Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No.

65, ANAND 388 001 India

Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com
RAILWAY, BRIDGE
AND
TUNNEL ENGINEERING
By
Ketki Rangwala Dalal
Edition : 1
st
Edition : 2012
ISBN : 978-93-80358-60-4
Size : 135 mm 210 mm
Binding : Paperback with 4 Color Jacket Cover
Pages : 792 + 24
` 250.00
This book aims at presenting the topics of Railway, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering written in a
simple manner. The subject-matter is characterized by comprehension as well as methodical
and easy-to-follow style.
The Section I: Railway Engineering is well divided in to Seventeen chapters including Introduc-
tion to Railway Engineering; Rail Gauges; Surveys and Alignment of Railway Lines; Railway
Traction; Rails; Creep; Rail Fastenings; Geometric Design of a Track; Resistance to Traction;
Points and Crossings; Signalling; Interlocking; Station Machinery; etc.
The Section II: Bridge Engineering is well divided in to Twelve chapters including Introduc-
tion to Bridge Engineering; Foundations - I: Pile Foundation; Foundations - II: Caissons and
Cofferdams; Substructures; Fixed-Span Superstructures; Low Cost Bridges: Movable-Span
Superstructures; Low Cost Bridges: Culverts and Causeways; Low Cost Bridges: Timber or
Temporary Bridges; Flooring; Bearings; Erection, Maintenance and Strengthening of Bridges;
Miscellaneous Topics; etc.
The Section III: Tunnel Engineering is well divided in to Ten chapters including General Aspects
of Tunnelling; Stages in Tunnel Construction; Tunnelling in Soft Ground; Tunnelling in Hard
Rock; Shield Tunnelling; Shafts and Portals; Tunnel Lining; Lighting, Ventilation and Dust Con-
trol in Tunnels; Drainage of Tunnels; Safety in Tunnel Construction; etc.
The 2 Appendices give Abbreviated Terms and also Model Question Papers.
Salient features of this book are:488 self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches; 35 illustrative
problems; 41 important useful tables; 626 typical questions at the end of the chapters.
The text-matter has been arranged systematically according to the curriculum developed by the
Gujarat Technological University (G.T.U.) for the Sixth Semester students of Civil Engineering
(Subject code: 160603) and also it should prove to be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering
students preparing for the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Exami-
nations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certifcate Courses as well as for
the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional examina-
tions. It should also prove great of interest and practical use to the practicing professionals.
About the book CoNteNt

Checklist
SECTIon I : RAILwAy EnGInEERInG
1 : InTRoDUCTIon To RAILwAy EnGInEERInG
2 : RAIL GAUGES
3 : SURVEyS AnD ALIGnMEnT oF RAILwAy LInES
4 : RAILwAy TRACTIon
5 : RAILS
6 : CREEP
7 : SLEEPERS
8 : BALLAST
9 : RAIL FASTEnInGS
10 : GEoMETRIC DESIGn oF A TRACk
11 : RESISTAnCE To TRACTIon
12 : PoInTS AnD CRoSSInGS
13 : CoMBInATIonS oF PoInTS AnD CRoSSInGS
14 : STATIonS AnD yARDS
15 : SIGnALLInG
16 : InTERLoCkInG
17 : STATIon MACHInERy
SECTIon II : BRIDGE EnGInEERInG
18 : InTRoDUCTIon To BRIDGE EnGInEERInG
19 : FoUnDATIonS I: SPREAD AnD PILE FoUnDATIon
20 : FoUnDATIonS - II: CAISSonS AnD CoFFERDAMS
21 : SUBSTRUCTURES
22 : FIxED-SPAn SUPERSTRUCTURES
23 : Low CoST BRIDGES: MoVABLE-SPAn
SUPERSTRUCTURES
24 : Low CoST BRIDGES: CULVERTS AnD CAUSEwAyS
25 : Low CoST BRIDGES: TIMBER oR TEMPoRARy
BRIDGES
26 : FLooRInG
27 : BEARInGS
28 : ERECTIon, MAInTEnAnCE AnD STREnGTHEnInG
oF BRIDGES
29 : MISCELLAnEoUS ToPICS
SECTIon III : TUnnEL EnGInEERInG
30 : GEnERAL ASPECTS oF TUnnELLInG
31 : STAGES In TUnnEL ConSTRUCTIon
32 : TUnnELLInG In SoFT GRoUnD
33 : TUnnELLInG In HARD RoCk
34 : SHIELD TUnnELLInG
35 : SHAFTS AnD PoRTALS
36 : TUnnEL LInInG
37 : LIGHTInG, VEnTILATIon AnD DUST ConTRoL In
TUnnELS
38 : DRAInAGE oF TUnnELS
39 : SAFETy In TUnnEL ConSTRUCTIon
APPEnDIx I : ABBREVIATED TERMS
