JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2014

6

Design of proposed STBC-MC-DS- WIMAX
Systems Based on DWT and Phase Matrix



Abstract - In this paper a proposed technique is used to improve the performance of Space Time Block Coding Multicarrier Direct sequence
World Interoperability for Microwave Access STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based on Discrete wavelet Transform DWT and Phase Matrix (PM).
Several structures of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX systems based on FFT, DWT and PM were designed. Simulation results will presented for
AWGN, flat fading and selective fading channels. By isolating individual propagation affects, and examine changing for different values of
maximum Doppler shift values (8Hz, 8Hz and 400Hz) (which is the most significant impact channel parameters) on the BER performances.
The phase matrix (PM) was chosen in the MC-DS-WIMAX structure to improve the capability of stand the variation of phase of noise. The
Fourier domain approach was found to be the more suitable way for obtaining the forward and inverse (PM). This structure has resulted in a
more suitable realization of FFT-based MC-DS-WIMAX. As a result, a modification will be performed in this work by adding FFT and 1D and
2D-DWT PM and IPM. This modification will may be given a significant improvement in the BER performance in comparison with the
conventional MC-DS-WIMAX. Also the new structures will tested for different channel types. One of the features of the proposed modified
structure is that the bandwidth efficiency must be kept as good as the conventional FFT-based MC-DS-WIMAX as well as the Bit per Hertz.
We suppose that transmitted symbols are recovered easily with adequate BER performance when the channel is just AWGN without the need
for any channel estimation; while a pilot-assisted channel estimation technique is used to compensate for the impairments due to the multi-
path fading this is simple and very efficient.
Index Terms: WIMAX, Channel Models, Phase Matrix PM, FFT, DWT, OFDM, STBC

1. INTRODUCTION
In this paper The last decade has witnessed major new
developments in communication technologies, particularly
the Internet and mobile wireless networks. As a source of
information and a medium for offering and delivering
communication services, the Internet has been growing at a
great speed and has become a driving force behind the
increasing mass use of data communications [1-2].
Historically, the Internet was designed for data
communication with limited bandwidth and no Quality of
Service (QoS) support. With rapid developments in areas of
technology such as routers, switches and high-speed
transmission technologies (e.g. fibre optics), the Internet is
now (or will soon be) capable of delivering a range of
services with different QoS requirements. Multimedia
content has become an embedded feature of numerous
applications, services and professions such as electronic
commerce, management, education, and entertainment [3-
5]. The main goals in developing the next generation of
wireless communication systems are for delivering
multimedia services such as voice, data and image in local
coverage networks [18-20]. These will be a complement to
the existing wide area coverage systems, for example to the
third generation of mobile communication. In order to
provide these services, a high data rate and high quality
digital communication system is required in a restricted
bandwidth. A major limiting factor is, however, the
multipath propagation phenomenon [21]. It causes
frequency-selective fading due to different echoes of
transmitted symbols overlapping at the receiving end,
which can lead to the bit-error-rate (BER) degradation [13-
16]. One way to effectively combat the multipath channel
impairments and still provide high-data rates in a limited
bandwidth is the use of an orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) modulation method and multiple
antennas at the transmitting end [5,13,17]. OFDM is an
attractive multi-carrier modulation (MCM) technique
because of its high spectral efficiency and simple single-tap
equalizer structure, as it splits the entire bandwidth into a
number of overlapping narrow band sub channels
requiring lower symbol rates. Furthermore, the inter-
symbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference (ICI)
can be easily eliminated by inserting a cyclic prefix (CP) in
front of each transmitted OFDM block. OFDM can be
implemented using a coherent or non-coherent detection
technique [18,19]. A coherent detection method generally
provides the SNR gain over the non-coherent method as the
former modulation technique uses channel state
information [30-32]. This implies, however, a more complex
receiver as the channel state information is generally
obtained using channel estimation [33-35]. Wireless
communication for using Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs) is now being considered as a viable solution for
providing ubiquitous network connectivity to a wide array
of military, industrial, consumer, electronics users. The
applications range from adhoc emergency networks, tactical
situation awareness network for battlefield applications, to
more day to day applications such surfing the web at the
mall, audio or video downloads and internet gaming. Two
requirements that are of increasing importance are security
for WLAN applications and higher data rates to support
applications using the internet [1,3,10,12].
he severe channel conditions have placed a major
obstruction upon designing efficient transmission systems
over wireless environments. This work aims at the
realization of a wireless communication system for the data
transfer to stationary and mobile users. Many points
considered as a target for this work are investigated a way
to provide a flexible and robust WIMAX and STBC-MC-
WIMAX transceiver on new technique. This may lead to
achieve a design for high-speed wireless data link and also
investigated a way to provide a flexible and robust WIMAX
Laith Ali Abdul-Rahaim




