TechInfo PDF

Technical
Information
Technical Information
For pricing and additional product information, contact your local SESCO Sales Office listed on cover.
Basic Definition
VOLT
A measure of electrical pressure - The
higher the potential difference the greater
the pressure (flow) of electricity - Potiantial
difference is the higher negative electrons
over positive electrons.
AMP
A measurement of electrical flow - The
rate at which the electricity passes through
a conductor (wire).
ARMATURE
amp of current at one volt of potential

change.
A coil of wire that rotates around a magnet. As it rotates current is induced into
the wire.
KILOWATT
One thousand watts.
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)
TORQUE
Current that charges direction with each

1/2 turn of the Armature - The natural
product of rotating a wire loop with a magnetic field.
The form of mechanical energy generated

by a rotating shaft or wheel (Waterwheel,
windmill or electric motor).
FT.-POUNDS OF TORQUE
OHMS
One FT. pound of torque is equivalent to

one pound of force applied to a wheel one
foot from the center of rotation.
CYCLE
DC
HERTZ
One horse lifting 100 pounds 5.5 feet in

one second Equals 1HP - Lifting 100 lbs.
11.0 feet in one sec. = 2HP.
Direct Current - when the direction of

current remains constant as in a battery.
One cycle per second.
PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT
WATT
Created by generators but pulsates with

each rotation of the shaft.
The current in one coil will always be equal

to the opposite of the current in the other
two coils.
Measurement of resistance - The longer the

conductor the greater the resistance - The
wider the conductor the less resistance.
HORSE POWER
The amount of energy expanded by one
Ohms Law
Let:
1
Ampere
Volt
Ohm
746 watts
33000 ft-lbs/min.
2545 heat-units/hr., BTU
2.64 lbs. water evaporated
1 ft-lb - raising one pound one foot.
1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) = heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water one degree Fahrenheit.
Watt
unit of current
strength or rate of flow.
unit of electromotive
force or electric pressure.
unit of resistance to flow
of current.
unit of power.
Electrical Formula for Determining Amperes,

Horsepower, Kilowatts and Kilovolt-Amperes
Alternating Current
Single Phase
E
R
1000W
Let P.F.
E = IR
=
Kw =
R=
E
I
W = IE = E = 12 R
R
Kva
2 x E x I x P.F.
1000
Kw =
E x I x P.F.
1000
IxEx2
1000
Horsepower Output
I x E x %Eff. x P.F.
746
I x E x 2 x %Eff. x P.F.
746
Amperes When HP is Known
Power Factor.
Kw =
I x E x 2 x P.F.
1000
IxE
1000
1 Kw or kilowatt; this is the usual unit of

measure of electric power. 1 Kw hr. is the
work done by one Kw in one hour.
For alternating current circuits, the following rules are useful for finding the power of
polyphase circuit.
1.73 x E x I x P.F.
1000
Two-Phase, 4 Wire
Kilowatts
I x E X P.F.
1000
Then:
I =
THREE PHASE SYSTEM
1 HP =
For Direct or Single Phase Non-Inductive

Alternating Current
A matched pair of up & down curves

reflecting one rotation of the armature.
HP x 746
E x %Eff. x P.F.
(3-phase AC)
HP x 746
2 x E x %Eff. P.F.
Amperes When Kw is Known

Kw x 1000
E x P.F.
(2-phase AC)
Kw x 1000
2 x E x P.F.
Amperes When Kva is Known

Kva x 1000
E
(1-phase AC)
587
Kva x 1000
2xE
AC 3-Phase
I x E x 1.73 x P.F.
1000
IxE
1000
Kva
I x E x 1.73
1000
...........
Horsepower Output
I x E x 1.73%Eff. x P.F.
746
I x E x 2 x %Eff.
746
Amperes When HP is Known

HP x 746
1.73 x E x %Eff. x P.F.
1 Watt/
Sq. In. =
8.9 heat-units/sq.ft/min.
6371 ft-lbs/sq. ft/min.
.193 HP/sq. ft.
7.233 ft. lbs.
1 Kg
Meter =
.00000365 HP hr.
.00000272 Kw hr.
.0093 heat-units
1 Lb.
Water
Evap.
from & at
212F=
.283 Kw hr.
.379 HP hr.
965.7 heat-units
103900 kgm
1019000 joules
751300 ft-lbs.
.0664 lb. of carbon oxidized
1 Heat
unit =
1055 watt seconds

778 ft-lbs.
107.6 kgm meters
.000293 Kw hrs.
.000393 HP hrs.
.0000688 lb. carbon oxidized
.001036 lbs. water evaporated
from and at 212F.
1 Heatunit/Sq.
Ft./Min.=
.122 watt/sq. in.

