2

nd
NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2005
FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS AND ENERGY AUDITORS
MODEL TEST SERIES-1
PAPER 1: GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT & ENERGY AUDIT
Dur!"#n: $ %RS
M&' Mr(): 150
General instructions:
o Please check that this question paper contains 65 questions
o The question paper is divided into three sections
o All questions in all three sections are compulsory
o All parts of a question should be answered at one place
S*+!"#n I: O,-ECTI.E TYPE
Mr(): 50 & 1 / 50
(i) Answer all 50 questions
(ii) Each question carries #n* mark
1. Which of the following is not a Primary Energy Source?
a) Oil b) Natural Gas c) Electricity d) Wood
2. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
a) itumen b) Solar Energy c) !oal d) Natural Gas

3. Which of the following States in "ndia does not ha#e $ro#en coal reser#e?
a) %ndhra Pradesh b) &adhya Pradesh c) 'erala d) West engal
4. %t $resent the share of hydro $ower in the country(s total generated units is around
a) )*+ b) ),+ c) -*+ d) -,+
5. Greenhouse effect refers to increase in
a) Global tem$erature. b) !arbon mono.ide c) atmos$heric $ressure
d) Greenery
6. /he nodal agency for coordinating the energy conser#ation acti#ities under E! act in
"ndia is
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a) ureau of "ndian Standards b) ureau of Energy Efficiency
c) ureau of Energy Education d) ureau of Energy and En#ironment
7. 607ay is a form of
a. !hemical Energy
b. 7adiant Energy
c. /hermal Energy
d. Potential Energy
8. 7atio of ma.imum demand to connected load is termed as8
a. 9oad factor
b. Power factor
c. 2emand factor
d. :orm factor
9. When heat is added or subtracted4 resulting in a change of tem$erature is called as
a. Sensible heat
b. 9atent heat
c. S$ecific heat
d. ;eat ca$acity
10. /he ob<ecti#e of energy management is
a) /o minimi=e energy costs
b) /o minimi=e en#ironmental effects
c) a > b
d) None of the abo#e
11. :or calculating $lant energy $erformance which of the following data is not re?uired
a) !urrent year(s $roduction
b) 7eference year $roduction
c) 7eference year energy use
d) !a$acity utili=ation
12. /he sim$lest techni?ue for scheduling of tas3s and trac3ing the $rogress is
a) Gantt chart b) !P& c) PE7/ d) !@S@&
13. &oderation of chilled water tem$erature for $rocess is
a) &atching energy usage to re?uirement
b) "ncreasing system efficiency
c) None of the abo#e
d) a > b
14. Which of the following is used to re$resent energy balance of a system?
a) San3ey 2iagram
b) :low !hart
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c) Single line 2iagram
d) loc3 2iagram
15. %mong the following4 which is most im$ortant for carrying out a material balance
a) /em$erature of Products
b) &ass
c ) Waste Auantity
d) Pressure
16. "n PB C n7/4 Balue of 7 is
a) *.**D)*E m
-
atm 1 mole '
b) *.D)*E m
-
atm 1 mole '
c) *.*D)*E m
-
atm 1 mole '
d) *.*F)*E m
-
atm 1 mole '