APPEnDIx II : MoDEL QUESTIon PAPERS
Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com
RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CoNTENTs
Section I : RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO RAILWAY
ENGINEERING
1-1. Brief history of railways
1-2. Future of railways
1-3. Trains of tomorrow (Maglev Trains)
1-4. Automatic train operation
1-5. Indian railways
1-6. Development of the Indian railway
1-7 Classifcation of Indian Railways
1-8. Achievements of Indian Railways
1-9. Future plan of Indian railways
1-10. Summary
QUESTIONS 1
Chapter 2 RAIL GAUGES
2-1. Defnition of gauge of track
2-2. Gauges in different countries
2-3. Uniformity in gauges
2-4. Unigauge project of Indian railways
2-5. Loading gauge and construction gauge
QUESTIONS 2
Chapter 3 SURvEYS AND ALIGNmENT Of RAILWAY
LINES
3-1. Reasons for laying a new railway line
3-2. Factors infuencing the proposed route
3-3. Railway surveys
3-3-1. Reconnaissance survey
3-3-2. Preliminary survey
3-3-3. Location survey
3-3-4. Railway Electrifcation Survey
3-4. Project report and drawings
3-5. Construction of new lines
QUESTIONS 3
Chapter 4 RAILWAY TRACTION
4-1. Tractive effort of a locomotive
4-2. Track stresses
QUESTIONS 4
Chapter 5 RAILS
5-1. Permanent way and its requirements
5-2. Functions of rails
5-3. Requirements of an ideal rail
5-4. Types of rails
5-5. Steel for rails
5-6. Weight and section of rails
5-7. Marking on rails
5-8. Corrugated or roaring rails
5-9. Corrosion of rails
5-10. Length of rail
5-11. Welding of rails
5-12. Wear of rails
5-13. Methods adopted to reduce wear of rails
5-14. Measuring wear of rails
5-15. Renewal of rails
5-16. Failure of rails
5-17. Coning of wheels
5-18. Hogged rails
5-19. Buckling
QUESTIONS 5
Chapter 6 CREEp
6-1. Defnition
6-2. Causes of creep
6-3. Factors determining magnitude of creep
6-4. Results of creep
6-5. Method of measuring the creep
6-6. Methods of correcting the creep
QUESTIONS 6
Chapter 7 SLEEpERS
7-1. Functions of sleepers
7-2. Types of sleepers
7-3. Requirements of an ideal material for sleeper
7-4. Materials for cross-sleepers
7-5. Sleeper density
QUESTIONS 7
Chapter 8 BALLAST
8-1. Functions of ballast
8-2. Requirements of an ideal material for ballast
8-3. Materials used as ballast
8-4. Size and quantity of ballast
8-5. Screening of ballast
QUESTIONS 8
Chapter 9 RAIL fASTENINGS
9-1. Rail joints
9-2. Avoidance of rail joints
9-3. Types of rail joints
9-4. Requirements of an ideal fastening
9-5. Fastenings for rails
9-5-1. Fish-plates
9-5-2. Spikes, fang-bolts and hook-bolts
9-5-3. Chairs and keys
9-5-4. Bearing-plates
QUESTIONS 9
Chapter 10 GEOmETRIC DESIGN Of A TRACk
10-1. Objections to curvature of track
10-2. Designation of a curve
10-3. Types of curves and limiting radius or degree of curvature
10-4. Transition curves
10-5. Super-elevation or cant
10-6. Factors affecting super-elevation
10-7. Speed of trains on curves
10-8. Cant Defciency and Negative super-elevation
10-9. Cant Excess
10-10. Grade compensation on curves
10-11. Bending of rails on curves
10-12. Cutting of rails on curves
10-13. Widening gauge on curves
10-14. Spirals
10-15. Switch-backs
10-16. Rack railways
10-17. String-lining of curves
10-18. Tilting train
QUESTIONS 10
Chapter 11 RESISTANCE TO TRACTION
11-1. Train resistances
11-2. Rolling stock
11-2-1. Locomotives
11-2-2. Coaches
11-2-3. Wagons
11-3. Train-brakes
11-4. Dynamometer car
QUESTIONS 11
Chapter 12 pOINTS AND CROSSINGS
12-1. Purpose for providing points and crossings
12-2. Some defnitions
12-3. Sleepers laid for points and crossings
12-4. Steel for points and crossings
12-5. Switches
12-6. Shapes of switches
12-7. Lengths of stock rails and tongue rails
12-8. Heel divergence or heel clearance
12-9. Switch angle
12-10. Throw of switch
12-11. Crossings
Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com
RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CoNTENTs
12-12. Types of crossings
12-13. Theoretical nose of crossing (T.N.C.) and actual nose of crossing
(A.N.C.)
