(Sort by chapter)

Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During
the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()'.
Ch. 1 Listenius connection with the Reformers
*+icolaus Listenius, a member o! the younger generation that ,oine# the e!ormation
at the %ni&ersity o! -ittenberg, gra#uate# as .aster o! Arts in '/3'.
(0
1e appears to
ha&e assiste# in the reorgani2ation o! the church an# school systems, since in he
same year o! '/33 that the -ittenberg church or#inance appeare#, his u#imenta
.usicae 3as publishe# by 4eorg hau. Appro&al 3as con!erre# upon the boo5 an#
its metho#s in the !ore3or# 3ritten by 6ohannes Bugenhagen. Listenius ma#e a
!urther contribution to the e!ormation as a schoolmaster at Sal23e#el, 3here he
re&ise# the church ceremonies in '/37 be!ore the e!ormation 3as legali2e# there
by the 8lector o! Bran#enburg. The u#imenta musicae, an# particularly its '/3)
re&ision also publishe# by hau, is no3 5no3n to ha&e reache# a total o! !orty*se&en
e#itions an# reprints, o! 3hich t3enty*nine appeare# be!ore '//9.
(/
:nly t3o
or#inances are 5no3m to ha&e prescribe# its use be!ore '//9, thus gi&ing no
in#ication o! its 3i#e propagation. Li5e hau;s 8nchiri#ion, the Listenius boo5
pro&i#e# #uos !or :ri#ryus as 3ell as !or Ambrosius -il!!lingse#er;s 8rotemata o!
'/73.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools
During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', <'*<=)
Ch. 4 Musica Poetica as Luthers delay wish in sacred music
*1o3e&er, that relati&ely little material about music 3as inclu#e# e&en in the
Bugenhagen or#inances is to be e>pecte#. Luther ha# establishe# his liturgy in his
?ormula .issae$ ('/=3) an# Deu#sche .esse$ ('/=7), retaining a large part o! the
pre*e!ormation repertoire. 8limination o! the cult o! saints brought the remo&al o! a
consi#erable portion o! the chant repertoire, but Luther recommen#e# the a##ition o!
musical materials in the singing o! &ernacular chorales by the entire congregation.
3<
Although he #ecree# that the use o! 4erman 3oul# bring the congregation into closer
participation in 3orship, Luther also inten#e# that Latin ser&ices shoul# continue
because o! the e#ucational bene!its a!!or#e# the schoolboys. A great part o! the pre*
e!ormation polyphonic repertoire 3as still usable, since all o! the sections o! the
:r#inary o! the .ass 3ere retaine#. There!ore, the or#inances usually mentione#
music only 3hen they re!erre# to those sections o! the liturgy 3hich 3ere altere# by
the ne3 "rotestant concepts.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the
Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o!
Toronto, '()', 79)
*The %ni&ersity o! -ittenberg 3as the i#eal place !or intellectual a#&enture an#
opposition to the papacy. @t 3as, a!ter all, a &ery young institution in the '/=9s. A!ter
only t3o #eca#es o! e>istence since its !oun#ing by ?re#eric5 the -ise in '/9=,
)
it
ha# no long tra#ition an# 3as less incline# to !ormal scholasticism. The in!luence o!
Luther;s i#eas 3ithin the theological !aculty 3on him many a#herents, inclu#ing
"hilipp .elanchthon an# 6ohannes Bugenhagen, 3ho 3or5e# !or the re!orm an#
rene3al o! the schools an# uni&ersities 3ith e&angelical 2eal. :n Luther;s suggestion
o! +o&ember ==, '/=7 to the ne3 elector, 6ohn the Stea#!ast, a &isitations committee
3as !orme# to con#uct a sur&ey o! Sa>on churches. Luther 3as appointe# #irector,
an# .elanchthon prepare# the @nstruction o! the @nspectors$ (%nterricht #er
Aisitatoren$) 3hich 3as publishe# on .arch ==, '/=<. .elanchthon, 3ho came to be
calle# "raeceptor 4ermaniae$, ha# alrea#y #ra3n up the school plan o! the St.
Aegi#ien School in '/=7
<
!or the council o! +Brnberg, t he !irst imperial to3n to
embrace "rotestantism. As a result o! the inspection, school or#inances 3ere
prepare#, 3ith .elanchthon;s plan !or the 8lectorate o! Sa>ony ('/=<)
(
stan#ing as
the mo#el. Although attache# to the re!orme# Church, the schools became the
responsibility o! secular authorities, the to3n councils, electors an# princes. The
e!ormation bro5e the primacy o! the priesthoo#.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3)
The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD
#iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', 0<*0()
*Together 3ith the rapi# political an# theological changes that occurre# #uring the
secon# an# thir# #eca#es o! the century, numerous or#inances appeare# o&er a
large area, many o! 3hich !ollo3e# .elanchthon;s mo#elC !or 1esse in '/3=,
'9
!or
Braunsch3eig in '/=< an# +aumberg in '/3) D<. The Braunsch3eig or#inance 3as
prepare# by Bugenhagen, 3ho 3as co*author 3ith Luther o! the or#ers !or the
-ittenberg Castle Church in '/=/, 3as "astor o! the "arish Church there, an# a
member o! the &isitations committee. 1is subseEuent or#inances re&eal the 3i#e
in!luence o! the e!ormationC 1amburg '/=(, LBbec5 '/3'. 4Fttingen '/ 3',
1ere!or# '/30, Bremen '/30, "omerania '/3/, Denmar5 '/3), +or3ay an#
Schles3ig*1olstein '/3) an# '/0=, Braunsch3eig*-ol!enbBttel '/03, 1il#esheim
'/00.
