Machine Design I (254325)

Chapter 5
Screws, Fasteners, and the
Design of Nonpermanent
Joints
Introduction
!a..!-..u..+. .-
Archimedes screw ..v .
..:+...
Introduction
v:!-..+.
!-.vv.aa a:
Boeings 747 !-.v...a
2.5 +..
Thread Standards and Definitions
Thread Standards and Definitions
Thread Standards and Definitions
The Mechanics of Power Screws
The Mechanics of Power Screws

= =
= + =
= + =
= =
0 cos sin
0 cos sin
load the lowering for
0 cos sin
0 cos sin
load the raising for




N fN F F
fN N P F
N fN F F
fN N P F
V
L H
V
R H
The Mechanics of Power Screws
( )
( )
| |
| |

2
and
2
2 /
) / ( 1
) / (
and
) / ( 1
) / (
/ tan
sin cos
sin cos
and
sin cos
cos sin
|
|

\
|
+

=
|
|

\
|

+
=
=
+

=

+
=
=
+

=

+
=
fl d
l fd Fd
T
fl d
fd l Fd
T
Pd T
d fl
d l f F
P
d fl
f d l F
P
d l
f
f F
P
f
f F
P
m
m m
L
m
m m
R
m
m
m
L
m
m
R
m
L
R

R R
m
L
T Fl T T e
Fl T
f
f
l fd
T

2 / /
2 /
0 if
tan
0 locking, - self
0
0
= =
=
=
>
>
>
The Mechanics of Power Screws
CE k
l
S
S
A
F
d
F
A
F
d
T
d Ff
T
f
fl d
fd l Fd
T
y
y
crit
r
r
c c
c
c
m
m m
R
1
2
buckling) Johnson B. (J. column short
4
stress axial
16
stress shear nominal maximum
2
friction collar of t coefficien the is
sec
sec
2
ads other thre or Acme for
2
2
3
|
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
= =
=
=
|
|

\
|

+
=

The Mechanics of Power Screws
( )( )
p n d
F
p n d
F
A
V
p n d
F
p n d
Fp
c I
M
Fp M
p n d
p n d
C
I
n
p n d
F
p n d
F
t r t r
t r t r
t r
t r
t
t m t m

3
2 / 2
3
2
3
stress shear e transvers the
6 24
4 /
4 /
24 6
2 /
root at the stress bending the
threads engaged of number the is
2
2 /
stress bearing the stresses, thread nominal
2
b
2
2
b
B
B
= = =
= = =
=
= =
= =
The Mechanics of Power Screws
0
4
16
0
0
6
root the of top at the stress Mises von
2
z
3
y
x
= =
= =
= =

zx
r
r
yz
xy
t r
d
F
d
T
p n d
F

.. power screw a..

.+a..a compression
.+a.aa tension
:..a+.u:.
.+a. .:+a as
.+a. : .:+a a:
.+a. .:+a as
.+a. : .a .:+a
a F a.a asF, n
t
= 1 .u
+ stress .a!.+a.
The Mechanics of Power Screws
The Mechanics of Power Screws
..a. s
Threaded Fasteners
(Hexagon-head bolt)

> +
+
=

in 6 L
2
1
2
in 6 L
4
1
2
bolts series inch -
length thread the
in d
in d
L
L
T
T
27 A Table see *
200 L 25 2
200 L 125 12 2
48 d 125 L 6 2
bolts metric -

> +
< +
+
=
d
d
d
L
T
Threaded Fasteners
(cap-screw heads)
Threaded Fasteners
(machine screws, nut)
Threaded Fasteners
(machine screws, nut)
Inch-series machine screws are generally available
in sizes from No. 0 to about 3/8 in.
Threaded Fasteners
(machine screws, nut)
Hexagonal nut dimensions are given in Table A31.
During tightening, the first thread of the nut tends to take the
entire load; but yielding occurs, with some strengthening due
to the cold work that takes place, and the load is eventually
divided over about three nut threads. For this reason you
should never reuse nuts; in fact, it can be dangerous to do so.
JointsFastener Stiffness
Bolt aa-.!.aaa.
preload
-.a! compression
+....a ....aa..v++...
....+a.a+....+a.
JointsFastener Stiffness
A
t
= tensile-stress area (Tables 81,
82)
l
t
= length of threaded portion of grip
A
d
= major-diameter area of fastener
l
d
= length of unthreaded portion in
grip
k
b
= estimated effective stiffness
d t t d
t d
b
d
d
d
t
t
t
l A l A
E A A
k
l
E A
k
l
E A
k
k k
k k
k
k k k
+
=
= =
+
= + =

or
1 1 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
JointsFastener Stiffness
See Table 8-7
JointsMember Stiffness
.. ..a++a !.!- a .: hardened steel,
cast iron or aluminum members
.v....+a....a .aa.....aa
EA
Pdx
d =
JointsMember Stiffness
( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
) )( tan 2 (
) )( tan 2 (
ln
tan
) )( tan 2 (
) )( tan 2 (
ln
tan
2 / tan 2 / tan
2
tan
2
tan
2 2
tan
0
2 2
2 2
d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed P
k
d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed
P
d D x d D x
dx
E
P
d D
x
d D
x
d D
x r r A
EA
Pdx
d
t
i o
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
=
+ + +
=
|