.0176 Kw/sq. ft.
.0236 HP/sq. ft.
DC
Kilowatts
HP x 746
E x %Eff.
Amperes When Kw is Known

Kw x 1000
1.73 x E x P.F.
Kw x 1000
E
Amperes When Kva is Known

Kva x 1000
-----1.73 x E
* In three-wire, two-phase circuits the current in the common
conductor is 1.41 times that in either other conductor.
Note: E=Volts; 1=Amperes; %Eff.=Percent Efficiency; P.F.=Power Factory.
Wiring Formula
Ohms law is practically the basis for the various formulae in general use
for determining the proper size of wire to use to carry various currents.
It is essential to know the amount of current expressed in amperes, the
distance, and to decide upon the loss to allow in transmission; the best
rule is as follows:
The cross section (CM) of the necessary wire is found by multiplying
twice the distance one way (2D) by the amount of current expressed in
amperes (C) and this by the resistance of one mil-foot (10.7) and dividing
by the loss in transmission expressed in volts (v), or
Equivalent Values
In Different Units
1 HP =
1 HP
Hour =
1 Kw =
746 watts
.746 Kw
33000 ft-lbs/min.
550 ft-lbs/sec.
3545 heat-units/hr.
42.4 heat-units/min.
.707 heat-units/sec.
.175 lbs. carbon oxidized/hr.
2.64 lbs. water evaporated hr.
from and at 212F.
CM =
2D x C x 10.7
v
CM = D x C x 21.4
v
or
Comparison of Methods of Starting Squirrel-Cage

Induction Motors
746 watts
1980000 ft-lbs.
2545 heat-units
273740 kgm
.175 lb. carbon oxidized with
perfect efficiency
from and at 212F.
17.0 lbs. water raised from
62 to 212F.
Starter
Type
Full Voltage
AutotransformerPrimary
reactor-
80pc tap
65pc tap
50pc tap
80pc tap
65pc tap
50pc tap
Primary-resistor typical rating
Part-winding
Low speed motors (1/2-1/2)
High speed motors (1/2-1/2)
High speed motors (2/3-1/3)
Wye start-delta run
1000 watts
1.34 HP
2654200 ft-lbs/hr.
44240 ft-lbs/min.
737.3 ft-lbs/sec.
3412 heat-units/hr.
56.9 heat-units/min.
.948 heat-units/sec.
.2275 lb. carbon oxidized/hr.
from and at 212F.
% Full Voltage Value

Voltage
Motor
at
Line
Output
Motor Current
Torque
100
100
100
80
65
50
69
47
30
64(60)
42(35)
25(20)
80
65
50
80
80
65
50
80
64(60)
42(35)
25(20)
64(60)
100
100
100
100
50
70
65
33
50
50
42
33(27)
Note: The nominal torque values given neglect the effects of motor saturation. Actual torque ratios may be more on the order of the values
shown in parentheses, and it is advisable to review the actual reduced
voltage starting characteristics with the motor manufacturer.
588
NEMA Code Letters for Locked Rotor KVA

(Alternating-Current Motors)
NEMA
Code
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
NEMA
Code
L
M
N
P
R
S
T
U
V
KVA/HP
0 - 3.15
3.15 - 3.55
3.55 - 4.0
4.0 - 4.5
4.5 - 5.0
5.0 - 5.6
5.6 - 6.3
6.3 - 7.1
7.1 - 8.0
8.0 - 9.0
Motor Application Formulas

Power Transmission by Shaft
Hp =[Torque (in lb-ft) x rpm] 5250
KVA/HP
9.0 - 10.0
10.0 - 11.2
11.2 - 12.5
12.5 - 14.0
14.0 - 16.0
16.0 - 18.0
18.0 - 20.0
20.0 - 22.4
22.4 - +
Power to Drive Pumps
Gal. per min. x Sp. Gr. x total head (inc. friction)

Hp =
pipe length (ft.) x [velocity of flow (fps)]2 x 0.002

5,367 x diameter (in.)
DC Generator Connection (NEMA)
Eff = Approximately 0.50 to 0.85

Sp. Gr. = Specific gravity of Liquid
F2
F1
3,960 x eff. of pump
Where Approx. Friction head (ft.) =
SHUNT
FIELD
RHEO
Power to Drive Fans
Cu. ft. gas per min. x water gage pressure (in.)