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and STBC-WIMAX transceiver by using (Phase Matrix
technique).
2. MOTIVATION TOWARD A NEW STRUCTURE FOR
WIMAX
The Fourier based WiMax uses the complex exponential
bases functions and its replaced by orthonormal wavelets
in order to reduce the level of interference. It is found that
the Haar-based orthonormal wavelets are capable of
reducing the ISI and ICI, which are caused by the loss in
orthogonality between the carriers [7]. In [2, 6, 7], the
simulation results show the BER performance of OFDM
system with different orthogonal bases which is the Fourier
based OFDM and wavelet based OFDM. The simulations
have found a great deal of channel dependence in the
performance of wavelet and Fourier filters. A main
motivation for using wavelet-based WiMax is the superior
spectral containment properties of wavelet filters over
Fourier filters. It has been found that under certain channel
conditions. Wavelet WiMax does indeed outperform
Fourier WiMax. However, under other channels the
situation is reversed as in the selective fading channel.
Further performance gains can be made by looking at
alternative orthogonal basis functions and found a better
transform rather than Fourier and wavelet transform. The
implementations in practice of WiMax today have been
done by using FFT and its inverse operation IFFT (or DWT
and its inverse operation IDWT) to represent data
modulation and demodulation. Intersymbol interference
(ISI) is eliminated almost completely by introducing a
guard time in every OFDM symbol and this will take nearly
about 25%-40% and this is one of the disadvantage of FFT-
OFDM ,therefor we will use two systems the first is DWT to
increase the orthogonality of the system and this will be
better to combat the narrowband interference and the
second is STBC to combat the effect of multipath frequency
selective fading channel .In this paper we will designing a
wireless communication system with least bit error rate for
high data rate to stationary and mobile users by improving
the performance of WIMAX based on STBC and DWT
under flat fading channel.
2 1 / / or p i p o
h x y ! = (1)
Normally OFDM is implemented using FFT and IFFTs [3].
To decrease the BW waste brought by adding cyclic prefix,
wavelet based OFDM is employed. Due to use of wavelet
transform the transmission power is reduced. One type of
wavelet transform is Discrete Wavelet transforms have been
considered as alternative platforms for replacing IFFT and
FFT , which employs Low Pass Filter (LPF) and High Pass
Filter (HPF). These filters operate as Quadrature Mirror
Filters satisfying perfect reconstruction and orthonormal
bases properties [4]. The transceiver of DWT-OFDM is
shown in Fig. (1).




















2.1 Space-Time Block Codes of System Design
The introduction of this classical technique is important,
since at a later stage it will assist us in highlighting tile
philosophy of space-time block codes. In conventional
transmission systems we have a single transmitter, which
transmits information to a single receiver. In Rayleigh
fading channels the transmitted symbols experience severe
magnitude fluctuation and phase rotation. In order to
mitigate this problem, we can employ several receivers that
receive replicas of the same transmitted symbol through
independent fading paths. Even if a particular path is
severely faded, we may still be able to recover a reliable
estimate of the transmitted symbols through other
propagation paths. However, at the station we have to
combine the received symbols of the different propagation
paths, which involve additional complexity. Again, the
classical method often used in practice is referred to as the
MRC technique. The goal in ST transmit processing is to
maximize the average signal power and diversity at the
receiver as well as minimize cochannel generation to other
mobiles. In transmit the space-time processing needs
channel knowledge, but since it is carried out prior to
transmission and, therefore, before the signal encounters
the channel, this is different from the reverse link where the
space-time processing is carried out after the channel has
affected the signal. Note that the mobile receiver will, of
course, need to know the channel for signal demodulation,
but since it sees the signal after transmission through the
channel, it can estimate the forward link channel using
training signals transmitted from the individual transmitter
antennas. Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation: A
technique for channel equalization based on determining
the best symbol sequence that matches the received signal.
Fig.(2) shows the baseband representation of the classical
MRC technique in conjunction with two receivers.
Each data packet convert the data streams from serial to
parallel form to construct a one dimensional vector contains
the data symbols to be transmitted as shown:

T
L
d d d d d ) ....... (
1 2 1 0 !
= (2)
Where, L is the packet length. Each serial-to-parallel
converted data symbols. As a result each data symbol
becomes a vector with L bits. So, a matrix D of size L by L is
obtained. Then each column of the matrix D converts to
serial data using parallel-to-serial converter. The same
procedure illustrated in [14] will be used with each
converted serial data.
Fig. 1. Traditional Model of WIMAX based DWT and FFT

JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2014

8

















The transmitted baseband signal of user k is written as:
!!!
=
"
= =
# # =
M
m n
N
u
c m m k c k
uT nT t f n d E t S
1 0 1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( (3)
where k=1, ..., K, K is the active user number; dk(n)
corresponding to the BPSK complex signal denotes the nth
data symbol of the kth user, and {dk(n)} are assumed to be
independent, identically distributed (i.i.d) with equal
probability, and Tb is the symbols period. The chip period
Tc, corresponds to the minimum orthogonal shifting
defined in complex wavelet packet; Ec is the mean energy
over a chip. So the sub-carrier symbol period T=MTc,,M, is
the number of sub-carriers [13]. The OFDM based on
DMWT will be used, from OFDM encoder throughout
generation and insertion of Pilot carriers [12], the OFDM
modulation using IDWT and the addition of the cyclic
prefix. This is followed by sequences insertion, parallel to
serial conversion for transmitter and then the channel effect
for transmitted sequence is added. The received additive
sequences in receiver antenna are passed through serial to
parallel conversion and sequence separation. After this step
each sequence discarded the cyclic prefix and inter to
OFDM demodulator that use the DWT where after, the zero
padding is removed from each sequence and the training
sequence will be used to estimate the channel transfer
function, h(t) using :
) (
) (
) (
k H
k Y
k X
e
p
e
= k=0,1,.,N-1 (4)
For each received sequence [13].
We assume that the wireless channel from transmitter
antenna to receive antenna experience independent, slow
time-varying frequency selective Rayleigh fading, whereas
every sub-carrier channel is considered to be flat and slow
fading [15]. So the impulse response of mth subcarrier
channel from transmit antenna to the receive antenna for
user k can be repressed as
) ( ) exp( ) (
, , , , k m k m k k m k m k
t j t h ! " # $ ! " % & = & = (5)
Where
m k ,
! and
m k
j
,
! denote the amplitude and phase of
m k ,
! respectively are i.i.d uniform variables in the interval
[0,2!] for different k, m. So at the receiver, after down
converting to baseband, the received signal from receive
antenna can be written can be written by:
!
=
+ " # =
K
k
m k k k
t n t h t t S t r
1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
!!!!
= =
"
= =
=
K
k
M
m n
N
u
m k c
n d E
1 1 0 1
,
) ( (6)
) ( ) (
,
t n t uT nT t f
m k k k c m
+ ! ! ! ! " # $
Where n(t) is AWGN noise terms with double sided power
spectrum density N/2 and zero mean. Single-path delay "k
is i.i.d. for different k and uniforms in [0,Tc],and tk is the
time misalignment of user k with respect to the reference
user at the receiver which is i.i.d for different k and
uniforms in [0, Ts.].
!
"
=
# # # =
N
v
Tc
l c
c
l l l i
dt vT iT t f v c t r Y
1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( $
!!!!
"
= =
#
= =
$ $ $ $ =
K
k
M
m n
N
u
Tc
k k c m m k c
t uT nT t f n d E
1 1 0 1
,
) ( ) ( %
! " # + $ $ $ $ % dt v c t uT nT t f
k m k l k c
c
l
) ( ) (
,
(7)
Since cross-correlation functions of the optimized wavelets
packets satisfy equation ) ( ) ( ) ( n l m nT R
c
lm
f
! ! " = therefore the
interference from same sub-carrier and same user k=1,
interference from other sub-carrier and same user will equal
zero. The desired output is
! "
=
# # # + =
N
v Tc
l c
n
l l i l i c i
dt vT iT t f t n i Nd E Y
1
, ,
} ) ( ) ( ) ( { $ % (8)
[0,2!] for different k, m. So at the receiver, after down
converting to baseband, the received signal from receive
antenna can be written can be written by:
!
=
+ " # =
K
k
m k k k
t n t h t t S t r
1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
!!!!
= =
"
= =
=
K
k
M
m n
N
u
m k c
n d E
1 1 0 1
,
) ( (6)
) ( ) (
,
t n t uT nT t f
m k k k c m
+ ! ! ! ! " # $
Where n(t) is AWGN noise terms with double sided power
spectrum density N/2 and zero mean. Single-path delay "k
is i.i.d. for different k and uniforms in [0,Tc],and tk is the
time misalignment of user k with respect to the reference
user at the receiver which is i.i.d for different k and
uniforms in [0, Ts.].
!
"
=
# # # =
N
v
Tc
l c
c
l l l i
dt vT iT t f v c t r Y
1
,
) ( ) ( ) ( $
!!!!
"
= =
#
= =
$ $ $ $ =
K
k
M
m n
N
u
Tc
k k c m m k c
t uT nT t f n d E
1 1 0 1
,
) ( ) ( %
! " # + $ $ $ $ % dt v c t uT nT t f
k m k l k c
c
l
) ( ) (
,
(7)
Since cross-correlation functions of the optimized
Multiwavelets packets satisfy equation
) ( ) ( ) ( n l m nT R
c
lm
f
! ! " = therefore the interference from same
sub-carrier and same user k=1, interference from other sub-
carrier and same user will equal zero. The desired output is
! "
=
# # # + =
N
v Tc
l c
n
l l i l i c i
dt vT iT t f t n i Nd E Y
1
, ,
} ) ( ) ( ) ( { $ % (8)
2.2 Phase Matrix System Design:
MC-WIMAX transmitter spreads the original signal using a
given spreading code in the frequency domain. In other
words, a fraction of the symbol corresponding to a chip of
the spreading code is transmitted through different
Fig.(2) Block Diagram of a STBC-WiMax system
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2014

