o

I
,
,

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I I , I . , 101. ' '' " r-,w,
,.", ,II"" h' ",..r , 'I",: .."I'., ,,' ,,, ' "'''' I "U,I.
" """ " , 1 .1" ... ' 10 " "' 1( 10 I I I " "11"",, , 11\ " ,., I" ,
. , .... " " , "11" " " " ,,,',, " " , "w " . , " , I. " h 1,,1,1
,,,,, 1 .. ,11 "I" ""'1' .. ", ," , .1.. " 1" '1'1" " ... , I, I I, '"
, II" I" " '" ,.1, ,,,,,, I I" I" ", "'II '" ""
III ' " " , " 1" "
I I ,,, ,. , 1" " " "". ,,' 1,,", 1
'"
,. " 1" ' 1'" .. " h
,, " l, ,'.' " ,
u., I" , I,, " ,I
' '' M' .1" , " li lt
, , " I " , ' 1,111
\\, I , . ..
THE BOOK OF SIGNS
RUDOLF KOCH
.. ,,,10 "' '' 10('' . ... ..I" ,I... ,, " .. t".h
I', ,,,,,, 1" , ....., "'I"""" .. It,,, .." h ,.' , .. I""
I
, , ,, ,, . " \ " '"'1''''' ''' ''' '" 1I ' '' I ,h" ..,... .. \
1<, ""1''' ''' '' "" . 1 I .. I". " ,,', ". ..I ,..,.... 1. ' ,,1,1, 1.. ..''' '
1, ' .."/,,, ""It .. ,....., ... ,,1 ' U" 'Il' '' I' ,,,.. ,
....,1 .. ,., , 1, " . \. 10", /" , l' "", /' /r
, " """ 11" 11 ..,,,, , 'I,.""".
1,.. " , 1.." ,1" ,,'" .to, C" ,,".. " . , " I'" ,tI"." ..."... I",,,,
'
" , ... 1 "" " "''' II'' ' .,.",.. 10 " I
"' , ,,, " " . ... ", 7 1' ..' w.... ,, ".. 1
.. .. I" I . .. , ..." .itl 1"11'1' .. ',.. .. .
ru " ' " 1 111M \ 1 'M ' III 1"1 '
' III,\ IM 1 1111111'
. - - . _ " ",n li,".1 . " ,, 1.. ,1. I"'" " I ,"" " I
II " . ",,, ,,,, ,,1 ", 1'0""11" ,111 , . .... .. ,1..10". ,... 1." II " .. I.. ,
,
I " " """, " I ,"""' ;1''' ' "l< , ",
.h, "" ". I,," , " "II" """ .. " .." .. ". " , ,
I . h, ,In d".,,,""'" ,,' ,,-,il" -" ,. ' """
., 11 '"' 1,1" . I.., ' .... " I I I Ih. I" imi' i'" ",i" , 1
, " "11"1." " "' KIo ' "'." .h. I"" '" ''Il' "
I -h," \ .. ,,,, ,I",,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,II",.,.. ,,,,,, .,,1
/I.",. ,,/ \,.(,,, """.Ii". ,I " , ..... , ' I 1 .. ' ...... ,1,, ' 11. ",1,,11 ...,.. h
1 - ,I.. " " .., 10\ ,I,, ' ,,-, ' .... ,,,
I,. " .' ,h...." . .." , . . '. , ", 1..,,,,....1 " 11". I I" .,......
,
'
II . , "Io'K"''' ''' """ " " ,
'1" ,,1,.\ "" .. I " ."" . _.' \ ' . , .." ",,1 \I , . h" ..1 II",,, ,
,
111 1. , I I" " .... " \' 11" ' " .,,,. ,
\I"''' 'M
u m
" I I ""' . ' , ' " I" "" "'" \.....".""".,
,. \I .... " " \ ' K' '', " . ... ..
,,,.1 \I,, " I , ,,, I. " . \I"" I I ,I "II'" I I"" .. .",,1 11" 1. 1,,, ,,,
\ '1("', , ." ..Io'll " .,I\'R''' 11" " " " , ..1\'11"" "",.. . .
\ 1,.. . 11... " . .." ,111." "

+1Cbt tiookof +
contains all manner of
symbols useb from earliest times to mibble
ages by primitibe
peoples anb <!atly
+
etollecteb, brawn anb e)qllaineb
by
from Cllerman
by I)ybyan jollanb
+
DOVER PUBLICATIONS. INC.
N IIW YORK

This Dever edmon, finl published in 1955, is a n

unolbri dgrd and unaltered republ ication of the Englis h
t ... nslalion originally published by the First Edi tion Club
o f london in 1930. .
The Book of Sign, belongs to the Dover Pictorial
Archive Series . Up 10 ten illustrations fro m thi s book
ma y be reproduced on anyone project or in any single
publication. free and without special permission. Wh er-
ever possible indud... a credit line indica ting the titl e of
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lisher for permission to make mo re extensi ve use o f i1.
lustrations in thi s book than thai aulhmized above.
Th o.' rt'pub li<:alion of Ihis book in whole is prohibited.
.\ /" ",I,ml }I, ,,, k N ,,,,,/,," '; / S6';!1JJ 627
I ii ."" y ,,' C,mg r,.\ \ (.'" III' ''g em,1 ,"' lI ml,,,-: 1-2I J I
M,H1uf"durl',l in I I". U nilt.! or Allwrk,l
llOVUI 1'1'11111" ' ''' roN'! , I Nc:.
l liO VolIl, 1<.
N"w YIlI l., N.Y. 10014
Illuetrctiene
in beeh
W2t2 ence cut on wooO by $ril)
(/)ffmbad) ammain
*
The copies of this book
have been printed in Professor
Rudolf Koch's magere deutsche type.

Students of modern printing will be aware that Rudolf

Koch is an outstanding personality in the modern devel-
opment of the graphic arts in Germany, and has achieved
fame as a type-designer, calligrapher, artist and book-
binder. ::: The present
translation of his Book of Signs contains 493 symbols,
used from ancient times up to the middle ages, which
have been collected by Koch and his friends from carvings,
inscriptions and manuscripts. Among them are Byzantine
monograms, the signs of the Cross, the Holy initials,
stonemason' s signs, the signs of the four elements, and
botanical, astrological and chemical signs. They have
been redrawn and explained by Rudolf Koch himself,
and cut on wood by Fritz Kredel. As readers will readily
see, they have, in their present form at least, visual as
well as symbolic beauty.
A. J. A. Symons

1. signs.