COMP
FIELD
Hp =
SERIES
COMM
FIELD
6.350 x Eff.
The volume of gas delivered by a fan varies directly as the fan speed.
C
A2
The pressure produced by a fan varies as the square of the fan speed and
directly as the density of the gas handled.The horsepower of a fan varies
as the cube of the fan speed and directly as the density of the gas handled.
S1
S2
= (EQUALIZER IF USED)
A1
Compound Generator-Clockwise Rotation Facing End Opposite Drive,

Counterclockwise Rotation Facing Drive End
F2
Equivalent WyeDelta Networks
SHUNT
FIELD
K1 = A + B + C
K2 = ab + bc + ac
RHEO
F1
COMP
FIELD
COMM
FIELD
SERIES
FIELD
C
a
A1
S1
S2
= (EQUALIZER IF USED)
A2
Note: Interchange S1 and S2 for differentially compounded generator (voltage

decreasing with load).
DC Motor Connections (NEMA)
RHEO
b=
AC
K
1
B = Kb
c=
AB
K
1
C = Kc
Power Factor Correction:
COMP
FIELD
COMM
FIELD
A1
When power factor correction capacitors are used, the total corrective
kvar placed on the load side of the motor controller should not exceed
the value required to raise the no-load power factor of the motor to
unity. Corrective kvar in excess of this value may cause overexcitation
resulting in high transient voltages, currents and torques that can increase
safety hazards to personnel and can cause possible damage to the motor
or to the driven equipment.
The use of capacitors for power factor correction, switched at the motor
terminals, is not recommended for elevator motors, multi-speed motors,
motors used on plugging or jogging applications, motors subject to high
speed bus transfer, and motors used with open transition, wye-delta or
auto-transformer starting. For such applications the motor manufacturer
should be consulted before installing power factor corrective capacitors
switched at the motor terminals.
Recommended Maximum Capacitor Rating When Capacitor and Motor
Are Switched as a Unit.
For Dripproof and Splashproof Enclosures; 230, 460, and 575 Volts, 3Phase, 60 Hertz: General Electric Type K (NEMA Design B) Only. Normal
Starting Torque and Current.
SERIES
FIELD
A2
S2
S1
F2
Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motor-Counterclockwise Rotation Facing

End Opposite Drive, Clockwise Rotation Facing Drive End
RHEO
A = Ka
Power factor is defined as the cos in the equation Pav=Vrmslrms cos ,

where the the average power (Pav) is given in terms of root mean square
voltage (V), current (I), and the phase angle between them.
SHUNT
FIELD
SHUNT
FIELD
COMP
FIELD
A2
Power Factor Improvement of Induction Motor

Loads
These connection diagrams show all leads from the armature, the shunt
field and the series (or stabilizing) field brought out of the machine.The
dotted connections may be made inside the machine or outside the
machine as conditions require.
F1
BC
K
1
Compound Generator-Clockwise Rotation Facing End Opposite Drive,

Counterclockwise Rotation Facing Drive End
F1
a=
SERIES
FIELD
COMM
FIELD
A1
S1
S2
F2
Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motor-Clockwise Rotation Facing End

Opposite Drive, Counterclockwise Rotation Facing Drive End
Source: ANSI/NEMA Standards for Motors and Generators. (1980).
589
Nominal Motor Speed in Rpm & Number of Poles
Capacitor Multipliers for Kilowatt Load
Induction Motor
3600
1800
1200
900
720
600
Horsepower
2
4
6
8
10
12
Rating
KVAR KVAR KVAR KVAR KVAR KVAR
2
1 .5
2
3
3
1.5
2
3
3
4
5
2
2
3
4
4
5
7.5
3
3
4
5
7 .5
10
10
3
4
4
5
7 .5
10
15
3
5
5
7 .5
7 .5
10
20
4
5
5
7 .5 10
15
25
5
7 .5
7 .5 10
10
20
30
7 .5
7 .5
7 .5 10
15
25
40
7 .5 15
15
15
20
30
50
10
15
15
25
20
35
60
15
15
20
25
30
45
75
15
15
20
25
35
40
100
15
25
30
30
40
45
125
25
30
35
40
45
50
150
30
30
40
50
50
60
200
30
40
40
70
70
90
250
40
50
60
85
90
100
300
50
75
75
95
100
110
350
60
80
85
125
120
150
400
45
80
100
140
150
150
450
60
90
140
150
150
175
500
80
115
150
150
175
175
Also applicable to standard wound-rotor, open-type, three-phase, sixtycycle motors by multiplying the KVAR values in the table by a factor of
I.1.
(To give capacitor kvar required to improve power factor from original to
desired value-see sample below.)
Original
Power
Factor,
Per Cent
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
Recommendations and Precautions