17. Energy a#ailable in fuels is stored as
a) ;eat Energy b) !hemical Energy c) %tomic Energy d) E.$losi#e Energy
18. "n continuous $rocess which is considered for carrying out mass balance
a) &aterial :low b) /ime c) oth a and b d) None of the abo#e
19. 7eacti#e Power is re?uired for
a. "nducti#e load
b. 7esisti#e load
c. !a$aciti#e load
d. %ll of the abo#e
20. "n a $urely resisti#e circuit the reacti#e 3B%7 will be
a) less than 1 b) more than 1 c) =ero d) one
21. Which one is the 3ey element for successful Energy &anagement?
a) /o$ management su$$ort b) Planning c) &onitoring d) /raining
22. !a$ital costs are the costs associated with
a) 2esign
b) "nstallation > !ommissioning of $ro<ect
c) a > b
d) Sa#ings from $ro<ect
23. What is the NPB of a $ro<ect 4 Glife ) year) which re?uires an in#estment of
7s.,**** > yield 7s.-**** in the 1
st
year and 7s.5****10 in the ne.t year4 if the
interest rate is 1*+
a) 1*--*
b) G1*--*)
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c) )*EE*
d) G-*EE*)
24. Which is not a general $ractice of financing in0house energy management
a) :rom a central budget
b) an3 loan
c) &oney from stoc3 mar3et
d) ;ire $urchase
25. /he first ste$ in a $ro<ect de#elo$ment cycle is
a) "dentify com$onents of the $ro<ect b) "m$lement the $ro<ect c) arrange finance d)
/raining
26. :or an in#estment which has a fluctuating sa#ings o#er its $ro<ect life which of these
analysis would be the best o$tion
a) Paybac3 b) NPB c)7O" d) "77
27. What is the future #alue of 7s.1***10 after - years if the interest rate is 1*+?
a) 1E1*
b) -))1
c) 1--1
d) )5)*
28. "f asset de$reciation is considered4 then ta. cash flow would be
a) ;igher
b) 9ower
c) No effect
d) None of these
29. ES!O stands for
a) Energy su$$ly com$any b) Energy ser#ice com$any c) Energy standards com$any
d) Energy sourcing com$any
-*. Which of the following is not an e.ternal source of fund
a) an3 loans
b) 9easing arrangement
c) 7e#enue budget
d) Pri#ate :inance
-1. E#ent in a $ro<ect networ3 diagram re$resents
a) /as3
b) &ilestone
c) a > b
d) none of the abo#e
32. /he essential elements of monitoring and targeting system is
a) 7ecording b) 7e$orting c) !ontrolling d) %ll the abo#e
33. Which is not a green house gas
a) &ethane b) Nitrous o.ide c) !arbon di o.ide d) Sul$hur di o.ide
34. "f 9PG has G!B of 1)*** 'cal 1 3g4 then 1) 'Wh is e?ui#alent to 000000003g 9PG
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a) *.FE b) *.DE c) D.E d) DE
35. Percentage share of different energy consum$tion in an industry can be best shown
by a
a) Pie !hart b) ar !hart c) 9ine 2iagram
36. % mass balance for energy conser#ation does not consider which of the following
a) steam b) water c) raw materials d) lubricating oil
37. "n the e?uation4 Energy consumed C ! H G& . Production) 4 where I!( is
a) Bariable energy consum$tion b) :i.ed energy consum$tion
c) S$ecific energy !onsum$tion d) None of the abo#e
38. ased on the following Net $resent #alues4 which of the $ro<ects is attracti#e for
in#estment
a) J)1FF b) H )- c) * d) H1-
39. While $lotting a I!@S@& !hart(4 it is obser#ed that K!@S@&( during $re#ious
month was D4 the same during this month will be
a) > D b) < D c) C D d) !an(t be said
40. S$ecific energy !onsum$tion can be e.$ressed in which of the following units.
a) /one 1 'wh b) '!al 1 'g c) 'cal 1 'wh d) None of the abo#e

41. /he O=one layer in the atmos$here acts as an efficient filter for
a) 607ays b) @B0% 7ays c) @B0 7ays d) "ntra red 7ays
42. Which of the following does not damage o=one layer?
a) !:! b) !!l- c) ;!:! d) ;:!
43. Which gas causes global warming among the following?
a) !:! b) SO) c) O) d) %rgon
44. O=one has
a) /hree o.ygen atoms b) /wo o.ygen atoms c) /wo chlorine atoms d) /wo
bromine atoms
45. G;G emissions are $resented in 000000000000 @nits
a) &&/OE b) &&/!E c) &&/&E d) &&/
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46. /he ma<or source of electrical $ower generation in "ndia is
a) thermal b) ;ydel c) Nuclear d) Wind
47. /he ?uantity of heat re?uired to raise 1 3g of a substance by 1
o
! is 3nown as
a) sensible heat b) s$ecific heat c) latent heat d) calorie
48. &atching energy use to re?uirement means $ro#iding
a) <ust theoretical energy needed b) <ust the designers( needs c) energy with
minimum losses d) less than what is needed
49. /he internal rate of return is the discount rate for which the NPB is
a) Lero b) H#e c) J#e d) 9ess than 1
50. /he monthly electricity bill for a $lant is 7s. 1* la3hs and accounts for -D+ of the
total energy bill. /he annual energy bill for the com$any
a) 7s. -1, la3hs b) 7s. )E la3hs c) 7s. -D la3hs d) 7s. -D* la3hs
S*+!"#n - II: S%ORT DESCRIPTI.E 0UESTIONS
Mr(): 10 & 5 / 50
(i) Answer all T*n questions
(ii) Each question carries F"1* marks
1 What are the immediate term energy strategies recommended?
/he immediate term energy strategies recommended are8
7ationali=ing the tariff structure of #arious energy $roducts
O$timum utili=ation of e.isting assets
Efficiency in $roduction systems and reduction in distribution losses4 including
those in traditional energy sources.