I
60t I6t!)e origin from w!)id)
all eiglUl start, anb 16 t!)efr in-
nermost eesence. Ot WM wil!)
1!)18 Ibea t!)at t!)e mMonlc
lobgeo of olb eJqlte80eb t!)e
oecmyoft!)efr guilboby means
of l!)e bot.
he llertical etroherepuoento
Iht one-nese of <!lob, or tbe
In general; It alee
power beocenbing
111' 011 llI ol1 hlnbfrom oboue, or,
III Ihe cppocite birectlon, l!)e
I
,11I'111110 of mnnhlnbtowarbo
Il<lhtl' ll)l noo.
On t!)e !)ori30ntal etrehe, on t!)e
ot!)er !)anb, we oee t1)e
In w!)ld) life "owo euenly anb
eueryt1)lng menee on t!)e eame
plane.
angle, or t1)e meeting of
t!)e celeotial anb t!)e tmeolrial.
t!)ey poeseee not!)lng In
common, t1)ey toud), but bo not
crcee one anot!)er. eign
repreoento t!)e reciprocation
between<!lob nnb t!)e Wodb.On
maoonlc {obgeo of t!)e mlbble
t!)e rig!)t angle wao t!)e
oign of 3uotice anb Ontegdty.
1
On eign of ltr06e $ob
arecombinebanb are
in Srom two simple
lines a completeeign been
ltroee Ie by far
earlieet ofall eigne,anbiefounb

concepnon of
tl)e circle, being be-
ginning or enb, ieelseaeign of
$ob or of <Eternity. ffioreouer,
incentecet next eign,
it te a eymbol of eleeping
eye of$ob: "tI)ee5pirit of$ob
moueb upon face of
watere."
2
tl)e open eye of $ob, pur
poee of neuelation: $ob
eaib, be
paeeiue female element;
been from
beginning of all
$ob biuibeb watere
Weteuneee from
Weteaboue thr

a(tiue male element;
cernes from on dfe(.
tiue element intime.
biuibeb from barh
IlC08. "
'I" Ihe male element peruabee
Ih' [emole, eo ceeotien tchee
1,I"ir, since belong
the li uingworlb ie cern-
1" 1I1lbeb tI)e confl uence of
"",I' 1mb female. On remote
"" n III the <t oot, onb cleo in
,,1'111 tI)io
hlll"r Ihe uiheel -crcce ume a
","h,'1 o] tI)e e5un.
tl)etriangleieanandent<Egyp.
lian emblem of
anb aleo a eum-
bol for
it ielooheb upon Q6 eign of
triple pereonality of $ob.
in bietimtion from
neiCt eign, it te eign for
female element, ie
firmly baeeb upon terreetrial
matiere, anb yet yeart16
tl)e female ie
alwaye inite(omeption.
tl)e triangle etanbing upon tte
apeiC is, on
male element, ie by nc-
turc (e1eetial, anb otriuee
trutl).
5
tl)io te an olb emblem for tl)e
sun, witl) tl)ree ereee
otroheo at tl)e enee of tl)e royo
oymboli3e tl)e boult of tl)e
nene,
tl)e furco, or forh, a mebiaebal
oymbol for tl)e te cleo
al'ytl)agorcon emblem of tl)e
ceueee of life, In tl)e form of a
rioing patl) witl) forh roabo to
<!loob anb Bign te
bery andent in origin, anb Ie
probobly connecteb witl) tl)e
nel(t oign:
equare iotl)e emblemoftl)e
wodbanb of Motinct
fromtl)e triongle it
ticn emblem of wodblin28o.
\Init te oymboli3eb tl)e number
fourI tl)iol)118 a l)oot of oignl-
118: tl)e four elements,
thcfour eomere
thc four tl)e four
dbrroofl'arobioe.
htcc trionolco olltoud)lng at
II (mimi point to form 0 new
n'II1I'C , il:hio Ie on olb oymbol
'nl ' Ihcll\obl,cob, Ucyonbtllio
11I\lhll10lo hnoruu obout it.
We nowcarry tl)e mObement of
tl)e triangleo a otep furtl)er, 00
tl)at tl)ey part again anb form
a equore otanMng upon one of
ito ceenere, tl)e triangleol)abc
a common baee line, but tl)ey
point away from cad) otl)er in-
oteab of towarbo cad) otl)er ao
iotl)e oimplc
eum of tl)e two triangleo lyino
next te, but quite dear of, cod)
otl)er.tl)io olona(oootonbo fot
tl)e four (fboI10clioto.
ourprioing eectiene anb ceree-
latioM, in wl)id) oil( emcll
biotinct triangleo are groupeb
creunbalargecentral l)el(agon.
beautifulotar l)aoappeareb,
tl)ougl),wl)en we el(amlne it,we
eee tl)at botl) tl)e original trian-
gleostill retain tl)elr Inbibibua-
lily. tl)uo it te wl)en a perfect
marriage binbo man anb wo-
mantogdl)er.
Ul I)cn, I)OWeber, tI)ey Pl180
tl)ronol)one anotl)er, tl)e nature
ofbotl)iefunbamentally altmb
anb, ce it appearo, 10 prac-
tically obliterateb. cemplic-
ateb anb entirely oymmetrical
patternieformeb, witl) ncwanb
4
13otl) otart mObing
townrbo one cnother, anb 118
tl)eu tond) cad) otl)er witl) tl)rir
apel(eotl)cy form
entirely ncw in appearance,
wltl)out, l)owcber, eitl)er of tl)e
original bcing bamageb
or intcrfcrcbwltl) inany way.
itl)c pcntagram, a fioe-pointeb
otar brawn one otrohe of
tI,C pen: Dign belongo, ne
bo many bepkteb
to tI,c moot primitioe of man-
hi nb,anbio certainlymud) olber
tI)11n written dJ aractero. 6igno
of tI)lohinb arequite moot
nnctcnt !)uman bocumento we
pecceee. it!)e pentagram
!)11b oct' cral bifferent oignifica-
tlcue at Olffm nt rimee in
!)Iotorll of man.
oortano callebit
anbtI)C cWc witd)' s
foot. vt iealo06010mon'0oeal,
Imoum in tl) cmiMle ce
tI)C oobli n'o crooo.vt also repre-
eeute tl)cfi oc eeneee; male
anb fcmalc princlpleo are aloo
COllllClicb bll tI)C arranoement
of tI,c fi oc pointe. t!)e
bl' ulbo It lvao t!) csion of Qlob-
6
to itsignifieb
fioemooaic sign
wao clee popularly belieoeb to
be aprotectionagainot
anb, by analogy, a oymbol of
safety. Ot te belieoeb too to be
emblem of
coming, ito employ-
ment ceanamulet. On ancient
times it wao a magic d)arm
amongol people of.l3abylon.
octogram,an - pointeb
olar brawn one otrohe of
pen. no of
sign ie hnown.
we !)aoe alreaby bealt, a
meaning, namely, !!)e
eiCpectant soul, man ga3mg
aloft outotretd)eb atme.
ecmeDign,inoerteb, incon-
traet prenicue oign,
cxpreooeooaloationbeocenMng
r;omabooeanb opreabing ooer
thc worlb below. /
hr two oiono approadJ one
anb [onn anew fioure.
'I" Ihc ll comeinto contact t!)cy
' ndNlc 11 epoce benocen them.
promb to intersect,
prongo of forhs appearmg
once more in figure.