''
1o3 important Bugenhagen consi#ere# the tas5 o! the schools is in#icate# in
the LBbec5 church or#inance o! '/3', 3hich occupie# itsel! !irst 3ith the schools an#
teaching an# only a!ter3ar#s 3ith sacraments an# the ministry.
'=
1is or#inances
establishe# a &ery stable situation in liturgical practices o! +orth 4ermanyG. The
nee# !or or#er an# uni!ormity 3as !elt in other geographical areas. ?ollo3ing the
e>ample o! the Sa>on &isitations, the .argra&e o! Bran#enburg (Ansbach) an# the
city o! +Brnberg intro#uce# a &isitation into their respecti&e territories$.
'3
The result
3as that in '/33, the same year that a re&ise# -ittenberg or#inance appeare#,
'0
the
Bran#enburg*+Brnberg church or#inance carrie# the -ittenberg liturgy into a larger
area. The latter or#inance continue# to reappear in ne3 e#itions,
'/
an# 3as
propagate# by !urther or#inances in the -est an# South.
'7
@ts instructions 3ere
3i#ely #isseminate# by Aeit Dietrich, 3ho 3as Luther;s secretary in '/=) an#
became preacher at St. Sebal# in +Brnberg in '/3/.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3)
The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD
#iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', 0(*/9)
*Types o! Schools H Di&ersity
Despite the attempts by the -ittenberg re!ormers to establish uni!orm liturgical
practices, consi#erable #i&ersity persiste# in the churches 3ithin the large Lutheran
region. .ar5e# #i!!erences also e>iste# in &arious schools, #epen#ing upon the
attitu#es o! local church lea#ers an# temporal authorities, the si2e o! the to3n on
cities, an# the competence o! the teachers. Although there 3as such &ariety in the
types o! schools that SteinhIuser has !oun# nineteen #i!!erent names use# !or them
in the si>teenth century,
='
!our groups can be #istinguishe#C the uni&ersities, the
higher Latin schools, the lo3er Latin schools, an# the 4erman schools.$ (Belingham,
Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the
e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', /'*/=)
*The Latin schools 3ere #istinguishe# !rom the lo3est schools by their use o! Latin
as the language o! instruction, in preparation !or uni&ersity stu#ies. Thus, the schools
that taught the stu#ium particulare$ lea#ing to uni&ersity stu#ies (stu#ium generale$)
3ere sometimes calle# "arti5ularschulen$, at other times Tri&ialschulen$ because
they taught the tri&ium$ (grammar, #ialectic, rhetoric), 3hile the Eua#ri&ium$
(arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy) 3as usually reser&e# !or the !acultas
atrium liberalium$ o! the uni&ersity.
==
Since the e!ormation, the Lateinschulen$ 3ere
usually un#er the a#ministration o! the cities or to3ns, an# so 3ere also calle#
Sta#tschulen$ or atsschulen$. To !urther complicate matters, the #i&i#ing lines
bet3een the !our general types 3ere not sharp, especially 3ith regar# to sub,ect*
matter, since the teaching o! Eua#ri&ial$ uni&ersity sub,ects 3as o!ten anticipate# in
the upper Latin schools. :&erlapping in the three lo3er types o! schools 3as
!reEuently ma#e necessary by lac5 o! spaceC many o! the school or#inances in#icate
that the three school*types 3ere house# in the same buil#ing an# o!ten met together
in the same room.
The schools #i!!ere#, one !rom the other, e&en 3ithin the same city or to3n, but
certain general !eatures 3ere common to them all. :ne o! the reEuisitions in the
or#inances #ra3n up by Luther;s close associates 3as the call !or music as an
integral part o! the curriculum.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the
Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o!
Toronto, '()', /=*/3)
*.usic 3as not to be stu#ie# merely as a sub,ect o! 5no3le#ge, nor 3as it
necessarily a preparation !or some later pro!ession. Luther belie&e# that #aily
musical participation pro#uce# an ethical as 3ell as an e#ucational e!!ect. Since
music 3as place# in this e>alte# position by the re!ormer, he naturally 3ishe# to
control the !ormal musical e#ucation o! the youngC
.usican simper ama&i. @s, Eui tenet musicam, est bonae naturae. .an muss musicam necessario in
#er schulen behaltten.
=7
@ ha&e al3ays lo&e# music. 1e 3ho 5no3s music is o! goo# nature. .usic must necessarily be
maintaine# in the schools.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran
Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()',
/3*/0)
*6ohannes Bugenhagen state# the ob,ecti&es that shoul# be reache# in the musical
training o! chil#ren in the section Aan #en Cantoren in #en Scholen$ o! his '/=<
Braunsch3eig church or#inance. @n the course o! the passage Euote# belo3, he
re!ers to .elanchthon;s %nterricht #er Aisitatoren$ o! the same year.
