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Solutions 9
Spring 2010
4
S1 S2 .
~2
Solution:
a) To solve excatly is to nd the solution |(t)i of the Schrdinger equation. A good
starting point is to write the Hamiltonian in the basis {|i , |i , |i , |i}. To
do that we now express the spin-spin couling using Sz and S -operators, since they
are easy to use
4
4
H = 2 (S1x S2x + S1y S2y + S1z S2z ) = 2
~
~
1
(S1+ S2 + S1 S2+ ) + S1z S2z .
2
1 0
0 0
0 1 2 0
H =
0 2 1 0 .
0 0
0 1
E2 =
|2i = |i + |i
E3 = 3
|3i = |i |i
E4 =
|4i = |i .
3
t
~
3
3
1
1
|(t)i = (ei ~ t + ei ~ t ) |i + (ei ~ t ei ~ t ) |i
2
2
and the occupation probabilities for the original basis states are:
1
P (t) =
1 + cos 4 t
2
~
P (t) = P (t) = 0.
1
P (t) =
2
1 cos 4 t
~
(1)
cni
= ni
i
=
~
t0
and we can read it from the basis representation given in (a). The initial state is
|i and the notation is simplied such that cn = cni . Thus, we get the transition
and occupation probabilities:
c (t) = c (t) = 0
i
c (t) = 1 + t
~
i
c (t) = 2t
~
P (t) = P (t) = 0
2 t2
P (t) = 1 + 2
~
2 2
4 t
P (t) =
.
~2
The occupation probabilites are not properly normalized. Let us do the normalization and simultaneously approximate them up to the second order in t/~:
P (t) = P (t) = 0
2 2
1 + ~2t
42 t2
Pe (t) =
2 2
~2
1 + 5~2t
Pe (t) =
42 t2
~2
2 2
+ 5~2t
42 t2
.
~2
If we expand the exact results up to the same order we get congruent results:
1
42 t2
P (t) =
1 + cos 4 t
1
2
~
~2
2 2
1
4 t
P (t) =
1 cos 4 t
.
2
~
~2
The end statement: With the Hamiltonian H and the initial value |i, the rst
order time-dependent perturbation theory is valid with small t. More specically,
it is valid up to second order in t/~.
2. Classical elds: Lagrangian density and the Euler-Lagrange equation
Given two independent elds, and ? , show that the Lagrangian density
~
~2
? + V ? + (? ? )
L=
2m
2i
~2 2
+ V = i~
2m
t
and identically for ? . What are the corresponding canonical momementum conjugates?
Solution:
L
L
= 0.
x
t
(/t)
k (/xk )
k=1
After converting our Lagranian density L from vector notation to index notation, it is
more tractable to be fed into to the E-L equation
3
~2 X ?
~
L=
+ V ? + (? ? ).
2m j=1 xj xj
2i
We have to indepenedent elds ( and ? ), but let us consider rst ? . Then the E-L
equation reads
3
X
L
L
+
? = 0,
?
?
xk ( /xk ) t ( /t)
k=1
3
~2 X 2
~
~
V = 0
2
2m j=1 xj
2i
2i
~2 2
+ V = i~
2m
t
and similiarly for the other eld . The canonical momentum conjugate to ? and is
dened, in this order,
L
(? /t)
1 = i~
2
1 =
L
(/t)
?
2 = i~ .
2
2 =
(B B + E E) d x
XX
1
~.
H=
Nk, +
2
reduces to
b) Momentum
1
P=
c
E B d3 x
reduces to
XX
k
Solution:
~kNk, .
Prerequisites:
Maxwell equations:
B=A
Transversality condition:
1 A
c t
() k = 0
Commutation relation:
[
ak, , a
k0 ,0 ] = k,k0 ,0
r
Vector potential:
E=
A(x, t) = c
i
~ X 1 h
2 a
k, (t)
() eikx + a
k, (t)
() eikx
2V k,
Vector identity 1:
(A B) (C D) = (A C)(B D) (A D)(B C)
Vector identity 2:
A B C = (A C)B (A B)C
a) To calculate the H , let us split procedure in smaller pieces
1
H=
2
|
1
B Bd x +
2
{z
} |
3
(i),HB
E E d3 x .