l
Where possible, switch capacitors through the motor control controller at circuit location 2, illustration.This avoids resizing of motor
overload devices and helps minimize possibility of excessive improvement at bus.
Add power factor improvement capacitors to individual motor branch
circuits using data provided by the motor manufacturer recomending
the maximum capacitor rating that should be switched with the
motor as a unit.
If power factor improvement capacitors are connected at circuit
location No. 3, illustration, account for reduced line current flowing
through the motor controllers overload devices.
Apply power factor improvement capacitors to the bus, ciruit location
No. 1, illustration, if the motor is applied with one of the following
motor controllers; reversing starter (with motor plugging), wye-delta
starter, open transition, autotransformer starter, part-winding starter*,
or if the motor is multi-speed. Be sure to maintain bus power factor
below about 95% under all conditions of motor loading to help minimize possibility of excessive improvement.
90
0.849
0.782
0.717
0.654
0.594
0.536
0.480
0.425
0.371
0.345
0.318
0.292
0.266
0.240
0.214
0.188
0.162
0.136
0.109
0.083
0.056
0.028
85
0.713
0.646
0.581
0.518
0.458
0.400
0.344
0.289
0.235
0.209
0.182
0.156
0.130
0.104
0.078
0.052
0.026
80
0.583
0.516
0.451
0.388
0.328
0.270
0.214
0.159
0.105
0.079
0.052
0.026
Assume total plant load is 100

kw at 60 per cent power factor.
Capacitor kvar rating necessary
to improve power factor to 80
per cent in found by multiplying
kw (100) by multiplier in table
(0.583), which gives kvar (58.3).
Nearest standard rating 60
(kvar) should be recommended.
SinglePhase A-C
Polyphase A-C (Induction Type)

Squirrel-Cage and Wound Rotor
Direct Current
115 Volts 230 Volts 460 Volts 575 Volts
115
230
2-Ph
2-Ph
2-Ph
2-Ph
180 240 500
Hp Volts Volts* 3-Ph 4-Wire 3-Ph 4-Wire 3-Ph 4-Wire 3-Ph 4-Wire Volts Volts Volts
1
/4
/3
/2
3
/4
1
1
1 /2
2
3
5
1
7 /2
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
1
1
COMBINATION
MOTOR
CONTROLLER
FUSE
5.8
7.2
9.8
13.8
16
20
24
34
56
80
100
2.9
3.6
4.9
6.9
8
10
12
17
28
40
50
4.0
5.6
7.2
10.4
13.6
4.0
4.8
6.4
9.0
11.8
2.0
2.8
3.6
5.2
6.8
9.6
15.2
22.0
28.0
42.0
54
68
80
104
130
154
192
2.0
2.4
3.2
4.5
5.9
8.3
13.2
19.0
24.0
36.0
47
59
69
90
113
133
166
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.6
3.4
4.8
7.6
11.0
14.0
21
27
34
40
52
65
77
96
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.3
3.0
4.2
6.6
9
12
18
23
29
35
45
56
67
83
.8
1.1
1.4
2.1
2.7
3.9
6.1
9
11
17
22
27
32
41
52
62
77
.8
1.0
1.3
1.8
2.4
3.3
5.3
8
10
14
19
24
28
36
45
53
86
2.0
2.6
3.4
4.8
6.1
8.3
10.8
16
27

2.7
3.8
4.7
6.6
8.5
12.2
20
29 13.6
38 16
55 27
72 34
89 43
106 51
140 67
173 83
206 99
255 123
These values of full-load current are for motors running at speeds usual for belted motors and motors with normal torque characteristics. Motors built for especially low speeds or high torques may require more running current, in which
case the nameplate current rating should be used.
OVERLOAD
DEVICE
95
1.004
0.937
0.872
0.809
0.749
0.691
0.635
0.580
0.526
0.500
0.473
0.447
0.421
0.395
0.369
0.343
0.317
0.291
0.264
0.238
0.211
0.183
0.155
0.127
0.097
0.066
0.034
Average Values for All Speeds and Frequencies
BUS
CONTACTOR
100
1.333
1.266
1.201
1.138
1.078
1.020
0.964
0.909
0.855
0.829
0.802
0.776
0.750
0.724
0.698
0.672
0.646
0.620
0.593
0.567
0.540
0.512
0.484
0.456
0.426
0.395
0.363
0.329
0.292
0.251
0.143
Motor Terminal Amperes At Full Load
* Note: Capacitor switching by the motor starter may be acceptable in some

