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This document discusses e-commerce and factors influencing its implementation in the grocery industry, using Meena Bazar supermarket chain in Bangladesh as a case study. Meena Bazar was founded in 2002 and has since grown to become one of the largest supermarket chains in the country. The report analyzes Meena Bazar's SWOT profile and finds that it has introduced some e-commerce services, though not to their full potential. It identifies organizational, personal, and external environmental factors that influence e-commerce implementation for Meena Bazar. Finally, it examines how e-commerce has changed and could further change Meena Bazar's business processes and the challenges of adopting e-commerce.
This document discusses e-commerce and factors influencing its implementation in the grocery industry, using Meena Bazar supermarket chain in Bangladesh as a case study. Meena Bazar was founded in 2002 and has since grown to become one of the largest supermarket chains in the country. The report analyzes Meena Bazar's SWOT profile and finds that it has introduced some e-commerce services, though not to their full potential. It identifies organizational, personal, and external environmental factors that influence e-commerce implementation for Meena Bazar. Finally, it examines how e-commerce has changed and could further change Meena Bazar's business processes and the challenges of adopting e-commerce.
This document discusses e-commerce and factors influencing its implementation in the grocery industry, using Meena Bazar supermarket chain in Bangladesh as a case study. Meena Bazar was founded in 2002 and has since grown to become one of the largest supermarket chains in the country. The report analyzes Meena Bazar's SWOT profile and finds that it has introduced some e-commerce services, though not to their full potential. It identifies organizational, personal, and external environmental factors that influence e-commerce implementation for Meena Bazar. Finally, it examines how e-commerce has changed and could further change Meena Bazar's business processes and the challenges of adopting e-commerce.
Industry: Study on Meena Bazar Impacts of E-Business and Factors Influencing the Implementation of E-Business in Grocery Industry: Study on Meena Bazar ___________________________________________________________________________ Prepared For: Mimnun Sultana Senior Lecturer School of Business and Economics Prepared By: 1. Farah Hasan Sarah- 111 122 135 2. ShiffatAra Bonny- 111 !2 122 3. "inath"ahan #oor- 111 !2 5$ %. &uhina"ahan- 111 '1 21 3 A(ril 213 30April2013 Ms. Mimnun Sultana Senior Lecturer School of Business )nited *nternational )ni+ersity Subject: Solicitation for Acceptance of the report. ,ear Madam- .e are (leased to su/mit the reporton 0Impacts of E-business and Factors Influencing the Implementation of E-business in Grocery Industry: Study on Meena Bazar1. We have tried our /est to ma2e this report holistic and informati+e enou3h. All the 4or2s (resented here are done 4ith utmost sincerely and honesty. .e a((reciate your coo(eration and 3uidelines. .or2in3 4ith such an interestin3 (ro3ram has3i+en us the o((ortunity to achie+e e5(erience on it. .e shall /e hi3hly encoura3ed if you are2ind enou3h to recei+e this re(ort. .e are al4ays a+aila/le for any further 6uarries re3ardin3this re(ort. Sincerely- 1. Farah Hasan Sarah- 111 122 135 2. ShiffatAra Bonny- 111 !2 122 3. "inath"ahan #oor- 111 !2 5$ %. &uhina"ahan- 111 '1 21 5. #asrin A2hter- 111 !3 1 Acknowledgement First of all 4e 4ould li2e to than2 our honora/le faculty Ms. Mimnun Sultana, senior lecturer- School of Business and Economics- )nited *nternational )ni+ersity- for 3i+in3 us such an iii | P a g e o((ortunity to (re(are the re(ort onImpacts of E-business and Factors Influencing for Implementation of E-business in Grocery Shopsfor the course Supply Chain Management. 7ur s(ecial than2s to the mana3ement of Meena Ba8ar for their coo(eration and (ro+idin3 us 4ith re6uired information 4ithout any hindrance. .e are also 3rateful to each other of our 3rou( mem/ers for e+eryone9s time and sincere coo(eration in doin3 the assi3nment in time. iv | P a g e Table of ontent 1 INTRODUCTION:.........................................................................................1 2 Bangladeh !hain upertore" e!tor:.....................................................1 # $WOT %nal&i o' (eena Ba)ar:.................................................................* + ,-!o..er!e i /eing ue in (eena /a))ar:...............................................0 +.1 The IT-/aed ervi!e uing /& (eena Ba)ar:......................................0 +.2 Role o' e-!o..er!e in (eena Ba)ar:...................................................0 +.# ,./ar1 on e-!o..er!e:......................................................................2 +.+ Initiating peron o' e-!o..er!e in .eena /a)ar:................................2 * ,C give a !o.petitive advantage to .eena /a)ar:..................................3 *.1 Bene4t o' e-Co..er!e to Organi)ation:............................................3 *.2 ,-!o..er!e help (eena Ba)ar to !o.pete 5ith other !o.petitor:. 3 *.# The other /ene4t e-!o..er!e give (eena Ba)ar:...........................6 0 The 5a& ,-!o..er!e hould /e ued in (eena Ba)ar............................17 0.1 The opportunitie to i.prove e-!o..er!e pra!ti!e in (eena Ba)ar: 17 0.2 The additional ,C a!tivitie !ould /e developed in (eena Ba)ar:.....11 0.2.1 %dvertie:.....................................................................................11 0.2.2 $o!ial (edia:................................................................................11 0.2.