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Chapter 2 Self-Tests
APUSH
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9/1/2014





1 of 20
1. In The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries, the Spanish crown
placed the "pacification" of new lands primarily in the hands of missionaries
because
a. the king and queen of Spain were attempting to spread Christianity.
b. the pope decreed that religious orders should command the expansion
of Catholic nations.
c. the Spanish military had been defeated by Native Americans.
d. English missionaries were spreading Protestantism among Native
Americans.

The answer is c. In the mid-1500s, the Spanish established a series
of military outposts that were soon destroyed by Indian attacks,
leading the Spanish crown to turn to Franciscan missionaries to lead
"pacification" efforts. The Spanish crown had always advocated
conquest, whether led by conquistadors or missionaries, as a way to
spread Christianity. In the mid-1500s, no Protestant missionaries
occupied the North American mainland. (See the section titled Rival
Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland.)

2 of 20
2. The Pueblo revolt sought to
a. prevent an excessive tax on Pueblo maize.
b. expel Apache raiders from Pueblo territories.
c. secure communal property rights for Pueblo villages.
d. reinstate Pueblo religious practices.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. Threatened by the extinction of his
peoplefrom European diseases, forced tribute, and Indian raids
the Indian shaman (priest) Pop led a carefully coordinated
rebellion around the town of Santa Fe that killed over 400 Spaniards
and forced the remaining 1,500 Spanish colonists to flee three
hundred miles to El Paso. Repudiating Christianity, the Pueblo
peoples desecrated churches and tortured and killed twenty-one
missionaries and returned to traditional Pueblo religious practices.
(See the section titled Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and
Holland.)

3 of 20
3. French trade among the Indians
a. led to a series of wars between Indian tribes.
b. set the stage for a series of French agricultural settlements.
c. promoted the spread of European medicine among Native Americans.
d. created new wealthy classes in France.

The answer is a. Because it created a new market for deer skins and
beaver pelts, French trade set in motion a series of devastating
wars between Indian tribes over hunting territory. The French never
established successful agricultural colonies in North America. Rather
than spreading European medicine, French trade spread disease
that killed 25 to 90 percent of the native population in French
territory. While trade did create wealth in France, most flowed to
established fortunes in some way. (See the section titled Rival
Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland.)

4 of 20
4. The Dutch colony of New Netherland was largely controlled by
a. the Dutch Reformed Church.
b. the West India Company.
c. the Dutch government.
d. Puritan migrants from Holland.

The answer is b. The merchants of the West India Company
controlled settlement in New Netherland, granting huge estates to
encourage settlement. When conflict with local Indian tribes
rendered the colony unprofitable, the company largely abandoned
the colony in favor of its slave-run sugar plantations in Brazil. (See
the section titled Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and
Holland.)

5 of 20
5. Bacon's Rebellion took place due to
a. African American slaves escaping and creating an insurrection.
b. American elites critical of legislation by England's Parliament.
c. land needs of impoverished white freeholders and aspiring tenants.
d. French attempts to dislodge English colonists from Virginia.

The answer is c. Most Indians living in Virginia by 1676 occupied
treaty-guaranteed lands along the frontier, land that was now
coveted by impoverished white freeholders and aspiring tenants.
They demanded that the natives be expelled or exterminated.
Opposition came from wealthy planters along the seacoast, who
wanted a ready supply of tenant farmers and wage laborers, and
from Governor Berkeley and the planter-merchants, who traded
with the Native Americans for furs. (See the section titled The
English Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

6 of 20
6. To attract settlers to its colony, the Virginia Company
a. allowed both Protestants and Catholics to own land in Virginia.
b. offered free transportation on company ships to Virginia.
c. granted land to freemen and created a system of representative
government.
d. substantially raised the price of tobacco sold in England.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is c. To attract settlers, the Virginia Company
allowed freemen to claim one hundred acres plus more acres for
every servant they brought to the colony, and, in 1619, created the
representative House of Burgesses. The majority of settlers were
indentured servants, who paid for their passage by signing a labor
contract that bound them to work for a master for four or five
years. Virginia was a Protestant colony as opposed to Maryland,
which was formed as a refuge for Catholics. European demand for
tobacco fueled the Chesapeake economy and its need for settlers.
The low prices of the drastic downturn in the tobacco market in the
1660s caused planters to turn to slave labor. (See the section titled
The English Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

7 of 20
7. When King James I assumed royal control over the colony of Virginia in
1622, he made all of the following changes except
a. he appointed a royal governor.
b. he made property owners pay a tax to support the Church of England.
c. he dissolved the House of Burgesses.
d. he created a new charter for the colony.