\
|

+
|

\
|
+
+ =
(
(

\
|

\
|
+ = =
=

JointsMember Stiffness
8 - 8 Table in defined and
) / exp(
5 . 2 5774 . 0
5 . 0 5774 . 0
5 ln 2
5774 . 0
5 . 1 , 2 , 2 /
) )( 155 . 1 (
) )( 155 . 1 (
ln
5774 . 0
30
) )( tan 2 (
) )( tan 2 (
ln
tan
B A
l Bd A
Ed
k
d l
d l
Ed
k
d D d t l k k
d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed
k
d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed P
k
m
m
w m
=
|

\
|
+
+
=
= = = =
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
= =

JointsMember Stiffness
8 - 8 Table in defined and
) / exp(
B A
l Bd A
Ed
k
m
=
JointsMember Stiffness
..a. s:
Bolt Strength
Bolt Strength
Bolt Strength
Bolt Strength
Tension Joints-The External Load
F
i
= preload
P = external tensile load
P
b
= portion of P taken by
bolt
P
m
= portion of P taken by
members
F
b
= P
b
+ F
i
= resultant bolt
load
F
m
= P
m
F
i
= resultant load
on members
C = fraction of external load
P carried by bolt
1 C = fraction of external
load P carried by members
Tension Joints-The External Load
Tension Joints-The External Load
aav.-.. :a.... sa
Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
15 . 0 for 0.2
625 . 0
sec tan 1
sec tan
2
2
625 . 0
sec tan 1
sec tan
2
25 . 1 2 / ) 5 . 1 (
2 sec tan 1
sec tan
2
/ tan
2 sec
sec
2
6) - (8 and 5) - (8 form
= = =
=
+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|
=
+
(

+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|
=
= + =
+
|
|

\
|

+
=
=
+
|
|

\
|

+
=
c
i
c
m
c c i
i c
m
c
c c i m i
m
c c i
m
m m i
f f K
d KF T
f
f
f
d
d
K
K t coefficien torque
d f F
d F f
f
f
d
d
T
d d d d
d f F
f
f d F
T
d l
d f F
fl d
fd l d F
T
&









Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
..a. s
Statically Loaded Tension Joint with
Preload
n = load factor .+.. .u! bolt stress a. proof
strength
Statically Loaded Tension Joint with
Preload
a.-.aa F
m
= 0 s:
Statically Loaded Tension Joint with
Preload
Bowman a.!!- preload = 75% proof load
Proof strength .+v...a S
p
= 0.85 S
y
a!-.a !v.aaa
Statically Loaded Tension Joint with
Preload
..a. s
Gasketed Joints
bolt of number the is
circle bolt the of diameter the is
6 3
pressure of uniformity adequate maintain to
/ )] 1 ( [
) 1 (
/
N
D
Nd
D
A N C nP F p
F nP C F
N A
F
p
b
b
g i
i m
g
m

=
=
=

Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints

Peterson u:...aa! bolt
15 percent under the head
20 percent at the end of the thread
65 percent in the thread at the nut face
!-+...: a+.!- K
f
...
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
i a m
t
i
t
m
t t
i i
t
i b
a
i b a
i b
A
F
A
CP
A
CP
A
F F CP
A
F F
F F F F F
F F F F

+ =
+ =
=
+
=

=
= =
= =
2
2 2
) (
2
2 / ) ( 2 / ) (
and
min max
min max
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
( )
( )
( )
( )
a m
p
p
t ut i
f f
e ut
t ut e
f
i
e ut
i t ut e
f
t i i
a a f
S
n
A S C F
n n
S S P
A S S
n
F C
S S CP
F A S S
n
A F
S n

+
=


+
=
= =
+

=
=
=
strength proof the using yielding, of y possibilit check the
1
1 / Goodman For
2
0 , 1 preload, no For
2
/ Goodman, For
/
safty of Factor
0
0
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
..a. s
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
td A
A F
A F
c I
M
Ft M
=
=
=
=
=
/
/
/
2 /

Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in

Shear
The usual analysis involves
Bearing in the bolt (all bolts participate)
Bearing in members (all holes participate)
Shear of bolt (all bolts participate eventually)
Distinguishing between thread and shank shear
Edge shearing and tearing of member (edge bolts
participate)
Tensile yielding of member across bolt holes
Checking member capacity
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
..a. s-
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
Shear Joints with Eccentric Loading
Direct load or primary shear F = V
1
/n
n number of bolt
Moment load or secondary shear M
1
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
L
L
+ + +
=

=

=

=

+

+

+

=
2 2 2
1
2
1
/ 4
C B A
n
n
C
C
B
B
A
A
C C B B A A
r r r
r M
F
d F
r
F
r
F
r
F
r F r F r F M

Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in
Shear
..a. s:
Reference
Budynas, R.G. and Nisbett, J.K., Shigleys
Mechanical Engineering Design, 8
th
ed.,Mc
Graw Hill, 2008.