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Life Process
Life Process:- Various functions carried out by living
beings; which are necessary to maintain and continue life
are called life process.
Following are the life processes in living beings:-
Nutrition
Respiration
ransport of substances
!"cretion
#ovement
Reproduction
Nutrition
Nutrition: he process by which an organism ta$es food
and utili%es it is called nutrition.
Need of nutrition: &rganisms need energy to perform
various activities. he energy is supplied by the nutrients.
&rganisms need various raw materials for growth and
repair. hese raw materials are provided by nutrients.
Nutrients: #aterials which provide nutrition to
organisms are called nutrients. 'arbohydrates( proteins
and fats are the main nutrients and are called
macronutrients. #inerals and vitamins are re)uired in
small amounts and hence are called micronutrients.
Types of Nutrition:
(a) Autotrophic Nutrition: he mode of nutrition in
which an organism prepares its own food is
called autotrophic nutrition. *reen plants and
blue-green algae follow the autotrophic mode of
nutrition.
(b) Heterotrophic Nutrition: he mode of nutrition
in which an organism ta$es food from another
organism is called heterotrophic nutrition.
&rganisms; other than green plants and blue-
green algae follow heterotrophic mode of
nutrition. +eterotrophic nutrition can be further
divided into two types( vi%. saprophytic nutrition
and holo%oic nutrition.
a. Saprophytic Nutrition: ,n saprophytic
nutrition; the organism secretes the
digestive -uices on the food. he food is
digested while it is still to be ingested.
he digested food is then ingested by
the organism. .ll the decomposers
follow saprophytic nutrition. /ome
insects; li$e houseflies; also follow this
mode of nutrition.
b. Holozoic Nutrition: ,n holo%oic
nutrition; the digestion happens inside
the body of the organism( i.e. after the
food is ingested. #ost of the animals
follow this mode of nutrition.
Nutrition in Plants
*reen plants prepare their own food. hey ma$e food in
the presence of sunlight. /unlight provides energy( carbon
dio"ide and water are the raw materials and chloroplast is
the site where food is made.
Photosynthesis:- he process by which green plants
prepare food is called photosynthesis. 0uring this process;
the solar energy is converted into chemical energy and
carbohydrates are formed. *reen leaves are the main sites
of photosynthesis. he green portion of the plant contains
a pigment chloroplast; which contains chlorophyll. he
whole process of photosynthesis can be shown by
following e)uation:-
Steps of Photosynthesis:-
/unlight activates chlorophyll; which leads to splitting
of water molecule.
he hydrogen; released by splitting of water molecule is
utili%ed for reduction of carbon dio"ide to produce
carbohydrates.
&"ygen is the byproduct of photosynthesis.
'arbohydrate is subse)uently converted into starch and
is stored in leaves and other storage parts.
he splitting of water molecules is part of the light
reaction.
&ther steps are part of the dar$ reaction during
photosynthesis.
How do raw aterials for photosynthesis becoe
a!ailable to the plant"
1ater comes from soil; through the "ylem tissue in roots
and stems.
'arbon dio"ide comes in the leaves through stomata.
/ignificance of 2hotosynthesis:
2hotosynthesis is the main way through which the solar
energy is made available for different living beings.
G_10_General Science
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*reen plants are the main producers of food in the
ecosystem. .ll other organisms directly or indirectly
depend on green plants for food.
he process of photosynthesis also helps in maintaining
the balance of carbon dio"ide and o"ygen in the air.
Nutrition in Anials
Heterotrophic Nutrition: - 1hen an organism ta$es food
from another organism( it is called heterotrophic nutrition.
0ifferent heterotrophic organisms follow different
methods to ta$e and utili%e food. 3ased on this(
heterotrophic nutrition can be divided into two types:
(a) Saprophytic Nutrition:- ,n saprophytic
nutrition( the digestion of food ta$es place before
ingestion of food. his type of nutrition is
usually seen in fungi and some other
microorganisms. he organism secretes digestive
en%ymes on the food and then ingests the simple
substances. /aprophytes feed on dead materials
and thus help in decomposition dead remains of
plants and animals.
(b)Holozoic Nutrition:- ,n holo%oic nutrition(
the digestion of food follows after the ingestion
of food. hus( digestion ta$es place inside the
body of the organism. +olo%oic nutrition
happens in five steps( vi%. ingestion( digestion(
absorption( assimilation and egestion.
(#) $n%estion:- he process of ta$ing in the food is called
ingestion.
(&) 'i%estion:- he process of brea$ing comple" food
substances into simple molecules is called digestion.
/imple molecules; thus obtained; can be absorbed by the
body.
(() Absorption:- he process of absorption of digested
food is called absorption.
()) Assiilation:- he process of utili%ation of digested
food; for energy and for growth and repair is called
assimilation.
(*)+%estion:- he process of removing undigested food
from the body is called egestion.
Nutrition in Aoeba:
.moeba is a unicellular animal which follows holo%oic
mode of nutrition. he cell membrane of amoeba $eeps on
protruding into pseudopodia. .moeba surrounds a food
particle with pseudopodia and ma$es a food vacuole. he
food vacuole contains the food particle and water.
0igestive en%ymes are secreted in the food vacuole and
digestion ta$es place. .fter that( digested food is absorbed
from the food vacuole. Finally( the food vacuole moves
near the cell membrane and undigested food is e"pelled
out.
Nutrition in Huans
+uman beings are comple" animals; which have a
comple" digestive system.
he human digestive
system is composed of an
alimentary canal and some
accessory glands. he
alimentary canal is
divided into several parts(
vi%. oesophagus( stomach(
small intestine( large
intestine( rectum and anus.
/alivary gland( liver and
pancreas are the accessory
glands which lie outside
the alimentary canal.
Structure of the Huan 'i%esti!e Syste:
,outh or -uccal .a!ity: he mouth has teeth and
tongue. /alivary glands are also present in the mouth. he
tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense
of taste. ongue helps in turning over the food( so that
saliva can be properly mi"ed in it.
eeth help in brea$ing down the food into smaller
particles so that swallowing of food becomes easier. here
are four types of teeth in human beings. he incisor teeth
are used for cutting the food. he canine teeth are used for
tearing the food and for crac$ing hard substances. he
premolars are used for coarse grinding of food. he
molars are used for fine grinding of food.
/alivary glands secrete saliva. /aliva ma$es the food
slippery which ma$es it easy to swallow the food. /aliva
also contains the en%yme salivary amylase or ptyalin.
/alivary amylase digests starch and converts it into
sucrose.
/esopha%us: &esophagus is also $nown as food pipe. ,t
begins from the nec$ and ends in the stomach. No
digestion ta$es place in oesophagus.
Stoach: /tomach is a bag-li$e organ. +ighly muscular
walls of the stomach help in churning the food. he walls
of stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. +ydrochloric acid
$ills the germs which may be present in food. #oreover(
it ma$es the medium inside stomach as acidic. he acidic