The answer is c. When James dissolved the Virginia Company after
the Indian uprising of 1622, the English crown wrote a new charter
for the colony, appointed a governor, and legally established the
Church of England in Virginia so that property owners had to pay
taxes in order to support the clergy. The House of Burgesses was
retained, but legislation required approval by the king's Privy
Council. (See the section titled The English Arrive in the
Chesapeake.)

8 of 20
8. The social structure of the Chesapeake colonies was characterized by
a. a strong sense of community.
b. an equal ratio of men and women.
c. a relatively long life expectancy.
d. few women settlers.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. Few women settled in the Chesapeake
colony, which resulted in a scarcity of families there. Those
marriages were often disrupted by early death from diseasethe
malaria that flourished in the mild Chesapeake climateto which all,
but especially pregnant women, were vulnerable. Despite the
economic boom there, life in the Chesapeake colonies remained
harsh, brutish, and short. The scarcity of towns also deprived
settlers of mutual assistance and the benefits of community life.
(See the section titled The English Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

9 of 20
9. Laws passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses by 1671 barred Africans
from doing all of the following except
a. owning guns.
b. buying the contracts of white servants.
c. joining the local militia.
d. converting to Christianity.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. While Africans were not legally forbidden
to convert to Christianity, the law stated that conversion did not
automatically qualify Africans for eventual freedom. Laws barred all
Africans from owning guns, joining the militia, and buying the
contracts of white servants. (See the section titled The English
Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

10 of 20
10. Conflict between Indians and Virginians in 1675 resulted from
a. Indian attacks on outlying settlements.
b. land pressure from poor farmers.
c. the growth of the fur trade.
d. wealthy planters' attempts to expand their tobacco plantations.

The answer is b. Poor landowners and tenant farmers in colonial
Virginia desired cheap land and insisted that Indians who held that
land by treaty be expelled or exterminated. Virginia militiamen
attacked local Indians first, murdering thirty. While the fur trade
existed in Virginia, it was not a cause of this particular conflict.
Wealthy landowners wanted to limit the availability of Indian land in
order to maintain a source of cheap labor. (See the section titled
The English Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

11 of 20
11. The Plymouth colony did not have the same mortality rates as Virginia
(after the first year) because of all of the following except
a. Pilgrims planted crops rather than pursued gold.
b. an epidemic had killed most of the nearby Indians.
c. the climate inhibited the spread of mosquito-borne diseases.
d. they studied the climate and geography of New England before
leaving Holland.

The answer is d. The Pilgrims first winter in Jamestown was difficult.
Hunger and disease took the lives of half of the migrants who
arrived in November. It was not until the following spring that the
Plymouth colony became a healthy and thriving community. Their
work ethic, the healthier climate, and previous epidemics among
local Indians all contributed to the better health of the Plymouth
colony. (See the section titled Puritan New England.)

12 of 20
12. The Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony differed from the Pilgrim
Plymouth Colony in what way?
a. They grew different crops.
b. They followed Calvinism.
c. The Bible was their legal guide.
d. Gender hierarchies structured society.

The answer is c. While the legal code of the Plymouth Colony
contained a separation of church and state, the Puritans constructed
a religious commonwealththe Massachusetts Bay Colonywith the
Bible as the legal as well as spiritual guide. Puritans and Pilgrims
planted similar crops, followed similar religious doctrines, and
advocated similar gender hierarchies. (See the section titled Puritan
New England.)

13 of 20
13. Anne Hutchinson threatened the gender roles of Puritan society by
a. gathering women in her home.
b. working as a midwife.
c. criticizing ministers.
d. assuming control over her local church.