Promoting 7 > 24 transfer and use of technologies and $ractices for
en#ironmentally sound energy systems4 including new and renewable energy
sources.
) % - %! 9oad draws D 'W $ower at 5** B su$$ly #oltage and 1, % line current.
!alculate the $ower factor of the load.
Su$$ly Boltage of the System GB9) C 5**
9ine !urrent G"9) 0C1, %
%$$arent Power C - . B9 . "9
C - . *.5** . 1,
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C 1*.-F) 'B%
%cti#e Power C - . B9 . "9 . G!os ) 'W
Gi#en4 acti#e $ower of the 9oad C D 'W
;ence4 1*.-F) !OS C D 'W
MM . *
-F) . 1*
D
4 . = = Cos F P
- ;ow benchmar3ing of energy consum$tion internally and e.ternally may be useful.
enchmar3ing of energy consum$tion internally and e.ternally Ghistorical1trend
analysis) are two $owerful tools for $erformance assessment and logical e#olution of
a#enues for im$ro#ement. ;istorical data well documented hel$s to bring out
energy consum$tion and cost trends month0wise1day0wise trend analysis of energy
consum$tion4 cost4 rele#ant $roduction features4 s$ecific energy consum$tion hel$ to
understand effects of ca$acity utili=ation on energy use efficiency and costs on a
broader scale.
5 Why steam is used as a $o$ular mode of con#eying energy?
/he following characteristics of steam ma3e it #ery $o$ular and useful to con#ey
energy in the industries.
;igh S$ecific heat and latent heat
;igh heat transfer coefficient
Easy to control and distribute
!hea$ and inert
, "n a chlora0al3ali $lant4 the inlet brine concentration to cell house is -** g$l and the
outlet concentration is )E* g$l. "f - &/ Salt is added $er hour4 find out the brine
flow rate to the !ell ;ouse.
%nswer 8
"nlet concentration of brine C -** g$l
Outlet concentration of brine C )E* g$l
Salt consum$tion $er litre of :low C G-**0)E*) gm
C 5* gm C *.*5* 'g
:or - &/1hr Salt consum$tion4 flows C - . 1*** 'g 1hr
0000000000000000000000
*.*5* 'g1lit
C M,4*D* 9it1hr
C M, m
-
1hr
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E What are the duties and res$onsibilities Gfi#e each) of Energy &anager as $er the
Energy !onser#ation %ct )**1?
Responsibilities
Pre$are an annual acti#ity $lan and $resent to management concerning
financially attracti#e in#estments to reduce energy costs
Establish an energy conser#ation cell within the firm with management(s
consent about the mandate and tas3 of the cell.
"nitiate acti#ities to im$ro#e monitoring and $rocess control to reduce energy
costs.
%naly=e e?ui$ment $erformance with res$ect to energy efficiency
Ensure $ro$er functioning and calibration of instrumentation re?uired to
assess le#el of energy consum$tion directly or indirectly.
Duties
7e$ort to EE and State le#el 2esignated %gency once a year the
information with regard to the energy consumed and action ta3en on the
recommendation of the accredited energy auditor4 as $er EE :ormat.
Establish an im$ro#ed data recording4 collection and analysis system to 3ee$
trac3 of energy consum$tion.
Pro#ide su$$ort to %ccredited Energy %udit :irm retained by the com$any
for the conduct of energy audit
Pro#ide information to EE as demanded in the %ct4 and with res$ect to the
tas3s gi#en by a mandate4 and the <ob descri$tion.
Pre$are a scheme for efficient use of energy and its conser#ation and
im$lement such scheme 3ee$ing in #iew of the economic stability of the
in#estment in such form and manner as may be $ro#ided in the regulations of
the Energy !onser#ation %ct.