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subcarriers. For multicarrier transmissions, it is essential to
have frequency nonselective fading over each subcarrier.
Therefore, if the original symbol rate is high enough to
become subject to frequency selective fading, the signal
needs to first be converted from serial to parallel before
spreading over the frequency domain. The relative motion
between receiver and transmitter, or mobile medium
among them, would result in the Doppler Effect. The
Doppler Effect would influence the quality of a cell phone
conversation in a moving car. On the other word, the path
delay causes a fluctuation in the received signal and leads
to an inter-symbol interference.
Now, if the transmitted data are modulated on
different amplitude and phase values then it is expected
that many amplitude and phase values of the received
signal are changed due to fluctuations, but it will stay lying
within the same generated phase values or near to its
values. This property is related to MC-WIMAX, because the
same bits or symbols are modulated in different subcarriers,
so, it is possible to transmit each bit on different phases. In
counterpart, if the signals vectors are modulated directly by
multiplying them by a phase vector, then any fluctuation in
any bit of these vectors can make an increasing loss due to
mixing property of the FFT algorithm. This means the
symbols cannot be multiplied by a phase vector, because
the needing here is to make every bit out of IFFT has
different sharing phase values with the other bits. If this is
possible then, if a single fluctuation occurs to this bit due to
channel effect, then it will be slowly affected by these
variations, which means the algorithm must be able to block
the error in any bit from spreading or affecting the other
bits as shown later.
The transmitted symbol which consists of N-IFFT bins
can be multiplied by a PHASE MATRIX (PM) which can be
simply generated as in Eq. (9) [15, 16, 17]
!
"
=
"
+ " " =
1
0
. ) / 2 (
) , ) 1 ( * ( ) , (
N
v
v i N j
i v N N n i n e x x
#
(9)
Where; n: is the data bit number.
i: is the frequency bin of the FFT or IFFT (from 1 to
N)
N: the window size of FFT.
) . ( x : is the modulated signal
It can be seen that the Phase Matrix in Eq. (9) is a square
matrix with a dimension of N*N points. The phase of this
matrix will change as the frequency bin of the FFT changes.
If the FFT has 64 points, then the Phase Matrix in Eq. (9) can
be formulated in the following fashion:
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"
#
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
%
&
=
' ' ' '
' ' ' '
' ' ' '
' ' ' '
4032 * ) 64 / 2 ( 128 * ) 64 / 2 ( 64 * ) 64 / 2 ( 0 * ) 64 / 2 (
189 * ) 64 / 2 ( 6 * ) 64 / 2 ( 3 * ) 64 / 2 ( 0 * ) 64 / 2 (
126 * ) 64 / 2 ( 4 * ) 64 / 2 ( 2 * ) 64 / 2 ( 0 * ) 64 / 2 (
63 * ) 64 / 2 ( 2 * ) 64 / 2 ( 1 * ) 64 / 2 ( 0 * ) 64 / 2 (
..... .......... ..........
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.......... .......... ..........
.......... .......... ..........
.......... .......... ..........
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
j j j j
j j j j
j j j j
j j j j
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
PM
(10 )
If the signal is multiplied by this PM at the transmitter side
then it must be multiplied by the Inverse of Phase Matrix
(IPM) at the receiver side in order to retrieve it, or in other
form:
IPM y y
received side receiver
* =
!
(11)
Note that the last equation is a general equation, which
means it depends on the location of the received signal that
must be processed, and the location depends on the
transmitter side, because at the receiver the inverse
procedure will be done to process the signal.
The Properties and Advantages of Phase Matrix are:
1) The output signal mean value will be reduced due
to using the IFFT at the transmitter side, the phase matrix is
able to keep the output signal power to its normal level
according to the same input mean value to the IFFT. At the
receiver side the FFT will increase the mean value of the
received signal then, the use of IPM will keep the received
mean value of the signal to its normal level, namely:
IFFT *PM =IPM*FFT
2) It is able to keep the location of each input value to
the IFFT to its normal value, if it is zero then the output of
phase matrix at this location will be zero, else it has another
value. This property inhibits the bit error in any location to
be transferred or affects the other bits that do not contain
any error, as in the last example the phase values exist in
the same bins of user specific code that has a unity value.
3) It is able to arrange the phases of the transmitted
signal to be ordered in a constant form.
4) It is flexible phase rotation matrix which makes us
be able to use it by row or column
5) Its phase values are non-uniform (the phase values
in row(i) are different from those of column (i)).
6) The phase difference between any two adjacent
bits= (360/N-FFT).
7) It can be used for multiple stages with the IFFT.
The multiplication of row phase matrix by column signal
vector will cause a circular shift of one bit for each stage
from bit one to bit N, which means the signal value at bin
number 1 will be the value of bin number N in the next
stage.
8) It is a nonsingular matrix, which means it has
nonzero determinant value.
2-3 A Fast Computation Method of DWT Algorithms
As mentioned in [3,4], wavelet filter banks require a vector-
valued input signal. This is another issue to be addressed
when wavelets are used in the transform process, a scalar-
valued input signal must somehow be converted into a
suitable vector-valued signal. These minimize redundancy
for data compression applications.

2.3.1 Computation FDWT for 1-D Signal:
The structure of a one-dimensional DWT is shown in Fig.
(3). ) (n x is the 1-D input signal. ) (n h and ) (n g are the
analysis lowpass and highpass filters which, split the input
signal into two subbands: lowpass and highpass. The
lowpass and highpass subbands are then downsampled
generating ) (n X
L
and ) (n X
H
respectively.