The answer is c. Hutchinson's greatest transgression of Puritan
gender roles was her criticism of ministers for placing undue
emphasis on church laws and good behavior rather than
emphasizing the importance of revelation. By doing this, she
challenged established authority and deviated from the Puritan
teaching that women were barred from any dealing in the church
that would place them in a position of authority over a man. While
Hutchinson gathered women in her house for weekly prayer
meetings, she never attempted to assume control of her church.
Working as a midwife was a traditional role for Puritan women. (See
the section titled Puritan New England.)

14 of 20
14. Historians have explained the Salem witch trials as resulting from all of
the following except
a. fears raised by recent Indian attacks in nearby Maine.
b. a plot to assume control of the church in Salem.
c. attempts to keep women in a subordinate position.
d. group rivalries based on wealth.

The answer is b. Historians have pointed to class divisions, gender
divisions, and fears raised by recent Indian attacks as possible
causes of the persecutions in Salem. (See the section titled Puritan
New England.)

15 of 20
15. The exercise of Puritan political power in town meetings by even the
poorest of white men included all of the following except
a. levying taxes.
b. enacting new ordinances.
c. choosing selectmen that managed town affairs.
d. serving on the royal governor's staff.

The answer is d. In this society of independent households and self-
governing communities, ordinary farmers had much more political
power than Chesapeake yeomen and European peasants did. Even
the poorest men in the town voted in the town meetings and levied
taxes, passed ordinances, chose the selectmen who managed town
affairs, and selected the town's representatives to the General
Court. (See the section titled Puritan New England.)

16 of 20
16. Metacom's war, Opechancanough's uprising, and Pop's rebellion are all
examples of what phenomenon?
a. unsuccessful Indian rebellions
b. battles between Indian tribes
c. trade wars
d. native alliances opposing European expansion

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. In all three conflicts, Indian leaders
concluded that only united resistance could stop the advance of
European invaders. While Metacom and Opechancanough were
mostly unsuccessful, Pop succeeded in expelling the Spanish from
New Mexico for over a decade. These conflicts were not trade wars
but were primarily battles against European invasion. (See the
section titled The Eastern Indians' New World.)

17 of 20
17. What action finally ended Metacom's rebellion?
a. Indian lack of gunpowder and the hiring of other natives to
assassinate Metacom
b. Dutch military intervention
c. smallpox
d. Metacom's suicide

The answer is a. Bitter fighting during the rebellion continued into
1676, when Indian warriors began to run short of gunpowder and
the Massachusetts Bay government hired Mohegan and Mohawk
warriors who killed Metacom. (See the section titled The Eastern
Indians' New World.)

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18. All of the following native tribes were directly impacted by Metacom's
rebellion except
a. Wampanoag.
b. Narragansett.
c Nipmuck.
d. the Sioux.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. About 4,500 Indians died in the rebellion,
approximately 25 percent of their population. Many of the surviving
Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Nipmuck peoples migrated into the
backcountry, intermarrying with other tribes allied to the French.
The Sioux were not directly impacted by this event. (See the section
titled The Eastern Indians' New World.)

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19. Puritans established Christian Indian villages in the 1600s known as
a. plantations.
b. missions.
c. praying towns.
d. forts.

The answer is c. Because the Puritans demanded that Indians
understand the complexities of Protestant theology, the Puritans
established fourteen praying towns for Christianized Indians in
Massachusetts and Connecticut. (See the section titled The Eastern
Indians' New World.)

20 of 20
20. Native communities lost vitality following white contact because of
a. European introduction of guns.
b. European introduction of diseases.
c. European introduction of alcohol.
d. all of the above

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. Following contact with Europeans, native
people received European guns, diseases, and alcohol, which
sapped the economic, social, and political vitality of native
communities. Dependency for many tribes on European-produced
goods also resulted. (See the section titled The Eastern Indians'
New World.)

PART TWO
1 of 20
1. All of the following are true about the expedition of Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado except
a. he encountered the Pueblo native peoples.
b. he searched in vain for the seven golden cities of Cibola.
c. he discovered the Grand Canyon.
d. he was killed by Indians in the Southwest.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is d. In the 1540s, Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado penetrated deep into the present-day interior of the
United States, traveling as far into the continent as modern-day
Kansas. The conquistador searched for the golden cities of Cibola.
While searching for gold, the expedition encountered the Pueblo
peoples and scouted the Grand Canyon. (See the section titled Rival
Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland.)

