtgolyuk, Finite flexures of three-layer shells with stiff filling,
Lzvestiya OTN AN SSgR, No. 1, 1958.
r, I
] 9640 ] 2887-40 ]
387
For this plate we have
'Jl = cJ_--- _, B/k = BI_,= Bik; (12.2)
then from (11.47)-(11.49) we obtain for the stiffnesses
C/_=-:2[BoB_+_(t, _ 50)B;k]; (12.3)
/<1_ O; (12.4)
--=- -- %) B,,]. (12.5)
Oj_ 3- l',o_.,k+ (aa ,a
Considering that for the discussed symmetrically assembled three-layer
plate*, **
uo= %= 0, u = v = 0, (12.6)
we obtain from (11.50-(11.52)
----- _ = $"_ 0. (12.7)
Then thefirsttwo equationsof the system in (11.56)and (11.57)are identically
satisfiedand the thirdequation(11.58)is rewrittenas follows:
d'l_ d4ZU _4W
D n -_- + 2(Di2 D22
(12.8)
:=z4 _ o,,, +2_f + o_,/'
where for Mj and H* we have (11.53)-(11.55). F nally, these formulas
become somewhat simplifiod but are nevertheless somewhat unwieldy.
Sob:tionof the discu,, sed problem in the case where we admit the hypo-.
thesisof nondefornmble normals is reuresented as follows.***
q sin a b
Wo-- ( D,, D,,+ D,, . D,,\. (12.9
_ \ a_ +2 a'b' @---b T)
Inserting the value of w0 from (12.9) into (11.53)-(11.55) with consideration of
(12.6), we obtain the final values of the components of the load term, that is,
*S.G. Lekhnits_uly, see p. 241-271 of work cited in footnote on p. 328.
**A.A. Khachatryan, see footnote *, on p. 378.
***S.G. Lekhnitskiy, see pp. 282-283 of work cited in footnote on p. 328.
1964012887-402
388
M_, M_, and H*. Then, inserting the values of M_, M;. and H* into (12.8), we
obtain the final equation of solution of the problem (in view of the unwieldiness
of the right member we shall not present this equation here).
Let us seek the solution of equation (12. S) in the form
--- A sin_ sin*li (12.10)
which satisfies the condi_.ions for free support over the contour of ,.he plate.
Inserting the values of Z from (12.1) and w from (12.10) into equation (12.8)
(the values of M[, M; and H* have already been inserted), we determine the v _lue
of the required coefficient A and then, upon inserting this into (12.10), we
finally obtain from the normal displacement of the plate
! _o'(_'-_') (to, t,,.,_t,,q._, a e-_#' (8_'+9_+_')x
('_' 4--"' _+ _("-'_'f '_' + '_' _'!
Xt.-_-.- _,B,,) 2 i;'--_* _'e,,)Jl' (12.11)
to'--_ -{- _* ' to2-_-D"-{" a' ; (12.12)
Bu e,, +2eu B. a,, + 2B,
it,= _ + -- ----" tn = -D"+ J_ ;
D,,_L2(D,s+ 2DH) Dn
D"= "_-c_ 'b' q- -g-. (12.13)
Examining formula (12.11),we note thatithas the usual structure,that
is, the firstterm is the normal displacement of the ;liseussedplateas deter-
mined from the classicaltheory of laminar plate_(based upon the hypothesis
of nondeformable normals as givenfor the entirestackas givenfor the enUre
stack as a whole),,while the remaining terms are the correctionfor the
classicaltheory',thatis, the terms resultingfrom considerationof t1"ansverse
shear.
For sake ofillustration letus discuss a specialcase. Let a square
plate(a = b) consistof transverselyisotropiclayers in which the planes of iso-
tropy are parallelto the coordinateplane of plane (_ = 0). For the sake of
simplicitywe shallalso assume that _- _0. Assuming
_' = t, E E, _. So, (12.14)
where, E, u and E0, u 0 are the elastic moduli and the Poisson ratios in the
v
1964012887-403
389
plane of isotropy of the outer layers and the middle layer, respectively;
G' and G' 0 are the shear moduli (of the outer and middle layers, respectively)
characterizing distortion of the angles between directions in the planes of
isotropy and the direction perpendicular thereto, we obtain for the normal
displacement w from (12.11)
w_.W o l-l--_---a- T rS+n(l_r a)
2
( I -- r=)son -t- { r (1 -- r_f s_/z:-_-
rs
' (12.Is) "_"_o"tl -- r)at8 -{- 9,
In the more general case when
h _ s0, (12 16)
_---_2_0__--- _ ....