reoults in DiiC-pointeb
stcr. two original figures,
were 00 befinite.in
impulse towarbo unien, are
completely aboorbebby ncw
figure, raMateo
on all oibeofromacentral point,
anb itselfmotion-
Ieee, generateo motion all a-
rounb it.
7
tl)ewomanbecomes pugnant,
anb beats a djilb.
9
tl)e family; man wife
anb djilbten.
/
rooman
man
l ll illl "nb momou 1I11ltcb fot
1
1
11\ ( "" 11 11,ln.
tl)el1e)(t Isasetiesof8Igl18 musttating bfelssitubes offamily life:
i)lsotbmb intellect

bettfeally or Ot
mene Ot
inbepenbently, adjiebe
emetglng (lorn boib anb teo
tuming to boib
matibe intellect
encloses a space anb fotms a
beflnite flgute, boby-
less lines becoming ateal ob-
ject of ttiangle is
symbol. intellect is
fig ure bi8801beo
once mote anb lines eeturn
to boib,cutting t1,tougl, ead)
in genctal bisruption.
<tteatibe intellect
uo

a
an
o
o
a
r
intellect
&
l)assibe intellect
J
tl)e intellect inaction
last flbe signs e)(ptesseb
fate of soul, so ne)(t
flbe natute of
intellect:
s
from family life te
between men.
men quam l anb
([1)Cman Nee.
00
m,e wibow anb d)l1bren.
lOne d)i1b Nee.
forlorn motl)er I)cr
remaining dlilb.
Nee, leauing
o
eurUIUtng d)i1b, bearing
Il
IHI)
in germ of a
nClll family.
he true eeeence of
tI)eir anb
umi npriuoteinelbente offami.
III life, ore in meet
1tllll'Ireb form in theee eigne,
111,,1 It be impoeeible to
tI)e oimpleetory of
II',' o] nlllllliiubmore luelbly in

h,' ntel ,' erleo of eigne iIlu-
IIIIh',' IheIl'oeingonb llloning
,,, hllllllllllifc.
unborn d)i1b.
Srom moment of
inner life begine to beue10p
elrde Ie boby enfolNng it.
trinity of boby, minb anb
soul ie now fully manifeeteb.
{"I)e immortal soul,
ie tI)e point in tl)e centre.
11
inner circle represents in-
tellectuallife, mentality of
man, outer circle re-
presents corporeal man.
m,eintellect becomee bisorbmb
anb turnsits against
itself anb boby.
IJt breche con-
finee ofitsmorta! frame anb
man bies, soul
becomes anb returns
to place from it firet
came.
12
m,e sign ofsimple actiuity.m,e
efforts of manltinb space
assigneb to them, trauersing it

m,emultiformactiuitiesofman.
Itinbare by repeating
pmebing eeberal times
ouer,inbiffmntcompartments.
o
<Drberliness. square is iI
selfaeign of
fectly into asimilar anb
is also funbamental
principle of euery
we eurrounb cureeloee.
([I)fs Ie besteuclion,or bisorber,
in allcomorb bisappeare,
nnbcenfueion tchee place
l,nrmony.
r
triceps.en olb norbkeign.
eymbol of power.
13y tracing its perimeter from
ape?: baclt to ape?: we

"m,e Will of <!lob, beecenbing
upon wotlb, swaye to anb
fro ouer anb returns
- again on "
13
<[roM pomee or pommelll/
15
<[roee botonnee or treflee
<[roee fleurp or<[roee of<[lel1ee
malt eee<[rooo
<[roee patee
+
<rI)e <!lmlt <[roee, <[ru)C im-
mieeaquabrata.Srom anb
Latin <[roee following
fonnewereberil1ebin mibble
agee for purpoeee:
e5t. or <Egl/ptian
<[roee; <[ru)C commleea.
ralleb <[ross, from the
<!lreclt letter" T",tau.e5t.Stan.
cie ueeb thic as !)fe signature.
6t. <[roee, upon
e5t. euffmb a
martl/r'e ralleb
<[ru)C berueeata. m,e bounbarp
<[roee of "omane, beril1eb
from <[roee ueeb bl/
as abarrier.
to legenb, e5t. :peter bieb on an
inl1erteb <[roee.
m,e iatin <[rose, <[ru)C orbina-
ria, in eadl/ nmee ralleb <!lob'e
mcrh.m,emeet e)Caltebemblem
of e5ign
ofall e5igne. 23l/ far greater
number ofeigne in
wodb are baeeb on
or part
be imperial mono-
grame, masonic eigne, famill/
eigne, d)emiral el/mbols, or
trabemarlte.
e5t. :peter'e <[roee.
14
aslant-
ing footrest.
eigl)Hnbeb <1:r08s of tl)e

(ower crcee-bcr represents a
footrest.
form of tl)e <1:r08s pe-
tent, to tl)is is ll)e <1: r08S
moline, wl)id) is met witl) in
twoforms;
papal <1:r08s, or tl)e triple
<1:ross of tl)e lUestem peoples.
<1:ross patee fitd)ee
common figure appears in
tl)is connection as tl)e [orh or
furha <1:ross, also calleb tl)e brehen, or d)ebron <1:ross
tl)iebes' <1:ross.
patriard)al <1:r08S, or <1:ross
of !orraine.
16
\[[)e <1:ross ereeeter, also calleb
17

noman 6acreb <trooo
oymbol
anoateb, or loopeb <tr06o,
calleb ftey of nile.
19
of noman
benoteo been
conomateb. Ujw te also met
ecmetimee in form of
abetad)eb<tr06o acircle:
hi . roee, eit her heum ill tI,e
I," 0" p"ll1teb 011 ti, e wallo
.JL
ir
\ offour"F"o, otanMng
'rr: Sriod), fromm,
','rI.(1)arby/gobfeating,d)m:
1111 I1ub [rce.)
.........--

00callebfrom being comp06eb
offourgammao.<tlooelyrelateb
to te beautiful babge of
ti,e <!lem an gymnastic clube:
.:If:..
-.
I
elaborateb form of ti,e

<Eatly
ae well as many of
oymbolo follow, was
uoeb as a bwguioeb <tr060
buring persecution of
.fjence ito name
bwoimulata. Gt wao also
calleb gammata, from
fact of its being mabe upof four
<!lmlt gammas.
by brealting circumference
of circle:
++
++
18
orJylfot<trooo.
from eun
Uje<truoabero', or3eruoalem
<trooo,
.fjoly <trooo or <!lerman
<tr06o. <!lnootico,
oign of fourfolb my-
etenee,
i
I

,=n
roiscb a
besibc it; from an olb coin.
21

also besigl1cb as

+
, .
7 g
7 &
'he \froos crccteb on a column
I IN " otol1 bil10 upon four
1111 u, lllhll ll)m OI)Nllbbe fOllr
I 1'/1011110 c/I' ploil1.
i
[()c\lmay
11111 "'".1C lI)cfour<1' lI0I1gclioto.
rosserecteb011 steps.
+
+
....