part-winding starter applications; consult applicable motor manufacturer.
DISCONNECT
Desired Power Factor- Per Cent
Current in common conductor of 2-phase, 3-wire system will be 1.41 times

value given.
MOTOR
* For full-load currents of 208- and 200-volt motors, increase the corresponding
230-volt motor full-load current by 10 and 15 percent respectively.
590
Full-Load Currents in Amperes-Single Phase

Circuits
115
Full Load Current =
138
KVA X 1000
KVA
3
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
KVA
3
5
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
Circuit Voltage
120
25.0
41.7
83.3
125
208
313
417
625
833
1392
2083
2775
4167
4800
.63
1.04
2.08
3.13
5.21
7.81
10.4
15.6
20.8
34.8
52.1
69.4
104
240
12.5
20.8
41.7
62.5
104
156
208
313
417
696
1042
1388
2083
7200
.42
.69
1.39
2.08
3.47
5.21
6.94
10.4
13.9
23.2
34.7
46.3
69.4
480
6.3
10.4
20.8
31.3
52.1
78.1
104
156
208
348
521
694
1042
7620
.39
.66
1.31
1.97
3.28
4.92
6.56
9.84
13.1
21.9
32.8
43.7
65.6
2400
1.25
2.08
4.17
6.25
10.4
15.6
20.8
31.3
41.7
69.6
104
139
208
12,000
.25
.42
.83
1.25
2.08
3.13
4.17
6.25
8.33
13.9
20.8
27.7
41.7
4160
.72
1.20
2.40
3.61
6.01
9.01
12.0
18.0
24.0
40.1
60.1
80.0
120
14,400
.21
.35
.69
1.04
1.74
2.60
3.47
5.21
6.94
11.6
17.4
23.1
34.7
161*
230
345
500
765
1100
Copper Data
Resistivity and Density
KVA X 1000
KVA
9
15
30
45
75
112.5
150
225
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
KVA
9
15
30
45
75
112.5
150
225
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
208
25.0
41.6
83.3
125
208
312
416
625
833
1388
2082
2776
4164
5552
7200
.72
1.20
2.41
3.61
6.01
9.02
12.0
18.0
24.1
40.1
60.1
80.2
120.3
160.4
(Based on National Bureau of Standards)

The international annealed-copper standard of 100% conductivity, based
on the Absolute Ohm, is as follows at 20C:
Resistance of a uniform, annealed copper wire one square millimeter in
cross section and one meter long = 0.017244 ohm. Density = 8.89 grams
per cubic centimeter.These values also can be expressed as:
1.7241 microhmcm 0.15328 ohmgram/meter2 0.67879 microhm
inch 875.20 ohm, pound/mile2 10.371 ohm circular mil/ft
1.732 x Circuit Voltage
240
21.7
36.1
72.2
108
180
271
361
541
722
1203
1804
2406
3608
14811
8320
.63
1.04
2.08
3.13
5.21
7.81
10.4
15.6
20.8
34.8
52.1
69.4
104
138.8
480
10.8
18.0
36.1
54.1
90.2
135
180
271
361
601
902
1203
1804
2406
12,00
.43
.72
1.44
2.17
3.61
5.41
7.22
10.8
14.4
24.1
36.1
48.1
72.2
96.2
2400
2.17
3.61
7.22
10.8
18.0
27.1
36.1
54.1
72.2
120
180
241
361
481
12,470
.42
.69
1.39
2.08
3.48
5.21
6.95
10.4
13.9
23.2
34.7
46.3
69.4
92.6
4160
1.25
2.08
4.17
6.25
10.4
15.6
20.8
31.3
41.7
69.4
104
139
208
278
13,200
.39
.66
1.31
1.97
3.28
4.92
6.56
9.84
13.1
21.9
32.8
43.7
65.6
87.4
140
185
230
185
230
272
230
275
325
275
325
360
395
460
360
395
460
520
575
630
690
750
800
860
920
920
980
1040
1090
* Nonpreferred voltage.
Table is for reference only.The selection BIL depends on system conditions and transient over voltage protection used.
Full-Load Currents in Amperes Three-phase