De bey#en Cantoren in bey#en Scholen nach be&ehle &n#e 3illen Fres ectoris, schFlarbey# #ohn
gelic5 #en an#ern gesellen. Dar o&er sub#erge ampt, #at se allen 5yn#eren grFt &n#e 5leyne, gelert
&n#e &ngelert, singen laren (alse "hilippus .elanchthon in #em genome#en bo5e bescre&en he!t)
gemeynen sanc5 #B#esch &n#e latinisch, #ar to oc5 in !igurati&is, nicht alleyne na ge3Inheit, son#er
oc5 mit #er ti#t 5unstlic5, #at #e 5yn#ere leren &orstIn#e Aoces, Cla&es &n#e 3at mehr hFret to sul5er
.usica, #at so leren &aste singen &n#e renlic5 etc.
.e 3ert hyr 3ol stee#s &in#en gesellen, #e #em Cantor helpen singen, Tenor, Bass, Alt, so schal sic5
#e Cantor in ie3eli5er Schole anrichten eynne Cantor&e, #at he 5an singen in !igurati&is to etli5en
ti#en in #er 5er5en #ar syne Schole is, &n#e oc5 to ti#en in #en an#eren 5er5en. Aelichte eyn mal &m
#e soste 3e5ene, so #e pre#icators &n#e #at &olc5 in #en an#eren 5er5en sulc5s gerne 3illen hebben.
T3e cantica, e##er tom hFgesten #re in !igurati&is, &p eyn mal to singen, is genFch, ne&en #en
:rgelen, #at me #es nicht mo#e 3er#e, &n#e &ngeschic5et anrichte. -ente an#ere le#e latinisch
e##er #B#esch, nach gelegenheit #er ti#t, mFt me oc5 singen.
Dar to schal he er3elen #re e##er &ehr gu#e iungen, #e em #en sanc5 &aste 5onen hol#en, o&ers alle
an#ere iungen in Frem Caspele scholen mit singen, so etli5e &ngeschic5e#e stemmen hebben, #e 5an
me 3ol regeren #at se metich singen &n#e hFren na #en an#eren. Sus scholen in #er Schole alle
5yn#ere &n#e iungen singen leren.
=)
The t3o cantors in both schools are, upon the or#er o! their rector, to #o school3or5 JteachingK li5e the
other colleagues. .oreo&er, it is their special tas5 (as "hilipp .elanchthon #escribe# it in the abo&e*
name# boo5) that they teach all chil#ren, big an# small, 3hether traine# or not, to learn to sing
or#inary melo#ies in 4erman an# Latin, but also !igural music, not only accor#ing to custom Jby earLK
but also gra#ually arti!icially Jby sightLK, so that the chil#ren un#erstan# the solmi2ation syllables, pitch
names. An# 3hat else belongs to such music, so that they learn to sing !irmly an# clearly, etc.
:ne is probably al3ays going to !in# teachers 3ho 3ill help the cantor to sing Tenor, Bass, an# AltoM
thus shall the cantor institute in e&ery school a choir so that he can sing !igural music o!ten in the
church 3here its school is, an# also at other times in the other churches, perhaps once e&ery other JLK
3ee5, i! the preachers an# the congregations in the other churches 3ant this.
To sing t3o songs, or at the most three, in !igural music at one time besi#e the organ is enough, so
that one #oes not become tire# an# ma5e mista5es. -e may also sing any other songs in Latin or
4erman, accor#ing to the occasion Jthe church calen#arK.
?or this purpose, he shall chose three or !our goo# boys 3ho can hol# the melo#y !irmly, rather than
all the other boys in their chapel school, o! 3hich se&eral ha&e poor &oices. These, @ shoul# thin5, one
can a#&ise to sing along an# listen to the others. Thus all chil#ren an# youths are to learn to sing in
the school.
The &arious ob,ecti&es 3ere inten#e# to be inter#epen#ent. All chil#ren 3ere to learn
the musical ru#iments in or#er to be able to sing plainchant melo#ies (monophonic,
rhythmically !ree) in Latin an# 4erman, an# !igural music (polyphonic, mensural).
This training 3as e>pecte# to be a part o! the general e#ucation o! the boys. An
e>amination o! some o! the metho#s use# in attempting to reach this goal 3ill occupy
the !ollo3ing chapter. T3o other statements in the abo&e passage, in#icating that the
re!ormers ha# a larger purpose in training the boys in music, must be consi#ere#
!irstC that the stronger singers among the boys in the school shoul# !orm the soprano
part o! a choir that 3oul# sing in the church, an# that this choir coul# sing in other
neighbouring churches. Both statements 3ere presente# as solutions to the general
#ecline o! institutions that occurre# #uring the early e&ents o! the e!ormation.$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During
the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', /0*//)
*?+ 39C See Leo Schra#e, Choral .usic o! the Lutheran NOantorei; inC .usical
1eritage @@ ('(07), )9. The stan#ar# o! musical instruction at the Latin school in
-ittenberg ne&er approache# the pre*e!ormation stan#ar#s o! the Castle Church
chapelM in '/0=, Luther sent his son to the Torgau Latin school (at that time atten#e#
by ')9 boys) in or#er to stu#y music 3ith -alter. See Bus2in, op. cit., (3.$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During
the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', /))
*@t is 3orth recalling that the early e!ormation or#inances 3ere 3ritten by the
lea#ers o! a religious mo&ement 3ho 3ere concerne# 3ith the theological aspects o!