Scom all olb coin.

raiseb occupieb a
large place in early

WMmcteb, is representeb
byabot.e5ometimes were
81;1' bots, representinggrains of
sanb:
andjor WM, litte
IMt ene,a bisguiseb
itwesee conceal
eb common symbol
of
ansateb
beril1eb from

20

o
+
23
'(!)emootwibeopreabanbbeet-
hnomn :.Jtwao pro-
bably originally belle\opebfrom
anancient oriental ecpresenta-
tion of tioing sun,in
inaway seems oMteue,
ball of sunte Oller
a <!:rooo repreoenting ito rayo:
became: ":.In hoc oigno", i, e.
":.In oign."
:.Jt a180 brnoteo:"3eouo fjomi-
num e>a!llator", i. e.: "3eoU8

commoninterpretationinQJer-
many tobay18:"3rouofjeil unb
e>eligmadjer".(3eouo,6alliour
anb
J S
II lllouogramof 3eouo.:.In-
I of lhe firot tI,ree QJmh
I II " ,, oflhe lliorbJeouo, IHe.
'.,1,,the l l moe regarbeb no a
.,ll n Irller, aub tI)e meaning
.Iltlhnlrb 10 the monogram
he foregoing
circle. outer may be inter-
I'rrtebce the 8inite, inner
., ,, .1 oign of cl'ternily.
bouble <!:rooo in a circle.
e eeabolle.
Ilery ancient pagan e>un
interpreteb by
ticnscsn<!:I)riomon.'"
"X"-<!: l)riol.
'(!)e bouble <!:rooo 18 a180 a Ilery
oymbol.:.Jt con-
QJmh
<!:rooo.
3. 'QI;bt fflonogram of ctCbriut
or ctCbriumon
22
compooeb of an"I"
anb a QJreeh "X".
(!)e QJnootic e>un monogram.
(!)e croea-strohee enoe
of rayo Ilau!l
of fjealleuo.
AS(
25
{:wo oigno wibdy uoeb in
from urry
rarly times, anb
Omega, aftertl)r pa60agr intl)e
"J am tl)r
anb tl)r .omega". lettere
often appearwitl) tl)eltr060 pee-
mbingfrom them. In tl)r ne)(t
example tl)e form of Il)e .omega
l)ae altmb:
Intereectton offour" X"o.JI ee-

form of frrqurntly
rncountmb, in P" te
into a 1m me
plcce X".
oign uie cl-
rrabymet
te I)rrr to be conoibmb ce
<!lmlt initial Iettere of name
"X"anb "po. Jt ieclee
callrb elignum uri, anb 18,
p06oibly, cea oym-
bol, olbrr then itodf.
apprarrb in a brram to
ltonotanlinr accem-
panirb by a noke oaying: "In
oign cenquee."
jr accorbingly oign
rmbla30nrb on warbcnner.
bannee le callrb ta
barum.
oign tecomp06rb of two
to lrgrnb
mon:
taloymbol for tllr <oun, formrb

18 aloo rrlatrb to an olb enen-
24
t1)roo-callrbmirror ofOrnuo,
symbol of plcnet Ornuo:
ltl06dy rdatrb to etcnee
aneatrb ltrooo:
Srom at a latrr batr, came
oign:
!ille tI,e next sign, is a fur-
27
xps
+
)ere' Y"tches place of ' I' .
mce not unueual in
mibble
line abobe monogram
represents )oly in
e;>:ample cleo.
- - " F
+HS
+
110 .1I'Il".11ll } "'" '" beneotl)
I "hill nebemp-
" I I Ih"
beautiful reminie-
nt of ansateb
, me-
te berygreat, anb
11I1'CI1tivenesGeheum by
.,,111 in be-
I,ll' it' bouneleee,
Alb
On e;>:ample tl)e Latin"II
ill abbeb, maYlveli 011 11 1
for HOC.
{rOllS
anb Iille all th
monogranw illustrate
connedeb uiit

)m <!lreeh'P'w replace
by atin ' R' .
26
combination of
I" anb"C" t }esuse>oter,
}esus e>abiour.
two letters are useb incon-
nrction inmany
biffmnt ways, of
cbone sign Is a goob e;>:ample.
Ot isalsofrequently met
conjunction
6 0
a u g u o d n ' o a ! o l u a i a j J l q m ( 1 l U ! U O W O P ( I J '
' O q W O l l l l l l j ) a ( 1 l U ! ' 1 I l O O W I l u a l J l l l O J u 6 ! 0 6 u l m o J l o j
I N
: > X : > 1
. . o n o a f . . : o u l l a w q U I l U O ! U
. n w w o j ) u c u e O i l u 6 1 0 6 U l m O J l O j
I I " I J . 1 0 j a ( l l ( I l l m
p l I l I ! U O l U !
. .
' Q O l j ) j o u 0 0 g n o a f . .
: 6 u ! U l l a W I J m l j ) a a y j O
O U n a ) l l l ! l ! u I
' I J m l j ) U I 6 U I
- u n e ]
U o o f l l l q w o J j
q a o n j o q w f l o I l O J U 6 ! 0

A e
I X I
S o
s a u i c s a q 0 0 ) 1 l
j j a O n j O 6 u ! U l l a w
a O l l l u c ' u m o u l J O !
f l q s a u m u
j o a u g O U l l a w
u 6 ! 0 q U l l S . u e O i l
a q
1 l 6 a w 0 0 1 a U 0
' a l u l l l y ! u 6 1 0 f l u l l
a a n 6 y U !
Q a u o l l o a n b o a w l l a w o o 0 1 I C
+ 1 +
u o w
j o I U J w d o p a a q
Uje loaolmp(eoym-
bol of <[tinily, anb preeente
nobilfkulty10 mobernmlnb.
lObe!
- L
eY
<[I)e monogram of mary.
31
of Qlob.
On Qlmlt: meter
10 mer
etrehee abObe mono-
gram benole I)olineoo, no In
conbenlionaloymbo( ofll)eI)a(o.
' " ldr.t'lll monoarmn com-
o] Ihe (/I1'eeh !Vorbo for
, llil \ PI\llo) 1mb life (,30e).
, I II this l'erooll8
rIhe <[tinilyare repreoenleb In
Ih' oimpleol 81gll8 can be

Ujeoe are oymbolo for <[tinily.
On eeme of combines ltiangle,ll,e01111
of Qlob On Iaet oign, drclee repte6enllh
ilnilfeo"ead) of ieoe1fconlaineb anb complete In 11,"11
betaileb analyolo of ead) oign te poeolble.
30
d)arming e)qllanallon of
([rooo, semettmee calleb
and)or ([rOM, te M followo:
riot,oymboI13eb byt rool!,
bom of mary, oymboli3eb by
creecent moon.
{lJeoeuen.brand)ebcanbleollc!t,
oymbol of Olb
ment.
ie early oign for