# Other:.........................................................................................11 2 The Organi)ational 8a!tor9 Individual 8a!tor9 and ,:ternal ,nviron.ental 8a!tor In;uen!e the I.ple.entation o' e-!o..er!e:..........12 2.1 OR<%NI=%TION%> 8%CTOR$:..............................................................12 7.1.1 8ir. i)e:......................................................................................12 2.1.2 Chara!teriti! o' the produ!t:.....................................................1# 2.1.# Degree o' diveri4!ation:.............................................................1# 2.1.+ (ar1eting a/ilitie:.......................................................................1# 2.1.* Te!hni!al 1ill:.............................................................................1# 7.1.6 Range o' a!tivit&:..........................................................................1+ v | P a g e 2.1.2 Degree o' third part& dependen!e:..............................................1+ 2.1.3 Co.petitive trateg&:...................................................................1+ 2.2 P,R$ON%> 8%CTOR$:..........................................................................1+ 2.2.1 %ttitude and per!eption:...............................................................1+ 2.2.2 Trut:............................................................................................1* 2.2.# Reitan!e to !hange:..................................................................1* 2.# ,?T,RN%> 8%CTOR$:..........................................................................1* 7.3.1 In'ratru!ture and /uine related 'a!tor:.................................1* 7.3.2 Co.petition related 'a!tor:.........................................................10 3 ,-!o..er!e Change the Organi)ational Buine Pro!e o' (eena Ba)ar:.............................................................................................................10 3.1 The Reour!e That Change Organi)ational Buine Pro!e:........10 3.1.1 @u.an Reour!e:........................................................................10 3.1.2 8un!tional Reour!e:...................................................................10 3.1.# Te!hnologi!al Capa/ilitie:...........................................................12 3.1.+ Organi)ational Capa/ilitie:..........................................................12 3.2 The Change are (anaged B&:...........................................................12 3.# The DiA!ultie Dealing 5ith ,-!o..er!e:.........................................16 3.#.1 $e!urit&:.......................................................................................16 3.#.2 $&te. and Data Integrit&:...........................................................16 3.#.# $&te. $!ala/ilit&:.......................................................................16 3.#.+ ,B!o..er!e I Not 8ree:..............................................................16 3.#.* Conu.er $ear!h I Not ,A!ient or CotBeCe!tive:.....................27 3.#.0 Cuto.er Relation Pro/le.:......................................................27 3.#.2 Produ!t People 5onDt /u& online:................................................27 3.#.3 Corporate Eulnera/ilit&:................................................................27 3.#.6 @igh Ri1 o' Internet $tartBup:.....................................................21 6 The reaon 'or !uto.er 5ouldFhould not li1e to ue ,C:...................21 6.1 The reaon !uto.er hould li1e ,C:..............................................21 6.2 The reaon !uto.er hould not li1e e-!o..er!e:..........................21 17 Re'eren!e:..............................................................................................22 vi | P a g e vii | P a g e !"ecuti#e $ummar% Electronic commerce is no4 a means for /usiness 3ro4th and e5(ansion in relation to /oth small and lar3e firms irres(ecti+e of their 3eo3ra(hical locations. Ban3ladesh is still far from de+elo(ment of such e-commerce s(ecially B2: ;Business to :onsumer< e-commerce. Meena Ba8ar is a 4ell-de+elo(ed su(er sho((in3 in ,ha2a :ity. *t has also some outlets outside ,ha2a :ity. *t is a retailer of the daily 3oods includin3 all the fast mo+in3 consumer 3oods li2e household- 3roceries- stationeries and cosmetics etc. *t offers clean and friendly en+ironment 4ith a 4ide ran3e of 6uality (roducts at afforda/le (rices and it has /ecome the (rimary channel for distri/ution of foods and other household effects on the consumers. &he re(ort mainly focuses on the emer3ence of e-commerce and the factors that affect the im(lementation of e-commerce in retail sector. &he study has /een conducted on Meena Ba8ar 4hich is one of the (ioneers in su(ermar2et chain in Ban3ladesh. &he re(ort also co+ers the +arious issues related to e-commerce and its im(lementation in retail chain. Accordin3 to the findin3s- Meena Ba8a has introduced e-commerce- althou3h not in its full e5tent. &he re(ort concludes 4ith a discussion on the chan3es in /usiness (rocess of Meena Ba8ar resultin3 from the use of e-commerce- the challen3es and the difficulties of im(lementin3 e-commerce from /oth sellers9 and customers9 (ers(ecti+e. viii | P a g e Impacts of E-Business and Factors Influencing the Implementation of E-Business in Grocery Industry: Study on Meena Bazar ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 &'T()*+T&)': Meena Ba8ar is one of the chain su(er mar2ets of the Ban3ladesh 4hich ser+e in Ban3ladesh from 2. Meena Ba8ar- the first truly national su(ermar2et chain 4as founded 4ith the (romise of year-round. .ith a stron3 15-2 (er cent annual sales 3ro4th- a/out 3 com(anies 4ith more than 2 outlets ha+e already made foray into the industry since =ahimafroo8- one of the lar3est /usiness 3rou(s in Ban3ladesh- introduced A3ora- a chain su(erstore- in the ca(ital a decade a3o. Stren3ths of the Meena Ba8ar is Si8e allo4s for com(etiti+e /uyin3 terms- Stron3 senior mana3ement- Fle5i/le formats. 