medium is necessary for gastric en%ymes to wor$. he
en%yme pepsin; secreted in stomach; does partial
digestion of protein. he mucus; secreted by the walls of
the stomach saves the inner lining of stomach from
getting damaged from hydrochloric acid.
Sall $ntestine: ,t is a highly coiled tube-li$e structure.
he small intestine is longer than the large intestine but its
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lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine. he small
intestine is divided into three parts( vi%. duodenum(
-e-unum and ileum.
Li!er: 4iver is the largest organ in the human body. 4iver
manufactures bile; which gets stored in gall bladder. From
the gall bladder( bile is released as and when re)uired.
Pancreas: 2ancreas is situated below the stomach. ,t
secretes pancreatic -uice which contains many digestive
en%ymes.
3ile and pancreatic -uice go to the duodenum through a
hepato-pancreatic duct. 3ile brea$s down fat into smaller
particles. his process is called emulsification of fat. .fter
that( the en%yme lipase digests fat into fatty acids and
glycerol. rypsin and chymotrypsin are en%ymes which
digest protein into amino acids. 'omple" carbohydrates
are digested into glucose. he ma-or part of digestion
ta$es place in the duodenum.
No digestion ta$es place in -e-unum. he inner wall in the
ileum is pro-ected into numerous finger-li$e structures;
called villi. Villi increase the surface area inside the ileum
so that optimum absorption can ta$e place. #oreover( villi
also reduce the lumen of the ileum so that food can stay
for longer duration in it; for optimum absorption.
0igested food is absorbed by villi.
Lar%e $ntestine: 4arge intestine is smaller than small
intestine. 5ndigested food goes into the large intestine.
/ome water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the large
intestine. .fter that( the undigested food goes to the
rectum; from where it is e"pelled out through the anus.
0espiration
0espiration:- he process by which a living being
utili%es the food to get energy is called respiration.
Respiration is an o"idation reaction in which carbohydrate
is o"idi%ed to produce energy. #itochondrion is the site of
respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of
.2 6.denosine triphosphate7. .2 is stored in
mitochondria and is released as per need.
Steps of 0espiration:
(a) -rea1in% down %lucose into pyru!ate:- his step
happens in the cytoplasm. *lucose molecule is bro$en
down into pyruvic acid. *lucose molecule is composed of
8 carbon atoms( while pyruvic acid is composed of 9
carbon atoms.
(b) 2ate of Pyru!ic Acid:- Further brea$ing down of
pyruvic acid ta$es place in mitochondria and the
molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a
particular organism. Respiration is of two types( vi%.
aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
(#)Aerobic 0espiration:- his type of respiration
happens in the presence of o"ygen. 2yruvic acid is
converted into carbon dio"ide. !nergy is released and
water molecule is also formed at the end of this process.
(&)Anaerobic 0espiration:- his type of respiration
happens in the absence of o"ygen. 2yruvic acid is either
converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. !thyl alcohol is
usually formed in case of anaerobic respiration in
microbes; li$e yeast or bacteria. 4actic acid is formed in
some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
he e)uations for above reactions can be written as
follows:-
Pain in Le% ,uscles on 0unnin%: 1hen someone runs
too fast( he may e"perience a throbbing pain the leg
muscles. his happens because of anaerobic respiration
ta$ing place in the muscles. 0uring running( the energy
demand from the muscle cells increases. his is
compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is
formed in the process. he deposition of lactic acid causes
the pain the leg muscles. he pain subsides after ta$ing
rest for some time.
+3chan%e of 4ases: For aerobic respiration; organisms
need a continuous supply of o"ygen( and carbon dio"ide
produced during the process needs to be removed from
the body. 0ifferent organisms use different methods for
inta$e of o"ygen and e"pulsion of carbon dio"ide.
0iffusion is the method which is utili%ed by unicellular
and some simple organisms for this purpose. ,n plants
also( diffusion is utili%ed for e"change of gases. ,n
comple" animals( respiratory system does the -ob of
e"change of gases. *ills are the respiratory organs for
fishes. Fishes ta$e in o"ygen; which is dissolved in water;
through gills. /ince availability of o"ygen is less in the
a)uatic environment so the breathing rate of a)uatic
organisms is faster. ,nsects have a system of spiracles and
tracheae which is used for ta$ing in o"ygen.
errestrial organisms have developed lungs for e"change
of gases. .vailability of o"ygen is not a problem in the
terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower
compared to what it is in fishes.
Huan 0espiratory Syste:
he human respiratory system is composed of a pair of
lungs. hese are attached to a system of tubes which open
on the outside through the nostrils. Following are the main
structures in the human respiratory system:
Nostrils: here two nostrils which converge to form a
nasal passage. he inner lining of the nostrils is lined by
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hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. he mucus
and the hairs help in filtering the dust particles out from
inhaled air. Further( air is warmed up when it enters the
nasal passage.
Pharyn3: ,t is a tube li$e structure which continues after
the nasal passage.
Laryn3: his part comes after the pharyn". his is also
called the voice bo".
Trachea: his is composed of rings of cartilage.
'artilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in the
absence of air.
-ronchi: . pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea;
with one bronchus going to each lung.
-ronchioles: . bronchus divides into branches and sub-
branches; inside the lung.
Al!eoli: hese are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles.
.lveolus is composed of a very thin membrane and is the
place where blood capillaries open. his is alveolus;
where o"ygen mi"es with the blood and carbon dio"ide
e"its from the blood. he e"change of gases; in alveoli;
ta$es place due to pressure differential.
3reathing #echanism: he breathing mechanism of lungs
is controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostalis
muscles. 0iaphragm is a membrane which separates the
thoracic chamber from the abdominal cavity. 1hen
diaphragm moves down( the lungs e"pand and air is
inhaled. 1hen diaphragm moves up( the lungs contract
and air is e"haled.
ransportation in 2lants
+3cretion in Plants:
2lants do not have an e"cretory system. hey remove
waste substances through various parts of their body.
&"ygen and carbon dio"ide are removed through
diffusion. #any waste products get collected in old leaves
and are removed with shedding of leaves. Resin and gum
also contain waste substances.
ransportation in 2lants
2lants have speciali%ed vascular tissues for transportation
of substances. here are two types of vascular tissues in
plants( vi%. "ylem and phloem.
:ylem: :ylem is responsible for transportation of water
and minerals. ,t is composed of trachieds( "ylem vessels(
"ylem parenchyma and "ylem fibre. rachieds and "ylem
vessels are the conducting elements. he "ylem ma$es a
continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stem