32
<fad) drde ito own centre
anb 10 complete init
oelf; at ecme time it a
large sectton in common
cad) of cieclee,
only smell te
coumb by all drdeo. On
poooeoo a new
central peint, real of

eumbel of patient
c)qledation ofoaluationcoming
from aboue.
oumbol of tI)e HniuC!'lIt' ,
borh centre ie tl)c Orb ,'I
onb Uloter, olb cen-

by inner ring of aerial
ocean, onb outer ring of
empyrean.
ll ignolloebto exerdee eui!
"l' il'llo. J ntl)ccaee these
1\1I 1l' , .10 tI)c pentagram
the Oi togram, it 10
, r thatthcucoll for acertcin
't,,'IfII , t1)ol 11 dumou
II bcunnbl eto brow
Ih Ill ,
io a repreeentc-
lion of Orb of Ulorlb.
olb conception of
WM ti)at It te biuibeb thus.
centreof Ulorlb mce 3eru
oatem, place oalua
tion came to man!tinb. {lJe
upper of Orb te
uertkalline represente the
mebitmanean6ea,on
anb lcft of lie anb
<furope reepectiuely. On <farly
orb mce
carrying Orb in
in (ater timea mce
altmb to a a ([rooo
upon it.
,
"""'I
'lII..
33
5. 'QI::br jtftonogram.
monogramisasign ofwritten d)aracters
one cnother. iatin uncials, from our present
luritingis are signs of utmost simplicity.
ltleare, generally spealting, so to connect of
of forms, it is only biffirulty
Ih.lt we can letters from of as
"lI l11 bols.
sign, also representing possibly belongs
to same category. Ot is upon square, of
manyinterpretations.
=-
34
hi' oume iotruc o] numerals, owe
",llIln III quite anotl)er part of tI)e but d)aracler
". nll111ll 1Ueare, I)oweuer, net Ieee familiar.
35
37
(()io monogram cleo
tl)e influence of
religion.
monogram a
religious ie"cry
similar to a illu-
olrattb bach.
Illll'lll'twal11 fo rmcb lvitl) tI)C
hl'i "lilll1 i!:1ll1 i!' rooo.
,1n many :l3y.antint mono-
nromewe geniti"e form
I lV. boeument8 of
I','riobcondubeb numee in
11\1' \l eniti"ecase, anb
111',, 111 then conetitutee enb
oecument.
:l3Y3antine monOgram8lvlJNI
meaningIe unlmenm,
<!lmh monogram.
:l3lJ3antlne monogram of
name
36
m,e monogram plaY8 an important part in Ulotlb of 8ign8.
m,e <!lmlt8 were original innentore of monogram,
rtad)tb of its glory in :l3Y3antine petiob. vt 18 seme-
times Mfficult to interpret monogralll8, Q8 letler8 att often
"erymu<!J M8gui8tb,or turmbbach to front,oronlypartially brawn,
80 It frtqutntly requires gttat 8hill to b18co"er ncmes
concealtb in
monogram of a man
name Paul.
monogram of name

38

lliholauo
l\ioao in.Deo.<!lob be you.
e;q>reooion of goob - will
fOllnbinearly
I 'Ill' l\'llete. l!l oob
" 1111 of,) feetinl\ often fOllnb at
III 11\ll duoion of olb papal boo
ru ueuto.
monogram of :l3is1)op
of ([aeoarea.
o
monogram of II.
13Y3antine periob.
39
41
*
i!wo 0lgn6 of Q;reat,
of fir6t no con-
nection name.

Ii' onlll part brawn by
mperor (,imodf \\'ao 10-
1I111'In fil e for luao
1I11rt'llle. ecribe then abbeb
Iii l" lll olnber.

1Jipin
etr066 WM brawn by a
ocribe, anb bot6 aMeb by
fi,e mng.
manuel II.
name 6ign of
3U6tinian.
+
1Jalaeologu6
monogram
of
40
6. ntgnn.
!3Y3imtine monograms are most, e)(ampl,es we
of besigns composeb of Iettere, anb m eeneteuettcn all
bear eUibence of great shill anb serious d)apter enbs
a beautiful !3Y3antineimperial monogram, interpretation
of is, unhnemn.
- ..
42
signs jour.
neyman stonemasons in

worh. are to be
founbcaruebonmany4Jerman
anb mebiaeual
builbings.
o!:l)emasonic lobges were pow-
erful guilbs of stonemasons,
the d)iefone being masonic
lobgeof6trassburg,
ouer all lob-
I)CO ofall 4Jerman.speahing
i members of
Illl il bs were strongly bounb to-
I,etllerin
lheoe masonic lobges were en-
lIrciU controllebby
1,,,1 theusoon
Ir,r from infl uence of reli
ili on. S Ol' a long time,
""11 still remaineb powerful
odetleo ojmenremarhablefor
Ihi'l l' pri ndpleo allb
I Ih' <[hurd). .on tI)e cornplc-
11,111 o] 1)10 apprenticco()ip tI)e
1"IlI'l1rllm'lIl recclueb a oign.
conferreb upon by mce-
ter. sign was tahen from

biffereb inead) masonic lobge.
bilferent
were baseb upon triangulation
anb squaring, trefoil anb
quatrefoil.grom signs
we can tell e)(actly
wanbering journeymen came
worheb on any particular
builbing,
i)isgraceful conbuct
to a mason being bepriueb of
sign, anb e)(clubeb from
lobge. first buty of a jour.
neyman came unber
a new master, in course of
trauels, was to construct
sign of own
lobge, before assembleb col-
leagues in lobge room, anb
then to e)(plain it symbolically.
master masons were alloweb
to enclose own signs
in a
43
1111 fa I' the cornmoneet mceontc lligne are thoee on
45
e>i)C eigne, temadtable fot beautiful cleameee anb
6implicityof fcem. 1[0 moeem minb eigne ate typical of
uigOtOUll age ptobuceb
aboue are fout 8lBantim maecntc lligne, actually purdll
menesecme, c!Ollely relateb totl,e beeigne in 10,'1
d)aptet.
44
i)m follow a few etenemaeene' lligll8 of bilfetent periobll:
-L
T
builbingS' still are often to be founO in great
profusion, anO coneteercble ingenuity. two following
pageS' exampfee of
46
47
d)aptrr , onclubro a 8ign composee of rigl)t 8Ub8iMarll
oigno, tnhen from a Srrnd) ,alenbar. Ot probablll repreeente
rigl)t cornere of fjral)rno, formi ng a
7. 'm:bt four
Sirr.
Dry
Sierll, d)olrri,
Watrr.
Damp ,olb
S1uib,

Damp
oanguinr

Drll ,olb
eiolib, meland)oli,
48
four elements plall an important part inall mllotidom of
miMlr Ot te from abol)r interpretctiene
eretnhen.
49
m,e four dements are also symboli3eb ina circle ce follows:
8. ggtronomtcal ntgng.
symbols of planets are cmenaet meet frcqucntly
employeb. m,cy play an important part in to
inbccb, ome origin. arc, for meet part, compcs-
cb of C!:r088c8, 8ymbo18 of elements, anb 8ymbo18 of
Sun anb moon, benote actibenCS8 anb pa88ibCnC88
rcepcctibdy.
Sire
Water
symbol of eun. symbol of moon.
the signs on prebious page two are
dt'll', lIomtlu, firebla3ing into onb water sinhing into
lht tllrll), tlJe interpretationof circle sigl18seems more natural
tothemooem minb.
.