Circuits
Full Load Current =
350
450
550
450
550
650
550
650
750
650
750
825
900
1050
825
900
1050
1175
1300
1425
1550
1675
1800
1925
2050
2050
2175
2300
2425
4800
1.08
1.80
3.61
5.41
9.02
13.5
18.0
27.1
36.1
60.1
90.2
120
180
240
14,400
.36
.60
1.20
1.80
3.01
4.51
6.01
9.02
12.0
20.1
30.1
40.1
60.1
Temerature Coefficient of Resistance

The temperature coefficient of resistance at constant mass and free
expansion of standard annealed copper of 100% conductivity is, per
degree Celsius, (centigrade) 0.00393 at 20C or 0.00385 at 25C.
Resistance values of copper wire at 100% conductivity given in tables at
25C or at any temperature t2 by means of the following equations:
Where
Breaking Loads of Copper Wire

Diam. Size,
In.
AWG
0.4600 0000
0.4096
000
0.3648
00
0.3249
0
0.2893
1
0.2576
2
0.2294
3
0.2043
4
0.1819
5
0.1620
6
0.1443
7
* Based on ASTM
Power Transformer Insulation Levels

(1)
Nominal
System Voltage
(kV rms)
(1)
Basic Insulation
Levels (BIL)
kV-CREST
(2)
Low Frequency
Voltage Insulation
Levels (kV rms)
69
250
350
95
140
234.5 + t2
234.5 + t1
Rt1 = resistance in ohms at t1, degrees C
Rt2 = resistance in ohms at t2, degrees C
R25 = resistance in ohms at 25C
Rt2 = R25 [1 + 0.00385 (t2 - 25)] = Rt1
591
Breaking Load,
Breaking Load,
* Hard- An* Hard- Andrawn nealed Diam. Size, drawn nealed
(Min.) (Max.)
In.
AWG (Min.) (Max.)
8140
5980 0.1285
8
826
480
6720
4750 0.1144
9
661
380
5520
3760 0.1019
10
529
314
4520
2980 0.0907
11
423
249
3690
2430 0.0808
12
337
197
3000
1930 0.0720
13
268
156
2440
1530 0.0641
14
213
124
1970
1210 0.0571
15
170
98
1590
962 0.0508
16
135
78
1280
762 0.0453
17
107
62
1030
605 0.0403
18
85
49
B1-56.
Based on ASTM B3-56.
Current
Carrying
Capacity
Ohms @ 700 CM
per M.Ft Per Amp
0.0108
0.0144
0.0216
0.0240
0.0270
0.0308
0.0360
0.0431
0.0509
302.3
0.0642
239.7
0.0811
190.1
0.102
150.7
0.129
119.6
0.162
94.8
0.259
59.6
0.410
37.5
0.654
23.6
1.018
14.8
1.619
9.33
2.575
5.87
3.247
4.65
4.094
3.69
5.163
2.93
6.510
2.32
8.210
1.84
10.35
1.46
13.05
1.16
16.46
.918
20.76
.728
26.17
.577
33.00
.458
41.62
.363
52.48
.288
66.60
.228
Voltage
Rating
240
480
600
2400
4160
6900
13200
23000
34500
Equiv.
Spacing - Ft.
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE SPACING FACTOR
Xc2 MEGOHMS/COND/MILE
Approx.
CrossOD
sectional
Size*
Inches AreaCM LB/M Ft
1000MCM
1.150
3086
750
0.998
2316
500
0.813
1542
450
0.772
1390
400
0.728
1236
350
0.681
1080
300
0.630
925
250
0.575
772
0000 AWG
0.528
211600
653
000
0.470
167800
518
00
0.418
133100
411
0
0.372
105600
326
1
0.332
83690
259
2
0.292
66360
205
4
0.232
41740
129
6
0.184
26240
79.46
8
0.146
16510
51.00
10
0.1019
10380
31.43
12
0.0808
6530
19.77
14
0.0640
4110
12.43
15
0.0570
3260
9.858
16
0.0508
2580
7.818
17
0.0452
2050
6.210
18
0.0403
1620
4.917
19
0.0359
1200
3.899
20
0.0320
1020
3.092
21
0.0285
812
2.452
22
0.0253
640
1.945
23
0.0225
511
1.542
24
0.0201
404
1.223
25
0.0179
320
0.9699
26
0.0159
253
0.7692
27
0.0142
202
0.6100
28
0.0126
159
0.0481
Typical Equivalent Delta Phase