2 of 20
2. All of the following are true about the Hernn de Soto expedition of the
1540s except
a. he led a force of 600 Spaniards across northern Florida and Alabama.
b. he was a contemporary of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado.
c. he found vast amounts of gold along the Mississippi River.
d. he practiced peaceful and friendly relations with Indian tribes.

The answer is c. A contemporary of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado,
Hernn de Soto led a large force of 600 Spaniards in a violent
attack against Indian tribes across the southeast United States. No
gold was found, but many battles were fought with Indian tribes like
the Coosa and Apalachee. (See the section titled Rival Imperial
Models: Spain, France, and Holland.)

3 of 20
3. To protest its treasure fleet, the Spanish established a fort in Florida at
a. Montreal.
b. Jamestown.
c. St. Augustine.
d. Boston.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is c. To safeguard the route of the treasure
fleet, Spain established a fort at St. Augustine in 1565, making it
the first permanent European settlement in the future United
States. Other outposts, however, were sacked by local Indian tribes.
(See the section titled Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and
Holland.)

4 of 20
4. Which of the following statements best explains the expectations of
Spanish mission priests of Indian people?
a. Indians should practice polygamy under the Spanish regime.
b. Indians should retain their religious idols under Spanish society.
c. Indians should dress like Spaniards within the colonies.
d. Indians should eat traditional indigenous foods while learning to be
Spanish.

1 out of 1
Correct. The answer is c. Protected by soldiers, Spanish
missionaries whipped Indians who continued to practice polygamy,
smashed the Indians' religious idols, and punished those who
worshipped traditional gods. (See the section titled Rival Imperial
Models: Spain, France, and Holland.)

5 of 20
5. The creation of New France initially brought the French into contact with
how many native people?
a. 250,000
b. 1 million
c. 25,000
d. 5 million

The answer is a. Far to the northeast of North America, the French
confronted the 250,000 native peoples of eastern CanadaCree-
speaking Montagnais, Algonquian-speaking Micmac, Ottawa, and
Ojibwa, and the Iroquois-speaking Huron. (See the section titled
Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland.)

6 of 20
6. One major difference between the royal colony of Virginia and the
proprietary colony of Maryland was that
a. Virginia had an official church, while Maryland did not.
b. Virginia's economy relied on tobacco, while Maryland grew a variety of
crops.
c. Virginia had an elected assembly, the House of Burgesses, while
Maryland did not.
d. Virginia permitted chattel slavery, while Maryland did not.

The answer is a. Virginia supported the Church of England with a
tax on all property holders, while Maryland, founded as a refuge
from persecution for English Catholics, enacted legislation that
granted freedom of religion to all Christians in order to prevent
conflict between Protestants and Catholics. Both colonies grew
tobacco, had an elected assembly, and permitted indentured
servitude. (See the section titled The English Arrive in the
Chesapeake.)

7 of 20
7. By passing an Act of Trade and Navigation in 1651, the English Parliament
wanted to
a. exclude Dutch merchants from buying Chesapeake tobacco.
b. decrease tobacco production in the colonies.
c. increase the profits of Virginia planters who sold tobacco in Europe.
d. gain greater access to the slave trade.

The answer is a. The Trade and Navigation Act was designed to
exclude Dutch ships from England's colonies, as it permitted only
English or colonial-owned ships to enter American ports. Colonists
were also required to ship tobacco and other "enumerated articles"
only to England, where monarchs continually raised the import duty
on tobacco, thereby stifling growth of the market. By the 1670s,
planters were getting only one penny a pound for their crop.
Planters continued to grow tobacco, and exports of it doubled
between 1670 and 1700, but profit margins grew thin. The slave
trade wasn't an explicit part of the Act, but it indirectly contributed
to the growing dependence on slavery in the Chesapeake economy.
(See the section titled The English Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

8 of 20
8. The status of Africans in Virginia prior to 1660 demonstrates that
a. race determined social status in early Virginia.
b. personal initiative and religion were as important as race in
determining social status.
c. conversion to Christianity was not a means to escape bondage.
d. white planters were adamant about avoiding contact with Africans.