their re!orm. @t coul# har#ly be e>pecte# that their appreciation !or music e>ten#e# as
!ar as a technical un#erstan#ing o! musical composition or o! the metho#s to be use#
in teaching music to chil#ren. The music teachers themsel&es ma#e numerous
e>periments in metho#ology, an# their most e!!icacious metho#s 3ere mani!este# in
the teaching boo5s that appeare# 3ith increasing !reEuency !rom about t3enty years
a!ter the beginning o! the e!ormation. e!erences to ne3 teaching metho#s
appeare# only in those or#inances 3hich 3ere 3ritten or re&ise# a!ter the ne3
metho#s 3ere contri&e#. -hen Bugenhagen 3rote the Braunsch3eig church
or#inance in '/=<, the &isitations committee ha# ma#e only its !irst general
inspection an# !oun#, among other things, that music 3as lac5ing in the ser&ices o!
churches 3ithout a#,acent schools. Their solution 3as to ha&e the choir in the
church 3here its school is sing outsi#e its precincts 3hen other nearby churches
nee#e# music. Apart !rom naming general musical sub,ects to be taught in the
schools, the re!ormers le!t the #e&ising an# employment o! metho#s !or training the
chil#ren to the music teachers.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the
Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o!
Toronto, '()', /()
*?+ 37C At the time o! 3riting this section o! this #issertation, a stu#y o! the entire
literature on the 4erman Latin schools 3as being prepare# !or publication by Olaus
-ol!gang +iemFller in Cologne. Late in '(7(, his stu#y 3as publishe#M see Chapter @
abo&e, note '/.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin
Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', /()
*Aery rarely #i# instructions in Lutheran or#inances speci!y the style o! music to be
use#, although occasionally its character 3as reEuire# to be religious or else
chaste$
3(
The !ollo3ing passage is e>ceptional in that it also prescribe# the
composers 3hose 3or5s 3ere to be sungM e&en more remar5able is the appearance
o! 6osEuin;s name in '/<9C
Dessgleichen sollen #ie cantors ,e#er2eit in #er Oirche singen, 3as sie &on ihren "!arrherrn geheissen
3ar#en, #ero3egen #en #ie "!arrherren mitl ?leiss #arau! Achtung geben, un# erstlich &erscha!!en
sollen, #as in #er Oirche nicht ihre, #a sie Componisten seyn, o#er an#erer neuen angehen#en,
son#ern #erer alten un# #ieser Oimst 3oler!ahrnen an# !Brtre!!entlichen Componisten, als 6usEuini,
Clementis non "apae, :rlan#i un# #ergleichen 4esInge #esungen 3ar#en, !Brnemlich aber sich
#erer 4esInge enthalten, so au! Tant2mIaa H o#er Shan#*Lie#er*-eise nachcomponiret, son#ern es
also anstellen, 3asin #er Oirche gesungen, #ass es gra&e, harrlich, tap!!er sey, un# 2ur Christichen
An#acht #ie Leute reit2en mag.
09
Li5e3ise, the singers are al3ays to per!orm in the Church 3hat they are or#ere# by their rectors, on
3hose account then the rectors are to gi&e attention an# to maintain abo&e all, that in the church they
#o not sing their o3n music H shoul# they be composers themsel&es H or the music o! other beginning
composers, but that they sing the music o! the ol# an# e>cellent composers 3ho are 3ell e>perience#
in this art, such as 6osEuin, Clemens non "apa, :rlan#us, an# the li5e. "articularly are they to re!rain
!rom those songs that imitate #ance*li5e or shame!ul popular tunes, but it is there!ore prescribe# that
3hat is sung in the church be solemn, noble, an# gallant, an# may stimulate the people to Christian
#e&otion.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools
During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', 79*7')
*The or#inances may ha&e #i!!ere# in regulating the e>tent an# content o! musical
instruction, but there 3as general agreement about the time o! the music classesC
Die erste stun#e nach mittag teglich, sollen #ie 5in#er ynn #er musica geBbet 3ar#en,alle, 5lein un#
gros.
00
@n the !irst hour a!ter noon, #aily, the chil#ren are to be e>ercise# in music H all, large an# small.
This time 3as #esignate# by .elanchthon in his school or#inance !or the 8lectprate
o! Sa>ony in '/=<, but alrea#y in the '/=7 "lan o! Schools lately establishe# in
+Brnberg$ (atio Scholae, +orembergae nuper institutae$) he e>plaine#C
Bet et una hora in .usicen Euoti#ie collocan#a, Euia illam !acillime pueri #iscimus.
0/
There is also one hour to be spent on music e&ery #ay, since 3e leran it most easily 3hen 3e are
boys.
At Branumsch3eig in '/3/, &arious classes ,oine# together at the same time !or
instructionC
%bi #uo#ecima iterum con!lu>ere, canunt hymnum Aeni sancte spiritus. 1ic cantor utriEue classi
musicen tra#it.