and right up to the veins of leaves.
2hloem: 2hloem is responsible for transportation of food.
2hloem is composed of sieve tubes( companion cells(
phloem parenchyma and bast fibres. /ieve tubes are the
conducting elements in phloem.
Ascent of Sap:-
he upward movement of water and minerals from roots
to different plant parts is called ascent of sap. #any
factors are at play in ascent of sap and it ta$es place in
many steps. hey are e"plained as follows:
Root 2ressure:- he walls of cells of root hairs are very
thin. 1ater; from soil; enters the root hairs because of
osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement of
water up to the base of the stem.
'apillary .ction:- . very fine tube is called capillary.
1ater; or any li)uid; rises in the capillary because of
physical forces and this phenomenon is called capillary
action. 1ater; in stem; rises up to some height because of
capillary action.
.dhesion-cohesion of 1ater #olecules: 1ater molecules
ma$e a continuous column in the "ylem because of forces
of adhesion and cohesion among the molecules.
ranspiration 2ull: 4oss of water vapour through stomata
and lenticels; in plants; is called transpiration.
ranspiration through stomata creates vacuum which
creates a suction; called transpiration pull. he
transpiration pull suc$s the water column from the "ylem
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tubes and thus water is able to rise to great heights in even
the tallest plants.
ransport of Food:-
ransport of food in plants happens because of utili%ation
of energy. hus( unli$e the transport through "ylem; it is a
form of active transport. #oreover( the flow of substances
through phloem ta$es place in both directions( i.e. it is a
two-way traffic in phloem.
ransportation in .nimals
.irculatory Syste
he circulatory system is responsible for transport of
various substances in human beings. ,t is composed of the
heart( arteries( veins and blood capillaries. 3lood plays the
role of the carrier of substances.
Heart: Heart is a uscular or%an5 which is coposed
of cardiac uscles6 $t is so sall that it can fit inside
and adult7s fist6 The heart is a pupin% or%an which
pups the blood6 The huan heart is coposed of
four chabers8 !iz6 ri%ht auricle8 ri%ht !entricle8 left
auricle and left !entricle6
/ystole:- 'ontraction of cardiac muscles is called systole.
0iastole:- Rela"ation of cardiac muscles is called diastole.
.rteries:- hese are thic$-walled blood vessels which
carry o"ygenated blood from the heart to different organs.
2ulmonary arteries are e"ceptions because they carry
deo"ygenated blood from the heart to lungs; where
o"ygenation of blood ta$es place.
Veins:- hese are thin-walled blood vessels which carry
deo"ygenated blood from different organs to the heart.
2ulmonary veins are e"ceptions because they carry
o"ygenated blood from lungs to the heart. Valves are
present in veins to prevent bac$flow of blood.
'apillaries:- hese are the blood vessels which have
single-celled walls.
3lood:- 3lood is a connective tissue which plays the role
of the carrier for various substances in the body. 3lood is
composed of plasma( blood cells and platelets.
3lood 2lasma:- 3lood plasma is a pale coloured li)uid
which is mostly composed of water. 3lood plasma forms
the matri" of blood.
3lood 'ells:- here are two types of blood cells( vi%. Red
3lood 'ells 6R3's7 and 1hite 3lood 'ells 613's7.
Red 3lood 'orpuscles 6R3's7:- hese are of red colour
because of the presence of haemoglobin which is a
pigment. +aemoglobin readily combines with o"ygen and
carbon dio"ide. he transport of o"ygen happens through
haemoglobin. /ome part of carbon dio"ide is also
transported through haemoglobin.
1hite 3lood 'orpuscles 613's7:- hese are of pale
white colour. hey play important role in the immunity.
2latelets:- 2latelets are responsible for blood coagulation.
3lood coagulation is a defense mechanism which prevents
e"cess loss of blood; in case of an in-ury.
4ymph:- 4ymph is similar to blood but R3's are absent
in lymph. 4ymph is formed from the fluid which lea$s
from blood capillaries and goes to the intercellular spaces
in the tissues. his fluid is collected through lymph
vessels and finally returns to the blood capillaries. 4ymph
also plays an important role in the immune system.
0ouble 'irculation:- ,n the human heart( blood passes
through the heart twice in one cardiac cycle. his type of
circulation is called double circulation. &ne complete
heart beat in which all the chambers of the heart contract
and rela" once is called cardiac cycle. he heart beats
about ;< times per minute in a normal adult. ,n one
cardiac cycle( the heart pumps out ;= m4 blood and thus
about >?== m4 blood in a minute. 0ouble circulation
ensures complete segregation of o"ygenated and
deo"ygenated blood which is necessary for optimum
energy production in warm-blooded animals.
'irculation of 3lood through the heart:
/ystemic Vein 9 /inus Venosus 9 Right .uricle 9
Right Ventricle 9 2ulmonary .rtery 9 4ungs 9
2ulmonary Vein 9 4eft .uricle 9 4eft Ventricle 9
runchus .rteriosus 9 /ystemic 'irculation
Note: The blue colour shows deoxygenated blood, while
the red colour shows oxygenated blood.
!"cretion
Removal of harmful waste from the body is called
e"cretion. #any wastes are produced during various
metabolic activities. hese need to be removed in time
because their accumulation in the body can be harmful
and even lethal for an organism.
+uman !"cretory /ystem
he human e"cretory system is composed of a pair of
$idneys. . tube; called ureter; comes out of each $idney
and goes to the urinary bladder. 5rine is collected in the
urinary bladder( from where it is e"pelled out through
urethra as and when re)uired.
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@idney: @idney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near
the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. he $idney
is composed of many filtering units; called nephrons.
Nephron is called the functional unit of $idney.
Nephron: ,t is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a
filtering part; called glomerulus. *lomerulus is a networ$
of blood capillaries to which renal artery is attached. he
artery which ta$es blood to the glomerulus is called
afferent arteriole and the one receiving blood from the
glomerulus is called efferent arteriole. *lomerulus is
enclosed in a capsule li$e portion; called 3owmanAs
capsule. he 3owmanAs capsule e"tends into a fine tube
which is highly coiled. ubes from various nephrons
converge into collecting duct; which finally goes to the
ureter.
Filtration in *lomerulus: Filtration happens because of
very high pressure inside the glomerulus. he lumen of
efferent arteriole is smaller than that of afferent arteriole.
0ue to this( the blood entering the glomerulus e"periences
very high pressure and due to this( the waste products are
filtered out through the thin membrane of capillaries in
the glomerulus. he filtered blood is sent to the systemic
circulation through efferent arteriole and the filtrate goes
to the 3owmanAs capsule. hat is how urine is formed
inside the $idneys. Reabsorption of water and some other
filtrates ta$es place in the tubular part of the nephron. his
increases the concentration of urine. he human urine is
mainly composed of water and urea.
'lass est B
:uestion: #:- -+ydrochloric acid is secreted by which
part of the alimetary canalC
6a7 &esophagus
6b7 /tomach
6c7 /mall intestine
6d7 4arge intestine

