abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Wells Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Technology Increase in production rates and improve recovery from multiple zones is possible by drilling side laterals or separate drain holes (branches) from the primary wellbore. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Configurations Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilaterals Advantages Increased production from single well Accelerated production Reduction in surface well equipment & costs. Ease of monitoring wells. Future plug backs laid out, avoiding expensive future re-drills Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Applications Some of the key applications are: Tight reservoirs-Improving drainage architecture Improving efficiency of EOR Slot recovery Injection/Production from same well Complex drainage reservoirs-accessing discontinuous intervals. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Applications Heavy Oil Reservoirs Improving steam injection Increasing drainage cover in depleted and shallow reservoirs Mitigate water or gas breakthrough or conning in thin oil reservoirs Low permeability or naturally fractured Reservoirs Intersecting natural fractures If orientation is know, dual-opposed laterals optimize wellbore contact Satellite Fields Effective & economic means of producing outlaying reservoirs Producing from small reservoirs with limited volumes. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Applications Laminated Formations In a layered reservoir, several laterals can tap more pay. Varying lateral inclinations can drain multiple thin zones. Isolated reservoirs Tapping by-passed pay zones Compartmentalised Reservoirs due to low permeability or inefficient injection water sweep Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Well Planning Considerations Drilling methods Junction design Well control issues Drilling issues Milling problems Completion requirements Lateral requirements Abandonment Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Well Planning There are 3 main drilling techniques: Long Radius Medium radius Short Radius Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Well Planning Kick off methods A lateral can be kicked off using any of the methods: Open hole Cased hole Composite casing Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Kick off methods Open Hole kick-off Cement plug is first set in open hole where kick off position is desired. Disadvantages WOC takes a very long time Possible contamination of drilling fluid Must have a good cement job Low reliability in open hole. Advantages Simple and cheap No whip stock needed Suitable for vertical or deviated holes Lateral can be same size as parent hole Plug can be drilled out to access lower hole No overheads Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Kick off methods Cased Hole Kick off Window is first cut at the position where kick off is desired There after same procedure as open hole. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Kick off methods Whipstock kick off Metal shunt which when set will allow drilling or milling assembly to drill in direction required. Advantages Positive kick off and orientation at desired depth. Reduces total operational time and prevents problems with metal cuttings. Allows removal and re-entry of laterals. Disadvantages Additional cost of equipment and personal to run and set whipstock Additional time due to multiple trips Possible difficulties in retrieving whipstock. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Junction Design Junction is a point where multilaterals meet the mother bore. It provides isolation of lateral from main bore and formations. Allows re-entry into lateral. Junction design should consider Junction stability Location of target below junction Laterals placed in zones of similar pressures Casing size and completion design Life cycle well requirements. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Junction Classification Multilateral wells are characterized according to definitions established in the TAML (Technical Advancement of Multilaterals) Forum. These standards classify multilateral junctions as Level 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 based on the degree of mechanical complexity, connectivity and hydraulic isolation. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Junction Classification Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Level 2 The level 2 multi-lateral technology utilizes an open hole lateral from a cased wellbore. The level of complication raises slightly since a window milling operation is needed to open an exit from the casing when a lateral is needed above the casing shoe. Isolation of the entire wellbore is possible by use of a scab liner over the exit window in the main wellbore. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Level 3 The level 3 of multi-lateral is a liner insertion into the lateral. This requires re-entry of the lateral, but is usually done before the whipstock is removed. In this completion, the liner is not physically tied back to the main wellbore and no pressure isolation is possible without the scab liner or similar equipment Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Level 4 When pressure isolation is needed, a physical seal is required. The junction seal in a level 4 completion may be cement or one of a few mechanical specialty systems. The complexity and risk increases with this seal, but the isolation potential is vastly improved. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Level 5 Cased cemented main bore with un-cemented or cemented liner. Pressure integrity provided by additional completion equipment inside main well bore. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral Level 6 Cased cemented main bore with un-cemented or cemented liner. Pressure integrity provided by primary casing at lateral intersection without any additional completion equipment. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral drilling Old wells pre-installed windows and locator/orienting collars are not used a special packer incorporating a locator/orienting assembly must be set in the main casing, after orientation with a survey tool, A window is milled, before the lateral can be drilled. New wells, Windows can be installed with the main casing. Locator/orienting collars are installed below the windows, A whipstock, run on drill pipe, is then set in the locator/orienting collar, across the window, to divert drilling tools out through the window. Once a lateral has been has drilled directionally, it may be left open, a slotted uncemented liner or sand control screen installed, or a liner cemented in place. With cased laterals, the liner stub, protruding into the main casing, must then be milled out, and the whipstock milled out or retrieved. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral drilling-New wells 1. Install Junction at proposed depth, Orient window based on gyroscopic measurements and cement primary casing. 2. Drill out internal sleeve and cement. Set retrievable whipstock and multi positioning tool in profile below window section. Retrieve running tool. 3. Drill lateral borehole and remove drilling assembly .Reorient whipstock to drill opposing lateral. Retrieve whipstock and multipositioning tool. Clean out main wellbore 4. Set liner assembly, re-entry deployment tool. Run liner into lateral. Set liner setting tool in upper profile and lock liner tie back into pre-cut window. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral drilling-New wells 5. Release liner setting tool and lift inner cementing string. Cement liner using dual wiper plugs. Retrieve liner setting tool and inner cementing string. 6. Release multi positioning tool and retrieve re-entry deployment tool. 7. Complete the junction. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral drilling-Old wells 1. Attach Whipstock and selective landing tool to milling assembly. 2. Lock selective landing tool to correct profile to be milled. 3. Shear off whipstock and mill window through casing. Remove milling assembly and retrieve whipstock. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Multilateral drilling-Old wells 4. Clean out main wellbore. Set re-entry deployment tool and selective landing tool to divert drilling assembly and logging tools. Drill lateral borehole. 5. Install liner on drill pipe guided by RDT for bore hole stability and zonal isolation. Pump cement through drill pipe and liner to top of liner. Retrieve tools before cement hardens. 6. Retrieve RDT and selective landing tool. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Re-entry Most multilateral wells have then been equipped with conventional completions, with the packer, if used, above the upper lateral. Multilateral wells provide no possibility for re-entering laterals through the completion, and only very limited options even if the completion is pulled. Selective access to laterals, via coiled tubing, would increase the value of multilateral wells, by making possible selective stimulation, perforation, production logging, drilling deeper with coiled tubing and plugging of water-producing intervals. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Re-entry Multi-Lateral Re-Entry (MLR) system allows selective re-entry via the completion. This system employs an oriented MLR nipple, set across the window before running the completion. A through-tubing whipstock may then be set in the MLR nipple, on coiled tubing, to deflect subsequent coiled tubing runs into the lateral. Most multilateral completions do not allow more than one tubing string to be installed, making it necessary to commingle production from the different laterals. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Development Phase Horizontal Wells Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Wells Wells with an inclination angle of 90 degrees from the vertical Milestones in development 1950 Russians drilled 43 horizontal wells 1978 Esso, modern horizontal, Alberta 1979 Arco drilled to overcome high GOR 1979-83 ELF and Agip drill first horizontal well in Ropso Mane. 1989 265 drilled world wide 1990 1000 drilled world wide 1992 Over 2500 drilled world wide -75% in North America Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Well Applications Increased Formation Contact Tight formations or heavy oil. Reservoirs with thin beds. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Well Applications Reduction in water and gas coning Water and gas migrate into wellbore along with oil OWC risen into a cone shape around wellbore Resulting in choked off producing zone around wellbore. Horizontal wells have lower drawdown and discourages coning. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Well Applications Intersection of vertical Fractures Limestone & dolomite formations are brittle and numerous fractures. Fractures are vertical and difficult for a vertical well to intersect. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Wells Types Short Radius Medium Radius Long Radius Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Wells- Short Radius SRW (Short Radius Wells) Very high build up rate(60-150 degrees/100ft) Radius range 40-100ft Requires special articulated motors Advantages Enables sharp turns in reservoirs Both motor and drill pipe driven Laterals can be tied back by special liners Disadvantages Limited extension possible Poor directional control Special tools and equipment needed Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Wells- Medium Radius MRW (Medium Radius wells) Build up rate is 8-30 degrees/100ft Radius range of 200 to 700 ft Horizontal drain between 1000-3500ft Typically consists of build tangent and build- horizontal section. Two BHA might be required Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Horizontal Wells- Long Radius LRW (Long Radius wells) Build up rate of 2 to 6 degrees /100 ft Uses a common steerable system containing a bent sub and downhole motor. Two profiles Single build-up section terminating in horizontal section Build tangent and higher build lateral section. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Profile Design Considerations when designing horizontal wells : Target definition Single curve design Double curve design Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Profile Design Tangent Definition Target location Entry point into reservoir Length of horizontal drain Azimuth range of target Vertical depth Dip of target Tolerance in vertical depth & displacement Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Profile Design Single Curve Design Hole angle is built up from zero at KOP to 90 degrees at reservoir entry point. Build up tendencies of both formation and rotary steerable BHA should be known to avoid missing the target. If Build up rate is too low, well path will fall below target and vice versa. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Profile Design Double build curve design The problem :If build up rate is high, well path above reservoir and If build up rate is too low, well path below reservoir. The solution :Have a tangent section below initial build up curve and then build up to required angle when reaching reservoir. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Torque and Drag Friction between drill string and walls of the well Drag is produced when drill string is moving. Torque is produced when drill string is rotating. For optimum horizontal well profile and drill string components ,knowledge of Torque and drag is necessary. HWDP is run along the curved section of wellbore to counter act forces of bending and drag. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Torque and Drag Torque Horizontal section T h = OD x Wm x L where OD=Outside Diameter of tool joint, in 144 Wm=Avg buoyant weight of pipe, lb/ft L=Length of hole or pipe section, ft Straight sections of hole T =OD x Wm x L x f x Sin where =angle required and f=friction factor 24 Final build up section For WOB<0.33 X Wm x R where R=Build up radius ,ft T h = OD x Wm x R 144 For WOB>0.33 X Wm x R T h = OD x Wm x R + OD x WOB (WOB-0.33 x Wm x R) 144 144 Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Torque and Drag Drag Forces Develop during tripping operations Horizontal Section D h= 0.33 x Wm x L where D h =drag force in horizontal section Build up curve Fo =0.85 x Wm x R If Fo<0.85 Wm R, then Db= Wm x R 3 If Fo>0.85 Wm R, then Db= 0.69 Fo -0.25 Wm x R Straight sections of hole D =Wm x L x f x Sin Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Wells defined with ratio of Measured depth (MD) to True Vertical Depth (TVD)>2. Employs both directional and horizontal techniques . Current wells have achieved reach to TVD ratios >4. After initial build, most wells are drilled with constant sail angles(70 to 80 degrees) Factors dominating design are Torque & Drag Hole Cleaning Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells ER Projects typically break into Ultra Long ERD Very Shallow ERD Deepwater ERD Small rig ERD Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells (courtesy Schlumberger) Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Industry comparison of ERD Wells. Standard or Advanced Technology ? (courtesy Schlumberger) Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Available Technologies Casing Floatation Downhole adjustable Stabilizers Rotary Steerable Systems Mechanical Torque/Drag Reducers Hole condition monitoring systems Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Key Challenges : ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density) Shallow directional control Hole cleaning Applications Extending life of mature fields by kicking off from old wells Controlling environmental impact of drilling operations (Ex Wytch Farm) Allows access to reserves in environmentally sensitive areas. Permits satellite developments from existing platforms Increase in production Reduction in surface locations, completion components etc. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Benefits Economic access of reserves. Brings production forward Fewer pipelines and satellite production Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Limitations Excessive torque and drag Poor hole cleaning in long, high angle hole sections Buckling of casing or drill string. Running casing successfully to bottom Guiding wellbore accurately through pay zone Less than optimal directional control in complex reservoirs Wellbore instability Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Extended Reach Wells Future developments Low ECD Drilling fluids Push down and floating casing Under balanced drilling improves ROP Expandable Tubular Steerables Large scale 3-D Modelling and visualization. Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Drilling with Hydrostatic head of drilling fluid less than pressure of formation being drilled. Addition of air, nitrogen or natural gas to drilling fluid may create under balanced state. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Why Drill Under Balanced ? Reservoir Improvement Reduced formation damage Reduced stimulation requirements and costs Increased enhanced recovery Drilling Problems Losses Differential sticking ROP and BIT Life Reduced ECD in Long reach wells Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Advantages Increased ROP Decreased formation damage Eliminate differential sticking Reduction in risk of lost circulation Improved bit life Tight hole problems reduced Increase hole cleaning capability Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Disadvantages Wellbore stability and consolidation Increased drilling costs, depending upon system used Possible near wellbore mechanical damage String weight increased due to reduced buoyancy Possible excessive borehole erosion Increased torque and drag Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Rig Type Conventional Coil Tubing TTRD Hybrid design Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Fluid Systems Gaseous fluids Air Nitrogen Two phase fluids Mist Foam Gasified Liquid Artificial lift systems Annular Drill string injection Light liquids Low mud weight Glass beads Water Crude Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Fluid selection for UBD Operations- Compatibility with formation fluids Bore hole stability and hole cleaning Compatibility with formation System stability Degree of under balance required Corrosion and temperature Health and safety Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Gaseous fluids Initially air was used,but O2 with natural gas could cause an explosive mixture. Cryogenic Nitrogen requires larger logistics in terms of storage tanks Natural gas Characteristics of air drilling Faster ROP Longer Bit life Greater footage per bit Good cement job Better production Requires minimal water influx Relies on annular velocity to remove cuttings Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Mist Drilling Small amounts of fluids dispersed into gaseous environment. Generally used in areas where formation water is present Hole cleaning is more difficult, therefore used in special operations. Characteristics Relies on annular velocity to remove cuttings High volumes required (more than 30-40%) Pressure generally higher than dry air In correct GOR leads to slugging. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Foam Drilling Liquid and surfactant added to form foam for drilling. High carrying capacity and low density Foam is stable even once it returns to surface. Characteristics Stable foam reduces slugging tendencies Reduced pump rates Stable foam can withstand limited circulation stoppages without affecting cutting removal or ECD. Breaking down of foam needs to be addressed. Increased surface equipment needed Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Surface Equipment for UBD Drilling System Gas generation Equipment Well control Equipment Surface Separation Equipment Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Drilling System Coil tubing unit-Used when hole size <6-1/8 Jointed pipe-Used when hole size> 6-1/8 (courtesy lealtd) Abalt Solutions M u l t i l a t e r a l W e l l T e c h n o l o g y 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Under balanced Drilling Gas generation equipment Cryogenic N 2 Truck supplying nitrogen Nitrogen converter Natural gas Gas source Gas compressors Flow and Pressure regulators