7((ortunities of the Meena Ba8ar are formin3 or mer3in3 a strate3ic alliance 4ith su((liers- >ro4th of non-food- >ro4th of con+enience and com(act hy(ermar2et formats- effecti+e use of :lu/ card data/ase to increase /as2et si8e and ,e+elo( additional ser+ices. Meena Ba8aar has successfully im(lemented the or3ani8ational culture to the 4or2er. &hey ha+e a dress code in the outlets. From this the /uyer can easily tress out 4ho 4ill ser+e them and can hel( them. Another culture is that they are +ery a4are a/out the time. &hey ha+e a 3ood or3ani8ational /ondin3. 2 ,anglade$- c-ain $uper$tore.$ $ector$: Su(erstores are set to /oom in the country as the current mar2et (layers. &hey are (lannin3 to o(en se+eral hundred more outlets in the ne5t fe4 years to co(e 4ith the risin3 demand from the consumers. .ith a stron3 15-2 (er cent annual sales 3ro4th- a/out 3 com(anies 4ith more than 2 outlets ha+e already made foray into the industry since =ahimafroo8- one of the lar3est /usiness 3rou(s in Ban3ladesh- introduced A3ora- a chain su(erstore- in the ca(ital a decade a3o. &he annual turno+er of the su(erstores no4 stands at around &215. /illion ;15 crore<- 1 | P a g e accordin3 to Ban3ladesh Su(ermar2et 74ners Association ;BS7A<. &hey say that- a rise in or3ani8ed retailin3 4ould offer the consumers hy3ienic foods at com(etiti+e (rices- com(ared to those offered /y retailers in the 2itchen mar2ets- 4here commodities are sold mostly in unhy3ienic condition. &he rise in the num/er of su(ermar2ets- accordin3 to analysts- 4ill di+ersify the choices of consumers and /oost their s(endin3- so much needed for economic 3ro4th- 4hile the 4et mar2ets 4ill also im(ro+e 6uality and ser+ices follo4in3 in the footste(s of su(ermar2ets. But a decade a3o- the retail-le+el trade 4as in the hands of thousands of small traders in the 4et mar2ets and the 3rocery sho(s in cities and remained out of the focus of the /i3 /usiness houses. &he landsca(e /e3an to chan3e in 2 4hen =ahimafroo8 Su(erstores- o(eratin3 A3ora- mo+ed in to sei8e a slice of the retailin3 and 4holesale trade- 4hich has /een 3ro4in3 at $ (er cent- on an a+era3e- annually. ,ha2a-/ased A3ora no4 runs four outlets- Meena Ba8ar nine includin3 se+en in ,ha2a- ?@S fi+e- ?rince Ba8ar t4o- #andan fi+e and S4a(no A includin3 3 outside the ca(ital. Ban3ladesh =ifles ;B,=< also runs 11 stores in the ca(ital. Accordin3 to o(erators- more than $ chain retail outlets are e5(ected to /e set u( in the ne5t fi+e years in an attem(t to attract more customers. :onsumers can /uy as much as nearly 2- (roducts of different 2inds from such a store- the o(erators /oast. Su(ermar2ets ha+e successfully made a /rea2throu3h in the ur/an lifestyle 4ith the idea of all essential commodities under one roof. *n the early days of the /usiness- around 5 customers 4ould +isit a su(ermar2et outlet daily. #o4 some 5- customers come to a store e+ery day- they say. 3 /iterature (e#iew of !0ommerce: 311 2-at i$ e0ommerce3 E-:ommerce refers to the (rocess of /uyin3 or sellin3 (roducts or ser+ice o+er an electronic net4or2. &he most (o(ular medium in 4hich e-:ommerce is conducted is the internet. *t com/ines a ran3e of (rocess such asB 2 | P a g e Electronic ,ata *nterchan3e ;E,*< Electronic mail ;E-mail< .orld .ide .e/ ;...< *nternet A((lications #et4or2 A((lications. Basically e-:ommerce in+ol+es the sale or (urchase of 3oods or ser+ices o+er com(uter mediated net4or2s. &hese 3oods or ser+ices may /e ordered throu3h these net4or2s- /ut (ayment for them and the ultimate deli+ery of the 3oods and ser+ices may /e conducted on or off line. Some analyst define e-commerce as sim(le /uyin3 and sellin3 o+er electronic net4or2sC and use e-/usiness ;/u884ord< to refer to these 4ider ran3e of su((ortin3 /usiness acti+ities that can /e conducted o+er such net4or2s. &here are three /asic com(onents to e+ery e-commerce solutionB :ommunications Standards Soft4are 312 4i$tor% of !0ommerce: *n 1'59s com(anies /e3an to use com(uters to store and (rocess internal transaction records By 1'$9s /usinesses that en3a3ed lar3e +olume of transaction had /e3an e5chan3in3 transaction information on (unched card *n 1'$! &rans(ortation ,ata :o-ordination :ommittee ;&,:: < 4as formed /y some com(anies *n 1'A' A#S* ;American #ational Standards *nstitute< chattered a ne4 committee to de+elo( uniform E,* ;Electron ,ata *nterchan3e< *n 1'!A )# (u/lish its first standards under the title E,* # | P a g e 313 Traditional and !lectronic$ ,u$ine$$ Tran$action: &he /usiness (rocesses are /roadly di+ided into fi+e main cate3ories namelyB Mar2et (roduct and ser+ices Sell and deli+er (roducts and ser+ices ?rocess (ayments Mana3e relationshi( Mana3e the enter(rise 315 T%pe$ of !0ommerce: E-!o..er!e !an /e divided into pri.aril& three !ategorie 31511 ,u$ine$$ to con$umer 6,27: Where enterprie ell dire!tl& to the !uto.er9 o'ten !utting out GHdiinter .ediating"I 5holealer or H/ri!1 and .ortar" retail outlet. B2C i the .ot !o..onl& undertood 'or. o' internet /uine. The .ot u!!e'ul trading ha /een 5ith tandard produ!t u!h a CD9 Boo19 $o't5are9 do5nloada/le .ui! et!. 31512 ,u$ine$$ to ,u$ine$$ 6,2,7: It i larger9 gro5ing 'ater. Thi in!lude pro!ure.ent o' ra5 .aterial and upplie9 liaion 5ith !ontra!tor9 ale !hannel9 ervi!ing !uto.er9 !olla/orating 5ith partner9 integrated .anage.ent 5ith data and 1no5ledge. 