The up sampled signals are filtered by the corresponding
synthesis lowpass and highpass filters and then added to
reconstruct the original signal. Note that the filters in the
synthesis stage, are not necessary the same as those in the
analysis stage. For an orthogonal filter bank, and are just
the time reversals of and respectively [18].

Fig. (3): Analysis and Synthesis stages of a 1-D single level DWT.
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To compute a single level FDWT for 1-D signal the next step
should be followed:
1. Checking input dimensions: Input vector should be of
length N, where N must be power of two.
2. Construct a transformation matrix: using transformation
matrices given in [4,5].
3. Transformation of input vector, which can be done by
apply matrix multiplication to the N#N constructed
transformation matrix by the N#1 input vector.
2.3.2 Computation of IFDWT for 1-D Signal:
To compute a single level IFDWT for 1-D signal the next
step should be followed:
1. Let X be the Nx1 wavelet transformed vector.
2. Construct NxN reconstruction matrix, T2, using
transformation matrices given in [4,5].
3. Reconstruction of input vector, which can be done
by apply matrix multiplication to the NxN reconstruction
matrix, T2, by the Nx1 wavelet transformed vector.

3. PROPOSED STBC-WIMAX TRANSCEIVERS:
In this section, different proposed STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
systems will be studied that are based on Phase Matrix PM
and discrete wavelet DWT and its performance in different
channel models AWGN, flat fading and selective fading
will be discussed. first the DWT based STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX structure was proposed and tested. These tests
were carried out to verify its successful operation and its
possibility of implementation. Then a new method of
changing the data mapping for MC-DS-WIMAX system is
designed and implemented. A phase matrix (PM) in two
ways one with DWT and another with FFT is used as a
main building block into MC-DS-WIMAX schemes as phase
shifter. Its suitability for such implementation was verified
using simulation programming results. After that MC-DS-
WIMAX with the new phase matrix combined with STBC
schemes were the performance comparisons of bit error
probability for the conventional STBC-MC DS-WIMAX
have been presented.
3.1 Proposed System for DWT Based Model (1):
The block diagrams of the proposed systems for MC-DS-
WIMAX are depicted in Fig.(4).This figure illustrate a
typical STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX system used for multicarrier
modulation using DWT and Phase Matrix PM using
Model1 .





































In the conceptual block diagram of a MC-DS-WIMAX
suppose the data packet dn is a stream of serial data to be
transmitted using this scheme of modulation. d
n
are
generated at a rate Rs. Each data packet converts the data
streams from serial to parallel form to construct a one
dimensional vector containing the data symbols to be
transmitted as shown in eq (1). Each serial-to-parallel
converted data a symbol is DS-SS modulated using a user
specific spreading code. As a result each data symbol
becomes a vector with L bits. So, a matrix D of size L ! L is
obtained. Then each column of the matrix D is converted to
serial data using parallel-to-serial converter. The proposed
STBC-OFDM based on DWT will be used from the step of
STBC encoder throughout generation and insertion of Pilot
Carriers and the OFDM modulator using IDWT and the
addition of the cyclic prefix, and sequences insertion and
parallel to serial converter (P/S) for each transmitter and
then taking channel effect for two transmitted sequence,
then in receiver part S/P will convert the serial data to a
parallel form then sequence will separated to two sequence
(data and training pilot) for each received sequences. After
this step each sequence discarded the cyclic prefix and
enters to OFDM demodulator that uses the DWT. After the
step of sub-carrier demodulation, the zeros padding is
removed for two sequences (data and training pilot), then
training sequence will be used by channels estimator to
determined the transfer function h1(t) and h2(t) using
equation(8) for each received sequence. The transmitter
accepts data, and converts it into lower rate sequences via
serial to parallel conversion, these lower rate sequences are
mapped to give sequences of channel symbols. This process
will convert data to corresponding value of M-ary
Fig. (4): Block Diagram of the proposed STBC-MC-DS- WIMAX System
Based on DWT and Phase Matrix using Model (1)