12-14. Crossing clearance
12-15. Crossing number
12-16. Crossing angle
12-17. Different types of leads and their calculations
12-18. Laying of points and crossings
12-19. Maintenance of points and crossings
QUESTIONS 12
Chapter 13 COmBINATIONS Of pOINTS AND
CROSSINGS
13-1. General
QUESTIONS 13
Chapter 14 STATIONS AND YARDS
14-1. General
14-2. Defnition of a station
14-3. Purposes of a railway station
14-4. Selection of site for a railway station
14-5. Features of a railway station
14-6. Types of stations
14-7. Platforms
14-8. Staff quarters
14-9. Goods traffc at wayside stations
14-10. Catch sidings
14-11. Defnition of a yard
14-12. Types of yards
14-12-1. Passenger yards
14-12-2. Goods yards
14-12-3. Marshalling yards
14-12-4. Locomotive yards
14-13. Level-crossing
QUESTIONS 14
Chapter 15 SIGNALLING
15-1. General
15-2. Objects of signalling
15-3. Types of signals
15-3-1. Classifcation according to function
15-3-2. Classifcation according to location
15-3-3. Special signals
15-4. Typical layouts
15-5. Control of movements of trains
15-6. Telecommunication
15-7. Compensators
15-8. Fouling marks
15-9. Track capacity
15-10. Electrifcation on the Indian railways
QUESTIONS 15
Chapter 16 INTERLOCkING
16-1. Defnition
16-2. Essential principles of interlocking
16-3. Methods of interlocking
16-4. Slotting of signals
16-5. Detectors
16-6. Point lock and treadle or lock bar
16-7. Interlocking of level-crossings
16-8. Interlocking standards
16-9. Improvements in interlocking and signalling
QUESTIONS 16
Chapter 17 STATION mAChINERY
17-1. Meaning of the term
17-2. Engine sheds
17-3. Ash-pits, ash-pans and examination pits
17-4. Drop pits
17-5. Water columns
17-6. Triangles
17-7. Turntables
17-8. Traversers
17-9. Cranes
17-10. Weigh-bridge
17-11. Scotch block
17-12. Bufferstops
17-13. Derailing switch or trap switch
17-14. Sand hump on snag dead-end
17-15. Cow catcher
QUESTIONS 17
Section II : BRIDGE ENGINEERING
Chapter 18 INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGE ENGINEERING
18-1. General
18-2. Development of bridges
18-3. Changing Scenario in Design and Construction of bridges
18-4. Components of a bridge
18-5. Classifcation of bridges
18-6. Importance of bridges
18-7. Identifcation of bridges
18-8. Preliminary data to be collected
18-9. Selection of bridge site
18-10. Stages of investigation
18-11. Bridge Alignment
18-12. Traffc requirements of highway bridges
18-13. Waterway of a bridge
18-14. Maximum food discharge
18-15. Affux
18-16. Economic span of bridge
18-17. Number of spans
18-18. Preliminary and fnal project drawings
18-19. Choice of bridge type
18-20. Requirements of an Ideal Bridge
QUESTIONS 18
Chapter 19 fOUNDATIONS I: SpREAD AND pILE
fOUNDATION
19-1. General
19-2. Essential requirements of a good foundation
19-3. General principles of design of bridge foundations
19-4. Subsoil exploration
19-5. Testing of soil samples
19-6. Types of foundations
19-7. Spread foundations
19-8. Pile foundations
19-9. Requirements for pile foundation
19-10. Types of piles
19-11. Load bearing piles
19-12 Materials used in construction of load bearing piles
19-13. Cast-iron piles
19-14. Cement concrete piles
19-14-1. Cast-in-situ concrete piles
19-14-2. Pre-cast concrete piles
19-15. Sand piles
19-16. Steel piles
19-17. Timber piles
19-18. Wrought-iron piles
19-19. Non-load bearing piles