{z
}
(ii),HE
(i)Magnetic energy
r
B=A=c
r
=c
i
~ X 1 h
() ikx
() ikx
2
a
k, (t)( e ) + a
k, (t)( e
)
2V k,
i
~ X 1 h
()
ikx
()
ikx
2
i
ak, (t)(
k)e
i
ak, (t)(
k)e
2V k,
Magnetic energy:
~c2
HB =
4V
dx
3
XX
1 1
k 2 k0 2
a
k, (t)
ak0 ,0 (t)(
() k)(
( ) k0 )ei(k+k )x
k, k0 ,0
0
() k)(
( ) k0 )ei(k+k )x
a
k, (t)
ak0 ,0 (t)(
+a
k, (t)
ak0 ,0 (t)(
() k)(
( ) k0 )ei(k+k )x
()
(0 )
0 i(kk0 )x
+a
k, (t)
ak0 ,0 (t)(
k)(
k )e
For the rst the integration over the entire spatial space takes care of the exponentials and reduces a sum via Kronecker delta function
1
V
ei(kk )x d3 x = k,k0 .0
0
~c2 X 1
0
HB =
k a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t)(
() k)(
( ) k)
4 k,,0
0
ak,0 (t)(
() k)(
( ) k)
+a
k, (t)
0
+a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t)(
() k)(
( ) k)
+
a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t)(
()
(0 )
k)(
k)
0
~c2 X 1
HB =
a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t) + a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t) + a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t) + a
k, (t)
ak,0 (t)
4 k,,0 k
0
(
() k)(
( ) k)
Now we can resort to the vector identity and the transversality condition:
0
(
() k)(
( ) k) = (
() ( ) )(k k) (
() k)(k ( ) ) = k 2 ,0
| {z }
| {z }
=0
,0
HB =
X ~c2
k,
k1
a
k, (t)
ak, (t) +
a
k, (t)
ak, (t)
a
k, (t)
ak, (t)
a
k, (t)
ak, (t)
X ~k
a
k, (t)
ak, (t) + a
k, (t)
ak, (t) + 2
ak, (t)
ak, (t) + 1
=
4
k,
(ii) Electric energy with time dependent a operators: ak, = ak, (0) exp(ikct) is
then
E = c
1 A
r
=
h
i
~ X 12
k ic|k| a
k, (t)
() eikx a
k, (t)
() eikx .
2V k,
X ~k h
k,
i
ak, (t)
ak, (t) + 1 .
ak, (t)
ak, (t) a
k, (t)
ak, (t) + 2
X
k,
1
~k Nk, +
.
2
dx
c2 ~|k|
k,k0 ,,0
1
2
1
2
k0
a
k, a
k0 ,0 (
() ( ) k0 )ei(k+k )x
2k
k0 ,0 (
() ( ) k0 )ei(k+k )x
+a
k, a
a
k, a
k0 ,0 (
() ( ) k0 )ei(k+k )x
()
(0 )
0 i(kk0 )x
a
k, a
k0 ,0 (
k )e
X ~
0
[a
k, a
k,0 (
() ( ) k)
2
k,,0
0
a
k, a
k,0 (
() ( ) k)
0
k,0 (
() ( ) k)
a
k, a
a
k, a
k,0 (
()
(0 )
k) .
X~
k,
[k(
ak, a
k, + a
k, a
k, )
k(
ak, a
k,
a
k, a
k, )
+
+
.
X ~
k(
ak, a
k, + a
k, a
=
k, + 1) + 2k
ak, a
k,
2
k,
The rst term vanishes due to the symmetry in the summation which includes both
k and k and we have pairs that cancel each other
k(
ak, a
k, + a
k, a
k, + 1) k(
ak, a
k, + a
k, a
k, + 1)
= k(
ak, a
k, + a
k, a
k, + 1) k(
ak, a
k, + a
k, a
k, + 1) = 0
X
k,
~kNk, .