07
-hen at the t3el!h hour they ha&e assemble# again, they sing the hymn Come 1oly Spirit. There
upon, the cantor teaches music to each class.
An# at 1amburg in '/3), the le&el 3as stipulate# at 3hich music 3as presente#C
1ora #uo#ecima musica #icata est, ubi con&enient pueri trium classium, scilicet tertiae, Euartae et
Euintae.
0)
At the t3el!th hour music is taught, 3hen the boys o! the three classes assembleM that is, the thir#,
!ourth an# !i!th.
@n "omerania, the type o! music to be stu#ie# 3as #escribe# in a '/73 or#inanceC
Die .usica Choralis un# ?iuralis muss mit #iesen Onaben !leissig getrieben 3ar#en, alle Tage um
23Fl! %hr.
0<
:lain chant an# !igural music must be assi#uously practice# 3ith these boys, e&ery #ay at t3el&e
o;cloc5.
* As in the Ducal schools o! Braunsch3eig in '/03C
De Cantor e##er #e Scholmester #e Onauen, nicht alleine in Cantu plano Chorali, so#ern oc5 in
!igurali, un#er3eisen un# 3ol oeuen schal.0(
The cantor or the schoolmaster o! the boys shall instruct an# in#ee# e>ercise them not only in
plainchant, but also in !igural music.
$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the
Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o!
Toronto, '()', 7=*73)
*?+ 0(C @bi#., 0). Some !urther re!erences to regular music classes at noon areC
Leisnig '/=(
(autenstrauch , 7/)
Torgau '/=( (@bi#.)
Allste#t '/33 (@bi#.)
Braunsch3eig, .artineum '/0< (Ool#e3ey @, (9)
Stettin '/0( (+iemFller, %ntersuchungen, (7)
Perbst '//( (Sannemann, 09, note 0()
-egleben '/70 (autenstrauch, )9, note =)
+Brnberg, St. Sebal# '/)/ (1eer3agen, '')
Sch5eu#it2 '/)< (autenstrauch, 7), note <)
Sa>on 8lectorate '/<9 (Aormbaum, @, =0/)
Brieg '/<' (@bi#., 39<)
-Brttemberg '/<= (@bi#., ''')
1alle '/<3 (autenstrauch, )=, note =)
Aschersleben '/<( (Aormbaum, @, 70/)$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools
During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', 73)
*As mentione# earlier, the three lo3er schools 3ere !reEuently house# in the
same buil#ingC the elementary 4erman school, the lo3er an# the upper Latin
schools. The school or#inances prescribe# musical instruction !or these three
general le&els, each o! 3hich coul# ha&e been sub#i&i#e# into classes.
+aturally, a comparison o! the earlier or#inances 3ith later ones re&eals that
the structure o! the schools became more comple>, 3ith the number o!
classes increasing !rom the basic three (in the 8lectorate o! Sa>ony '/=<, an#
-ittenberg '/33) to si> (in the +Brnberg St. Sebal# school, '//0)
//
or as
many as ten (at the 1o! Albertinum in '/0().
/7
4enerally, the #i&ision o! the
musical materials, the music per!orme#, an# the intention o! the &arious
teaching boo5s, correspon#e# to the ma,or three*!ol# !ormation o! the
e#ucational establishment prior the uni&ersity.
/)
$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan.
(Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation
"erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', 7/*77)
*Li5e the or#inance !or the 8lectorate o! Sa>ony in '/=<, the -ittenberg '/33
or#inance prescribe# a three!ol# #i&ision, in 3hich the classes !or music
instruction coul# be combine#C
Lateinisch Onaben Schuel
G
+ach mittag hora >i,, sobal# man in #ie Schuel 5hombt, soll man erstlich singen Aeni sancte
spiritus. Darnach soll #ie .usica #urch #en Cantor mit #er summa un# secun#a Classe
Eeubet 3ar#en, also #ass man gegen #en ?esten #ie gessnge obersinge, aber sonst in #er
3ochen, 3enn 3s muglich, #ass man nicht mit #em 5irchen gessang 2uthuen hat, soll man
Artem lernen. Die 3eil #ise singen, sollen #ie 8lementarii #urch #en Schulmeister &erhFrt
3ar#en.
/<
Latin Boys; School
G
A!ter noon, at the t3el!th hour, as soon as they come into the school,
They shoul# !irst sing Come 1oly Spirit. A!ter that, .usic is to be practice# by the cantor 3ith
the highest an# the secon# class so that they can sing o&er the melo#ies !or the ?eastsM but
at other times in the 3ee5, 3hen possible, 3hen they ha&e nothing to #o 3ith the church
song, they are to learn theory. -hile these are singing, the beginners are to be

interrogate#
by the schoolmaster.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the
Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity
o! Toronto, '()', 77)
*?+ /<C Aormbaum, op, cit., @, =<.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The
Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD
#iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', 77)
*Table @
School :r#inances that ecommen#e#
%se o! listenius; .usica
LBneberg, a!ter '/30
Sal23e#el, be!ore '/09
.Bhlhausen '//'
Annaberg '//)
-Brttemberg '//(
+euhal#ensleben '/7=
(class @)
"omerania '/73
1albersta#t '/70 (classes @D@@M in
@@@ 3ith ?aber)
"a#erborn '/7/
4erings3al#e '/7)
Soest '/7(
Berlin '/)0 (upper classes)
Dan2ig '/)0
+Brnberg, St. Sebal# '/)/
Stettin '/)7
.itt3ei#a '/)<
Berlin, 4raue Oioster '/)()9
(upper class)
-Brttemberg, Olosterschulen '/<=
4Frlit2 '/<0
Stettin '/<)
7(
$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools
During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', )=)
*?+ 7(C +iemFller, %ntersuchungen, Benut2ungs&er2eichnis$, )9(! lists
these to3ns an# #ates together 3ith the mo#ern reprints o! the or#inances.