51

nature ofJupiter i$[unar,

anb it bominate8tl)e elements.
8ymbol a180 8tanb8 for
tin.
mar8.
8lgn originateb intl)e '30-
biac 8ign for wl)id) Ie
(1)0wn pointing in tl)e oppo81te
birectlon, towarb8 tl)e e>un.
was later a(tereb to an
anow/ apparently pointing
away from tl)e e>un. tl)e
8ign for iron.
52
mercury.
nctuee of tl)i8 pland Ie
bOll) 80lar anb lunar, anb it
bominate8 tl)e elements.
8lgn te I)ermapl)robitic. Ot Ie
a180 u8eb to repeeeent quidt-
8l1uer.
e>atuen.
!unar nature, bominateb by
tl)e elements. !eab te repre-
8enteb by tl)e eame 8ign.
OenUtl
Ie selce, bominating tl)e ele-
tl)e 8ignfor copper.
<Eartl)
ie 801ar, anb te bominateb by
ll)e elements.
.:n)e remaining planet 8ymbol8
lire largelyof laler origin, anb
opring from bitfmnl a880da-
none of ibea8:

neptune
53
3ull o
6igll for Ueoto ecpreeente
all alter luitl) a
UpOIl it.neptullC ie reprc8ellteb
by 0 trieent.
8igll6 of ti,e '3obiac are
tI)e conetella-
tione, anb batc,06 bo planet
8igll6, from very remote times.
are cemmen to all no-
tiene.
woter-beam.
3anuory.
bull.
(!)cmilli, tmine. may.
l eo, lion. 3u(y.
Oirgo, virgin.
55
morning, tl)e ri8ing <Bun.
57

Winter
8ymboli8m of oigl18
te not M/fimlt to graop, illu-
8trating,a8 tlJey bo,tbe wa)Cing
anb waning of life anb, in tbe
ccse of Winter, prercction in a
heuee from ,olb anb 8now.
.opring
6ummer
.oeaoon8 of tbe Uear.
parallel etrohea, sign1for
(anm was, originally, two
crabs facing to one On
oigno for teo anb (apri\or-
nus. eutltnee are uaguely
remtmecenr of animals
oign for Oirgo
16 a monogram of Oirgin
mary. Libra ie repreoenteb by
tbe beam of a pair of ecclee
ccn be mogni3eb by
blo otll1g anb .oagittariuo by
arrow.
(apri,ornuo, tl)e goat.
ummber.
E'5un trceee ito
of
etere,it cen-
otellations, anb ead) 18
nameb after conetellation
in it oure. m,e e)Cacl
pooltion of ,onotellations
18 grabually alteringinrelation
to ,alenbar year, 00 at
present time beginning
monthno longer ,oindbeo
entry of sun into
a new ccnerellctien.
of the
belong to preuiouo censtel-
lalion,anb only in
boeo conception olill
true.
Ie repreoenteb by wa-
nee, by
by a bull'0 by two
u

.oagillariuo, ard)er.

56
c
lfueningi ll)e setting E5un.

Dolionb11igl) t,iigI)IanbDath
ucee, I!)penneoo onb <[on,eol
meut.
58
)\omono nomeb ll)e bays
of tl,e lveth aft er tl)eplanets,as
followo:
E5unbay, dies solis
ffionbay, dies lunae
dies martis
Ulebnesbay, dies mercurii
dies lovis
Stibay, dies veneris
E5alutbay, dies saturni
59
9. !!Gtrologtcal
'l:l)eee are ueeb for caeting clearly befineb in
plcnetc anb eigne of finb inbirect relation.
caeting of bepenbe, amonget many con-
eiberatione, upon way in etanb inrelation to ead)
plcnete etanb to one
l!)uabrate, or 90 begme
l!)uincunlC, or 150 begme
I n conjunction, te at a
bietanceof 0 begme.
e5emi-ee/l' til e, or 20 begme
60
E'5emi-quabrate, or45 begme
or 120 begmo
.nne anb a qucerctee, or
135 begme
ol)ppoeition, or180 begme
incetote ofretro.
grabation
61

13iennial
10. 16otantta(
moonin bescenbing nobe
moon in ascenbing nobe
Jt is impracticable, in present connexien, to go any beeper into
anb casting of iDur onlyconcern is
tile signs in cases we mentioneb,
contributebsomaterially to preserllation of mystery of
occult science. bib, possess a practical abllantage in
prollibinga of e)(pressing certain ibeas..fjow llery
important sudJ WM can be seen in mathemcttce, Sor
the most orbinary calculation we employ signs we bo not
illustrate simply beccuee are alreaby hnemn to elleryone,
but must be mentioneb in same dJapter as abolle
"ious, are closely connecteb.
.
62
'Perennial plant
symbol for biennial
63
mercury
metcle
}le!aleb10
of senen melalloib8:
u. <!Cbnntcal

combuetible elements
following oign8 arc tchen
from olb djemical euetem,
for:
1l0i8onot18
male bloom
Semale bloom
64
Dloedouo bloom
tlery peieoneue, beably
eall
melalloib8
tlitriol
65
ealtpetre

e a!t
eat


great uatitly of
signs wm in early

are remarhably beautiful.
if meaning of many
of signalsalmost forgotten,
ie a of
feeling in in
themwuee a
of emotional our ances-
tors connectee

sign for


67

6igll for ar6rllic
O!iur oil
! rab
(rob
6!gll for (rob


1301116

or 6pirit6 of wine
Oroll
69
70
<topiapite
<Essential oil
Oinegar
<!llass
~ l
eubacetate of copper
~ .
...
eubacetate of copper crystals
llrine
ffietallime
~ n o l ~ e r sign for ffielallime
lime
<topper saffron
71
72
Jron uitriol

lye
minium
iOrpiment
precipitate

l3rimotone
elteel
elublimate
creenic
73
tartar

j
eiublimalion
1)re,ipitation
tl)ater
Uiltiol


75
77
XX
7 7
7
{'!)e following are a few.nmvle
forme of vriuate .ngne;
aboue ieaoeeign on aetich
uoeofor orawing lots,
veaeant cemmunitiee of
earHernmeeorewloteamonget