31513 ,u$ine$$ to 8o#ernment 6,287: @ere /uine trade dire!tl& 5ith govern.ent oA!e and agen!ie 'or pu/li! pro!ure.ent Ge.g. upplie 'or hopital9 !hool and other govern.ent !ontra!t. 31515 on$umer to con$umer 627: Online trana!tion /et5een private individual. + | P a g e 5 Meena ,a9ar: A ,rief )#er#iew: Meena Ba8ar D one of the chain su(er mar2ets of the Ban3ladesh 4hich ser+e in Ban3ladesh from 2. Meena Ba8ar- the first truly national su(ermar2et chain 4as founded 4ith the (romise of year-round freshness- afforda/le (rice- and the most (leasura/le and hassle-free family sho((in3 e5(erience for all. Eee(in3 true to this con+iction- Meena Ba8ar has ca(tured the hearts of sho((ers all o+er. ,ue to our continuous e5(ansion (lans- 4e are loo2in3 for smart- hard4or2in3 and (roacti+e youn3 (eo(le to /e (art of our dynamic team. Here the Meena Ba8ar is the selected or3ani8ation for the study and access this or3ani8ation for the find our 4hich 4ill hel( to do /etter (erformance of it. : S2)T Anal%$i$ of Meena ,a9ar: Strengt-$ Si8e allo4s for com(etiti+e /uyin3 terms Stron3 senior mana3ement Fle5i/le formats Stron3 hy(ermar2et (ortfolio :o+era3e the Me3a :ity ,ha2a *ncreasin3 le+el of in+estment Stron3 (rice messa3e and offer at com(etiti+e (rice than the com(etetors E5(andin3 non-food and online offer Efficient distri/ution 2eakne$$e$ :annot s(read the outlets all o+er the Ban3ladesh *ncreasin3 3eo3ra(hical s(read ma2es focus on s(ecific Mar2ets difficult E5(osed to macroeconomic difficulties in some mar2ets *nternational e5(ansion re6uires su/stantial in+estment Hi3h reliance on ,ha2a Mar2et ?oor :S= and community im(act )pportunitie$ Formin3 or mer3in3 a strate3ic alliance 4ith su((liers >ro4th of non-food >ro4th of con+enience and com(act hy(ermar2et formats Effecti+e use of :lu/ card data/ase to increase /as2et si8e T-reat$ Faces ran3e of di+erse com(etitors internationally *ncreased le+el of Featin3 outF Mo+e to4ards (remium does not sit 4ith Meena Ba8arGs traditional stren3ths =estricti+e (lannin3 3uidelines ?olitical o((osition to the (o4er of * | P a g e ,e+elo( additional ser+ices su(ermar2ets tends to focus on Meena Ba8ar Table: 111 S2)T Anal%$i$ of Meena ,a9ar ; !0commerce +$ed b% Meena ,a99ar: E-commerce is used in Meena Ba8ar /y follo4in3 ty(esB ;11 T-e &T0ba$ed $er#ice$ u$ing b% Meena ,a9ar: . Meena Ba8ar stores e5(loit the follo4in3 technolo3iesB .ireless de+ices *ntelli3ent scale Electronic shelf la/elin3 Self-chec2-out machine =adio Fre6uency *dentification ;=F*,<. &echnolo3y is a maHor macro-en+ironmental +aria/le 4hich has influenced the de+elo(ment of many of the Meena Ba8ar (roducts. &he ne4 technolo3ies /enefit /oth customers and the com(anyB customer satisfaction rises /ecause 3oods are readily a+aila/leC ser+ices can /ecome more (ersonali8ed and sho((in3 more con+enient. &he launch of the Efficient :onsumer =es(onse ;E:=< initiati+e (ro+ided the shift that is no4 a((arent in the mana3ement of food su((ly chains. ;12 (ole of e0commerce in Meena ,a9ar: &he roles of E-commerce in Meena Ba8ar areB E-commerce is one of the chea(est means of doin3 /usiness as it is ecommerce de+elo(ment that has made it (ossi/le to reduce the cost of (romotion of (roducts and ser+ices. &here is no time /arrier in sellin3 the (roducts. 7ne can lo3 on to the internet e+en at midni3ht and can sell the (roducts at a sin3le clic2 of mouse. &he on-time alerts are meant for the con+enience of the consumers and inform the consumers a/out ne4 (roducts. 0 | P a g e E-commerce reduces deli+ery time and la/or cost thus it has /een (ossi/le to sa+e the time of /oth D the +endor and the consumer. Hence- in this cut-throat com(etition- an interacti+e user friendly and focused 4e/site in the form of online sho(s can 3enerate Meena Ba8ar 3ood /usiness. &hey can find a lot of 4e/ de+elo(ment ser+ices from 4here they can 3et your 4e/site made /ut it is ad+isa/le to hire a relia/le and user friendly 4e/ de+elo(ment ser+ice. ;13 !mbark on e0commerce: Meena Ba8ar- a chain su(ermar2et of >emcon >rou(- on 2 a(ril 213 Sunday launched a fully e-commerce-/ased 4e/ site for its customers li+in3 at home and a/road. &he (ortal- 4hich can /e reached at 444.meena/a8ar.com./d aims to (ro+ide home deli+ery of ordered 3oods. 7n the same occasion- the chain su(ermar2et also launched Iclu/ card9 at >emcon9s,hanmondi office. :laimin3 that they 4ould deli+er the ordered item 4ithin 2% hours- Meena Ba8ar chief o(eratin3 officer Shaheen Ehan said customers 4ould /e a/le to (lace orders throu3h the 4e/ site and the deli+ery 4ould ta2e a ma5imum of 3$ hours. I,eli+ery time is from 'Bam till 1B(m- de(endin3 on the time the order 4as (laced and traffic on the road-9 he added. *nformin3 that customer9s Jisa- Master and American E5(ress (ayments are 3oin3 throu3h secured (ayment 3ate4ays o(erated /y the res(ecti+e /an2s- Shaheen said- I:ustomer9s card details 4ill /e securely transmitted to the /an2 for transaction authorisation.9 ;15 &nitiating per$on of e0commerce in meena ba9ar: >emcon 3rou( director Ea8i*nam Ahmed and communication mana3er Ahmed Shoye/*6/al addressed the 4e/ site and Iclu/ card9 launch. I:ustomers ha+e to enter the country and the credit card /illin3 address- in addition to the normal credit card details at the (oint of (ayment. &he tele(hone num/er of the recei+in3 (arty is a com(ulsory field in the order form. .e 4ill call and confirm the address and the route /efore deli+erin3 the order-9 2 | P a g e < !0ommerce =ro#iding ompetiti#e Ad#antage to Meena ,a9ar: :om(etiti+e ad+anta3e has to do 4ith a com(anyGs a/ility to outdo com(etitors- either /y im(ro+in3 u(on 4hat com(etitors are currently doin3 or /y doin3 somethin3 com(letely different in a 4ay that (ro+es successful. Bein3 a/le to im(lement an e-commerce (lan that im(ro+es sales or cuts costs mi3ht 3i+e one retailer a com(etiti+e ad+anta3e o+er another. At the same time- /ein3 the first to come u( 4ith a ne4 e-commerce /usiness model- or a uni6ue t4ist on an e5istin3 model- mi3ht also allo4 an u(-start to 3ain an early com(etiti+e ad+anta3e. <11 ,enefit$ of e0ommerce to )rgani9ation: E5(ands the Mar2et(lace to national and international mar2et ,ecrease the cost of creatin3- (rocessin3- distri/utin3- storin3 and retrie+in3 (a(er /ased information Allo4s reduced in+entories and o+erhead /y facilitatin3 (ull-ty(e su((ly chain mana3ement &he (ull-ty(e (rocessin3 allo4s for customi8ation of (roducts and ser+ices 4hich (ro+ides com(etiti+e ad+anta3e to its im(lementers =educes the time /et4een the outlay of ca(ital and the recei(t of (roduct and ser+ices Su((orts Business (rocess re-en3ineerin3 ;B?