Basis and Subbasis.

Ready for the basis.

Remarks)
(1)Let X be a set. B I(X). B
1
, B
2
B.
B
1
B
2
; union of elements in B if and only if rB
1
B
2
B
r
B : rB
r
B
1
B
2
.
Proof) () Trivial.
() We need to show that the following.
Claim) B
1
B
2

'
rB
1
B
2
B
r
, rB
r
B
1
B
2
.
Pf)()Take any rB
1
B
2
. B
r
B : rB
r
B
1
B
2
. So
'
rB
1
B
2
B
r
B
1
B
2
.
()Take any j
'
rB
1
B
2
B
r
. jB
1
B
2
: jB
j
B
1
B
2
.
(2) (X, 1) : t. s. . rX U
r
1 such that rU
r
.
Proof) Take any rX. U
r
: X .
We say that above U
r
1 for rX is open neighborhood U
r
of r.
Scheme) The nonzero vector space over field has basis. Any vector in the vector space
can be represented as a suitable linear combination of basis vectors. We want to make
the similar things for the topological space. That is basis(or base).

Def) (X , 1) : t. s. . A collection L of 1-open sets is called a basis for 1
any 1-open set can be represented as a union of elements in L.
Any element in basis called basic open set.
The base is not unique for the given topological space.
(X , 1) : t. s. and L: basis for 1. Then L n 1 n can be a basis for the topology 1.
Examples) (X , d) : m. s. . 1 : metric top. on X . Then L: the family of all open balls in X is a
basis for 1.
Proof)
Use the property of the open balls with metric space.

Proposition) (X , 1) : t. s. . A 1.
A : base for 1 (jX and U
j
1) V
j
A: jV
j
U
j
.
Proof)
() Take any rX and U
r
1.
U
r
can be viewed as a union of the elements in basis A, rU
r
.
Then exist a basic open set containing r.
() Take any 1-open set O. jO L
j
A : jL
j
O.
We just need to prove that following claim.
Claim) O
'
jO
L
j
, jO L
j
A and jL
j
O.
Pf) () rO L
r
A : rL
r
O rL
r

'
jO
L
j
.
() j
'
jO
L
j
jO : jL
j
O jO.
Basic proposition of the basis.
(X , 1) : t. s. and L: basis for 1. The following are hold.
(1)The elements of L covers X . (2) L
1
, L
2
L L
1
L
2
1.
Proof) Use the definitions of the topology, and the basis.
The following theorem is important and powerful.
Basic theorem of basis(meaning of the basis).
This theorem means that we can define the topology by the property of basis.
Caution!) "all" in the last statement means the "any possible".
Proof)
1.
(1)-(i) The elements of L covers X . X 1(L).
-(ii) Let I o. A :
'
iI
L
i
, L
i
L. o A
'
iI
L
i
. o1(L).
(2) Take any n
1
, n
2
1(L). rn
1
n
2
L
r
1
, L
r
2
L : rL
r
1
, L
r
2
and L
r
i
n
i,
i 1, 2.
n
1
n
2

'
rn
1
n
2
(L
r
1
L
r
2
) and L
r
1
L
r
2
can be viewed as a union of the elements in L.
So n
1
n
2
can be viewed as a union of the elements in L. n
1
n
2
1(L).
(3) Take any family of the elements in 1(L). Arbitrary element in 1(L) can be viewed as a union of
the elements in L. So the union of the all elements in that family can be represented as a union of
elements in L. So that union is contained in the 1(L).
1(L) : topology on X.
2. (1)L 1(L) (1(L) : family of all unions of elements in L by the assumption)
(2)Any element in 1(L) can be viewed as a union of the elements in L by the assumption).
Another approach for part-1-(2):
Let X be a set. Consider any two families of subsets in X :
c
i

iI
,
o
,

,1
.
Then
'
iI, ,1
(c
i
o
,
) (
'
iI
c
i
)(
'
,1
o
,
). Proof) Use the def.

4. Construct a set L (c, /), c < / and c, /Q. Then 1(L) : top. on R and L : basis for 1.
Sol) Use the above theorem.
Example) (R, 1
d
) :the abs. val. met. top. space. Prove that following.
(1)L
1
B(r, 1,n) , nN : basis for 1
d
.
(2)L
2

B(r, ) , Q
+
: basis for 1
d
.
(3)L
8

B(r, ) , Q
+
_

2
: basis for 1
d
.
Sol)
(1) Take any open set n1
d.
n
'
rn
B(r, j), B(r, j) n.
rnB(r, j
r
) : rB(r, j
r
) n and n
r
N: 0 < n
r
- 1
< j
r
by the Archimedian principle.
rnB(r, n
r
- 1
) : rB(r, n
r
- 1
) n n
'
rn
B(r, n
r
- 1
).
(2) Use the same method-(1).
(3) Use the same method-(1) and take radius r
r
: minn
r
- 1
, _

2
.
Sol) Trivial.
Remark) Let X be a set. Consider any family of subsets in X :
c
i

iI
. Let A be a subset of X .
Then
'
iI
(c
i
A) (
'
iI
c
i
)A. Proof) Use the def.
Property for the basis for the subspace)
(X , 1) : t. s. and L: basis for a space X . Then oA , oL is a basis for a subspace A.
Proof) 1
A
: nA , n1.
Take any 1
A
-open V. 1-open n: V nA. n can be viewed as a union of the elements
in L. I.e., o
i

iI
L : n
'
iI
o
i
. V (
'
iI
o
i
)A
'
iI
(o
i
A).
(1)
'
oL
(oA) A. The elements of oA , oL cover A.
(2) Take any
1
,
2
oA , oL . o
1
, o
2
L : o
i
A
i
, i 1, 2.
r
1

2
o
8
L: ro
8
o
1
o
2
(L : basis for X ).
I.e., r
1

2

8
o
8
A: r
8

1

2.

