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Acute Bronchitis
What Is It?
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Expected Duration
Prevention
Treatment
When To Call A Professional
Prognosis
Additional Info
What Is It?
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, the hollow air passages
that connect the lungs to the windpipe (trachea). The inflammation can be caused by an
infection or by other factors that irritate the airways, such as cigarette smoking, allergies and
exposure to fumes from some chemicals.
Acute bronchitis caused by an infection usually starts with an upper respiratory illness, such as
the common cold or flu (influenza), that spreads from your nose and throat down into the
airways. Acute bronchitis does not affect the lungs like pneumonia does. Pneumonia shows up
on a chest X-ray, but acute bronchitis usually does not.
Most cases of acute bronchitis are caused by viruses, although the condition also can be caused
by bacteria.
Symptoms
The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a cough. The cough can be dry or it can produce
sputum, the mucus-like substance brought up from the lungs. The sputum may be clear,
cloudy, brown, yellow or greenish. Other symptoms can include wheezing, chest tightness or
pain, shortness of breath, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever and tiredness.
Diagnosis
To diagnose acute bronchitis, your health care provider will ask about your medical history,
especially whether you recently have had an upper respiratory infection. Your doctor also will
listen to your chest with a stethoscope to try to detect sounds of wheezing and airways clogged
with mucous. The level of oxygen in your blood may be tested using a small device that closes
gently over a finger. If your health care provider hears any suspicious lung sounds during the
physical examination, or if your oxygen level is lower than normal, he or she may order a chest
X-ray to check for pneumonia.
Expected Duration
Most cases of acute bronchitis go away without treatment within five days, although coughing
usually lasts seven to 10 days. In some cases, coughing continues for weeks or even months
after the infection is gone because the bronchial linings are still irritated and may become
narrow, as in asthma. Inhalers can help to treat the cough in these cases. When bronchitis
comes back frequently or occurs most days of a month for at least three months of a year for
two years, it is called chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis occurs most often in current and
former smokers.
Prevention
There is no way to prevent all cases of acute bronchitis. However, the risk of bronchitis and
complications can be reduced by not smoking and by getting flu shots to reduce the risk of
getting the flu, which can lead to acute bronchitis.
Treatment
Most cases of acute bronchitis do not require medical treatment. People diagnosed with acute
bronchitis will be told to rest and drink plenty of fluids to keep the mucus thin, watery and easy
to cough up. Warm, moist air also can loosen sputum and make coughing and breathing easier.
Because of that, many physicians recommend at least one of the following for people with
bronchitis:
Using a vaporizer or humidifier
Standing in or near a hot shower
Drinking hot tea or soup
Breathing in the steam from a sink or pot filled with hot water. You can catch more of the
steam by tenting a towel over your head while bending over the water. For safety reasons,
do not breathe from a pot of boiling water that is still on the stove.
If you have a fever, most physicians will recommend taking aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and
others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) to reduce fever. However, aspirin should not be given to
children under age 19 to avoid the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious, potentially fatal
illness that can occur when a child with a fever takes aspirin.
People who smoke should avoid smoking during the illness to reduce irritation to the airways.
If bronchitis is caused by a bacterial infection and doesn't get better on its own, an antibiotic
may be prescribed. Antibiotics will be given only when there is a strong suspicion that the
bronchitis is caused by a bacterial infection. That's because of rising concerns about antibiotic
resistance, in which bacteria evolve in ways that allow them to survive antibiotics. This problem
is increasing and is caused, in part, by antibiotics being used incorrectly and when they are not
needed.
In some cases, doctors may prescribe a bronchodilator, an inhaled medication that helps the
airways to open. These are the same medications used by some people with asthma to ease
breathing during an asthma attack.
When To Call A Professional
Make an appointment with your health care provider if a mild cough gets worse after a week or
if you have a cough that produces thick, bloody, foul-smelling or green-colored phlegm. You
should call your doctor if:
Your breathing becomes difficult or painful.
You notice new wheezing or have worsening asthma symptoms.
You have a high fever that does not come down after taking a fever-relieving medication,
such as acetaminophen or aspirin.
If a fever lasts more than three days.
Any time you have chest pain, you should call your doctor for advice. Chest pain can come from
the heart as well as the lungs.
People at high risk of complications from acute bronchitis such as infants, the elderly or
people with chronic lung or heart disease should call a physician at the first signs of
bronchitis.
Symptoms of acute bronchitis are often similar to symptoms of mild asthma. People who have
frequent bouts of acute bronchitis should make an appointment with a physician to see if they
might have undiagnosed asthma.
Prognosis
In an average, healthy person, acute bronchitis typically clears up quickly on its own or with
antibiotic treatment. Some people, including the elderly, infants, smokers or people with heart
or lung disorders, are at higher risk of developing complications from acute bronchitis.
Additional Info
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
6701 Rockledge Drive
P.O. Box 30105
Bethesda, MD 20824-0105
Phone: (301) 592-8573
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
Phone: (212) 315-8700
Toll-Free: (800) 586-4872
http://www.lung.org/http://www.lung.org
Medical content reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School. Copyright by Harvard University. All
rights reserved. Used with permission of StayWell.
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