:uestion: &:- -1hich en%yme is secreted in the stomachC
6a7 .mylase
6b7 4ipase
6c7 2epsin
6d7 rypsin

:uestion: (:- -1hich is the longest part of the human
digestive systemC
6a7 &esophagus
6b7 /mall intestine
6c7 .ppendi"
6d7 4arge intestine

:uestion: ) -#ost of the en%ymes are conributed by
which part of the digestive systemC
6a7 4iver
6b7 /tomach
6c7 /mall intestine
6d7 2ancreas

:uestion: * -0igestion of protein is completed in which
part of the digestive systemC
6a7 &esophagus
6b7 /tomach
6c7 /mall intestine
6d7 .ppendi"

:uestion: ; -1hat is the end product of aerobic
respirationC
6a7 'arbon dio"ide
6b7 !thyl alcohol
6c7 4actic acid
6d7 Formic acid

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:uestion: < -1hat is the end product of anaerobic
respirationC
6a7 !thyl alcohol
6b7 4actic acid
6c7 Formic acid
6d7 .cetic acid

:uestion: = -.fter respiration energy is stored in which
formC
6a7 .2
6b7 .02
6c7 N.02
6d7 N.02+

:uestion: > -1hich compound is formed after
glycolysisC
6a7 *lycogen
6b7 2yruvic acid
6c7 4actic acid
6d7 !thanol

:uestion: #? -!"change of air happens through which
part in leavesC
6a7 4enticels
6b7 :ylem
6c7 2hloem
6d7 /tomata
'lass est <
:uestion #:- 1hat is the breathing organ in insectsC
6a7 3oo$ lungs
6b7 /piracles
6c7 *ills
6d7 /$in

:uestion &:- 1hat is the breathing organ in fishC
6a7 3oo$ lungs
6b7 /piracles
6c7 *ills
6d7 /$in

:uestion (:- 1hich animal can breathe through s$in as
well as through lungsC
6a7 Frog
6b7 'rocodile
6c7 ortoise
6d7 1hale

:uestion ):- 1here does the e"change of gases ta$e
place in the human respiratory systemC
6a7 rachea
6b7 3ronchi
6c7 3ronchioles
6d7 .lveoli

:uestion *:- 1hich gas is in highest percentage in
inhaled airC
6a7 &"ygen
6b7 Nitrogen
6c7 'arbon dio"ide
6d7 +ydrogen

:uestion ;: 1hich gas is in highest percentage in
e"haled airC
6a7 &"ygen
6b7 Nitrogen
6c7 'arbon dio"ide
6d7 .rgon

:uestion <: 1hich is the conducting element in "ylemC
6a7 :ylem vessel
6b7 racheids
6c7 3oth DaA and DbA
6d7 /ieve tubes