The answer is b. During the early years of Virginia, a significant
number of Africans escaped bondage by working for a number of
years or converting to Christianity. Some of these freed Africans
managed to acquire land, became planters, and were accepted by
English settlers to the point that they purchased the contracts of
white servants and married English women, demonstrating that
personal initiative and religion were as important as race in
determining social status in early Virginia. After 1660, strict laws
were put in place to prevent Africans from becoming free in large
numbers, including a law stating that conversion to Christianity
should not result in freedom for African slaves. (See the section
titled The English Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

9 of 20
9. The slump in tobacco prices in the 1670s
a. hit established planters the hardest.
b. resulted when English colonial policy created a free market.
c. forced many former indentured servants to sign new indentures.
d. was the primary cause in the rise of African slavery.

The answer is c. The decline in tobacco prices from 24 pence a
pound in the 1620s to one penny a pound in the 1670s prevented
many freed indentured servants from gaining their own land, forcing
them into additional years of indentured servitude. Prices dropped
largely because of overproduction and English colonial policies that
planters sell only to English merchants. African slavery took off
following Bacon's Rebellion, as planters sought to limit the number
of freed servants in the colony. (See the section titled The English
Arrive in the Chesapeake.)

10 of 20
10. Bacon's Rebellion resulted in all of the following except
a. equality between the landed planters and yeomen.
b. tax cuts for yeomen.
c. the expansion of African slavery.
d. the expansion of English settlement on Indian lands.

The answer is a. Landed planters continued to dominate colonial
politics following Bacon's Rebellion. They instituted political reforms
that curbed corruption and took actions that would appease the
lower social orders through cutting taxes and supporting expansion
onto Indian lands. To forestall another rebellion by poor whites,
planters turned away from indentured servitude, explicitly legalized
slavery in 1705, and imported thousands of African laborers to meet
their labor needs. (See the section titled The English Arrive in the
Chesapeake.)

11 of 20
11. When John Winthrop spoke of the Puritans founding a "City upon a Hill,"
he meant that
a. they should seek the most secure location for settlements.
b. their religious devotion would cause God to raise their cities above all
others.
c. they should be an example to England.
d. they should live concentrated in towns rather than in scattered
settlements.


The answer is c. Winthrop and other Puritans traveled to America, in
part, to provide an example of a just Christian society that would
inspire religious change in England. While Winthrop believed that
the Puritans were favored by God, he did not believe that this would
cause the cities to literally be raised above others. Religious
symbolism, not secure town planning, was the message of
Winthrop's speech. (See the section titled Puritan New England.)

12 of 20
12. The Puritans dealt with the uncertainty of divine election in all of the
following ways except
a. through the belief that God considered them his "chosen people," who
would be saved as long as they obeyed his laws.
b. through elaborate, ceremonial worship.
c. through an emphasis on the conversion experience.
d. by stressing spiritual guidance and church discipline.

The answer is b. Puritans tried to recreate the simplicity of the first
Christians and eliminated bishops and much hierarchy, placing
power in the hands of the ordinary members of the congregation.
They dealt with the uncertainty of divine election in a doctrine of
predestination by believing in a special covenantthat God
considered them his "chosen people"between God and
themselves, by emphasizing the experience of conversion, and by
relying on the spiritual guidance and discipline of the church. (See
the section titled Puritan New England.)

13 of 20
13. Which best describes how the restoration of the monarchy in England
affected Puritans in America?
a. They began to see their American settlements as permanent.
b. Their society was disturbed by English Puritans fleeing the restored
monarchy.
c. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was dissolved by the monarchy.
d. They began to believe their "errand into the wilderness" had been in
vain.

The answer is a. Puritans had come to New England to preserve the
"pure" Christian church, expecting to return when England was
ready to receive the true Gospel. With the return of the monarchy,
many Puritan ministers abandoned this idea and exhorted their
congregations to create a permanent new society in America based
on their ideals and faith. Few, if any, abandoned their self-
righteousness. While some English Puritans migrated to New
England following the restoration, their numbers were not enough to
disturb Puritan society. (See the section titled Puritan New
England.)