Spacings For Single Circuit Lines
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Voltage
Rating
46000
69000
115000
138000
161000
230000
345000
500000
765000
Equiv.
Spacing - Ft.
5.5
8.0
14.0
16.0
20.0
26.5
33.0
44.0
56.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE SPACING FACTOR

XI2 OHMS/COND/MILE
Copper Wire Data

Bare Copper Wire Resistance at 25C
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
EQUIVALENT & SPACING-FEET
Total 60 Cycle Inductive Reactance in ohms per mile:

XL = XL1 + XL2
XL1 = Inductive Reactance at 1 ft. spacing.
XL2 = Inductive Reactance spacing factor. (See graph)
Total 60 Cycle Capacitive Reactance in megohms per mile:
XC = XC = XC1 + XC2
XC1 = Capacitive Reactance at 1 ft. spacing.
XC2 = Capacitive Reactance spacing factor. (See graph)
* Sizes 1000 MCM through #8 AWGClass B concentric stranded Sizes #10 AWG
and smaller solid round
Table - 3 Maximum Number of Conductors in Trade Sizes of Conduit or Tubing

(From NEC Tables 3A, 3B, 3C)
Conduit Trade Size
(inches)
Type Letters
TW,T, RUH
RUW,
XHHW (14 thru 8)
RHW and RHH
(without outer
covering),
THW
TW,
T,
THW,
RUH ( 6 thru 2),
RUW (6 thru 2),
FEPB (6 thru 2),
RHW and
RHH (without outer
covering)
/2
/4
11/4
11/2
9
7
5
2
6
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
15
12
9
4
10
8
6
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25
19
15
7
16
13
11
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
44
35
26
12
29
24
19
10
7
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
60
47
36
17
40
32
26
13
10
7
6
5
4
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
99
78
60
28
65
53
43
22
16
12
10
9
6
5
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
Conductor Size
AWG, MCM
14
12
10
8
14
12
10
8
6
4
3
2
1
0
00
000
0000
250
300
350
400
500
592
21/2
142
111
85
40
93
76
61
32
23
17
15
13
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
3
2
1
176
131
62
143
117
95
49
36
27
23
20
14
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
4
3
31/2
176
84
192
157
127
66
48
36
31
27
19
16
14
12
10
8
7
6
5
4
133
97
73
63
54
39
33
29
24
20
16
14
12
11
9
141
106
91
78
57
49
41
35
29
23
20
18
16
14
108
163
85
62
47
40
34
25
21
18
15
13
10
9
8
7
6
Table - 3 Maximum Number of Conductors in Trade Sizes of Conduit or Tubing

(From NEC Tables 3A, 3B, 3C)
Conduit Trade Size
(inches)
Type Letters
/2
/4
11/4
600
700
750
THWN,
THHN,
FEP (14 thru 2),
FEPB (14 thru 8),
PFA (14-4/0),
PFAH (14-4/0),
Z (14-4/0),
XHHW (4 thru
500 MCM)
RHW,
RHH
(with
outer
Covering)
21/2
31/2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
4
3
3
5
4
4
7
7
6
11
10
9
14
13
24
39
69
94
154
12
10
8
10
6
3
18
11
5
29
18
9
51
32
16
70
44
22
114
73
36
164
104
51
160
79
106
136
6
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
6
4
3
3
1
11
7
6
5
3
15
9
8
7
5
26
16
13
11
8
37
22
19
16
12
57
35
29
25
18
76
47
39
33
25
98
60
51
43
32
154
94
80
67
50
137
116
97
72
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
4
3
3
2
7
6
5
4
10
8
7
6
15
13
11
9
21
17
14
12
27
22
18
15
42
35
29
24
61
51
42
35
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
4
4
3
3
7
6
5
5
10
8
7
6
12
11
9
8
20
17
15
13
28
24
21
19
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
3
3
2
5
4
4
3
7
5
5
4
11
9
8
7
16
13
11
11
0
00
000
0000
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
750
XHHW
11/2
Conductor Size
AWG, MCM
6
600
700
750
9
1
13
1
1
1
21
1
1
1
30
1
1
1
47
3
3
2
63
4
4
3
81
5
5
4
128
9
8
7
185
13
11
10
14
12
10
8
3
3
2
1
6
5
4
2
10
9
7
4
18
15
13
7
25
21
18
9
41
35
29
16
58
50
31
22
90
77
64
35
121
103
86
47
155
132
110
60
94
137
6
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
5
3
3
3
1
6
5
4
4
3
11
8
7
6
5
15
12
10
9
7
24
18
16
14
11
32
24
22
19
14
41
31
28
24
18
64
50
44
38
29
93
72
63
56
42
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
3
3
2
6
5
4
4
9
8
7
6
12
11
9
8
16
14
12
10
25
22
19
16
37
32
28
24
250
300
350
400
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
5
4
4
3
6
5
5
4
8
7
6
6
13
11
10
9
19
17
15
14
500
600
700
750
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
4
3
3
3
5
4
3
3
8
6
6
5
11
9
8
8
0
00
000
0000
593
Lamp Data
General Electric Lamp Data
Watts
Lamp Code
Replaces
Energy Savings*S
Incandescent Lamps-Watt Miser