M E.$lain Net Pre#ent Balue and how NPB is calculated.
Net Present Value:
/he net $resent #alue GNPB) of a $ro<ect is e?ual to the sum of the $resent #alues of
all the cash flows associated with it.
Where NPB C Net Present Balue
!: t C !ash flow occurring at the end of year I t I Gt C *414 N.n)
n C 9ife of the $ro<ect
3 C 2iscount rate
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0 !:* !:1 !:n n !:t
NPB C G1 H 3)
* H
G1 H 3)
1 H 0000 H
G1 H 3)
n C



G1 H 3)
t
t C *
O
/he discount rate G3) em$loyed for e#aluating the $resent #alue of the e.$ected
future cash flows should reflect the ris3 of the $ro<ect.
D 2efine $ro<ect and mention #arious ste$s in#ol#ed in Pro<ect &anagement
% $ro<ect is a tem$orary endea#or underta3en to create a uni?ue $roduct or ser#ice.
% $ro<ect is tem$orary in that there is a defined start Gthe decision to $roceed) and a
defined end Gthe achie#ement of the goals and ob<ecti#es)
Steps in Proe!t "ana#e$ent:
/he #arious ste$s in a $ro<ect management are8
a) Pro<ect definition and sco$e
b) /echnical 2esign
c) :inancing
d) !ontracting
e) "m$lementation
Performance &onitoring
F !alculate fi.ed energy consum$tion for a rolling mill consuming -4**4*** units
electricity to $roduce ,** &/ $roduct $er month and ha#ing s$ecific energy
consum$tion of ,** 'wh1&/.
/otal energy consumed C :i.ed Energy !onsum$tion H GS$ecific Energy
!onsum$tion . Production)
:i.ed energy consum$tion C /otal energy consumed J GS$ecific energy
consum$tion . Production)
Gi#en4
/otal Energy !onsum$tion C -4**4*** 'wh
S$ecific energy !onsum$tion C ,** 'wh 1 &/
/otal Production C ,** &t
:i.ed Energy !onsum$tion C -***** J G,** . ,**)
C ,*** @nits

1* E.$lain briefly about Emission /rading?
%rticle 1M of the 'yoto $rotocol o$ens u$ for emissions trading between countries
that ha#e made commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. /he countries
ha#e o$tion to delegate this right of emissions trading to com$anies or other
organi=ations.
"n a system for emissions trading4 the total amount of emissions $ermitted is $re0
defined. /he corres$onding emissions allowances are then issued to the emitting
installations through auction or issued freely. /hrough trading4 installations with low
costs for reductions are stimulated to ma3e reductions and sell their sur$lus of
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emissions allowances to organi=ations where reductions are more e.$ensi#e. oth
the selling and buying com$any wins on this fle.ibility that trades offers with
$ositi#e effects on economy4 resource efficiency and climate. /he en#ironmental
ad#antage is that one 3nows4 in ad#ance4 the amount of greenhouse gases that will be
emitted. /he economical ad#antage is that the reductions are done where the
reduction costs are the lowest. /he system allows for a cost effecti#e way to reach a
$re0defined target and stimulates en#ironmental technology de#elo$ment.
S*+!"#n - III: LONG DESCRIPTI.E 0UESTIONS
Mr(): 5 & 10 / 50
(i) Answer all F"1* questions
(ii) Each question carries T*n marks
1 E.$lain in detail the difference between Energy !onser#ation and Energy efficiency
and its rele#ance
Energy !onser#ation and Energy Efficiency are se$arate4 but related conce$ts.
Energy conser#ation is achie#ed when growth of energy consum$tion is reduced4
measured in $hysical terms. Energy !onser#ation can4 therefore4 be the result of
se#eral $rocesses or de#elo$ments4 such as $roducti#ity increase or technological
$rogress. On the other hand Energy efficiency is achie#ed when energy intensity in a
s$ecific $roduct4 $rocess or area of $roduction or consum$tion is reduced without
affecting out$ut consum$tion or comfort le#els.
Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conser#ation and is therefore
an integral $art of energy conser#ation $romotional $olicies.
Energy efficiency is often #iewed as a resource o$tion li3e coal4 oil or natural gas.