=< efforts Lo4ers telecommunication cost- the internet is much chea(er than +alue added net4or2s ;JA#s< <12 !0commerce -elp$ Meena ,a9ar to compete wit- ot-er competitor$: Ena/les consumers to sho( or do other transaction 2% hours a day- all year round from almost any location ?ro+ides consumers 4ith more choices ?ro+ides consumers 4ith less e5(ensi+e (roducts and ser+ices /y allo4in3 them to sho( in many (laces and conduct 6uic2 com(arisons Allo4s consumers to interact 4ith other consumers n electronic communities and e5chan3e ideas as 4ell as e5(eriences Facilitates com(etition 4hich results in su/stantial discounts Allo4s 6uic2 deli+ery of (roducts and ser+ices ;in some cases< es(ecially 4ith di3iti8ed (roducts 3 | P a g e :onsumers can recei+e rele+ant and detail information in seconds rather than in days or 4ee2s Ma2es it (ossi/le to (artici(ate in +irtual auction <13 T-e ot-er benefit$ e0commerce for Meena ,a9ar: Ena/les more indi+iduals to 4or2 at home- and to do less tra+elin3 for sho((in3- resultin3 in less traffic on the roads and lo4er air (ollution Allo4s some merchandise to /e sold at lo4er (rices /enefitin3 less affluent (eo(le Ena/le (eo(le in third 4orld countries and rural areas to enHoy (roduct and ser+ices 4hich other4ise are not a+aila/le to them Facilitates deli+ery of (u/lic ser+ices at reduced cost- increases effecti+eness and or im(ro+e 6uality > T-e 2a% !0commerce S-ould be +$ed in Meena ,a9ar ,ue to the increased (o(ularity and a+aila/ility of *nternet access many traditional small /usiness are considerin3 e- :ommerce as a +alid and (rofita/le sales channel. *t9s im(ortant for Meena Ba8ar to 4ei3ht carefully the differences 6 | P a g e /et4een e-:ommerce and traditional commerce in order to decide if it 4ould /e a 3ood fit for your /usiness or Hust a costly mista2e. >11 T-e opportunitie$ to impro#e e0commerce practice in Meena ,a9ar: Traditional ommerce #$1 e0ommerce: &tem$ e0ommerce Traditional ommerce Sales :hannel Enter(ri8e *nternet :onsumer Manufacturer .holesaler =etailer :onsumer Sales Hour K=e3ion Entire 4orld 2%5A =estricted area =estricted sales hour Sales (laceKmethod Mar2et s(ace ;#et4or2< Sale /ased on information Mar2et s(ace ;store< Sale /ased on dis(lay :ustomer information ac6uisition Any time ac6uisition throu3h internet ,i3ital ,ata 4ithout no re-entry Mar2et sur+ey and salesman =e6uire information re-entry Mar2etin3 acti+ity 1B1 Mar2etin3 +ia /i- directional communication 7ne 4ay mar2etin3 to consumer :ustomer su((ort =eal time su((ort for customer ,issatisfaction =eal time ac6uisition of customer needs ,elayed su((ort for customer ,issatisfaction &ime different for catchin3 customer needs ca(ital small lar3e >12 T-e Additional !0oomerce Acti#itie$ to be *e#eloped in Meena ,a9ar: Meena Ba8ar can de+elo( their e-commerce /y usin3 additional acti+ities such as- ad+ertise and social media. Because- mar2etin3 is /oth +ital to 3et ne4 clients and one of those areas 4here 17 | P a g e /ud3et and time cuts are more li2ely to ha((en. *t is understanda/le that 4hen choosin3 4here to s(end money- a salesman salary 4ill ran2 hi3her than hisKher /ud3et. So online ad+ertisin3 4ill hel( them to select a faster time 4ith a hu3e collection of (roduct for them. >1211 %dvertie.ent: &he /est 4ay of reducin3 the cost and time s(ent on mar2etin3 is selectin3 4here to s(end them. 7(timi8in3 the cam(ai3ns to tar3et the net4or2s and 4e/sites- Meena Ba8ar9s tar3et audience is most li2ely to +isit can reduce /oth the money and the time re6uired to mana3e them. So that customers can 3et satisfied /y usin3 these 4e/ sites. >1212 $o!ial(edia: Social Media can /e e5tremely +alua/le to en3a3e 4ith the customers- current and (otential. *t9s also relati+ely chea(- if Meena Ba8ar can create an account in &4itter or e+en a fan (a3e in Face/oo2 4ith Hust a /it of technical 2no4led3e. &he only thin3 those channels 4ill re6uire of (ro(er time to interact 4ith the audience- a 3eneral understandin3 of ho4 (eo(le communicate there and may/e a fe4 &a2as a month for a su/scri(tion to automation tool that 4ill ma2e Meena Ba8ar9s /usiness easier. >1213 )t-er$: La(alla and >ray ;2$< mention the conce(t of 0!0,u$ine$$ Adaptation /adder1 (ro(osed /y #achira ;22< that di+ides the (rocess of e+olution of e-/usiness to its current sta3e into the follo4in3 si5 sta3esB Stage 1 D introduction of e-mail as one of the most efficient /usiness communication methods Stage 2 D 4ith the introduction of 4e/sites /usinesses 3ained access to 4orld mar2ets Stage 3 D e-commerce 4as introduced and the con+enient (rocedures of orderin3 and (ayin3 online chan3ed 3lo/al /usiness en+ironment irre+ersi/ly Stage 5 D 4ith the de+elo(ment of e-/usiness the su((ly-chain o(erations of the /usiness 4ere inte3rated Stage : D the conce(t of net4or2ed or3anisations introduced and the (rinci(les of o(en information 4ith customers- su((liers and /usiness (artners are 4idely em/raced. 11 | P a g e Stage ; D 4ith the ad+ent of di3ital ecosystem such /usiness conce(ts as 2no4led3e sharin3- natural selection and the e+olution of ser+ices 4ere (romoted. ? T-e )rgani9ational @actor$, &ndi#idual @actor$, and !"ternal !n#ironmental @actor$ &nfluence t-e &mplementation of e0 commerce: &here are a num/er of factors that can influence the im(lementation of e-commerce in a retail chain li2e Mena Ba8aar. &hese factors can /e 3rou(ed into three formsB or3ani8ational- (ersonal and e5ternal en+ironmental factors. &he influences of these three factors are discussed in the follo4in3 su/sections. ?11 )(8A'&AAT&)'A/ @AT)(S: Se+eral or3ani8ational factors ha+e /een identified that may affect the ado(tion and im(lementation of e-commerce in an or3ani8ation. ?1111 @irm $i9e: ?ast research has found that firm size is an im(ortant determinant of a firm9s in+ol+ement and decision (rocess in ac6uirin3 *:& ;,hola2ia et al.- 1''3<.