we obtain for the normal displacement
[ _' "' 8fi-113.+135.=] (12.17) W---=_ 1 -_ _is l_Tn "
The results of a few calculations of the _alues of ratio w/w 0 for different
values of n and s when h/a --:-0,1 (remembering that h is the total thickness of
the plate) are listed in the folio.wing table:
"'_'-_.: ..,o _,o _o,o
10,0 1.254 1.636 2,272
5.0 l, 135 i,358 1,677
2,0 1,064 !,159 1,318
1,0 1,039 ! ,099 1,198
0,5 1,027 1,067 1,135
0,2 1,019 1,046 1,093
0, i i ,015 1,037 1,075
(the column s = 2.0 refers to the case in whi,_h all layers of the plate are made
of isotropic materials and line n = 1.0 refers to the case of a homogeneous
(single-layer) plate).
Examhdng formula (12.17) and its corresponding numerical values
as listed in the table, we note that with an increase in n = E/E 0 there is an
1964012887-404
390
increasein the differencebetween w and w 0 and, the greater thisdifference,
the greater s = E/G' = E0/G0'. With a decrease inn, even at large values
ofs, w differsbut little from w 0. This indicatesthatifthe material of the
middle layer is stifferthan the material of the outer layers, the classical
theory of laminar platesas based on the hypothesisofnondeformable no;-
realsyieldssufficiently good results. In the case where the material of the
middle layer is considerablyweaker than the material ofthe outer layers
and the plateis sufficiently thinitis necessary to take intoaccount the
correctionsfor the classicaltheory.
in conjunctionwith the discussed example, withoutadditional
calculationsletus derive the finalformula for determining the normal dis-
placement of an extremely shallow shell:
[ -_ h2 8+l13n+135n' -] (12.18)
w : wo l -}- i_o ,q_s 3a' '
(1 -{- 7n) -_ _ (/_, -t- k_)_(1 + n)
where kI and k2 are the principal curvatures of the coo-'dinate surface of the
shell.
Ex.amining formula (12.18), we confirm that in the ease of extremely
shallow laminar shells or laminar plates the correction for the classical
theory, due to consideration of transverse shear, decreases.
2. A three-layer, circular cylindrical shell with axially symmetrical
loading is freely supported at its ends and sustains a distributed, normally
applied load which varies over the surface of the shell according to the equa-
tion
_'" (12.19)
Z =qsinT,
where 1 is the length of the shell and q is the intensity of load at the central
eross-section of the shell (that is, when a = l/2) (Figure 84).
! , J
Figure 84
1964012887-405
391
In view of the complete axialsymmetry, itisevidentthat
v= vU =0. S=S*=0. H=H =0; (12.20)
then the system of equations of solution (11.56), (11.58) is rewritten as
follows:
d2u (1 d d') aT: (12.21)
t_Cl:-d_ - II ,_)U _ ;_C22----RK12-d_ --'['-D:I d_- w_
1 a_-M_ (12.22)
where, from the general formulas for T_, T_, and M_ we have
d3u (b I d2 d 4
E ___a -d_3 - I- -_ q- b2 a_-!wo;, (12.23)
T_ a_u_ , f L a2 d'
-_- = a2-_-_T-1- \v3 _ -F b4-g_-_, ) Wo; (12.24)
M_ _ _ aj a23
in these formulas
-2 1
%'/_" [27,oB ' -- 3 (._,-- _o)BI,, --I-9 (,_-- _o)Bi',] q--
a_-- 6B_3
Bill f.?_
_(_ (B',',)'
(a_-- _0)_ + 02-- a0P, tt ;
_B_ (12.26)
o II1 A_
"_-' [2_oB_, -- 3(_,-- _o) Bh+ 90-,-- _o) ,-,m7-
h I :- 6RB_ 3
. Bile
+ _o(_, --oo)_ 1(_, -- _o) _11- 0,- _o) _l_l +
I !
_l__r_ . (12.27)
BilBk_4_ , _II_11
+ (_--_oPaaB_--(2--_o?-_B_ '
3 0
_oB,, [(_, _ _)Bh-- (_2 -- _)B',I,] +
b2-- 3B_
Bh[(+,--_}B',,--(_;--_o)_',',] +
(B._2 (1.2.28)
II/ .