:uestion =: 1hich is the conducting element in pholemC
6a7 /ieve tube
6b7 'ompanion cell
6c7 3ost fibre
6d7 2arenchyma
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'bse-notes.blogspot.in
:#6 The 1idneys in huan bein%s are a part of the
syste for
6a7 nutrition.
6b7 respiration.
6c7 e"cretion.
6d7 transportation.
.nswer: 6c7 e"cretion.
:&6 The 3yle in plants are responsible for
6a7 transport of water.
6b7 transport of food.
6c7 transport of amino acids.
6d7 transport of o"ygen.
.nswer: 6a7 transport of water.
:(6 The autotrophic ode of nutrition re@uires
6a7 carbon dio"ide and water.
6b7 chlorophyll.
6c7 sunlight.
6d7 all of the above.
.nswer: 6d7 .ll of the above
:)6 The brea1down of pyru!ate to %i!e carbon
dio3ide8 water and ener%y ta1es place in
6a7 cytoplasm.
6b7 mitochondria.
6c7 chloroplast.
6d7 nucleus.
.nswer: 6b7 mitochondria
:*6 ,o!eent of food throu%h oesopha%us is due to
6a7 4ubrication by saliva
6b7 2eristalsis
6c7 *ravitational 2ull
6d7 .ll of the above
.nswer: 6b7 2eristalsis
:;6 Ahere is bile produced"
6a7 *all bladder
6b7 3lood
6c7 4iver
6d7 /pleen
.nswer: 6c7 4iver
:<: $n noral e3piration8 the diaphra% is
6a7 .rched
6b7 Flattened
6c7 2erforated
6d7 None of these
.nswer: 6a7 .rched
:=: The correct pathway of blood in circulatory
syste is
6a7 atria E ventricles E arteries E veins
6b7 ventricles E atria E veins E arteries
6c7 ventricles E veins E arteries E atria
6d7 veins E ventricles E atria E arteries
.nswer: 6a7
:>: 0espiration is a process in which
6a7 !nergy is stored in the form of .02
6b7 !nergy is released and stored in the form of .2
6c7 !nergy is used up
6d7 !nergy is not released at all.
.nswer: 6b7 !nergy is released and stored in the form of
.2
:#?: Nae an or%an which is part of two body
systes6
.nswer: 2ancreas which if part of
!ndocrine /ystem
0igestive /ystem
:##: Ahy do raw bread taste sweeter on astication"
.nswer: ,t is because salivary glands secrete /alivary
.mylase which converts starch into sugars.
:#&: How are fats di%ested in our bodies" Ahere does
this process ta1e place"
.nswer: he small intestine is the site of the complete
digestion of fats. Fats are present in the intestine in the
form of large globules which ma$es it difficult for
en%ymes to act on them. 3ile -uice from the liver
accomplishes this. 3ile salts emulsify these large globules
of fats and brea$ them down into smaller globules
increasing the efficiency of en%yme action. he pancreas
secretes pancreatic -uice which contains en%ymes li$e
trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for brea$ing
down emulsified fats. he walls of the small intestine
contain glands which secrete intestinal -uice. he en%ymes
present in it finally convert the fats into fatty acids and
glycerol.
:#(: Ahat is the role of sali!a in the di%estion of
food"
.nswer: /aliva is a fluid which is secreted by the salivary
glands. ,t helps in digestion of food by following ways:
/aliva contains a digestive en%yme called salivary
amylase( which brea$s down starch into sugars 6maltose7.
,t cleans the mouth cavity and tends to destroy germs that
cause teeth decay. ,t contains lyso%ymes which help in
destroying the bacteria.
,t moistens and lubricates food which again helps in
swallowing.
,t acts as solvent( dissolving some food particles to
stimulate taste buds of the tongue.
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:#): Ahy will siple diffusion not eet the
re@uireent of huan bein%s"
.nswer: .ll cells of body are not in direct contact with
the environment. ,n humans the energy re)uirements are
high. 1aste produced is more due to active metabolism.
herefore simple diffusion does not meet the o"ygen
re)uirement of human beings.
:#*: Ahat criteria do we use to decide whether
soethin% is ali!e"
.nswer: Following criteria may be used to define whether
something is alive:
,t is an organi%ed system of molecules that captures
energy and nutrients to grow by molecular movements(
,t has the ability to reproduce at some point in its life
cycle( and
,t has the potential to evolve in response to changes in the
environment.
:#;: After lon% runnin%8 you ay e3perience craps
in your le% uscles6 Ahats the reason behind this"
.nswer: ,t is due to sudden build up of lactic acid
6because of lac$ of o"ygen7 in our muscles after long
e"ercise. ,t causes muscular cramps in our leg muscles.
:#<: Ahat processes would you consider essential for
aintainin% life"
.nswer: Various life processes are essential for
maintaining life. /ome are:
Nutrition
Respiration
!"cretion
ransportation
:#=: How do !illi enhance absorption of food in the
intestine"
.nswer:
,ncreased surface area
+ighly vascular
:#>: Ahy bile Buice is considered iportant e!en
thou%h it does not contain any di%esti!e enzyes"
.nswer: 3ile -uice is important for the following reasons:
,t contains bile salts and bile pigments that emulsify fats.
'ontains Na+'&9 that neutrali%es the acidic medium of
the food in small intestine.
:&?: Ahich or%ans secrete the followin% enzyes:
(i) Trypsin
(ii) Pepsin
.nswer: 6i7 rypsin - 2ancreas 6ii7 2epsin - *astric
lining of /tomach
:&#: Nae the factors that affect photosynthesis6
.nswer:
4ight ,ntensity( its )uality and duration.
emperature
1ater .vailability
'&9 availability
&ther Factors li$e age and histology of leaf( amount of
chlorophyll present
:&&: Nae the !esti%eal part of huan alientary
canal"
.nswer: vermiform appendi" or caecal
:&(: Ahat is the nae %i!en to rhythic wa!e li1e
anner occurrin% in alientary canal"
.nswer: 2eristalsis or 2eristaltic movements
:&): The bar1 of woody plants is dead but the inner
layers inside the bar1 are li!in%6 How do they %et
o3y%en and release carbon dio3ide"
.nswer: hrough lenticels
:&*: Ahat are lenticels"
.nswer: 4enticels are portions of the periderm 6bar$7 with
numerous intercellular spaces. heir purpose is to allow
gas e"change through the compactly arranged cor$ cells
of the bar$( which otherwise presents an impermeable
barrier to the passage of water and gases.
:&;: How does photosynthesis occur"
.nswer: he process of photosynthesis is completed in
two steps:
light reaction
dar$ reaction
i7 Li%ht reaction: he first step of photosynthesis occurs
in the presence of light. 0uring this step( chlorophyll
contained in the chloroplast of plant cells absorbs light
energy. his energy is converted into another form( which
can be supplied for the completion of the dar$ reaction.
ii7 'ar1 reaction: his second step of photosynthesis
does not re)uire light( and is called dar$ reaction. ,t can
also carry on in the presence of light. 0uring this step(
energy generated during light reaction is used to combine
carbon dio"ide and water molecules to form energy rich
compounds( such as glucose. &"ygen is also released in
this process.
he following e)uation summari%es the raw materials and