&he firm si8e is fundamental since it influences the ma5imum a/solute +alue of any in+estment. Si8e of a firm 4as also a maHor influence on the selection of a com(etiti+e strate3y ;*/rahim- 1''3<. As one of the (ioneers in the retail chain industry of Ban3ladesh- Meena Ba8aar is considered to ha+e its resources and infrastructure to im(lement e-commerce. ?1112 -aracteri$tic$ of t-e product: &he (roduct tan3i/ility and a+aila/ility are also im(ortant determinants of a firm9s in+ol+ement in e-commerce. Sellin3 an intan3i/le (roduct throu3h *nternet means +ery lo4 constraints and costs due to its lo3istic mana3ement. Besides- e-commerce could turn out to /e a (o4erful (romotion channel for uni6ue (roducts ;such as handicrafts of s(ecific re3ions<- not su/Hect to 12 | P a g e constraints deri+in3 from customers9 3eo3ra(hical distance. Since Mina Ba8aar sells tan3i/le 3oods- it is costly as 4ell as it in+ol+es other resource constraints. ?1113 *egree of di#er$ification: &he im(lementation of e-commerce should also /e ade6uate to the de3ree of di+ersification. &he more di+ersified the /usiness o(eration- the more resources are li2ely to /e in+ested in im(lementin3 the e-commerce. &he Mina Ba8aar has its o4n di+ersification (lan that calls for its (re(aration to u(date its e-commerce accordin3ly. ?1115 Marketing abilitie$: Marketing abilities re(resent an im(ortant influence for the o(eration of the e-commerce o((ortunities. Since the ado(tion of e-commerce could affect all the +aria/les of the mar2etin3 mi5 ;(roduct- (rice- (romotion- and (lace<- com(anies should ma2e a s(ecific online mar2etin3 (lan. Besides- the intrinsic characteristics of the *nternet could ma2e it the natural a((lication field of direct mar2etin3 techni6ues. ?111: Tec-nical $kill$: E-commerce is /y nature a hi3hly technical issue and accordin3lytechnical s2ills stron3ly influence the de3ree at 4hich the e-commerce system could /e actually im(lemented. Since Mina Ba8aar sells a rich assortment of 3oods- it needs ade6uate technical s2ills in fully im(lementin3 e-commerce system. ?111; (ange of acti#it%: &he range of actiity denotes the 3eo3ra(hical e5tension of the mar2et area. &his +aria/le can (ositi+ely /e influenced /y the ado(tion of e-commerce a((lications and can /e assessed throu3h the (ro(ortion of turno+er (er 3eo3ra(hical area. 1# | P a g e ?111< *egree of t-ird part% dependence: &he degree of third party dependence refers to com(anies /elon3in3 to the same +alue system- 4hich choices can /e more or less constrained /y commercial (artners. Li2e other retail chain- Mina Ba8aar has to de(end on third (arties for su((lyin3 the 3oods it sells. A hi3h le+el of coordination and commitment from third (arty is needed for successful im(lementation of e- commerce. ?111> ompetiti#e $trateg%: &he com(any competitie strategy has a stron3 im(act on e-commerce a((lications- /oth 4hen it aims at fulfillin3 a leadershi( in costs and 4hen it is /ased on the differentiation of (roducts and ser+ices. ?12 =!(S)'A/ @AT)(S: &he maHor (ersonal factors that can affect the im(lementation of e-commerce are discussed /elo4. ?1211 Attitude and perception: Hill- Smith and Mann ;1'!A< found that self-efficacy 4hich is one dimension of attitude- the /elief in one9s a/ility to (erform a (articular /eha+ior- influences the ado(tion of a technolo3y. Hence to( mana3ement needs to ha+e a hi3h le+el (ositi+e attitude in ado(tin3 and im(lementin3 any technolo3y li2e e-commerce. ?1212 Tru$t: A hi3h le+el of trust is re6uired from the (art of mana3ement re3ardin3 the /enefits and necessity of e-commerce. *f the mana3ement does not ha+e trust on the /enefits of e-commerce- it is not (ossi/le to im(lement e-commerce re3ardless of the resources and ca(a/ilities the or3ani8ation o4ns. 1+ | P a g e ?1213 (e$i$tance to c-ange: *t assumes that the e-commerce ado(tion could im(ly or3ani8ational transformations in terms of tas2 chan3es- introduction of ne4 roles- and rearran3ement of the or3ani8ation as 4hole- inno+ati+e or3ani8ations should face less resistance to chan3e 4hile im(lementin3 any of the e- commerce acti+ities. Here the to( mana3ement has to /e mentally ready for any 2ind of chan3e that calls for im(lementin3 e-commerce. ?13 !BT!('A/ @AT)(S: E5ternal factors e5ist at three le+elsB industry- macroeconomic- and national (olicy le+el ;Lefe/+re and Lefe/+re- 1''$<. &hese e5ternal factors affect the 3eneral and com(etiti+e en+ironment 4ithin 4hich a (articular firm has to o(erate. ?1311 &nfra$tructure and bu$ine$$ related factor$: Electronic and telecommunications en+ironments as 4ell as the /usiness en+ironment in 4hich a s(ecific firm o(erates influence the le+el of in+ol+ement of the firm in the *nternet. Businesses fortunate enou3h to /e located in ne4 and hi3h-/and4idth telecommunication re3ions can e5(ect to o/tain /etter technolo3ical ser+ices to su((ort e-commerce a((lications. Such access is 3enerally /etter in ur/an than in rural areas. A /usiness en+ironment 4here other firms in+est in technolo3ies- share their e5(eriences offer 3reater su((ort for a s(ecific firm to acti+ely or (assi+ely (ursue a s(ecific strate3y. ?1312 ompetition related factor$: :om(etiti+e en+ironments ha+e a stron3ly influence on the ado(tion of a technolo3y ;see- for e5am(le- ,as3u(ta et al.- 1'''<. >hosh ;1''!< (ro+ides se+eral e5am(les of com(anies in the ).S. that ado(ted the *nternet mainly /ecause of com(etiti+e (ressures. *t also a((lies in Ban3ladesh althou3h not in the same scale. As it is e+idenced from last fe4 years- retail chain has 3ot a si3nificant (ro3ress in Ban3ladesh- es(ecially in the metro(olitan areas. As a result- com(etition in the industry is 3ettin3 stiff that calls for the retailers li2e Mina Ba8aar to im(lement e-commerce 4ith a +ie4 to increasin3 the connecti+ity 4ith the customers. 