+iemFller apparently o&erloo5e# his o3n re!erence to "a#erborn '/7/, on
page =)0.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran
Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o!
Toronto, '()', )=)
*The elation o! Some music Teachers to the e!ormation
@n or#er to comprehen# the nature o! musical instruction in the Latin schools,
the accounts pro&i#e# by the church an# school or#inances must be
supplemente# 3ith in!ormation about the numerous teachers 3ho 3ere
attracte# to the "rotestant !aith. Luther reEuire# one ability o! his teachersC
.an muss musicam necessario in #er schulen behaltten. 8in schulmeister muss singen
5Fnnen, sonst sehe ich ihn nicht an.
<'
.usic must necessarily be maintaine# in the schools. A schoolmaster must be able to sing,
other3ise @ 3ill ha&e nothing to #o 3ith him.
$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The
Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD
#iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', )7)
*?+ <'C -er5e, Tischre#en, -eimar e#ition, &olume A ('('(), +r. 7=0<M
#ate# December '), '/3< by ?e#erho!er, op. cit., '''3.$ (Belingham, Bruce
Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the
e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', )7)
*The pre*e!ormation teacher, o!ten calle# Nrector;, 3as usually both Nrector
scholae; an# Nrector chori;, an# 3as responsible !or music in the church
ser&ices as 3ell as teaching in the school. Because o! the greater
pe#agogical #eman#s place# upon the schools by the re!ormers, the rector
3as e>plicitly !ree# !rom all church #uties, an# those #uties became the sole
responsibility o! the cantor. The cantors in the "rotestant Latin schools, 3hose
origin can only partly be trace# bac5 to the !e3 pre*e!ormation Ncantors;$,
<=
3ere conseEuently teachers o! a special sub,ect. @n some larger schools, the
cantor stoo# in ran5 ne>t to the rector, an# his remuneration correspon#e# to
that position.
<3
The '/73 church or#inance !or "omerania assigne# to #uties
o! music instruction in the smaller schoolsC
1ier2u muss in grossen Schulen ein gutter geschicter Cantor sein. @n an#ern geringen
StI#ten mage s #er Schulmeister selbst thun o#er #urch seine 4esellen bestellen un# #iese
:r#nung halten, #ass 23een Tage in #er -oche #ie "raecepta .usices !leissig gelesenG
<0
?or this JmusicK, in the large schools there must be a goo#, capable cantor. @n other small
to3ns, the schoolmaster may #o it himsel! or assign it to his associates, an# he is to carry out
this or#erC that on t3o #ays in the 3ee5, the rules o! music are #iligently lecture#G.
$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools
During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', )))
*The result o! such teaching 3as that some teachers merely employe# boo5s
that 3ere alrea#y at han#, 3hile other more ambitious e#ucators gathere#
their materials !rom numerous boo5s an# a#apte# ol#er metho#s to the
reEuirements o! their particular schools. @n #oing so, they #e&elope# ne3
metho#s !or teaching music to classes that 3ere large in comparision 3ith the
si2e o! pre*e!ormation music classes. The ne3 boo5s 3hich 3ere inten#e#
!or use in the Latin schools ha# a purpose that #i!!ere# !un#amentally !rom
most pre*e!ormation treatises 3ritten !or uni&ersities or !or cathe#ral
schoolsC they 3ere #esigne# !or practical use, not !or philosophical
speculation, an# !or classroom instruction rather than pri&ate$ tutoring.$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools
During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', )<)
*Their authors, as music teachers, 3ere in #irect contact 3ith the schoolboys,
an# stoo# in close a!!iliation to the -ittenberg re!ormers.
The !irst music manual use# in the Lutheran schools 3as actually 3ritten
be!ore Luther bro5e 3ith the oman Church. @ts author, 4eorg hau,
<7
Luther;s ,unior by !i&e years, stu#ie# at the uni&ersities o! 8r!urt ('/9<) an#
-ittenberg ('/'=), an# gra#uate# !rom -ittenberg ('/'0) 3ith a Bachelor o!
Arts #egree. @n '/'<, he became assessor$ or instructor at the %ni&ersity o!