(BI,)' (_2-- _oP(_2+ 3_o) 2.,." '
1964012887-406
392
_1',[2_gL- 3(_,- ao) 8'. + 9(_:- _)8',_] +
a2 -=_ 6B'_-R
eh [(_, - _,)B'.- (<,- _._,) B'l',] +-
"t- 8o(81-- _'o) _
I I /_ll _i
BIIB'______ _u_'_____! (12.29)
-f- (_'_-- _')33B_R. + (_'2-- _'o) 3 :JB"R '
#)s_;. ,, 8', " B',_]
[2ouBl., -- 3 (_'t -- _o) I. + 9 (8, -- %) --}--
bs -_" 6R: B_
B',2
+ Co (_,- _o____-[(_, - 8)B',2-- (8., -- _o) e,',] R'B_-,
(e',:)' (s',_)' (12.30)
r (81--_o) 3 _-_ -4-(_'2--_oP3R_T_" _,,a_;
_" lc_, - _,,) B'l;- (_;- _,,; _',_! +
b4 _ 3RBs_
BII, Bit., 81_] '-
(12.31)
I 1 /;_11]_11
,.,.. BllB12 .e ..... _11_12
"I- t(_l --- 80)3 (50! -I"- OO0)_, (82 "-- 80)3 LO02-'_ O00) 24--B_RICZ' "
2_0 )
_)0_| I f_._ r.,O .,, .','_ |(_ .2\ nlll %) 1
"a=' _ L_%'' +- 3 (,i -- .o' + -- %)old -4-
Bill r..'2_0 ._\ hill
, -- --oo)old
4--8o(B,- 8o)_-Bo_5 ['_o_uA-3 (5_ _(_) Bl'' -F 3(_ -{" (12.32)
tBu_-'
- 3 ..... (B',,)" _.., ,,, .
+ (a, --%) (5%+ 0%)_ (_: --;,e) a(5;_, + _oo)T2-_,.. _ '
l_%n,, A- -- "--
BI, ,_._..o 3(_,] _,o) B_,--t-3(_,] 8_,) e'l'll+- (12.33)
+_o(_--_o)_ l'_o. + --
I I )_11g_ll
_'.(58,-F38o) B,,R,_('_ - 3 - _ __"_"
" - %) (5o_+ _'-o, _ '
Jr-(_ -- 80, 24RB_
_"- _o_.')_" [8,_B,,-' + 5(_;- _)eh+ 5(o:- _).'l',]+
4-_o(_ _ S'l,
__ _ [48_o,_7, + 3(_-8'o)e',,+ 3(_- 8_) _)',',1 +
..1.- (_,.-- _o)3 (SB,+ 9_,,_, )-to-3_)---_---_ _"F (B_')_ (12.34)
+ (_- _o):' (sB_ -4-__8_ + .,o,)_y:.
1964012887-407
393
Wtth consideration of the hypothesis of nondeformable normals the
solution of this problem is presented in the form
d_, _,_ (12.35_
_0 - d_ld=z__d, = qsin T'
_'_ =_ (12.36)
tl _-" d_,d_= m d_ q COS -7- '
"where
d n ---l_- Cn,
,,,..,__, +,_-K,,). ( (_2.37)
C=2 2=2 ":' |
d::--- R2 -i-RI_ K12-t-_- Dn . !
As in the solution of system (12.21), let us seek (12.22) in the form
_o= A sin @,
(12.38)
u = B cos-_--,
which satisfies the conditions for free support at the ends.
Inserting the values of Z from (12 19), w and u fro= (12.38), _,
and _l; from (12,23), (12.24) and (12.25), respectively, and con_,idering
(12.35)-(12.37), we obtain for the sought displacements
i' ! -'_ ..I,,(/. #,,__ "v/.)-_ d,, ((i,,/. -- Od,._)]. (12.39)
where
_4
P' _-F "t"
_,_ " _.2
':'- -_-("_-_"_); I (12.41)
. _a Ih _a . \
J
o, = -It _/, - -V':) "
1964012887-408
394
In the special case where the layers of the shell are symmetrically
t ii
arranged relative to the coordinate surface (that is, when ,q -_ _,, =_._, B_ =--/_j_
-= B,_(Figure 84)), we obtain from (12.39) and (12.40) for the sought dis-
placements
_2 l
where
q t C_ cost ; (12.4,:..)