products of photosynthetic process:
R.1 #.!R,.4/ 2R&05'/
sunlight
8'&< F B<+<& ----------------G '8+B<&8 F 8+<& F
8&<
carbon water chlorophyll glucose water
o"ygen
dio"ide
:&<: Nae the ode of nutrition in an or%anis that
uses siple substances li1e ./& and water to prepare
food inside its body"
.nswer: .utotrophic mode of nutrition.
:&=: Ahat are the differences between autotrophic
nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition"
.nswer:
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Autotrophic
Nutrition
Hetrotrophic
Nutrition
B
*reen plants are self-
dependent( because they
synthesi%e their own food
materials by photosynthesis.
/uch mode of nutrition is
described as autotrophic
nutrition.
&rganisms which depend
upon plants or other
organisms for their
nutrition.
<
*reen 2lants 6producers7 are
autotrophs.
Non-*reen 2lants(
.nimals( 2arasites are
hetrotrophs 6consumers7.
:&>: 0ead followin% stateents fro A to + and
identify the rele!ant life process fro the followin%
word list6
%rowth8 transport8 synthesis8 re%ulation8 nutrition
A. . butterfly suc$ing the nectar from the flowers in a
garden.
-. . boy shouts with e"citement when his school team
wins the match on the last ball.
.. .fter finishing lunch( #ohanHs blood distributes the
food molecules to different cells of his body.
'. *reen plants prepares starch 6comple" substance7
from simpler chemicals.
+. Radha finds her height has increased by > cm since her
last birthday.
.nswer:
.-nutrition
3- regulation
'- transport
0- synthesis
!- growth
:(?: Ahat is osore%ulation"
.nswer: he regulation of the water content of the cell is
called osmoregulation.
:(#: Ahat are the different ways in which %lucose is
o3idized to pro!ide ener%y in !arious or%aniss"
.nswer: 3rea$ing down of glucouse involves two step
process. ,n the first step( it is bro$en into three carbon
molecule called pyruvate. he pyruvate is further bro$en
down into energy in following different ways in various
organisms:
.erobic Respiration: ,n this case( pyruvate is bro$en
down into water and carbon dio"ide along with release of
energy. ,t commonly occurs in mitochondria of cells.
.naerobic Respiration in Ieast: ,n yeast cells during
fermentation pyruvate is converted into ethanol and
carbon dio"ide in the absence of o"ygen.
.naerobic Respiration in #uscles: 0ue to lac$ of o"ygen(
e.g. during vigorous running or e"ercise( in human
muscles( pyruvate is converted into lactic acid.
:(#: Ahich or%an of the plant body helps in oso-
re%ulation"
.nswer: 4eaves
:(&: Ahich or%anelle of the cell in anials helps in
oso-re%ulation"
.nswer: 'ontractile Vacuole.
:((: $f 1idney fails to reabsorb water8 the tissues
would
6a7 remain unaffected
6b7 shrin$ to shrivel
6c7 absorb water from blood
6d7 ta$e more o"ygen from blood
.nswer: 6c7 absorb water from blood. his condition is
called &edma or 0ropsy
:(): How does transpiration pull help in ascent of
sap"
.nswer: 1ater column builds up as a result of cohesion
and adhesion forces. he negative pressure in the upper
tissues results in upward pull of water.
:(*: $n what for e3cretion ta1es place in plants"
.nswer: 2lants produce secondary metabolites li$e
organic acids( tannin( resins( late"( gums etc.
:(;(N.+0T): Ahat are the coponents of the
transport syste in hi%hly or%anised plants"
.nswer: he transport system of organised plants consist
of "ylem and phloem. :ylem which have vessels and
tracheids which transport water and minerals from root to
other parts of the plant. 2hloem which consists of sieve
tubes( sieve cells and companion cells transport food from
leaves to storage organs and other parts of the plant. ,n
"ylem( the transport is unidirectional i.e. from root
upward while in phloem( it is bidirectional.
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:(<: Ahat is eant by double circulation" ,ention
its ad!anta%es6
.nswer: ,n human beings and other vertegrates( the blood
goes through heart twice during each cycle. his process
is $nown as double circulation. 0eo"ygenated blood
enters through right auricle and then it enters right
ventricle from where it is pumped to lungs for
o"ygenation. From lungs after o"ygenation it comes to
left auricle and enters left ventricle from where it is
pumped to various parts of body.
.dvantages:
,t helps in $eeping o"ygenated and 0e-o"ygenated blood
completely separated.
,t increases the efficiency of o"ygen in the body.
+3cellent youtube !ideo e3plainin% .irculatory
Syste (credits: 2aul .ndersen( bo%emanbiology 7
:(=: Aho has lon%er sall intestine ti%er or cow"
.nswer: 'ow because it has to digest cellulose re)uiring
an elaborate digestion. #ost of the plant eaters
6ruminants7 have to undergo additional process of
digestion i.e. brea$ the cellulose wall and digest it.
:(>: Lea!es of a healthy potted plant are coated with
Caseline to bloc1 the stoata6 Aill this plant reain
healthy for lon%" State three reasons to support your
answer6
.nswer: No the plant will not remain healthy because no
e"change of gases are ta$ing place. ,t will lead to:
low respiration
no photosynthesis occur
no transpiration.
+ence plant will not remain healthy and may die
eventually.
:)?: /utline inhalation-e3halation cycle6
.nswer:
,nhalation: 4owering of diaphragm E rising of rib cage
E *as 6&<7 passes to .lveoli
!"halation: .ir is forced out E Rising of diaphragm E
lowering of ribcage
:)# (.-S+): Haeo%lobin is a type of
6a7 'arbohydrate
6b7 /$in 2igment
6c7 Vitamin
6d7 Respiratory 2igment
.nswer: 6d7 Respiratory 2igment
:)&: Ahat are the coponents of the transport syste
in huan bein%s" Ahat are the functions of these
coponents"
.nswer: he main components of the transport system in
human beings are:
heart(
blood( and
blood vessels.
+eart pumps o"ygenated blood throughout the body. ,t
receives deo"ygenated blood from various parts of the
body and transports this impure blood to the lungs for
o"ygenation.
3lood is a fluid connective tissue and it helps in the
transport of o"ygen( nutrients( '&<( and nitrogenous
wastes.
he blood vessels 6arteries( veins( and capillaries7 carry
blood either away from the heart to various organs or
from various organs bac$ to the heart.
,t is a double circulatory system in human body.
:)(: Ahy is it necessary to separate o3y%enated and
deo3y%enated blood in aals and birds"
.nswer: 1arm-blooded animals li$e birds and mammals
maintain a constant body temperature under different
temperature conditions. hey cool themselves in a hotter
environment and warm their bodies in a cooler
environment. herefore( these animals need more energy
to maintain their body temperature. his re)uires more
cellular respiration which means more o"ygen 6&<7.
herefore it is more efficient if mammals and birds $eep
separate o"ygenated and deo"ygenated blood.
:))($,P): Ahy is there e3tra air in our lun%s after
e3halin%"