19-20. Choice of type of pile
19-21. Composite piles
19-22. Screw piles
19-23. Pulling of piles
19-24. Loads on piles
19-25. Causes of failures of piles
QUESTIONS 19
Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com
RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CoNTENTs
Chapter 20 fOUNDATIONS - II: CAISSONS AND
COffERDAmS
CAISSONS
20-1. General
20-2. Uses of caissons
20-3. Cofferdam and caisson
20-4. Materials used for the construction of caissons
20-5. Classifcation of caissons
20-6. Box caissons
20-7. Wells
20-8. Pneumatic caissons
20-9. Construction of a pneumatic caisson
20-10. Pneumatic caisson sickness
20-11. Drilled caissons
20-12. Methods of construction of drilled caisson
20-13. Precautions during construction of drilled caisson
20-14. Loads on caisson
20-15. Floating of caissons
20-16. Cutting edges
20-17. Factors affecting the choice of a cutting edge
20-18. Skin friction
20-19. Sand blowing
20-20. Methods to facilitate the sinking of caissons
20-21. Tilting of caissons
COFFERDAMS
20-22. General
20-23. Uses of cofferdams
20-24. Types of cofferdams
20-25. Prevention of leakage in cofferdams
20-26. Puddle for cofferdam
20-27. Factors affecting design of a cofferdam
QUESTIONS 20
Chapter 21 SUBSTRUCTURES
21-1. General
21-2. Abutments
21-3. Piers
21-4. Wing walls
21-5. Setting out for piers and abutments
21-6. Materials for substructures
21-7. Bridge Inspection
QUESTIONS 21
Chapter 22 fIxED-SpAN SUpERSTRUCTURES
22-1. Classifcation of superstructure
22-2. Simple bridges or beam bridges
22-3. Continuous bridges
22-4. Cantilever bridges
22-5. Arch bridges
22-6. Bow-string girder type bridges
22-7. Rigid frame bridges
22-8. Suspension bridges
22-9. Cable-stayed bridges
22-10. Role of cable sheath in cable stayed bridge
22-11. Materials for superstructures
22-12. Composite bridges
QUESTIONS 22
Chapter 23 LOW COST BRIDGES: mOvABLE-SpAN
SUpERSTRUCTURES
23-1. Low cost bridges
23-2. Movable-span structures
23-3. Bascule bridges
23-4. Cut-boat bridges
23-5. Flying bridges
23-6. Lift bridges
23-7. Swing bridges
23-8. Transporter bridges
23-9. Traversing bridges
QUESTIONS 23
Chapter 24 LOW COST BRIDGES: CULvERTS AND
CAUSEWAYS
24-1. Defnition
24-2. Waterway of a culvert
24-3. Types of culverts
24-4. Causeways
QUESTIONS 24
Chapter 25 LOW COST BRIDGES: TImBER OR
TEmpORARY BRIDGES
25-1. Defnition
25-2. Materials used
25-3. Fastenings used
25-4. Types of timber or temporary bridges
25-5. Bridges with intermediate supports
25-6. Bridges without intermediate supports
25-7. Floating bridges
QUESTIONS 25
Chapter 26 fLOORING
26-1. General
26-2. Factors affecting the choice of Flooring material
26-3. Requirements of a good fooring material
26-4. Types of foors
26-5. Flooring materials
26-6. Drainage of foors
QUESTIONS 26
Chapter 27 BEARINGS
27-1. Defnition
27-2. Purposes of bearings
27-3. Importance of bearings
27-4. Free and fxed bearings
27-5. Types of bearings
27-6. Materials for bearings
27-7. Bed blocks
27-8. Maintenance of bearings
QUESTIONS 27
Chapter 28 ERECTION, mAINTENANCE AND
STRENGThENING Of BRIDGES
28-1. Erection of steel girders
28-2. Formwork for arch bridges
28-3. Handrails
28-4. Joints of bridge
28-5. Maintenance of bridges
28-6. Rebuilding bridges
28-7. Testing and strengthening of bridges
QUESTIONS 28
Chapter 29 mISCELLANEOUS TOpICS
29-1. General
29-2. Approaches of bridge