Leip2ig, an# at the same time, cantor at the St. Thomas church. @n this same
year,
<)
his 8nchiri#ion .usicae "lanae 3as printe#, !ollo3e# in '/=9 by a
secon# boo5 #ealing 3ith musica mensuralis. @n the inter&ening year,
ho3e&er, Luther hel# a #isputation at the St. Thomas church 3ith 6ohann c5M
Luther;s arguments impresse# the cantor, an# by '/=9
<<
hau ha# le!t Leip2ig
as a supporter o! the e!ormation. ?rom '/=9 to '/== he 3as a schoolmaster
at 8isleben an# 1il#burghausen, an# in '/=3 mo&e# to -ittenberg 3here he
establishe# the printing press
<(
that became one o! the most in!luential organs
o! the Lutheran church. hau too5 a lea#ing role in the a!!airs o! -ittenberg,
becoming a to3n councilor !rom '/0' to '/0<. The !act that ha3 ha# not
lost interest in musical per!ormance$, 3rites .att!el#,
(9
is borne out by the
!act that in '/0<, the year o! his #eath, ha3 un#ertoo5 the #irection o! the
electoral choir in Torgau a!ter -alther ha# le!t !or Dres#en$. At his #eath,
classes at the uni&ersity 3ere #ismisse# so that he stu#ents an# !aculty coul#
ta5e part in the !uneral ser&ices.
hau;s t3o little music &olumes 3ere boun# together un#er the title
8nchiri#ion AtriusEue .usicae "racticae. :r the .ensuralis boo5 3as
publishe# separately. They 3ent through numerous e#itions, although almost
all 3ere printe# by his o3n press.
('
Apart !rom the inclusion o! a #e#icatory
pre!ace to 6ohannes Bugenhagen in '/3' an# a monitory a##ress to the boys
o! the -ittenberg Latin school in '/37, only one alteration 3as ma#e in the
!ormat in or#er to a#apt the boo5s !or the boys H an# that alteration re!lects
the in!luence o! "hilipp .elanchthon (see belo3, p. '3=!). @n spite o! the
numerous printings, only one school or#inance is !oun# to ha&e
recommen#e# its use H an# that long a!ter its last printing H at :ster3iec5 in
'/70.
(=
.any o! hau;s #uo e>amples !oun# a !urther application, ho3e&er, in
the "racticae .usicae utriusEue praecepta ('//)) o! the DBssel#or!
schoolmaster, 6ohannes :ri#ryus.
(3
$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The
Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD
#iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', )<*<')
*The most 3i#ely circulate# o! 1ey#en;s many 3ritings
'9'
3ere the Leges
Scholasticae$, 3hich he compose# in t3enty*nine iambic &erses !or the
#iscipline o! his pupils. The three musical 3or5s H all #e#icate# to the
+Brnberg councilor an# pupil o! .elanchthon, 1ieronymus Baumgartner H #i#
not attain such popularity, but their contents re&eal the music stan#ar#s 3hich
1ey#en set at St. Sebal#. The tiny .usicae NStoicheiosis; o! '/3=, comprising
only t3enty*!i&e lea&es, !ollo3e# the pattern o! ol#er treatises in gi&ing !igural
e>amples solely !or the chaoter #ealing 3ith proportionsM an# in !act, all o! the
!our #uo e>amples 3ere borro3e# !rom the '/') .usice Actiue .icrologus o!
:rnithoparchus. 1ey#en re&ise# his teaching metho#s consi#erably in the
.usicae, i# est Artis Canen#i ('/3)), 3hich 3as printe# !i&e years a!ter his
!irst boo5.
'9=
1e e>plaine# to Baumgartner in his #e#ication the e>tent o! the
alteration (!ol. Ai,&)C
8go Eui#e ingQnue !ateor, illam, Eua tibi olim #e#icaui, minoerm !uisse, Euam tui +ominis
#ignitati conueniebat. AtEui ea ipsa causa !uit, cur illam sub incu#em reuocarem, penitus
rete>tam, in aliam plane, Euo# mihi ui#etur, multo absolutiorem !ormam re#igerem. A#eo, ut
no recognitam illam, se# penitus re!ormatam, aliamEue !actam nunc ui#eas.
@ in#ee# !reely con!ess that the N8lements; 3hich @ !ormerly #e#icate# to you 3as o! a lesser
5in# than suite# your #ignity. An# yet this 3as the &ery cause 3hich le# me to bring it bac5
onto the an&il, as it 3ere, an# re3ea&e it, so to spea5, an# ren#er it as @ thin5 into a !ar more
!inishe# !orm. +o3 you see it as something not easily recogni2e# but totally trans!orme# an#
ma#e into a #i!!erent 3or5.
The boo5, an# its e>pansion in '/09 3ith the title De Arte Canen#i, intro#uce#
the teaching principles o! .elanchthon to music e#ucation in +Brnberg.
-hether 1ey#en;s boo5s ha# a 3i#e circulation cannot be #etermine# on
#ocumentary e&i#ence aloneC there 3ere no re*issues, an# no or#inances
ha&e been !oun# that prescribe# their use.
'93
The many e>amples inclu#e# in
the t3o larger boo5s !oun# a !urther utili2ation especially in the t3o boo5s o!
1ey#en;s assistant at the St. Sebal# school.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3)
The Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$
"hD #iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', <3*<0)
*-hen 1einrich ?aber 3as enrolle# at the %ni&ersity o! -ittenberg in .ay,
'/0=, his birthplace 3as gi&en as Lichten!els.