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.nswer: his e"tra air is called residual volume of air.
0uring the breathing cycle( when air is ta$en
in and let out( the lungs always contain a residual volume
of air so that there is sufficient time for o"ygen to be
absorbed and for the carbon dio"ide to be released. .lso
we need to do e"tra wor$ to empty and refill the lungs( if
there is no residual volume of air inside the lungs.
:);: Ahich cell are the site of e3chan%e of %ases"
.nswer: .lveoli
:)<: How are the lun%s desi%ned in huan bein%s to
a3iize the area for e3chan%e of %ases"
.nswer:
,nside the lungs( the blood capillaries surround the alveoli.
he e"change of gases ta$es place between the blood of
the capillaries and the gases present in the alveoli. hus
alveoli are the site for e"change of gases.
0uring the process of inhalation( the lungs get filled up
with air as ribs are lifted up and diaphragm is flattened.
.ir is suc$ed into the lungs and fills the e"panded alveoli.
!ach lung contains 9==->== million alveoli. hese
numerous alveoli increase the surface area for gaseous
e"change ma$ing the process of respiration more
efficient.
he blood brings carbon dio"ide from the rest of the body
for release into the alveoli( and the o"ygen in the alveolar
air is ta$en up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be
transported to all the cells in the body.
:)=: Ahy blood is necessary for o3y%en deli!ery to all
parts of the body in lar%er anials"
.nswer:
/ince the body si%e of animals is large( the diffusion
pressure alone cannot ta$e care of o"ygen delivery to all
parts of the body.
,nstead( respiratory pigments ta$e up o"ygen from the air
in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are deficient in
o"ygen before releasing it. ,n human beings( the
respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which has a very high
affinity for o"ygen.
his pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
'arbon dio"ide is more soluble in water than o"ygen is
and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form in
our blood.
:)>: 'efine hoeostasis6
.nswer: he series of physical and chemical processes
that wor$ to maintain an internal e)uilibrium is called
homeostasis.
:*?: Nae the or%an systes that help us aintain
hoeostasis6
.nswer: 'irculatory /ystem and !"cretory /ystem.
:*#: Aastes concentrated in the tubules of -owan7s
capsule are called DDDD6
6a7 salts.
6b7 -uices
6c7 urine
6d7 amino acids
.nswer: 6c7 urine.
:*&: Ahat in 1idneys is analo%ous to al!eloli in lun%s"
.nswer: Nephrons.
:*((.-S+ &?##): State the role and function of
lyph in huan transport syste6
.nswer: 4ymph 6li$e blood7 is a circulatory fluid. ,t flows
in the lymph vessels.
4ymph 6also called tissue fluid7 is colourless.
,t consists of lymphocytes which $ills germs and protect
the human body from infections.
4ymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
,t drains e"cess fluid from e"tra cellular space bac$ into
the blood.
,ts flow is unidirectional i.e. from tissues E lymph
capillaries E veins E heart.
:*): Ahat is the basic reason of urine production"
.nswer: 3lood carries nitrogenous waste in the form of
urea or uric acid which needs to be removed. ,t is done by
$idneys by filtering the blood and removing uric acid in
the form of urine.
:**(.-S+ &?##): State the role of 1idneys in huan
transport syste6
.nswer:
Remove or e"crete nitrogenous wastes
Regulate water content of the body 6osmo-regulation7.
#aintain mineral balance in blood.
:*;: Aho disco!ered systeic blood circulation
syste in huan body"
.nswer: 1illiam +arvey in B8<J
3efore that people believe( it is the same tubes carry the
blood and blood is formed in liver.
:*<: Ahat is pulonary circulation and systeic
circulation"
.nswer: +umans have a double circulatory system. he
right side of the four chambered heart pumps blood to the
lungs only and is called the pulonary circulation.
he left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the
body is called the systeic circulation.
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:;?: Ahich fluid is also 1now as tissue fluid"
.nswer: 4ymph
:;#: Ahat is sphy%oanoeter"
.nswer: ,n layman terms it is called blood pressure
apparatus which is used to measure blood pressure of
humans.
:;&: Ahat is the function of ureter"
.nswer: ransports urine from $idneys to bladder.
:;((Pre,ed): Assertion and 0eason Type
Assertion: 3ile is essential for fat digestion
0eason: Fats cannot be digested without emulsification
5se the following @ey to choose the appropriate answer.
6a7 3oth .ssertion K Reason are rue K Reason is a
correct e"planation of the .ssertion.
6b7 ,f both .ssertion K Reason are rue but Reason is not
a correct e"planation of the .ssertion.
6c7 ,f .ssertion is rue but the Reason is False.
6d7 ,f both .ssertion and Reason are False
.nswer: 6a7 3oth .ssertion K Reason are rue K Reason
is a correct e"planation of the .ssertion.
:;): .hye is DDDD6
6a7 0igestive en%yme secreted by stomach.
6b7 +ormone secreted by islets of 2ancreas
6c7 food which enters into intestine from stomach.
6d7 2art of bile -uice which stores in gall bladder.
.nswer: 6c7 food which enters into intestine from
stomach.
:;*: Ahat is the nature of .hye" Acidic or -asic or
Neutral"
.nswer: .cidic.
:;;: 'urin% daytie transpiration and photosynthesis
are interlin1ed6 Ahat do you ean by this stateent"
.nswer: 0uring daytime( stomata is open to diffuse in
'arbon &"ide gas for photosynthesis. ,n parallel( it also
facilitates transpiration. herefore( during daytime the
process of transpiration and photosynthesis are
interlin$ed.
:;<: ESweatin% in anialsE is e@ui!alent to what in
plants"
.nswer: ranspiration.
:;=: Ahat factor contribute to rate of transpiration"
.nswer:
Number of leaves
Number of stomata
emperature of /urroundings
1ind
1ater supply
.mount of 4ight
:;>: How does transpiration help plants"
.nswer:
0uring transpiration the evaporating water carries away
heat energy. hus it cools the temperature of plants.
0ue to water loss( the osmotic pressure inside leaves
decreases. 0ue to which water and other mineral is able to
reach leaves from roots and stem.
Following you tube video gives detailed e"planation
about 5rinary /ystem 6'redits: ,ntroductory 3. imby
and N. /mith7
:<?: Nae the ineral re@uired for healthy %rowth of
teeth6
.nswer: 'alcium
:<#: Nae the cheical used to detect presence of
starch6
.nswer: ,odine
:<&: Ahat is the function of ucus secreted in
stoach durin% di%estion"
.nswer: #ucus does not participate directly in digestion.
+owever( it protects the inner lining of the stomach due to
+'l secretion.
:<(: Ahat is the optiu teperature for
photosynthesis"
.nswer: <LM ' is considered as optimum temperature for
photosynthesis.
:<): 'ifferentiate between -lood and Lyph
.nswer:
-lood