Energy efficiency $ro#ides additional economic #alue by $reser#ing the resource
base and reducing $ollution. :or e.am$le4 re$lacing traditional light bulbs with
!om$act :luorescent 9am$s G!:9s) will use only P of the energy to light a room.
%$art from the economic benefits4 energy conser#ation and energy efficiency
measures would assist in controlling the !O) emission.
) E.$lain in detail the methodology for conducting a detailed energy audit.
% detailed energy audit is carried out in three $hases8
a) Pre0audit $hase
b) %udit $hase >
c) Post %udit $hase
Pre %u&it P'ase:
% structured methodology to carryout an energy audit is necessary for efficient
wor3ing. %n initial study of the site is essential4 which will gi#e an energy auditor an
o$$ortunity to meet the $ersonnel concerned to familiari=e the site and assess the
$rocedures necessary to carry out the energy audit. /he main aim of this #isits are8
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/o identify the main energy consuming areas1$lant items to be sur#eyed during the
audit.
/o identify any e.isting instrumentation1additional metering re?uired
/o decide whether any meters will ha#e to be installed $rior to the audit e.g. 'wh
steam4 oil or gas meters.
/o identify the instrumentation re?uired for carrying out the audit
%u&it P'ase:
%s a first ste$ during the audit $hase4 Energy %uditor would collect the base line data4
$re$aration of $rocess flow charts etc. /he monitoring and measurement will be ne.t
stage. %s $er the field obser#ations4 detailed trials may be conducted for selected
energy gu==lers in the $lant. Once all the o$erating data and design data and other
o$erational $ractices are collected1obser#ed4 detailed analysis of the data will ha#e to
be done. ased on the analyses4 Energy !onser#ation o$$ortunities may be
de#elo$ed and the economic #iability of the o$tions has to be established. /he study
has to $ro$erly documented and the suggestions and findings are to be $resented to
the to$ management
Post(%u&it P'ase:
"n $ost audit $hase the energy %uditor1Engineer may assist and im$lement the energy
conser#ation recommendation measures and monitor the $erformance.

- 2uring a ESP $erformance e#aluation study4 the inlet gas stream to ESP is
)DFF)*N&
-
1hr and the dust loading is ,,** mg1 N&
-
. /he outlet gas stream
from ESP is -*11**&
-
1hr and the dust loading is 11* mg1N&
-
. ;ow much fly
ash is collected in the system?
ased on &ass balance4
"nlet gas stream dust C Outlet Gas stream dust H :ly ash
a) "nlet gas stream flow C )DFF)* N&
-
1hr
2ust !oncentration C ,,** mg1N&
-

"nlet dust ?uantity C )DFF)* . ,,**
00000000000
1******
C 1,F5.,* 3g1hr
b) Outlet dust ?uantity C -*11** GN&
-
1hr) . 11* Gmg1N&
-
) . 1
0000000000
1******
C --.1) 3g1hr
c) :ly %sh C "nlet gas stream dust J Outlet gas stream dust
C 1,F5.,E J --.1) C 1,E1.55 3g1hr
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5 E.$lain the following stating the ad#antages and limitations if any
a) Sim$le Pay ac3 Period
b) 7eturn on "n#estment
c) "nternal rate of return
Sim$le Paybac3 Period GSPP) re$resents4 as a first a$$ro.imation8 the time Gnumber
of years) re?uired to reco#er the initial in#estment G:irst !ost)4 considering only the
Net %nnual Sa#ing8
/he sim$le $aybac3 $eriod is usually calculated as follows8
)*a$ples
Sim$le $aybac3 $eriod
%&+anta#es:
% widely used in#estment criterion4 the $aybac3 $eriod seems to offer the following
ad#antages8
"t is sim$le4 both in conce$t and a$$lication. Ob#iously a shorter $aybac3
generally indicates a more attracti#e in#estment. "t does not use tedious
calculations.
"t fa#ours $ro<ects4 which generate substantial cash inflows in earlier years4 and
discriminates against $ro<ects4 which bring substantial cash inflows in later years
but not in earlier years.
,i$itations:
"t fails to consider the time #alue of money.
"t ignores cash flows beyond the $aybac3 $eriod. /his leads to discrimination
against $ro<ects that generate substantial cash inflows in later years.
Return on -n+est$ent .R/-0
7O" e.$resses the Kannual returnQ from the $ro<ect as a $ercentage of ca$ital cost.