29-3. Bridge architecture
29-4. Bridge Failures
29-5. Clearance and freeboard
29-6. Combined road and railway bridges
29-7. Defects of bridge and its rectifcation
29-8. Double-decker bridge
29-9. Posting of bridges
29-10. Rating of existing bridges
29-11. River Training works
29-12. Some marvellous bridges
QUESTIONS 29
Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Opposite Amul Dairy, Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388 001 India
Telephone: (02692) 256237, Fax: (02692) 240089, e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com, Website: www.cphbooks.com
RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING
DETAILED CoNTENTs
Section III : TUNNEL ENGINEERING
Chapter 30 GENERAL ASpECTS Of TUNNELLING
30-1. General
30-2. Defnitions
30-3. Advantages and disadvantages
30-4. Alignment of a tunnel
30-5. Classifcation of tunnels
30-6. Shape and size of tunnels
30-7. Problems IN tunnelling
QUESTIONS 30
Chapter 31 STAGES IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
31-1. Investigations for tunnel site
31-2. Setting out of tunnel
31-3. Excavation
31-4. Excavation of tunnels in rock with machines
31-5. Blasting
QUESTIONS 31
Chapter 32 TUNNELLING IN SOfT GROUND
32-1. Soil classifcation
32-2. Choice of method
32-3. Methods of tunnelling (soft soils)
32-4. Forepoling method
32-5. Needle beam method
32-6. Army method or case method
32-7. American method
32-8. English method
32-9. Belgian method
32-10. German method
32-11. Austrian method
31-12. Liner plates method
32-13. Timbering in soft soil tunnelling
QUESTIONS 32
Chapter 33 TUNNELLING IN hARD ROCk
33-1. General
33-2. Sequence of operations for tunnelling in rock
33-3. Faces of operation for tunnelling in rock
33-4. Methods of tunnelling in rock
33-5. Mucking
33-6. Mucking in steep grade tunnelling
33-7. Hauling
33-8. Other aspects
33-9. Drill-bits
33-10. Nipper cars
33-11. Explosives
33-12. Safety precautions in rock tunnelling
QUESTIONS 33
Chapter 34 ShIELD TUNNELLING
34-1. General
34-2. Dimensions of shield
34-3. Parts of shield
34-4. Terms commonly used with shield
34-5. Primary lining
34-6. General steps of tunnelling with shield
34-7. Shield tunnelling in different types of soils
34-8. Common Equipment with shield
34-9. Stages of using the shield
34-10. Mechanized shields
QUESTIONS 34
Chapter 35 ShAfTS AND pORTALS
35-1. General
35-2. Advantages of shafts
35-3. Size and location of shafts
35-4. Shafts in rock
35-5. Shaft construction in rock
35-6. Shaft sinking in soft ground
35-7. Design of shaft supports
35-8. Protection round the shaft opening
35-9. Classifcation of shafts
35-10. Portals
35-11. Twin tunnels
QUESTIONS 35
Chapter 36 TUNNEL LINING
36-1. Necessity of lining
36-2. Objects of tunnel lining
36-3. Materials for lining
36-4. Design of thickness of lining
36-5. The sequence of lining a tunnel
QUESTIONS 36
Chapter 37 LIGhTING, vENTILATION AND DUST
CONTROL IN TUNNELS
37-1. General
37-2. Temporary ventilation
37-3. Dust control
37-4. Lighting
37-5. Permanent ventilation
QUESTIONS 37
Chapter 38 DRAINAGE Of TUNNELS
38-1. General
38-2. Pre-drainage
38-3. Dewatering
38-4. Permanent drainage
QUESTIONS 38
Chapter 39 SAfETY IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
39-1. General
39-2. Safety measures
39-3. Health protection
QUESTIONS 39
Appendix I ABBREvIATED TERmS
Appendix II mODEL QUESTION pApERS