FORMULAE:

Centroid



Bolts and Fasteners
Power screw:
raise lower
collar

positive torque

efficiency
Torque require for preload generation: T = KF
i
d

Static load factor: or if guarding against joint
separation

F
p
= A
t
S
p

Fatigue loading:

Safety factor: fatigue failure or yielding

Shearing:

=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=

n
i
n
i i
A
x A
A A A A A
x A x A x A x A x A
x
1
1
5 4 3 2 1
5 5 4 4 3 31 2 2 1 1

n
i
n
i i
A
y A
y
1
1
... r r r
r M
F
C B A
n "
n
+ + +
=
2 2 2
1
n
V
' F =
t t
i b
a
A
CP
A
F F
2 2
=

=
t
i
t t
i
a m
A
F
A
CP
A
F
+ = + =
2

a
a
S
n

=
a m
y
max
y
S S
n
+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
L d
) d L (
2
Fd
T
m
m m
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
L d
) L d (
2
Fd
T
m
m m
tan or L d
m
> >
2
d F
T
c c
c

=
T 2
FL
T
T
e
0

= =
( )( ) | |
c
m
.
sec tan
sec tan
d
d

625 0
1 2
+

+
CP
F A S
n
i t p

=
) C ( P
F
n
i

=
1
Welding
Butt weld: tension shear

Fillet weld in shear: (safety factor)

Welding - torsion: J = 0.707hJ
u


Welding - bending: I = 0.707hI
u



(safety factor)
Spring
Compression spring:

Deflection:




Extension spring:





A
V
'
=
J
Mr
' '
=
A
V
'
=
I
Mc
= =
y sy
sy
S . S where
S
n 577 0 = =

3
8
d
FD
K

=
C
C
K
s
2
1 2 +
=
3 4
2 4

+
=
C
C
K
B
N D
G d
k
3
4
8
=
| |
2 3
4 16
d d
D
) K ( F
A A

+ =
3
8
d
FD
) K (
B B

=
d
r
C
C
C
) K (
d
r
C
) C ( C
C C
) K (
B
A
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
1
2
1
2
4 4
1 4
2
1 4
1 4
=

=
=

=
)d N 1 - (2C 1)d (N d) - 2(D L
b b 0
+ = + + =

= =
alloys nonferrous
and steel stainless austenitic
35 0
steel alloy low and
carbon tempered and hardened
50 0
steel carbon drawn - cold 45 0
ut
ut
ut
all sy
S .
S .
S .
S
hl
F
=
hl
F
=
hl
F
.
hl .
F
414 1
707 0
= =

ys
.
n
5 0
=
Critical deflection: (for steel)

Fatigue loading:






Critical frequency:

Maximum tensile strength:


Yield strength:


Bearing
Roller contact bearings:
a = 3 for ball bearings
10/3 for roller bearings
for roller bearings
Equivalent radial force:
roller bearings
| |
2 1
0
2
2
/
E G
) G E ( D
L
+

<

D
. L 63 2
0
<
3
8
d
D F
K
a
B a

=
3
8
d
D F
K
m
s m

=
2 2
min max
m
min max
a
F F
F
F F
F
+
=

=
springs peened for a) kpsi(465MP 5 67
springs unpeened for (310MPa) kpsi 0 45
.
. S k k k S
'
e c b a se
=
= =
ut su
S . S 67 0 =
se m su a
su se
S S
S S
n
+
=
4
2 2

a
DN d
W =
W
kg
f
2
1
=
( ) ( )
a /
R
d
d R
a
d
R
R d
L
L
F C or
F
C
L L
1
= =
K
F .
F
r
a
47 0
=
( )
( )
e
A
rA
B rB eB
e
B
rB
A rA eA
T
K
F .
K F . F
T
K
F .
K F . F
+ =
+ + =
47 0
4 0
47 0
4 0
m ut
d
A
S =

= =
alloys nonferrous
and steel stainless austenitic
35 0
steel alloy low and
carbon tempered and hardened
50 0
wire music steel, carbon drawn - cold 45 0
ut
ut
ut
all sy
S .
S .
S .
S
Journal bearing Temperature rise:

= 2 = 2



Gear

Gear train:



Spur gear: V = m/s

H = kW; n =rev/min, d= mm

Stress (spur gear):








( )
( )
rcNl Q
f c r
Q Q
P
T
s
C
(

=
/
2
1
1
30 . 8

2
1
T
T T
av

+ =


(

=
(

1/2

Safety factor for bending stress
Safety factor for contact stress








0.8433
K
H
=






m
N
=1 for spur gear

Clutches and Breaks
Band-type clutches and brakes:
maximum pressure Torque

Internal expanding clutches/brakes:







Z
I
=
Clockwise: Counter-clockwise:




Belts :
Open belt Crossed belt



, ,
, ,
transmitted power

2
=
2

Factor of safety:

, dip