be tI)eir repreeentctiee to loon
after inrereere of
inge; oio by mecne
of lotteryetkM of Oifferent
were ccer into
a ano orawn. etiche
were maoe of wooo, ano bore
on
were often newly maoe for ead)
eccceien,beingcut fromwillow
twige, all of some
from t!)e bllch waG ecce-
eo in Gild) a way ce to
tl)e wl)lte IUOOObelleat!) it.
eimvleet form of
morh le one ,omvoeeo of
notd)ee, ano In moot of
Hmo vreoominate.
<turuee were into uee
mud) later, ano vreeuvvoee a
Oifferent from of
enivving ano ,aruing, more in
natureofvaintingorwriting.
13y being vund)eo or branoeo
into or woooenvartoof
agrkultural implementa, re-
eve,tiuelY,anobybeingbranoeo
into I)ioee of oomeetk ani
malo ano home of ,attle.
a later oate
marM nne to beueeo cever
sonal eigne, ano often unoer
went moOifi,ationeat
of oifferent members of fa.
mily.tater etm were ueeo
cetraoe-marMano marne
of crcftemen ano artillte.
euggeetion owe
origin to nume ie only to
be a"evteo in rare cceee,
were, at firet,
prinate eigne of peaeant pro-
vrietore, ano use mce
originally, onfi moto
Inge, all monecble property
upon toae
bU tl)e
o1: l)e mce ow
phl\leO;
tlu bein,) pund)eo into noateo
ti mber, ,oulo be
,\orleoout at eno of iterun.
tl ubeing enippeointo ears
of oomeetk cnimala ano
fect of web-footeocnimale.
tl Ubeingdippeoout of
of I)oroee.
tl Ubeing painteo on ea,ne,ano
on the nee,ee of
tl Ubeing wt into upper
blllo of cuxme.
tl Ubeing into eur-
fMe of tl)e fie (oe.
tl Ubeing wrueo on treee ano
onolkhoueeofor orawing lets.
tl Ubeing embroioereoon rUM
Imoclothe.
76
IIXXII
\fIlm to bay craft$men
morh own toole in
manner. bobgee of ranlt on
lInlformo come into eame
mleoory. are numereue
formo 1111,id)are conotontly re-
mrrino ce tI)e baoie of house-
onb1,0IMnoo-morho/
been olum a opedol nomen-
78
teof
conoiberably later origin
aroae
fromcl08eQ6oodationeofibeaa.
Vt ill not quite certain
aparticular alon, for instance,
wae meant torepreeent afry-
ingpan, or acirde
auertimlline attad)eb to itWQ6
beacribeb ceafrying-pan
it became neceoeary to refer to
it in worbo.
forma were beecribeb
ce forhe.
barrellabber
oteut
winblaeo
winblaoa
ebge
79
80
m,e ear of oate
m,e winbmill
~ n o l ~ r winbmlll
m,e d)air
~ ~ g008enech
m,e manure ~ p
m,e labber or stretd)er
m,e ftying pan
81
82
m,e 811l0rb
arrolll
bouble nail, or bouble
and)or
and)or
carpenter'8equcre
<ri,e wolf6 or
<trOlll'8 foot, or Witd)'8 foot

83
<!:l)eeigne are tl)ooe of four brotl)ero, anb are baoeb on tl)e
t"l)e olgllo of a mall, brotl)er, anb l)is oon. t"l)e grounb upon
wl)id) theeeoiono areconotrucleb 10a muol)room.
85
lIe.xt eeriee iIIuotrateo way III wl)Id) the members
of tl)e ecme family abopteb original marh of tl)eir houoe anb
mobljieb it for tl)elr OWII uee.
followlllg ore
tiono of t1)Io olgn:

olgn of )ermeo
olgn 10 met quite ce
frequently ae is
((loe a great many
010110, but boeo not in any
lvnll niter meaning.
<tl)e lvny in oigno
meremobifjebcan beer be iIIu-
otrntebbll tI)Iopnrtlmlaroign,
lu1) ld)formo ti,e bnoio of mnny
1mbe-mnrho nnb crcjtsmen'e
01011 0.
84
1
2
oamellign10 employebbyou"eoolvegenera
neneof ecme family III in following genealogical table:
1. founber of family. e1but eon,
e1beot granboon. oe,onb granboon.
5. lion e1beotgranboon. 6,7 anb
OOM of occonb granboon,in oeniority
from left to
nrllt llign remctne und)angeb in line of
primogeniture. younger 1l0M aM uariouo
etrehee to original oign. oign III again
mobineb by beo,enbanto, in eaee
of e1beot lion, always tchee over
olgn unalteub.
We will now trace lligM of oe,onb line.
following family oignll are baoeb on equare:
8
87
7 6 5
l[l)at members of eamefamily bellire to
lhe lUorh of tl)at family by a particular llign III quite natural, all
10 oleo tl)e lUiol) of ead) member of family to
cum Inbivlbual lvorh. On oeriell Ibea III lltill
lIluotrateb aub
86
89

xx
to Inbicate bifferenceo In a moot oubtle way, beotroying
uniformity. little aMeb etrehee were oeparateb from
origlnalolgn, calleb countermerhe, bery d)aeming
e;cample of is fIluotrateb oigno are olb mcrhe benoting
biffmnt begmo of e;ccellence anb fineneoo of ecme goobo, on
acme principle puoent bay crticlee are be6cribeb ao
being of firot, oeconb or quality.
1!:0unteemarllOalso playeb an important part in olb trabe.marllO,
anb are of bariouo Itinbo, creeeee, boto, ringo, anb 00 on.
belong, for moot part, to alater periob.
two OOM of
oeconb granboon of
oeconb line.
granboono In oeconb line.
oeconb een, from oeconb linebeocenbo.
In oeconb line a oimllar precese of mobification tahee place,
quite Inbepenbently of any line. In collatera! lineo,
anb in or generation, of couree, accumulation
of abbeb marhs begino to become confuoing; 00 preeeee
cannot be carrieb out Ober many generationo.
.:rl)e I)eab of
the fmnily ie
d)ilbleoo.
I n Il)e ice of all oigno, actual original baee oign
been oltmb bll aMitiono. principle ofmobificationby aMilion
Ie 0100 avplfeb in oll)er connexione. l3y mecne it 10 poooible
88
e50me of olb were famous because persol1$
or families origlnateb
few principallyremarhable for ingenuity
of bwlgns:
mldJelangelo
i)ans 13udlmair
Welser
"Peter UwdJer
90
.

