Mechanics of Solids (VDB1063)

Stress and Strain

Lecturer: Dr. Montasir O. Ahmed


Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Civil Engineering Department
To predict normal and shear stresses in a member.
To analyze and design simple members subjected to axial load
and direct shear.
To determine the normal and shear strain in members.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LECTURE OUTLINES
Stress
Design of Simple Connections
Strain
Stress
The stress is defined as: the intensity of the internal force acting on specific plan
(area).
Normal Stress . Is the intensity of the force acting normal to
A.

= lim
A0

A


If the normal force/stress pulls on A, its referred to tensile
stress, whereas if it pushes on A it is called compressive
stress.
Shear Stress . Is the intensity of the force acting tangent to A.

= lim
A0

= lim
A0

A

The subscript notation z specifies the orientation of the area A and the x and y indicate the
axes along which each acts.
Stress
The average normal stress in an axially loaded bar, =

Units. In the international Standard system (SI), the magnitudes of both normal and shear
stress are specified in the basic units of newtons per square meter (N/m
2
). This unit is called
pascal (1 Pa= 1 N/m
2
)......and kilo, k (10
3
)/// mega, M(10
6
) /// giga, G (10
9
).
Stress
Section the member
perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis at the
point where the normal
stress is to be determined.
Draw the free body
diagram and apply the
equation of equilibrium
to obtain the internal force
P
Determine the cross-
sectional area at the
section and calculate
Procedure for predicting
Stress
Stress
The average shear stress,

Section the
member at the
point where the
average shear
stress is to be
determined.
Draw the free
body diagram and
apply the equation
of equilibrium to
obtain the shear
force V
Determine the
cross-sectional
area A and
calculate

Stress
Procedure for predicting
*The materials allowable stresses should be determined for design purpose.
F.S =

where
F.S = Factor of safety, which is selected based on experience OR obtained from
the appropriate design codes and engineering handbooks.
F
fail
= Failure load, which is found from experimental testing of materials.
F
allow
= Is the allowable load.

*The factor of safety can be expressed also as:
F.S =

OR F.S =

*In any of these equations, the F.S > 1.
Stress
Allowable Stresses
Design of Simple Connections
Equations =

and

can be used to analyze and design the simple connections or

mechanical elements.
If the member subjected to normal force at a section, its required area at the section is
determined from: =

If the section is subjected to an average shear force, its required area at the section is
determined from: =

Select the critical
section within the
member
Section the member
through the area
and draw the free
body diag. of the
segment.
The internal
resultant force is
determined using
the equation of
equilibrium.
Provide the
allowable stress is
known, determined
the required area by
using the previous
equations.
Design of Simple Connections
Design of Simple Connections
Strain
Normal strain: Is the change in length of a line per unit length.
Note: normal strain is a dimensionless quantity. For SI system, the basic unit for length is
meter (m). Ordinary for most engineering application strain () will be very small, so
measurement for strain is micrometers per meter (m/m), where 1m =10
-6
m. sometimes for
experimental work, stains is expressed as percent, e.g., 0.001 m/m = 0.1% . As an example, a
normal strain of 480(10
-6
) in./in., 480 m/m, or 0.048% OR simply 480 (480 micron)
Strain
s is the original length of AB along the
n axis
Strain
is the length of the deformed line A B,
therefore, the average normal strain (
avg
) can be
determined using the following equation:


avg
=

If (or
avg
) is positive the initial line will
elongate, whereas if is negative the line
contracts.
Strain
Shear strain : deformations not only cause line
segments to elongate or contract, but they also cause
them to change direction. If two line segments are
perpendicular to each other, then the change in angle
that occurs between them is referred to as shear
strain. This angle denoted by (gama) and is always
measured in radians (rad).
Strain
Shear strain can be calculated using the
following formula :
nt
= /2 -
If is smaller than /2, the shear strain is
positive. And if is larger than /2, the shear
strain is negative.
Strain
Small strain analysis: most engineering design involves applications for which only small
deformations are allowed and so the normal strain <<1. This assumption of small strain analysis
allows the calculations for normal strain to be simplified.
Strain
The intensity of the internal force at a point in the body is referred to as stress.
There are two types of stresses: normal stresses and shear stresses. This is depends upon the
orientation of the load with respect to the sectioned area.
Since there are many unknown factors that can influence the actual stress in a member, a
factor of safety is applied to obtain the allowable load the member can support.
There are two types of strains: normal strain (measure per unit length of the elongation or
contraction ) and shear strain (measure of the change of angle).
Most engineering materials undergo very small deformations ( 1).
Important Points in this Lecture
Tension and Compression Tests
The Stress-Strain Diagram
Hookes Law
Strain Energy
Poissons Ratio

Next Week / Class
Thank You