Concentration Terms

1. Molarity, M mol of solute/L of solution

The problem with molarity is it changes with temp.

2. Molality, m mol of solute/kg of solvent
Molality doesnt change with temp.
For dilute solutions (<0.1 M), molality ~ molarity.

3. Part solution by mass or volume
Mass% (mass of part/mass of whole) x 100%
Ppm (mass of part/mass of whole) x 106
Volume% (vol of part/vol of whole) x 100%
Ppm (vol of part/vol of whole) x 106
(Note, volumes may not be additive)

4. Mole fracti
mol of solute/(mol of solute + mol of solvent)

Concentration Conversions

Define all concentration units.
Identify the conversion factors needed above double-arrow lines.
Calculate the mass of solvent from mass%.
Practice concentration conversions.



mass of solvent moles of solvent(s)



molality, m mole fraction



mass of solute moles of solute



mass %



mass of solution



molarity, M



volume of solution





Chm 116 Concentration handout, K. Rowberg 1/2000

Examples:

Calculate the molarity of a 0.60% by mass NaCl solution with a density of 1.0025 g/mL. Ans:
0.10 M







Calculate the molarity of pure water at 25C when the density is 1.00 g/mL. Ans: 55.5 M







A sample of acid contains 36% HCl by mass. 1) Calculate the mole fraction of HCl. 2) Calculate
the molality. Ans: 0.22, 16m







A solution containing equal masses of glycerol, C3H8O3 and water has a density of 1.10 g/mL.
Calculate molarity and molality. Ans: 5.98M, 10.9 m







The density of a 3.54 M solution of NH4Cl is 1.0512 g/cm3. What is the molality of the solution?
Ans: 4.12 m






Colligative Properties = properties of solutions that depend on the number (not identity) of solute
particles.
1. vapor pressure lowering:
Because a mixture has higher entropy than a pure solvent, the entropy difference between the mixture
and the solvent as vapor is less than the pure solvent and vapor, and therefore, a mixture has a
decreased tendency to vaporize (lower vapor pressure) than the pure solvent. This follows Raoults law:

where Psolvent is the vapor pressure of solvent above the soln
solution
Psolvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
2. boiling point elevation:
Mixtures have lower vapor pressures than pure solvents, therefore it takes a higher temperature before
the mixture reaches the boiling point (where the vapor pressure of the mixture equals the external
(more for ionic solutions)

Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant
m is the molality of the solution
Example: What is the boiling point of 0.200 m lactose in water? Kb is 0.512 C/m Ans:













3. Freezing point depression:
Mixture with lowered vapor pressures elevates the boiling point and depresses the freezing point
following:

is the freezing point depression
Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant and m is the molality of the solution
Q: Which solution can depress the freezing point more, 15 g NaCl in 50 g water or 15 g CH3Cl in 50 g
water ?
Ans: The one with the most particles in the solvent.
Example: When 0.243 g of a neutral covalent compound is dissolved in 25.0 g water, the freezing point
is depressed by 0.201 C. Calculate the molar mass of the compound. Ans: 90.3
g/mol







4. Osmotic pressure: a mixture is diluted by water through a semipermeable membrane. Against
gravity this results in osmotic pressure (it also happens in biological cells and synthetic polymers). This is
quantified as

= MRT
Osmometry is used to determine the molecular mass of a polymer. Rearrange the above equation for
molar mass. Instant snow