$ugger i)ans EJad)o

91
8rom ti)e8e marhe, in later timee, were beriueb ti)e printer8'
beuke8, meet ofwi)fd) contafmb ti)eir names inoneformoranoti)er.
13. from uartouu uourcru
place81i)epreufoU88ign; ilcon.
Ue1J81i)eeameibea ofmenemenI
in Ii)e form of arolling wi)eel.
{i)i8 tclisman i)a8 il8 origin
in Ii)e <lln08lic conception ofIi)e
toorlb. Jt represente Ii)e four
efements, floli)fng furti)er te
hnown of It.
{i)e8ign0 orti) etm.
helion. IeprobabllJ beriueb
from ti)m triangle8, from ead)
of wi)id) one 8ibe i)a8 been re.
moueb,81anbfngonti)rirape;n8. .
oneti)e Imprr8'
eien Ii)at it i8 mouing fortvarb
alonganimaginarlJgrounbline
blJ reuolufng arounb i18 cenlral
poinl: wi)ence II beuelopeb, at
alaler bale, into Ii)e represen-
tationofamalurrcoll8i8lingof
noti)ing bUlli)mleg8 running
rapibllJ arounb one anoli)er.
anb wanfngffioon,
between wi)Id) nme Ii)e cour8e
of life. 8ign te 8IJmbolic
{i)e triquetrum frequentllJ re- of ti)e ua8t anb beterminant in-
93
f1uence of IDoon upon
lifeof man.
:>In orientaloymbol aeul'0
pilgrimage life: soul
climbe up four belto
of worlb, or e1emento,toiio
purifkatfon, anb mina
frombarllneoointo
94
two triangleoare joineb
in way, upper of
oign becomeo water td-
angle of hinbneoo, gentleneoo,
anb nobility, lower
to triangleof of
rage of <!l ob.

to 0$ from early <!lennank
peoples, anb to
hnown of
6un-(r060 or (rooo of
Wotan.
bragon'o eye
oign (ourto,
or .
fewoigO$ are appenbeb
are more
pictures, anbceoud)
bo not require any ex-
planation.
water
olb oign for lily, ce it
io frequently founb onarmorial
beadngo/itoupperpartioform-
eb from f1eur-be-lyo.
95
lUg of Ieuea, upper
Ilalf of neur-be-Iga.
fig urete cleo founb on armorial
bearinga.
<[ he anb
Oll mbol, ,r03Ier.
<[ he allmbol of rOllaltg,
croton.
96
Jt waa not until later bfa.
tinctione beganto be brawn be-
tweenbitfmnt hinbaof,rowna.
I n olb ,alenbara, cromne
repreaenteb magi.
anowa bounb
aign of unitg.
bmrn,lion of dtg
alreabg been
giuen of beatrndion being in-
bkateb bg inuetting
outline of ajug.
In ita 6lmpleat form atar
mang
etce te ael-
bom emountereb, anb, inbeeb,
eeeme to 116 to be aatar
at all.
four.pointeb atar te \rod-
form, anb i6 a
,augfng a graue anb eolemn
warning.
fjue-polnteb etce abounba
97
14.l\untn
inbifferent Interpretatiol18.m,e
impressionit leabes ill ad)eer-
ful anb I)appll one.
<rl)e star bears tl)e
same urgent message M tl)e
98
fOllr-polnteb star, tl)oUgl) it ill
rid)er anb fuller In form.
18 tl)e true star, anb
most nearlll tl)e general cen-
ception of astar.
<:In tl)e seben-polnteb star are
repeateb tl)e attributes of tl)e
star, anb in tl)e
eigl)t-pointeb star tl)ose of tl)e
four anb stars.
earlll as tl)e se,onb ,enturll
tl)e <!lotl)s learnt to mogni3e
<!lreelt cnltuee, anb besigneb a
serie8 of slgl18 beribeb from
<!lreelt anbatinwrsibes,ript.
signs we ,allnunes.
$ollowlng tl)e of tl)e
<!lreeite tl)ell gabe to ead) sign
asonorous name. sl)avrs
of tl)e [rttrrs ,onformeb to tl)elr
mobr of writing anb tl)e usee
to wl)id) t!)rll put It. most of
tl)eir il18,riptlons were eit!)er
s,ratd)rb or ,arbeb,nunrs cee
tl)rrrforr almost entirelll mti-
linrar in form, brrtkal linrs
prebominating.
<:Intl)r fourtl),rnturll tl)r hnoni-
lebgr of nunrs was llPrrab to
<!lrrmanll anb otl)er ic
,0untrirs.<:Ine>,anbinablan u-
nee wrrr still partlllin use in
tl)e srbrntrentl) anb rigl)teentl)
centunee.
nunr magk was prwliar to
nort!) <!lrrmanll, anb wr !)abr
onlll brrll fragmentarll infor-
mction tl)enunr
repre8enteb tl)r objrd aftrr
wl)id)it WMnamrb, tl)r nunk
d)aradrr beccme t!)e objrct it-
8rlf, anb witl) it goob anb rbll
coulbbeworlteb. magkpro.
pertirs of rad) nune were onlll
hneum to brrll frw.
t sl)oulb bring bktorll,
Xprotr,teboneagainst t!)r poi-
soneb WI', f> inbu,rb mceneee.
nunesscratcllrb on a brinltlng
brll8elbroug!)tobliblontowl)om-
rber branlt from It. WI'
wit!) polsonrb brinlt UP8et Itself
if tl)e nunrs s,ratd)eb upon it
were benign. goob
of nunk magician was t!)r
e>,anbinabian barb Ie
bibinrbnunrsbrnratl) tI) e,oud)
of a sl,1t bamsrl M being t!)r
originof!)rr illness, I)e bug t!)em
up anb carbrb nunrs
In tl)eir pla,e.
latr ce tl)e fourtrrntl) cen-
orbinamrswere
99
Mooemfnateb against 1lune
magic.
Sor purpooeo of
1luneowere only uoeb inMuct-
fy: it wao bellebeb beab
eoulb be awalteneb by mecne
of 1lune magic, anb
eoulbforetell future.
Seu : ([attle
: aloon
100
: <!liant
: <!lob
1lab ;

<!leofu : <!lift
Wynn: ([omfort
jagall : jail
nieb : neeeooity,
vo: vee
101
102
3ara:
J(1)6 : cflh
. ell/gil : elun
: }onour, gob
.l3larhan : .l3ird)
: }oroe
man: manhlnb, man
.(agu : Waler, elea
Jng : gob Jng
.cag : .cal/
103
lOgol : l)oeeeasion
2\unee were frequently ueeb tumeb bock to front, onb
onglee were o\\oeionolly rounbeb into curoee.
<llreot mbeououre recently been mobe to 2\unee
were mud) more el'leMiuely ueeb by olb <llermoM, onb
been giueli 0 more prominent ploce in of
notion appeor to beeuue.
On mony of tligM illuetrotrb in book norbic influrnce
con be drorly trocrb, but bollic forme, of
significonce onbeymboli$m, unboubtrbly toke ue bock to bim,
eemete onb agee of IDonkinb in Sor
eeuntelee of Worlb.
104