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anode cathode
Momentary recovery voltage just before restrike
Fig. 8: Erosion area of anode and cathode contact.
Figu type
contacts on the left side (test series a and c) and for the
th
dielectric strength of the contact system is
influenced by the e contact surface
co
re 8 shows the erosion areas for the flat
e spiral type contacts on the right side (test series b
and d).
IV. DISCUSSION
The
variation of th
nditions from numerous capacitive switching
23rd International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, 15.-19. September 2008, Bukarest, Rumnien
switching operations
w
series using various contact
m
operations shows no significant correlation
be
faces. After many
sw
gap significantly. The eroded
co
apacitive switching duty has a significant impact on
the contact surface cuit-breakers. This
re
shows no significant correlation
b
faces. After many
sw
spiral type CuCr contacts
te
[1] IEC 62271-100:2003-05, High-voltage switchgear and
controlgear Pa tage alternating-current
[5] F
[6] E
[8] F
E-ma
M.Lindmayer@tu-bs.de
om
operations. Besides statistical distribution, the moment
of a dielectric breakdown is determined by the previous
history of the contact system.
The pre-arcing field strength is changing during the
test series. There are subsequent
ithin one test series of a contact pair with conditioning
or deconditioning effects. Low pre-arcing field strengths
correlate with long arcing times. Thus, the heat input
reaches maximum values. The lowest pre-arcing field
strength was 1.8 kV/mm, which is equivalent to a
contact gap of 11 mm.
During the breaking tests restrikes are observed.
Considering all test
aterials, between 2 and 15 restrikes can be counted
within 100 making and breaking operations illustrating
the high dielectric stress of capacitive switching. About
half of the restrikes take place during the first half
period of the recovery voltage. Sometimes field
emission currents occur during the recovery voltage
time. This field emission current can be changed by a
restrike event as the test results revealed. The reason is
an alteration of the contact surface because of the
restrike.
The comparison of subsequent making - breaking -
making
tween pre-arcing before or after one restrike.
However, strong field emission currents after breaking
operations correlate with early pre-arcing at low field
strengths. The pre-arcing represents the classical
dielectric breakdown in vacuum.
The inrush current during making operation causes
degradation of the contact sur
itching operations material transfer and contact
erosion become visible. There are two reasons for the
material transfer: 1) erupted metal particles from the
molten surface areas and 2) rupture of the welded areas
during opening operation. High-speed movies recorded
during switching operations and surface measurements
of the contacts after the test series support these
explanations. Therefore, it is assumed that the
occurrence of restrikes is caused by the particle induced
vacuum breakdown.
The material transfer after many switching operations
reduces the contact
ntact area becomes a preferred starting point for the
pre-arcs during making operation. In general, the spiral
type contacts show a better dielectric behaviour. Thus,
the erosion area of these contacts is bigger and the depth
of this area is shallower. The arc movement through the
radial magnetic field leads to a wider distribution of the
eroded area and reduced erosion of the contact. The
erosion is more distinguishable with flat type contacts.
V. CONCLUSION
C
s of vacuum cir
sults from the severe stress on the contact surfaces as
a result of the capacitive current switching operations.
In the course of numerous operations a serious material
transfer between the contacts becomes visible. This
macroscopic surface deterioration and the developing
microstructure determine the dielectric condition of the
contact system.
The comparison of subsequent making - breaking -
making operations
etween pre-arcing before or after one restrike,
However, strong field emission currents after breaking
operations correlate with early pre-arcing at low field
strengths. The pre-arcing represents the classical
dielectric breakdown in vacuum.
The inrush-current during making operation causes a
degradation of the contact sur
itching operations material transfer and contact
erosion become visible. There are two reasons for the
material transfer: 1) erupted metal particles from the
molten surface areas and 2) rupture of the welded areas
during opening operation.
Therefore, the different pre-arcing and restrike
behaviors of the flat and
sted clearly shows the importance of the pre-arc
energy input into the contact surfaces. Besides this, the
material properties affect the contact welding and the
surface formation. Additionally the properties
determining the probability of particle detachment
during recovery voltage are of particular relevance. The
difference between the two tested CuCr 75/25 contact
material production lots is of minor importance.
REFERENCES
rt 100: High-vol
circuit-breakers, Edition 1.1, 2003
[2] I. Bonfanti et al., Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching Stresses
and Test Methods, lectra No. 182, pp. 165-189, 1999
[3] C. Slver et al., Capacitive Current Switching State of the
Art, lectra No. 155, pp. 33-63, 1994
[4] R. P. P. Smeets, A. G. A. Lathouwers, Capacitive Current
Switching Duties of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers:
Background and Practice of New IEC Requirements, Proc.
IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Singapore,
Vol. 3, pp. 2123-2128, 2000
. Krner, M. Lindmayer, M. Kurrat, D. Gentsch Contact
Behavior in Vacuumunder Capacitive Switching Duty, IEEE
Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 14, Issue
3, pp. 643-648, J une 2007
. Dullni, D. Gentsch, I. Kleberg, K. Niayesh, W. Shang,
Switching Capacitive Currents, Proc. 21
st
ISDEIV, Yalta,
1 pp. 407-4 0, 2004
[7] E. Dullni, D. Gentsch, I. Kleberg, K. Niayesh, W. Shang,
Switching of Capacitive Currents and the Correlation of
Restrike and Pre-ignition Behavior, IEEE Trans. on Dielectr.
and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 65-71, 2006
. Krner, M. Lindmayer, M. Kurrat, D. Gentsch,
Requirements for VacuumCircuit-Breakers under Capacitive
Switching Duty 19th International Conference on Electricity
Distribution (CIRED), Paper 0579, Vienna, 2007
il of authors: F.Koerner@tu-bs.de;
M.Kurrat@tu-bs.de
Dietmar.Gentsch@de.abb.c
23rd International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, 15.-19. September 2008, Bukarest, Rumnien