1* | P a g e 10 !0commerce -anging t-e )rgani9ational ,u$ine$$ =roce$$ of Meena ,a9ar: An or3ani8ation9s /usiness (rocess can /e measured throu3h some features. &he features are 3i+en /elo4 and assess the Meena Ba8ar. 1011 T-e (e$ource$ T-at -ange )rgani9ational ,u$ine$$ =roce$$: 101111 4uman (e$ource$: Human resources are an or3ani8ation9s most im(ortant asset. )ltimately an or3ani8ation9s distincti+e com(etences lie in the s2ills and a/ilities of its em(loyees. Because these s2ills and a/ilities 3i+e an or3ani8ation a com(etiti+e ad+anta3e- or3ani8ations must continually monitor their structures to find the most effecti+e 4ay of moti+atin3 and or3ani8in3 human resources to ac6uire and use their s2ills. 101112 @unctional (e$ource$: Each or3ani8ational function needs to de+elo( (rocedures that allo4 mana3in3 the (articular en+ironment it faces. As the en+ironment chan3es- or3ani8ations often transfer resources to the functions 4here the most +alue can /e created. :rucial functions 3ro4 in im(ortance- 4hile those 4hose usefulness is declinin3 shrin2. For Meena Ba8aar the functional resources include its a+aila/ility of the (roducts in e+ery outlet. From the assessment Meena Ba8aar is not fully successful to a+aila/le the (roducts in e+ery outlets in at time. *t is ha((en for their distri/ution system. 101113 Tec-nological apabilitie$: &echnolo3ical ca(a/ilities 3i+e an or3ani8ation an enormous ca(acity to chan3e itself in order to e5(loit mar2et o((ortunities. &he in+entory mana3ement system should /e +ery stron3 and 10 | P a g e automated in the chain su(er sho(. &he Meena Ba8ar has in+entory soft4are for their in+entory mana3ement. By the in+entory mana3ement system the manufacturin3 com(any can /e /enefited in many 4ays. &he 2ey acti+ities are ;1< (urchasin3- ;2< (roduction- and ;3< sellin3. *n other 4ords- (urchasin3 and (roduction functions 4ould de(end u(on the le+el of sales. 101115 )rgani9ational apabilitie$: 7r3ani8ational chan3e often in+ol+es chan3in3 the relationshi(s /et4een (eo(le and functions to increase their a/ility to create +alue. 7r3ani8ational chan3e often in+ol+es chan3in3 the relationshi(s /et4een (eo(le and functions to increase their a/ility to create +alue. :han3es in structure and culture ta2e (lace at all le+els of the or3ani8ation and include chan3in3 the routines an indi+idual uses to 3reet customers- chan3in3 4or2 3rou( relationshi(s. *m(ro+in3 inte3ration /et4een di+isions- and chan3in3 cor(orate culture /y chan3in3 the to( mana3ement team. 1012 Managing t-e -ange$: Su(ermar2et chainindustry has cau3ht on to the /and4a3on and has /e3un to offer 7nline Sho((in3. *n the early 1''s 4e sa4 :om(anies settin3 u( 4e/sites 4ith +ery little understandin3 of E :ommerce and :onsumer /eha+ior. E commerce as a /usiness (rocess is totally different from the traditional sho((in3 in all res(ect. Li2e other or3ani8ations usin3 e- commerce- Mina Ba8aar considers E commerce strate3y se(arately /ut as a (art of o+erall retail strate3y. =etail strate3y in+ol+es (lannin3 for the /usiness 3ro4th 2ee(in3 in +ie4 the current mar2et trends- o((ortunities as 4ell as threats and /uildin3 a strate3ic (lan that hel(s the or3ani8ationdeal 4ith all these e5ternal factors and stay on course to reach its 3oals. Further the retail /usiness strate3y is concerned 4ith identifyin3 the mar2ets to /e in- /uildin3 the (roduct (ortfolio and /and 4idth cou(led 4ith /rand (ositionin3 and the +arious elements of /rand +isi/ility and in store (romotions etc. 7+erall /usiness (rocesses are more or less standard and (ro+en models that are ada(ted as /est (ractices. Ho4e+er 4hen it comes to definin3 an E :ommerce strate3y for the /usiness- the dynamics of the +arious elements contri/utin3 to the /usiness are totally different. &he one factor that remains 12 | P a g e common is the focus on :ustomer. .hile in the (hysicalM traditional sellin3 method- there e5ists a (hysical e5(erience from the :ustomer9s end and hence it is easier to /uild :ustomer relationshi( and en3a3e the :ustomer- E :ommerce (latform has 3ot to de+ise methods to reach out to the +irtual :ustomer on 7ne to 7ne /asis and /uild the relationshi(. &he E commerce 3enerally (ro+ides more (roduct information and technical details to the :ustomers than (ro+ided throu3h the &raditional Sales channel. E :ommerce has 3ot to define the sales transaction- third (arty (ayment and financial transaction as 4ell as :ustomer ser+ice (rocesses. As com(ared to traditional M(hysical channel sales- all these (rocesses are ne4 and ha+e /een 4ell defined and (ro+en. 7ne im(ortant 6uestion that 4e ha+e 3ot to ans4er is to fi3ure out IHo4 ,o .e ,iffer from :om(etition9 or ha+e an ed3e o+er :om(etition in the E commerce mar2et. 7ne of the 2ey differentiators has /een the system security and the third (arty /illin3 des2 (artners used /y the or3ani8ation. .here+er 4e ha+e (artnered 4ith 4ell-2no4n and re(uted /an2ers and /illin3 des2 ser+ice com(anies (ro+idin3 safe and secure transactions- the customer confidence in dealin3 4ith such :om(any is enhanced. Secondly 7nline :ustomer ser+ice cou(led 4ith (u/lici8ed (olicy of customer returns and 4arranty mana3ement are successful in /uildin3 loyal customer /ase. ?ricin3 of (roducts is another area that is re6uired to /e addressed throu3h the E :ommerce strate3y. .hile the sellin3 and o(erational costs are hi3her in traditional sales model- the E commerce or Jirtual Sales costs are ne3li3i/le. &here e5ists a (otential to (rice (roducts attracti+ely and en3a3e the customer to /uy in /ul2. &he fact that traditional sho((in3 e5(erience as 4ell as /ac2 end o(erations is totally different from the +irtual and instantaneous 7nline sho((in3- 4e ha+e 3ot to come u( 4ith se(arate sales strate3y for /oth traditional sales channel as 4ell as electronic commerce tradin3 channel. 1013 T-e *ifficultie$ *ealing wit- !0commerce: &he difficulties dealin3 4ith e-commerce 4ith the ne4 4or2in3 style are 3i+en /elo4B 13 | P a g e 101311 Securit%: Security continues to /e a (ro/lem for online /usinesses. :ustomers ha+e to feel confident a/out the inte3rity of the (ayment (rocess /efore they commit to the (urchase. 