Proposition) (X, 1
1
), (X , 1
2
);t.s. s .
B
i
; base for 1
i
, i 1, 2.
1
1
1
2
(B
1
B
1
B
2
B
2
: B
2
B
1
and B
1
B
1
B
2
B
2
: B
2
B
1
)
But, the opposite direction does not generally hold.
Proof)
() B
i
; base for 1
i
, i 1, 2.
(i)B
1
B
1
B
1
1
1
1
2
B
2
B
2
: B
2
B
1
(B
1
can be viewed as a union of elements
in B
2
).
(ii)B
2
B
2
B
2
1
2
1
1
B
1
B
1
: B
1
B
2
(B
2
can be viewed as a union of elements
in B
1
).
(,) Let 1
1
and 1
2
be 1
1
; top. on X R induced by Euclidean met. top. and 1
2
(B
2
) generated by
B
2
[c, /) , c, /R.
B
1
(c, /) , c, /R; basis for 1
1
. B
2
[c, /) , c, /R; basis for 1
2
.
(c, /)B
1
[

2
c+/
, /)B
2
: [

2
c+/
, /)(c, /).
[c, /)B
1
(c, /)B
2
: (c, /)[c, /).
But, [1, 2)1
2
: [1, 2); not 1
1
-open.
What is the difference between this proposition and the following proposition ?

The point-dependence.
Subbasis.
Scheme) Consider any nonempty set X . The greatest topology defined on X is discrete topology
I(X ). Also, we want to know find the smallest topology containing a specified set A.
A is a subbasis , and the topology 1(A) containing that set is a topology generated by a
subbasis A.
Def) (X , 1) : t. s. . S 1.
S 1 is called a subbasis for 1 a collection B of all(any possible) finite intersections
of elements in S is a basis for 1.
I. e. , S X is called a subbasis for 1 B

X ,

i 1
n

i,

i
S

; a basis for 1.
Above definition is equivalent to the following definition:
4. (R, 1
d
); t. s. induced by Euclidean met. d.
Sol)
1.
(1):
Claim) Any open interval in R can be viewed as a intersection of two elements in S.
Pf) Consider any open interval (c, /) in R where c < /.
(c, /) (-, /)(c, ).
Take any 1-open n. n can be represented as a union of open intervals in R.
Arbitrary open interval can be viewed as a finite intersection of elements in S.
n is a union of the finite intersections of elements in S.
(2):
Use the basic theorem of basis.
2, Use the similar method.
4. Use the similar method.
3.
(1) AS cR: A R-c A
c
c;finite A1. S 1.
(2) Take any n1. r
1
, .., r
n
R: n
c

r
1
, ..., r
n

.
n R-
r
1
, ..., r
n

R-
'
i 1
n
r
i

i 1
n
r
i

c
S. n nn, nB.
n;union of elements in B .
Proposition) (X, 1
1
), (X , 1
2
);t.s. s .
(1) 1
1
1
2
; a subbase for a top. 1 on X 1 1
1
, 1
2
.
(2) 1
1
1
2
; a subbase for a top. 1 on X 1
1
, 1
2
1.
Proof)
(1) Any finite intersection of the elements in 1
1
1
2
is contained in 1
1
, 1
2
.
A1 A; union of the finite intersections of the elements in 1
1
1
2
A1
1
1
2
.
(2) 1
1
1
2
; subbase for 1 1
1
1
2
1 1
1,
1
2
1.
Basic theorems for the subbasis(meaning of the subbasis).
Let X be a set. Consider a family 1 I(X ).
B is a collection of :all finite intersections of the elements in 1 ,and : X .
Then the following hold;
(1)1:(a family of all unions of the elements in B) is a top. on X
and B is a base for top. 1:
(2)1 1 :
(3)1 is a coarsest(smallest) top. such that 1 1 : .
This theorem can be simplified to the following.
This theorem means that we can define the topology by the property of the subbasis.
Proof)
(1) (i)X B X X X1.
(ii)Take any L
1
, L
2
B. L
1
, L
2
;finite intersections of the elements in 1.
L
1
L
2
is also finite intersections of the elements in 1.
L
1
L
2
(L
1
L
2
)(L
1
L
2
).
So (1) holds by the basic theorem of the basis.
(2) Take any ,1. , ,, ,B 1. 1 1.
(3) Consider any top. 1 on X s.t. 1 1 .
Take arbitrary 1-open set O.
O can be represented as a union of the finite intersections of the elements in 1.
Any finite intersections of the elements in 1 is contained in 1 (1 1 ).
O is a union of 1 -open sets. O1 .
We can ignore the trivial case O X 1( X1 X 1 ).
We can prove the simplified form of the theorem by similar process. It is easy.
Example) This example can generalized to R
n
.
(R
n
, 1
d
); t. s. induced by maximum metric d. (c
1
, ..., c
n
)R
n
and r, 0
S
-
(c
,
, r) :

(r
1
, ..., r
n
)R
n
, r
,
c
,
- and
S
+
(c
i
, r) :

(r
1
, ..., r
n
)R
n
, r
i
< c
i
+r
, i, , 1, ..., n.
S S
-
(c
i
, ), S
+
(c
,
, r) , r, 0, i, , 1, ..., n
Show that S is a subbasis for 1
d
.
Sol) If you need more explanations, review the metric space lecture note-page 5.
Take any n1
d
. n
'
rn
B(r, r
r
), B(r, r
r
) n.
rnB(r, r
r
)

i 1
n
(S
+
(r
i
, r
r
))(S
-
(r
i
, r
r
)).
n can be viewed as a union of finite intersections of the elements in S.
S; subbasis for 1.