Hardware

Hardware components of the computer consists of all the electronic components

and electromechanical devices that comprise the physical devices of computer.
The hardware of computer is divided into four major parts:-

1) Central Processing unit(CPU):- It contain an arithmetic and logic unit for
manipulating data, a number of registered for storing data, and control unit for
fetching and executing instructions.

2) Memory:- It contain data and instruction before execution and after
execution. It is call random access memory because CPU can access any
location randomly without effecting the other location.

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Hardware
3) Input Output Processor(IOP):- It contain electronic circuit for communication
and controlling the transfer of information and the outside devices like input
output devices.

4) Input Output devices:- They are use to give information to the computer and
display output like keyboard, printer, visual display unit(VDU).


Block Diagram Of Digital Computer
Logic Gate:- All the data in computer is represent in binary form i.e 0 and 1.All
the computer components like RAM, ALU, CU and registered are made of Gate.
There are different type of gate which perform different function e.g AND gated,
OR gate NOT Gate, etc. Therefore we can say that logic gate are the main
building block of digital computer.

Memory System: All the devices which are use to store information in computer
is call memory system. Data and instruction is store in memory before
processing i.e is before going to the CPU. In computer we use different type of
memory because some memory are volatile but fast but some are non volatile
but slow .To maintain the efficiency of computer we use different type of
memory Following are the hierarchy.


Memory Hierarchy

CPU Register:- They are small memory location which reside in CPU, They are
fast and small. They are generally use to store data and instruction temporarily.

Cache Memory:- It is a fast used between main memory and CPU. It is an
electronic memory. It is size is smaller than main memory.

Main Memory:- It is also an electronic memory. All the program before
execution is loaded in main memory. Main memory is consist of two parts

a) RAM(Random Access Memory):- It is read and write memory. It is consist of
flip-flop. It is volatile memory. There are diffenet type of Ram 1) SRAM 2) DRAM

b) ROM(Read only Memory):- It is non volatile memory. It store those program
which are essential to boot the program. It consist of combinational circuit.
There are different type of Rom Like PROM,EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory.

Secondary Memory:- Secondary Memory is a permanent storage device. It is
non volatile memory ,which can store data when there is no power. Secondary
storage are of two type i) Magnetic ii)Optical

Magnetic Memory:- Magnetic material is use to construct Magnetic memory. Eg
Magnetic disk, Magnetic tape, Floppy.

Optical Memory:- CD-ROM,WORM(Write once and read many),DVD(Digital video
disk)

HDD(Hard disc derive):- It is most commonly used secondary storage device. It
is made of magnetic material. It consist of number of platter. It use a Technique
called RAID(Random Array of independent disc or Random Array of inexpensive
disk). It has different level Which is use in different application.

BLU RAY
Optical disks share a major part among the secondary storage devices.Blu ray
Disc is a next .generation optical disc format. The technology utilizes a blue
laser diode operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Because
it uses a blue laser it can store enormous more amounts of data on it than was
ever possible. Data is stored on Blu .Ray disks in the form of tiny ridges on the
surface of an opaque 1.1 .millimetre .thick substrate. This lies beneath a
transparent 0.1mm protective layer. With the help of Blu .ray recording devices it
is possible to record up to 2.5 hours of very high quality audio and video on a
single BD.
Blu ray also promises some added security, making ways for copyright
protections. Blu .ray discs can have a unique ID written on them to have
copyright protection I nside the recorded streams. Blu .ray disc takes the DVD
technology one step further, just by using a laser with a nice color.

Pen derive:- A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the
circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected
inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on
a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable
Comment
cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be
damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB
connection allowing plugging into a port on a personal computer, but drives for
other interfaces also exist.

USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some
devices combine the functionality of a digital audio player with USB flash
storage; they require a battery only when used to play music.
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