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constellation which is complex word, i.e. real and
imaginary part.
The bandwidth (B=(1/Ts )) is divided into N equally spaced
subcarriers at frequencies (k$f), k=0,1,2,...,N-1 with $f=B/N
and Ts as the sampling interval. At the transmitter,
information bits are grouped and mapped into complex
symbols. In this system, quaternary phase-shift keying
(BPSK) with constellation CBPSK is assumed for the symbol
mapping. According to the Space time coded code, [x2 [k]
x1 [k]] are transmitted from the two antennas
simultaneously during the first symbol period (l=1) for each
k %. During the second symbol period(l=2), [ ]] [ ] [
1 2
k x k x
! !
" are
transmitted from the two antennas for each k % . The set %
{(N- Nc / 2),, (N+ Nc / 2)- 1} is the set of data carrying
subcarrier indexes, and Nc is the number of subcarriers
carrying data. N is Multicarrier size; consequently, the
number of virtual carriers is N-Nc . We assume half of the
virtual carriers are on both ends of the spectral band [7].The
MC-DS-WIMAX modulator and demodulator of DWT-
based MC-DS-WIMAX.
The training frame (pilot sub-carriers frame) will be
inserted and sent prior to information frame. This pilot
frame will been used to make channel estimation that's used
to compensate the channel effects on the signal. To
modulate spread data symbol on the orthogonal carriers, an
N-point Inverse wavelet Transform IDWT will be used, as
in conventional MC-DS-WIMAX. Zeros will be inserted in
some bins of the IDWT in order to make the transmitted
spectrum compact and reduce the adjacent carriers
interference. The added zeros to some sub-carriers will limit
the bandwidth of the system, while the system without
zeros pad has a spectrum which is spread in frequency.
The last case is unacceptable in communication systems,
since one limitation of communication systems is the width
of bandwidth. The addition of zeros to some sub-carriers
means that not all the sub-carriers will be used; only subset
(NC) of total sub-carriers (NF) will be used. Therefore, the
number of bits in MC-DS-WIMAX symbol is equal to
log
2
(M)*NC. Orthogonality between carriers is normally
destroyed when the transmitted signal is passed through a
dispersive channel. When this occurs, the inverse
transformation at the receiver cannot recover the data that
was transmitted perfectly. Energy from one sub channel
leaks into others, leading to interference. However it is
possible to Rescue orthogonality by introducing a cyclic
prefix (CP). This CP consists of the final v samples of the
original K samples to be transmitted, prefixed to the
transmitted symbol. The length v is determined by the
channels impulse response and is chosen to minimize ISI. If
the impulse response of the channel has length less than or
equal to v, the CP is sufficient to completely eliminate ISI
and ICI. The efficiency of the transceiver is reduced by a
factor of K/ K+v , so it is desirable to make v as small, or K
as large as possible. So the drawbacks of the CP are the loss
of data throughput as precious bandwidth is wasted on
repeated data. For this reason it is required to find another
structure for MC-DS-WIMAX to mitigate these drawbacks.
If the number of subchannels is sufficiently large, the
channel power spectral density can be assumed virtually
flat within each subchannel. In these types of channels,
Multicarrier modulation has long been known to be
optimum when number of subchannels is large. The size of
subchannels required to approximate optimum
performance depends on how rapidly the channel transfer
function varies with frequency. Since the radio channel is
frequency selective and time varying for wide band mobile
communication systems, a dynamic estimation of channel is
necessary for MC-DS-WIMAX signal [4]. The channel
transfer function estimation, and the inverse of the channel
transfer function is applied to every MC-DS-WIMAX frame
to compensate for the channel effects, much like
equalization [12] .There are two types of channel
estimations, block type and comb-type pilot channel
estimation as shown in section(2.4). After pilot-carrier
(training sequence) is generated as a bipolar sequence {1},
the receiver will be informed about this sequence
previously. The training sequence will be inserted in the
two branches of the transmitter as below:
T training1= [training _ sequence1, zero
t
] for transmitter 1
T training2= [zero,training _ sequence2 ,zero
t
] for
transmitter 2
Training sequences will be added in the receiver to form
single training sequence as shown:
T training1+T training2 = [training_sequence1 +
training_sequence2]
Then spread the two training sequences and used each to
estimate the channel transfer function h1(t) and h2(t) as
follows:
1 2 / ...., 1 , 0 ,......
) (
) ( Re
) (
2 1
2 1
2 1
! = = N k
k ample dTrainingS Transmitte
k ningSample cievedTrai
k H
or
or
or
(12)
The channel transfer function is then obtained by scope the
dimension making the even elements equal to estimated
transfer function and same thing for the added element as
shown:
for k=1:N/2
H1 or 2(2*k-1,1)= H1 or 2 (k,1);
H1 or 2 (2*k,1)= H1 or 2 (k,1);
end
After this process, h1(t) and h2(t) are estimated.
The data sequence will enter to the STBC Decoder that
expressed in section.
After this step each vector collected using the S/P
converter to reconstruct the received matrix DR whose
dimension is L # L. After which the matrix of the spread
data will be despreaded using same spreading user code
sequence that is used in transmitter, then integral and
dump each raw of the resultant matrix, then pass to the
signal demapper used to get the output data for single
receiver. If more than two receivers used, the outputs of
each signals demapper will pass to Maximum Likelihood
Detector to get Maximum Likelihood symbol data from
each sequences to get output sequence data in the end of
receiver. The transmitted symbol which consists of N-IDWT
bins can be multiplied by a PHASE MATRIX (PM) which
can be simply generated as in Eq. (9) and Eq. (10) [6, 7].
It can be seen that the Phase Matrix in Eq. (12) is a square
matrix with a dimension of N*N points. The phase of this
matrix will change as the frequency bin of the DWT
changes. If the DWT has 64 points, then the Phase Matrix in
Eq. (11) can be formulated as in (12 ). If the signal is
multiplied by this PM at the transmitter side then it must be
multiplied by the Inverse of Phase Matrix (IPM) at the
receiver side in order to retrieve it, or in other form:

IPM y y
received side receiver
! =
"
(13)
And demodulated one time by DWT
3.1 Proposed System for DWT Based Model (2):
For Model (2) The proposed systems block for MC-DS-
WIMAX are shown in Fig.(5).This figure illustrate a typical
STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX system used for multicarrier
modulation using DWT and Phase Matrix PM using
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2014

12
Model(2). Eq.s (9) and (10) produce the signal after Phase
Matrixing and DWT multiplying.
As in model (1).The Modification in model (2) is by adding
PM components to multiply the output of IDWT.
Again the results symbols are modulated by IDWT
modulator, so in this model the symbols have two PM, and
tow IDWT modulators, see [11] for more detail.
The symbols multiplied tow times by Phase Matrix PM at
the transmitter side, it must be multiplied also tow times by
the Inverse of Phase Matrix (IPM) at the receiver side;
IPM IDWT IPM y y
received side receiver
! ! ! =
"
(14)
And demodulated tow times by DWT Demodulators.
Note that the equations (10),(11) are a general
equations, which means they depends on the location of the
received signal that must be processed, and the location
depends on the transmitter side, because at the receiver the
inverse procedure will be done to process the signal.
The transmitted symbol which consists of N-IDWT bins can
be multiplied by a Phase Matrix (PM) which can be simply
generated as in Eq. (8) and Eq. (9) [8, 9, 10].























4. STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX SYSTEMS:
In this section the simulation of the proposed STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX Systems in MATLAB version 7.6 are achieved, and
the BER performance of the STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX Systems
considered in different channel models, the AWGN
channel, the flat fading channel, and the selective fading
channel. Table (1) shows the parameters of the system that
are used in the simulation; the bandwidth used was
100MHz.
Table 1: Simulation Parameters
BPSK Modulation Types
Gold Spreading Code
64 Number of sub-carriers
64 Number of DWT points
AWGN
Channel model
Flat fading + AWGN
Frequency selective fading + AWGN
4.1 Performance of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX Systems in
AWGN channel:
In this section, the channel is modeled as Additive White
Gaussian Noise for a wide range of SNR from 0dB to 40dB.
Simulation result of the proposed STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
systems are calculated and plotted as shown in Fig (6)
which gives the BER performance of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
systems in AWGN channel. It is shown clearly that the
STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based on DWT and PM Model1 and
Model2 is much better than the two other STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX systems based on FFT and DWT. This is a
reflection of the fact that the orthogonal bases of the
Wavelets are more significant than the orthogonal bases
used in STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX like FFT and DWT. For BER
10-4 the STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based on DWT and PM has
SNR=6dB for Model2 and 8dB for Model1 while in FFT and
PM base STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX SNR=24dB for Model2 and
27dB for Model1, therefore the gain of DWT and PM based
STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX to FFT and PM based STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX is about 19dB. For DWT based STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX, the BER=10-4 is found in SNR=13dB, and its also
significant, and the gain achieved by using FFT based MC-
DS-WIMAX is about 33.5dB. Its found the STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX when combined with STBC-OFDM, the BER
performance of the system is better than just using the
STBC-OFDM only. Because this type spreads the original
data stream using a spreading code and then modulates
different carriers with each chip.











4.2 Performance of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX in Flat
Fading Channel:
In this type of channel, the signal will be affected by the flat
fading with addition to AWGN; in this case all the
frequency components in the signal will be affected by a
constant attenuation and linear phase distortion of the
channel, which has been chosen to have a Rayleigh's
distribution. A Doppler frequency of 8 Hz is used in this
simulation. From Fig (7) it can be seen that for BER=10
-4
the
SNR required for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based on DWT
and PM is about 10.5dB for Model2 and 12.5dB for Model1,
Fig. (5): Block Diagram of the proposed STBC-MC-DS- WIMAX System Based on
DWT and Phase Matrix Using Model (2).

Fig. (6) BER performance of STBC-MC-DS- WiMax in AWGN
channel model

JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2014

13
while in STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX Based on FFT and PM the
SNR about 23.5dB for Model2 and 27dB for Model1.For
STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based DWT has 16dB and STBC-
MC-DS-WIMAX based on FFT has 35.5dB, therefore the
gain of DWT and PM based STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX to FFT
and PM based STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX is about 13.5dB. As
shown in Fig (7) it was found that the STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX outperforms significantly the other systems for this
channel model.













An alternative Doppler Shifts are used, the values taken is
80Hz, 400Hz and the BER vs. SNR are given in the two Figs
(8) and (9) below.
