/he annual return ta3es into account the cash flows o#er the $ro<ect life and the
discount rate by con#erting the total $resent #alue of ongoing cash flows to an
e?ui#alent annual amount o#er the life of the $ro<ect4 which can then be com$ared to
the ca$ital cost.
,i$itations:
"t does not ta3e into account the time #alue of money
"t does not account for the #ariable nature of annual net cash inflows.
-nternal Rate o1 Return:
/his method calculates the rate of return that the in#estment is e.$ected to yield. /he
internal rate of return G"77) method e.$resses each in#estment alternati#e in terms of
a rate of return Ga com$ound interest rate).
$o$ular discounted cash flow method4 the internal rate of return criterion has se#eral
ad#antages8
"t ta3es into account the time #alue of money
"t considers the cash flow stream in its entirety
"t ma3es sense to businessmen who $refer to thin3 in terms of rate of return and
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:irst cost
C Rearly benefits J Rearly costs
find an absolute ?uantity4 li3e net $resent #alue4 somewhat difficult to wor3 with.
,i$itations:
/he internal rate of return figure cannot distinguish between lending and borrowing
and hence a high internal rate of return need not necessarily be a desirable feature.
, E.$lain in detail about O=one 9ayer de$letion $rocess ad its #arious effects
O=one is highly reacti#e and easily bro3en down by man0made chlorine and bromine
com$ounds. /hese com$ounds are found to be most res$onsible for most of o=one
layer de$letion.
/he o=one de$letion $rocess begins when !:!s Gused in refrigerator and air
conditioners) and other o=one de$leting substances GO2S) are emitted into the
atmos$here. Winds efficiently mi. and e#enly distribute the O2S in the tro$os$here.
/hese O2S com$ounds do not dissol#e in rain4 are e.tremely stable4 and ha#e a long
life s$an. %fter se#eral years4 they reach the stratos$here by diffusion.
Strong @B light brea3s a$art the O2S molecules. !:!s4 ;!:!s4 carbon
tetrachloride4 methyl chloroform release chlorine atoms4 and halons and methyl
bromide release bromine atoms. "t is the chlorine and bromine atom that actually
destroys o=one4 not the intact O2S molecule. "t is estimated that one chlorine atom
can destroy from 1*4*** to 1**4*** o=one molecules before it is finally remo#ed from
the stratos$here.
)11e!ts on 2u$an an& %ni$al 2ealt' :
"ncreased $enetration of solar @B0 radiation is li3ely to ha#e high im$act on human
health with $otential ris3s of eye diseases4 s3in cancer and infectious diseases.
)11e!ts on 3errestrial Plants :
"n forests and grasslands4 increased radiation is li3ely to change s$ecies com$osition
thus altering the bio0di#ersity in different ecosystems. "t could also affect the $lant
community indirectly resulting in changes in $lant form4 secondary metabolism4 etc.
)11e!ts p$ %4uati! )!os5ste$s:
;igh le#els of radiation e.$osure in tro$ics and subtro$ics may affect the distribution
of $hyto$lan3tons4 which form the foundation of a?uatic food webs. "t can also cause
damage to early de#elo$ment stages of fish4 shrim$4 crab4 am$hibians and other
animals4 the most se#ere effects being decreased re$roducti#e ca$acity and im$aired
lar#al de#elo$ment.
)11e!ts on 6io(#eo(!'e$i!al 75!les : "ncreased solar @B radiation could affect
terrestrial and a?uatic bio0geo0chemical cycles thus altering both sources and sin3s of
greenhouse and im$ortant trace gases4 e.g. carbon dio.ide G!O))4 carbon mono.ide
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G!O)4 carbonyl sulfide G!OS)4 etc. /hese changes would contribute to bios$here0
atmos$here feedbac3s res$onsible for the atmos$here build0u$ of these greenhouse
gases.
)11e!ts on %ir(8ualit5 : 7eduction of stratos$heric o=one and increased $enetration
of @B0 radiation result in higher $hoto dissociation rates of 3ey trace gases that
control the chemical reacti#ity of the tro$os$here. /his can increase both $roduction
and destruction of o=one and related o.idants such as hydrogen $ero.ide4 which are
3nown to ha#e ad#erse effects on human health4 terrestrial $lants and outdoor
materials.

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