'==
1e gra#uate# as .aster
atrium liberalium$ on ?ebruary 3, '/0/, but alrea#y at the pre&ious 8aster he
3as appointe# rector o! the school in the St. 4eorg monastery in +aumberg.
1is superior 3as the preceptor an# superinten#ent, +icolaus .e#ler, 3ho ha#
prepare# the or#inance that intro#uce# the e!ormation to the church in
'/3<.
'=3
A!ter .e#ler ha# mo&e# to Braunsch3eig as superinten#ent an#
inspector o! the school system there, ?aber 3as threatene# by the Catholic
mon5s o! the +aumberg cathe#ral an# appeale# to the 8lector, 6ohann
?rie#rich, !or protection.
'=0
.e#ler #re3 up the teaching plan !or the
Braunsch3eig schools in '/07 an# taught the combine# !irst classes o! the
.artineum, Catharineum an# Aegi#ianum schools that not together as the
Schola ma,or$ or "I#agogium$ in the BrB#ern*Oloster$. @n '/0), the name
o! 1einrich ?aber is encountere# !or the !irst time in Braunsch3eig as teacher
o! mathematics to this !irst class.
'=/
.e#ler;s '/0< school plan !or the St.
.artin school name# ?aber as rector, 3ho presi#e# o&er the !irst class
there.
'=7
Because ?aber #e#icate# his secon# music boo5 to the to3n council
o! +aumberg (#ate# Calen#is septembris Anno '/0($), it is assume# that he
returne# as cantor in the Sta#tschule$ in that year
'=)
but 3as #ri&en out this
time !or 3riting a poem that moc5e# the pope. The to3n council o! :lsnit2
appointe# him rector, an# he ga&e lectures on music at the -ittenberg
uni&ersity in '//'. At his #eath on ?ebruary =7, '//=, he may ha&e been no
more than thirty years o! age.
'=<$
(Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The
Bicinium in the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD
#iss., %ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', <(*(9)
*@n his #e#ication
'0(
to the A# .usicam "racticam @ntro#uctio, 1einrich ?aber
himsel! bore 3itness to the circulation o! this boo5 an# ga&e the reason !or its
publication (!ol.A
3
&
)C
Cum autem haec mea opera, EualiscunEM est, alliis probaretur, R in uicinas Euas#am scholas
recepta esset, amicorum Euorun#am seusu R autoritate, eam typis e>cu#i ob hanc causam
!acilius passus sum, ut pueri scriben#i onere leuati, iterim illu# tempus #iscen#is e>ercen#isE;
praecoptis impen#ant.
Since, ho3e&er, these labours o! mine, such as they are, are 3inning the appro&al o! others
an# ha&e been ta5en o&er by certain neighbouring schools as a result o! persuasion an#
in!luence on the part o! certain o! my !rien#s, @ ha&e permitte# it to be printe# in type in or#er
that the boys be !ree# !rom the bur#en o! 3riting it out, an# thus be able to use the time ma#e
a&ailable !or learning the rules an# putting them into practice.
Although ?aber #i# not name the neighbouring schools$ 3here his @ntro#uctio
3as use# in manuscript, e&i#ence e>ists o! its use in Braunsch3eig an# 1o! in
'/0<'/9 an# in +aumberg in '/0(.
'/'
%pon publication in '//9, it stoo# in
print as an e>pansion o! the Compon#iolum.
'/=
Later or#inances prescribe#
the use o! the t3o boo5s at Chemnit2 an# 1alle,
'/3
an# perhaps ?aber use#
both at Slsnit2.
'/0
@nten#e# !or upper classes, the @ntro#uctio 3as not as
3i#ely circulate# as the earlier han#boo5.
'//
The secon# part o! this boo5 has
been !oun# in manuscript together 3ith a thir# boo5 un#er the collecti&e title
Secun#a pars .usicae practicae .agistri 1einrici ?abri an# #ate#
Brunsch3eig, August '/0<.
'/7
The .usica poetica 3as inten#e# by ?aber as a
!inal step in his pe#agogical system, !or he entere# there into the teaching o!
musical compositionC !rom the metho#ical instruction in the .usica poetica,
3e obtain a picture o! the pro!essional teaching o! composition in the '7
th
century, an# become acEuainte# 3ith the 5no3le#ge that 3as imparte# to a
cantor !or his pro!ession$.
'/)
$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in
the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss.,
%ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', ()*(<)
*?+ '/)C Albrecht, ?aber$, '7<) (Aus #en Anleitungen in #er musica poetica
ge3innen 3ire ein Bil# &on #er han#3er5smIssigen Oompos.*Lehre #es '7.
6h. %n# lernen #as Bst2eug 5ennen, #as einem Oantor !Br seinen Beru!
mitgegeben 3ur#e$. ?aber;s last boo5 3as the sub,ect o! a #issertation at
?rieburg im Breisgau ('(77) by Christoph Strou>C Die .usica poetica #es
.agister 1einrich ?aber$.$ (Belingham, Bruce Allan. (Ch.3) The Bicinium in
the Lutheran Latin Schools During the e!ormation "erio#.$ "hD #iss.,
%ni&ersity o! Toronto, '()', (<)