4.3 Performance of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX in Selective
Fading Channel:
Assume the two antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver are sufficiently spaced, such that the channels
between different transmit-receive antenna pairs are
independent. Each channel is frequency-selective with
respect to the overall system bandwidth, but each sub-band
is assumed to be frequency non-selective with Rayleigh-
distributed fade amplitudes. In this type of channel, the
frequency components of the transmitted signal are affected
by uncorrelated changes, where the parameters of the
channel in this case corresponding to multipath, the two
paths are chosen, the Line of Sight (LOS) and second path
which is the reflected bath. Thus the right most columns for
new tap 2, indicates the value of the total average relative
power above, -4.4dB. The resulting model is given by Table
2. It has been validated using measurements in the 1GHz to
2GHz range, but is expected to be applicable at least in the
range 450MHz to 6GHz. It is a wideband directional
channel model capable of providing channel impulse
responses in both spatial (azimuth and elevation) and
temporal domains. The parameters of table 1 will be used in
channel model at operating frequency 5.8 GHz and
different values of Doppler frequency
Table 2 Typical Urban (TU) Channel Model for UMTS WIMAX [14]
Tap
Number
Relative Time
(nsec)
Average
Relative
Power (dB)
1 0.0 -5.7
2 260.4 -7.6
3 520.8 -5.4
4 651.0 -11.5
5 781.2 -13.4
6 1171.8 -16.3
7 1302.0 -12.4
8 1562.4 -14.5
9 1822.8 -16.9
10 1953.0 -22.
11 2083.2 -20.1

In selective fading channel many models have been taken
consideration to compare the BER performance of the
systems, the influence of the attenuation, delay and
maximum Doppler shift of the echo is successfully
discussed. First, the Doppler shift parameter has been taken
in interest, the model that have been used in the simulation
set the Doppler shift to 5Hz, 50Hz and 500Hz. The path
delay and the path gain are taken as shown in table 1. Fig
(5.5) show that BER performance of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
based on DWT and PM is better than other systems, STBC-
MC-DS-WIMAX based on FFT and PM and STBC-MC-DS-
WIMAX based on FFT or DWT. A Doppler frequency of 5
Hz is used in this simulation the STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
based on DWT and PM has BER performance 10
-4
at SNR
13.5dB for Model2 and 16dB for Model1 and the STBC-MC-
DS-WIMAX based on FFT and PM have the same BER
performance at 30dB for Model2 and 33.5dB for Model1 and
STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based on DWT has 20dB and 37dB
for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based FFT.








Fig. (7) BER performance of STBC-MC-DS- WiMax in Flat
Fading Channel and MDS=8Hz
Fig. (8) BER performance of STBC-MC-DS- WiMax in Flat
Fading Channel and MDS=80Hz
Fig. (9) BER performance of STBC-MC-DS- WiMax in Flat
Fading Channel and MDS=400Hz
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2014

14














The Fig.(11) for Maximum Doppler Shift parameter 80Hz
show that BER for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based DWT and
PM Model2 better than for Model1with again 5dB and
about 10dB over STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based DWT only.
The same manor for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based FFT and
PM Model2 better than Model 1 and STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
based FFT in about 2 and 4dB respectively.














And Fig.(12)for Maximum Doppler Shift parameter 400Hz
shown the following: For this case BER was fixed constant
after SNR 30dB at 2*10
-4
for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based
DWT and PM Model2. BER was fixed constant after SNR
22dB at 8*10
-4
for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based DWT and
PM Model1. BER was fixed constant after SNR 25dB at 2*10
-
3
for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based DWT. BER was fixed
constant after SNR 40dB at 4*10
-4
for STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
based FFT and PM Model2.and at 10
-3
for model1, at 6*10
-3

STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based FFT.
From these results it can be concluded that the STBC-MC-
DS-WIMAX based on DWT and PM is more significant than
the other systems based on STBC-DWT and STBC FFT in
the different channels that have been assumed. From
Doppler Shift parameter tests, the STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX
based on wavelet performs better than the conventional
STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX based on FFT and DWT.
























5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, The Simulation results were provided to
demonstrate that significant gains could be achieved with
system users increasing, by combining the DWT, PM and
STBC techniques with very little decoding complexity. As a
result, It can be concluded that all these structure achieves
much lower bit error rates assuming reasonable choice of
the bases function and method of computation. In AWGN,
flat fading channel and selective fading channel. The
wavelet based STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX with PM outperform
the other STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX systems. Therefore, this
structure can be considered as an alternative to the
conventional STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX. It can be concluded
from the results obtained; that SNR measure can be
successfully increased using the proposed Phase matrix
designed method within a desired wavelet basis function.
Thus wavelet based MC-DS-WIMAX outperforms the
conventional one. Significant contribution is dedicated to a
structure of STBC-MC-DS-WIMAX as a DWT with 2PM
structure. The new structure was used to improve the
performance of the communication system without the use
of cyclic prefix, and robustness to noise interference.
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Selective Fading Channel and MDS=400Hz
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Laith Ali Abdul-Rahaim (Member IEEE) was born in Babylon-1972,
Iraq. He received the B.Sc. degree in Electronics and Communications
Department from the University of Baghdad (1995)-Iraq, M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees in Electronics and Communication Engineering from the
University of Technology-Iraq in 2001 and 2007 respectively. Since
2003, he has been with the University of Babylon-Iraq, where he is now
head of Electrical Engineering Department. His research interests
include MC-WIMAX, OFDM, MIMO-OFDM, CDMA, Space Time Coding,
Modulation Technique, Image processing.