Lyph

B. Reddish in 'olour B. 2ale Iellow in colour
<. R3's present <. No R3's
9. Flow is rapid 9.Flow is slow
>. 3idirectional Flow >. 5nidirectional
L. 4eucocyte count is
relatively less.
L. +igh leucocyte count.
8. 2latelests present 8. 2latelets absent
:<*: How does diaphra% help in inhalation"
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.nswer: ,t flattens during inhalation( thus increasing the
volume of the thoracic cavity.
'3/! 'lass B= - /cience - '+8 4ife 2rocesses
62hotosynthesis7
Photosynthesis
2hotosynthesis 2rocess
credits:original chloroplast image ta$en from wi$ipedia
Q & A
:#: Ahat is photosynthesis"
.nswer: he process by which green plants ma$e their
own food from carbon-dio"ide and water in the presence
of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.
0uring this process o"ygen gas is released. his process
can be represented as:
8'&< F B<+<& '8+B<&8 F 8+<& F 8&<
he green plants convert energy of sunlight into chemical
energy by ma$ing glucose.
he e"tra glucose formed changes into starch which is
stored in leaves.
he &"ygen released comes from the water.
:&: 'efine Translocation6
.nswer: ransportation of food from photosynthetic parts
of the plant to the non-green part of the plant through
phloem is $nown as translocation.
:(: Ahat are the iportant e!ents occur durin%
photosynthesis process"
.nswer: he following events occur during this process:
.bsorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
'onversion of light energy to chemical energy and
splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and o"ygen.
6Li%ht 0eaction7
Reduction of carbon dio"ide to carbohydrates. 6'ar1
0eaction by .al!in .ycle7
:):,ention the conditions for photosynthesis6 Also
ention the process in!ol!ed in each of these steps6
.nswer:
i) SUNLIGHT
'hlorophyll of the leaves of the plant trap sunlight and
converts them into chemical energy during
photosynthesis. 2lant utili%es visible light only which is
made up of ; colours and green colour is least absorbed
6 it reflects green the most - thatHs why the leaves appear
green7.
ii) HL!"!#H$LL
'hlorophyll is a green pigment mainly present in the
leaves of the plant. here are many types of chlorophyll
named a( b( c( d( e and bacterio-chlorophyll. 'hlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b are most abundently present in the
nature.
iii)%"&!N 'I!(I')
2lants ta$e carbon dio"ide through stomata to ma$e
glucose6food for the plants7.
i*) +%T)"
1ater is absorbed by the roots of the plants through
osmosis. hrough "ylem( water is tranported to all parts of
the plant.
:*: Nae other two pi%ents which absorb sunli%ht
( other than chlorophyll )6
.nswer: 'arotenoids and Fuco"anthin
:;: How do a@uatic plants %et o3y%en for
photosynthesis"
.nswer: .)uatic plants obtain carbon dio"ide through the
process of diffusion.
:<: Ahere does li%ht reaction occur"
.nswer: ,n the grana thyla$oids of chloroplasts.
:=: Ahere does dar1 reaction occur"
.nswer: ,n the stroma of chloroplasts.
:>: Ahich wa!elen%th of li%ht is best absorbed by
chlorophyll"
.nswer: Red colour wavelength
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:#?: Ahy do ost plants appear %reen in colour"
.nswer: he green pigment of chlorophyll absorbs all
light colours and reflect the green light.
:##: Ahich products fored durin% li%ht reaction in
photosynthesis process are used by dar1 reaction"
.nswer: N.02+ and .2
:#&: Ahat is the function of thyla1oid ebranes in
chloroplast"
.nswer: hyla$oid membranes provide large surface area
for light absorption.
:#(: Arite down the full for of the followin%:
.02
.2
N.02
.nswer:
.02: .denosine diphosphate
.2: .denosine triphosphate
N.02: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
:#): Ahy is photosynthesis iportant to the %lobal
world"
.nswer:
,n photosynthesis solar energy 6sunlight7 is converted to
chemical energy and is stored in plants as starch.
2lants also store e"cess sugar by synthesis of starch
+eterotrophs( including humans( may completely or
partially consume plants for fuel and raw materials.
2hotosynthesis is responsible for the presence of o"ygen
in our atmosphere.
!ach year( photosynthesis synthesi%es appo". B8= billion
metric tons of carbohydrate
'3/! 'lass B= - /cience - '+8 - 4ife 2rocesses 6#'Ns7
Life Processes
,-.s)
:#: Ahich of the followin% type has the lon%est sall
intestine"
6a7 'arnivores
6b7 &mnivores
6c7 +erbivores
6d7 .utotroph
:&: Cilli are present in
6a7 pancreas
6b7 stomach
6c7 small intestine
6d7 oesophagus
:(: Ahich of the followin% etal is associated with
heao%lobin"
6a7 .luminum
6b7 ,ron
6c7 2otassium
6d7 'alcium
:): Ahere the process of di%estion of food starts in
huan bein%"
6a7 /tomach
6b7 Food canal
6c7 #outh
6d7 /mall intestine
:*: The 1idneys in huan bein%s are a part of the
syste for"
6a7 e"cretion
6b7 nutrition
6c7 respiration
6d7 transportation
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:;: -y which of the followin% bile is secreted in
huan di%esti!e syste"
6a7 2ancreas
6b7 4iver
6c7 @idney
6d7 /tomach
:<: The action of bile can be tered as:
6a7 esterification
6b7 hydrogenation
6c7 o"idation
6d7 emulsification
:=: Ahich one of the followin% or%aniss can li!e
without o3y%en of air6
6a7 .moeba
6b7 /heep
6c7 Ieast
6d7 4eech
:>: 0espiration is a process in which
6a7 !nergy is stored in the form of .02
6b7 !nergy is used up
6c7 !nergy is released and stored in the form of .2
6d7 !nergy is not released at all
:#?: The /3y%enated blood is carried fro lun%s to
left auricle by
6a7 vena cava
6b7 pulmonary vein
6c7 pulmonary artery
6d7 aorta
.nswers:
B: 6c7 +erbivores O0iet of herbivores is made of fibre and
cellulose and is hard to digest. herefore( herbivores need
a longer digestive trac$ to digest this food.P
<: 6c7 small intestine
9: 6b7 ,ron
>: 6c7 #outh or 3uccal cavity
L: 6a7 e"cretion
8: 6b7 4iver
;: 6d7 emulsification
J: 6c7 Ieast
?: 6c7 !nergy is released and stored in the form of .2
B=: 6b7 pulmonary vein
'3/! 'lass B= - /cience - 'h8 - *ist on !"cretory
/ystem 64ife 2rocesses7
4ist on +3cretory Syste
,Short . / %)
. 2air &f @idneys
6image credits: openclipart7
:#: 'efine +3cretion6
.nswer: !"cretion is a biological process by which an
organism gets rid of metabolic to"ic wastes from its body.
:&: List the to3ic wastes of etabolis6
.nswer: hese wastes are nitrogenous materials i.e.
ammonia( urea and uric acid( carbon dio"ide( inorganic
salts( e"cess of water.
:(: Ahat is /sore%ulation"
.nswer: ,t is a process that maintains the amount of water
and ionic balance in the body.
:): Ahere Frea is fored in aals"
.nswer: 5rea is made in the liver via the ornithine cycle
by combining the ammonia
made by deamination with carbon dio"ide made from
respiration
:*: Ahat are the aBor e3cretory products of plants"
.nswer: &"ygen( 1ater( 'arbon 0i&"ide( 4ate"( gums(
resins( e"cessive salts( calcium o"alate and other to"ic
substances are e"cretory organs of plants.
:;: How does e3cretion occur in aoeba"
.nswer: 'ontractile vacuoles in amoeba performs
e"cretion.
:<: Ahat is %out"
.nswer: ,n humans the high concentrations of uric acid in
the blood cause uric acid crystals to precipitate in the
$idneys and -oint membranes. his can cause e"cruciating
pain and swelling in the -oints( particularly in the big toes.
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:=: Nae the e3cretory or%ans of earthwor6
.nswer: Nephridia
:>: List the e3cretory syste or%ans in huan bein%s6
.nswer: he e"cretory system in humans consists of:
- a pair of $idneys
- a pair of ureter
- a urinary bladder
- a urethra

:#?: Nae the functional and structural unit of
1idney6
.nswer: Nephron is the structural and functional unit of
$idney. !ach $idney of the pair contains millions of
nephrons.
:##: How does a pair of 1idneys in huan bein%s
related to hoeostasis"
.nswer: @idney is also concerned with homeostasis since
it carries out osmoregulation of body fluids and controls
the p+ of the blood.
:#&: How does e3cretion ta1es place in se%ented
wors8 li1e earthwors"
.nswer: /egmented worms( such as earthworms( produce
urea that is e"creted through long tubules called
nephridia.
:#(: Ahat are the e3cretory or%ans of insects li1e
%rasshoppers"
.nswer: #alpighian tubules
:#): Ahat is Heodialysis"
.nswer: ,t is a process of separating wastes from the
blood by passing through a semipermeable membrane.
:#*: Ahy does uric acid is the best nitro%enous waste
product for insects8 reptiles and birds"
.nswer: 5ric acid has low solubility and does conserve
water in insects( reptiles and birds.
:#;: Nae the two ethods in use durin% chronic
renal (1idney) failure6
.nswer: +emodialysis and $idney transplant
:#<: Ahat is the ain e3cretory product in Aoeba
and Bellyfish"
.nswer: .mmonia 6N+97
:#=: Ahat are the two ain functions of 1idneys"
.nswer:
remove to"ic metabolic waste products 6for e"ample(
urea( uric acid( ammonia( salts etc.7 from the blood( for
e"cretion
regulate the blood p+( blood water and salt content( blood
osmotic pressure( blood pressure 6homeostasis7
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