"0 = 4 =R Ci,
_2
w0= q sin -/- ; (12.45)
1 =1 1 C_2
:l = _ C_2+ -/z"Dn -- _-_C,--] ; (12.46)
b,= _-_L_5v-.,,) -r a(a_--_)B_'l&' +_ (_-a_)_(B,,): "-
.. ...2 -,, . -,2
"+ (a-- co)a(8o -t- 9O0o-'t- 300)(B,,)' . (12.47)
30B55'
U_(_-- _o)" 0 o o0 _2[ _- _0__ % _ (12.48)
l,,= 3R'c,,'
, b,= -e;_,,c,C- w..-.,,- Z_,B,_) {_ --
_o _oB u Bn] (12.49)
, }.
Let us examine a numerical example. For the sake of simplicity in
calculation we shall take the case in which the layers are symmetrically
arranged relative to the coordinate surface of the shell and are made of
transversally isotropic materials, the planes of isotropy of which at each
point of uach layer are parallel to the median svxface of the shell. Assuming
.. h _ Eo E
:_,,o=_. -y--_=,. _=,,. _=_o=o. _12._o)
we obtain from (12.42) and (12.43)
_ _ _ hi s(8+ l13n+ 13,3._2) (12.5I)
-- _ -- -_. 1 -k-_ _ 4_ _, "
uo _o (l+Tn)+ _ R_h_(I ,_n)
&,
.: The results of calculation of ratio _,/wo (u/%)for different values of n and s
;. when h'l : L'_0, and t R -= 1 are listed in the following table:
L;,
i
1964012887-409
395
2,0 5.0 I0.0
0,5 1,0008 1,0019 1,0039
1,0 l,OOl5 1.0037 1,0074
2,0 1,0029 1,0073 1,0147
I0,0 I ,O147 1.0368 1.073G
Examining formula (12.51) and the table, we note that the results ob-
tained for a laminar plate are also confirmed in the case of a laminar shell.
In the special case of a shell, as was to be expected, even with large n
and s (n = 10.0, s = 10.0) the correction for the classical theory with
consideration of transverse shear is insignificant.
3. The theory of laminar shells and vlates discu._ed herein was
also used in the calculation of two-layer structure. The numerical results
were_ compared with the corresponding results obtained by means of the
precise theory of two-layer plates. This comparison revealed that the
approximate theory of laminar shel]g and plates is wholly s-_table even
for calculation of somewhat thick two-layer plates. *
Let us give a few remarks concerning the limits of applicability of
the hypothesis of nondeformable normals as given for the entire stack of the
shell as a whole. It is evident to the _eader that in this case the problem
of determining the limits of applicability of the hypothesls of nondefnrmable
normals for an arbitrary anisotropic laminar shell is still further compli-
cated, since alcmg with the previously mentioned (Sections 6 and 10) inde-
pendent parameters (the sharp _nd relative thickness of the shell boundary
conditions, type of loading, values of ratios of the type Bik/B55, etc. )
there are other new and extremely important parameter_ representing the
ratios of the elastic constants of individual layers.
Thus, in the case of an anisotropic laminar shell (or plate) for specific
determination of the limits of applicability of the hypothesis of aondeform-
able normals it is also necessary to perform additional calculatinns. How-
ever, as calculations performed by us reveal, _he hypothesis of nondeform-
able normals as given for the entire stack of the shell as a whole is applicable
with sufficiently high accuracy:
*A. P. Melkonyan, see footnote ****, on p. 326.
1964012887-410
396
a) for a shell with isotropic or insignificantly antsotropic layers
(BIk/B55, etc. <: 3): when =0.05, ifn _ 10;when =0.02, Ifn
100; and when e = 0.01, if n .._" 500;
b) for a sheU with substantially anisotropic layers (BIk/B55 etc.
-.10-15): whenf =0.02, fin _ 10; whenf =0.01, Ifn -<= 100, and when
=0.005, ifn _ 600.
As always, here again there are no limitations on antsotropiclty in the
surfa_s _, = const.
In conclusion let it be poInted out that the hypothesis of nondeformable
normals as given for the entire stack of an aztisotropic laminar shell as a
whole is applicable only in those cases when quantities of the order of
).h2/a2 negligibly small in _omparison with unity. Here _ is a numerical
coefficient which depends: on the shalSe and relative t/ticlmess of the shell,
on the boundary conditions, on the type of loading, and on the physical and
mechanical characteristics of the materials of the shell layers.*
*When this work was completed there appeared the reports by S. G.
Lekhnitskiy, "Toward a theory of thick anisotropic plates", and Kh. M.
Mushtari, "Theory of bending of plates of medium thickness" (Izvestiya
OTN AN SSSR, mekhanika i mashinoetroyeniye, No. 2, 1959), which in many
re_-_.cts confirmed the resu|ts obtained in thls chapter.
1964012887-411