14 of 20
14. Which of the following is not true of Puritan town meetings?
a. They elected local ministers.
b. They levied taxes.
c. They regulated land use.
d. They elected local representatives.

The answer is a. Puritan town meetings carried out governmental
functions relating to the township, including regulating land, levying
taxes, and electing local representatives to serve on the General
Court of Massachusetts. Church leadership, however, was outside of
the authority of town meetings. (See the section titled Puritan New
England.)

15 of 20
15. Puritans favored the local control of government because
a. it allowed natural hierarchies to control government.
b. they wanted to avoid oppressive taxes levied by a distant
government.
c. they wanted to place the church at the center of society.
d. local governments ensured a greater level of social control.

The answer is b. Wanting to avoid the oppressive taxes of a distant
government, Puritans placed town meetings in control of taxation
and other governmental functions. Towns also appointed
representatives to serve on the General Court, and as the number
of towns increased, their representatives in the General Court
gained authority at the expense of the governor, further enhancing
local control. (See the section titled Puritan New England.)

16 of 20
16. Few Native Americans became full members of Puritan churches
because
a. Puritans demanded that Native Americans understand the
complexities of Protestant theology.
b. Puritans demanded that Christian Native Americans live in Puritan
towns.
c. Metacom's war created distrust between Puritans and Native
Americans.
d. Puritans regarded Native Americans as being racially inferior.

The answer is a. The requirement that Native Americans understand
the complexities of Protestant theology prior to joining a church
prevented many Indians from joining Puritan congregations. While
Puritans regarded Native Americans as being culturally inferior
(because they were not Christians), they did not regard them as
being genetically inferior. Sin, rather than race, accounted for native
inferiority in Puritan teaching. In attempts to Christianize Native
Americans, Puritans established "praying towns" where they could
supervise the towns' all-native populations. Following Metacom's
war, most conversion attempts ended. (See the section titled The
Eastern Indians' New World.)

17 of 20
17. Which of the following statements best characterizes Metacom's war?
a. The war was over quickly.
b. The war caused little disruption to Puritan society.
c. The war was costly for both sides.
d. Indian tribes retreated westward and reestablished their cultures.

The answer is c. The war had great costs for both combatants. The
Indians burned 20 percent of the English towns and killed 5 percent
of the adult population of New England; Puritans killed 25 percent of
the native population. Following defeat, the Indian tribes retreated
westward, where they intermarried with other tribes allied with the
French. (See the section titled The Eastern Indians' New World.)

18 of 20
18. By the 1670s, there were
a. three times as many Indians as whites in New England.
b. an equal number of Indians and whites in New England.
c. three times as many whites as Indians in New England.
d. ten times as many whites as Indians in New England.

The answer is c. The English population totaled around 55,000,
while the number of Native peoples had dropped from an estimated
120,000 in 1570 to 70,000 in 1620, to barely 16,000 by the 1670s.
(See the section titled The Eastern Indians' New World.)

19 of 20
19. The fur trade altered tribal politics by
a. placing Europeans as tribal leaders.
b. giving increased power to warriors.
c. giving increased power to religious leaders.
d. creating larger tribal groups.

The answer is b. As the fur trade increased the importance of
conquering new hunting grounds, warriors gained political power at
the expense of the sachems, elders who were often religious
leaders. The wars and epidemics of the fur trade caused most tribal
groups to become smaller. (See the section titled The Eastern
Indians' New World.)

20 of 20
20. The fur trade altered the natural environment
a. by eliminating some of the beneficial interactions between animals
and the landscape.
b. by encouraging the destruction of forests to build trading forts.
c. through damage from tribal wars.
d. because of the end of native subsistence practices.

The answer is a. The extent of the fur trade caused the virtual
extinction of animals such as beaver in the eastern woodlands,
increasing runoff in fast-moving streams stripped of beaver dams.
This example is only one of the beneficial interactions between
animals and the landscape that was damaged by the fur trade. (See
the section titled The Eastern Indians' New World.)