101312 S%$tem and *ata &ntegrit%: ,ata (rotection and the inte3rity of the system that handles the data are serious concerns. :om(uter +iruses are ram(ant- 4ith ne4 +iruses disco+ered e+ery day. Jiruses cause unnecessary delays- file /ac2u(s- stora3e (ro/lems- and other similar difficulties. &he dan3er of hac2ers accessin3 files and corru(tin3 accounts adds more stress to an already com(le5 o(eration. 101313 S%$tem Scalabilit%: A /usiness de+elo(s an interacti+e interface 4ith customers +ia a 4e/site. After a 4hile- statistical analysis determines 4hether +isitors to the site are oneDtime or recurrin3 customers. *f the com(any e5(ects 2 million customers and $ million sho4 u(- 4e/site (erformance is /ound to e5(erience de3radation- slo4do4n- and e+entually loss of customers. &o sto( this (ro/lem from ha((enin3- a 4e/site must /e scala/le- or u(3rada/le on a re3ular /asis. 101315 !Ccommerce &$ 'ot @ree: So far- success stories in eDcommerce ha+e forced lar3e /usiness 4ith dee( (oc2ets and 3ood fundin3. Accordin3 to a re(ort- small retailers that 3o headDtoDhead 4ith eDcommerce 3iants are fi3htin3 losin3 /attle. As in the /ric2DandDmortar en+ironment- they sim(ly cannot com(ete on (rice or (roduct offerin3. Brand loyalty is related to this issue- 4hich is su((osed to /e less im(ortant for online firms. Brands are e5(ected to lo4er search costs- /uild trust- and communicate 6uality. A search en3ine can come u( 4ith the /est music deals- for e5am(le- yet consumers continue to floc2 to trusted entities such as HMJ. 16 | P a g e 10131: on$umer Searc- &$ 'ot !fficient or o$tCeffecti#e: 7n the surface- the electronic mar2et(lace seems to /e a (erfect mar2et- 4here 4orld4ide sellers and /uyers share and trade 4ithout intermediaries. Ho4e+er- a closer loo2 indicates that ne4 ty(es of intermediaries are essential to eDcommerce. &hey include electronic malls that 3uarantee le3itimacy of transactions. All these intermediaries add to transaction costs. 10131; u$tomer (elation$ =roblem$: #ot many /usinesses reali8e that e+en eD/usiness cannot sur+i+e o+er the lon3 term 4ithout loyal customers. 10131< =roduct$ =eople wonDt bu% online: *ma3ine a 4e/site called furniture.com or li+in3.com- 4here +enture ca(italists are in+estin3 millions in sellin3 home furnishin3s online. *n the case of a sofa- you 4ould 4ant to sit on it- feel the te5ture of the fa/ric etc. Beside the sofa test- online furniture stores face a costly return 4hich ma2es the (roduct harder to sell online. 10131> orporate Eulnerabilit%: &he a+aila/ility of (roduct details- catalo3s- and other information a/out a /usiness throu3h its 4e/site ma2es it +ulnera/le to access /y the com(etition. &he idea of e5tractin3 /usiness intelli3ence from the 4e/site is called 4e/ framin3. 10131? 4ig- (i$k of &nternet StartCup: Many stories unfolded in 1''' a/out successful e5ecuti+es in esta/lished firms lea+in3 for *nternet startDu(s- only to find out that their 3etDrich dream 4ith a dot.com 4as Hust that D a dream. 27 | P a g e 11 T-e (ea$on$ for u$tomer$ 2ouldFS-ould not /ike to +$e !0 ommerce: 1111 T-e rea$on$ cu$tomer$ $-ould like !0ommerce: Faster /uyin3Ksellin3 (rocedure- as 4ell as easy to find (roducts. Buyin3Ksellin3 2%KA. More reach to customers- there is no theoretical 3eo3ra(hic limitations. Lo4 o(erational costs and /etter 6uality of ser+ices. #o need of (hysical com(any set-u(s. Easy to start and mana3e a /usiness. :ustomers can easily select (roducts from different (ro+iders 4ithout mo+in3 around (hysically. 1112 T-e rea$on$ cu$tomer $-ould not like e0commerce: Any one- 3ood or /ad- can easily start a /usiness. And there are many /ad sites 4hich eat u( customers9 money. &here is no 3uarantee of (roduct 6uality. Mechanical failures can cause un(redicta/le effects on the total (rocesses. As there is minimum chance of direct customer to com(any interactions- customer loyalty is al4ays on a chec2. &here are many hac2ers 4ho loo2 for o((ortunities- and thus an ecommerce site- ser+ice- (ayment 3ate4aysC all are al4ays (rone to attac2. 12 (eference$: ,as3u(ta- Su/hasish- ,e+raHA3ra4al- Anthony *oannidis and Shanthi>o(al2rishnan ;1'''<. ,eterminants of *nformation &echnolo3y Ado(tionB An E5tension of E5istin3 Models to Firms in a ,e+elo(in3 :ountry. !ournal of Global Information Management- ;"ulyD Se(tem/er<- 3D%. 21 | P a g e ,hola2ia- =u/y =oy- "ean L. "ohnson- Al/ert ". ,ella Bitta and #i2hilesh,hola2ia ;1''3<. ,ecision-ma2in3 &ime in 7r3ani8ational Buyin3 Beha+iorB An *n+esti3ation of *ts Antecedents. !ournal of the "cademy of Marketing Science- 21;%<- 2!1D2'2. >hosh- Shi2har ;1''!<. Ma2in3 the Business Sense of the *nternet. #arard Business $eie%- A$;2<- 12$D135. Hill- &.- #. ,. Smith and M. F. Mann ;1'!A<. =ole of Efficacy E5(ectations in ?redictin3 the ,ecision to )se Ad+anced &echnolo3iesB &he :ase of :om(uters. !ournal of "pplied &sychology- A2- 3AD313. */rahim- A. B. ;1''3<- Strate3y &y(e and Small Firm9s ?erformanceB An Em(irical *n+esti3ation. !ournal of Small Business Strategy- %;1<- 13D22. Lefe/+re- Nlisa/eth and Louis A. Lefe/+re ;1''$<. Factors Affectin3 Ado(tion in *nformation and &elecommunication &echnolo3iesB &he *m(act of &heir Ado(tion on Small and Medium-si8ed Enter(rises- *,=:- A+aila/le atB htt(BKK444.idrc.caK/oo2sKfocusK!A La((ala- S O >ray- :- 2$- *m(act of E-:ommerce on :onsumers and Small Firms- Ash3ate ?u/lishin3 =ead moreB :om(etiti+e Ad+anta3e - ,ell- Business- E/ay- and Site htt(BKKecommerce.hosti(.infoK(a3esK23$K:om(etiti+e-Ad+anta3e.htmlPi5882=feF2H ;online edition< *m(ortance of Ecommerce for Business-May 2A- 21-4ritten /y admin http:FF/log.hal5ai&ain'o&.!o.Fe!o..er!eFi.portan!e-o'- e!o..er!e-'or-/uineF ;online edition< Meena Ba8ar launches e-ser+ice- Monday- A(ril 2- 213- #e4 A3e-htt(BKKne4a3e/d.comKdetail.(h(QdateR212-%-2OnidR5'1!P.)S+cLrc%4 ;online edition< Ad+anta3es and ,isad+anta3es of e-commerce- A(ril 2A-213htt(BKK444.manHeetss.comKarticlesKad+anta3esdisad+anta3esecommerce.html &he Ad+anta3e and ,isad+anta3es of e-coomerce- A(ril 2!- 213 htt(BKK444.esalestrac2.comK/lo3K2!K'Kad+anta3es-and-disad+anta3es-of.html 22 | P a g e 2# | P a g e