34
40A/34WM
40A
52
60A/52WM
60A
67
72A/67WM
75A
90
100A/90WM
100A
135
150A/135WM
150A
0.63
0.56
0.42
0.52
0.79
Incandescent Lamps-Watt Miser PAR (Spot

65
75PAR/FL/65WM
75PAR/FL
65
75PAR/SP/65WM
75PAR/SP
120
150PAR/FL/120WM
150PAR/FL
120
150PAR/SP/120WM
150PAR/SP
and Flood)
1.40
1.40
4.20
4.20
Watts Bulb Finish
Multi-Vapor Lamps (Mogul Screw Base)

175 E-231/2 Clear or Diffuse MV-II
175 E-28 Clear or Phosphor Std.
250 E-28 Clear or Phosphor Std.
325 E-37 Clear or Phosphor 1-line*
400 E-37 Clear or Phosphor High Output
400 E-37 Clear or Phosphor Std. or 1-line*
1000 BT-56 Clear
High Ouput
or 1-line*
1000 BT-56 Clear or Phosphor Std.
1500 BT-56 Clear
High Output
* Over rated average life of lamp at 7/kWh.
Flourescent Lamps
4-Foot Rapid Start (48)
StandardCool White
Maxi-Miser IILite White
Watt-MiserCool White
Watt-Miser IILite White
Watt-MiserSP30
Watt-MiserSP35
Watt-MiserSP41
8-Foot Slimline (96)
StandardCool White
8-Foot High Ouput-800mA (96)
StandardCool White
Nominal Approx.
Lamp
Initial
Watts Lumens
40
40
34
34
34
34
34
3,150
3,450
2,750
2,925
2,900
2,900
2,850
75
60
60
6,300
5,600
6,000
110
95
95
9,200
8,300
8,800
8-Foot 1500mA (96)

Power Groove
StandardCool White
Watt-Miser IICool White
210
185
185
16,000
14,000
14,900
T12 (11/2 dia.)

StandardCool White
215
185
185
14,000
13,000
13,800
44
1,750
Circlite
Replaces incandescent lamps (10 dia.)
Type
Length
(In.)
73/4
81/4
81/4
111/16
115/16
155/6
16,600
14,000
20,500
28,000
40,000
36,000
151/16
151/16
151/16
115,000
110,000
155,000
Lucalox Lamps (Mogul Screw Base)

35 E-17 Clear
(Medium Base) 51/2
1
50 E-23 /2 Clear
73/4
1
73/4
70 E-23 /2 Clear
100 E-231/2 Clear
73/4
1
150 E-23 /2 Clear

73/4
200 E-18 Clear
93/4
250 E-18 Clear
93/4
250 E-18 Clear
Deluxe Color 93/4
310 E-18 Clear
93/4
400 E-18 Clear
93/4
1000 E-25 Clear
151/16
2,250
5,800
5,800
9,500
16,000
22,000
27,500
22,500
37,000
50,000
140,000
E-Z Lux Lamps* (For 175W mercury ballasts)

150 E-28 Clear
9
12,000
Mercury Lamps (Mogul Screw Base)

100 E-231/2 Deluxe White
175 E-28 Deluxe White
1000 BT-56 Deluxe White
4,200
8,600
12,100
22,500
63,000
* May be used on approved mercury ballasts.

Also available with medium base, E-17 bulb.
594
Approx.
Initial
Lumens
71/2
81/4
81/4
115/16
151/16
Industry Standards
3 R Outdoor use to provide a degree of protection against

falling rain; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
4
Either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection against falling rain, splashing water, and hosedirected water; undamaged by the formation of ice on
the enclosure.
4 X Either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection against falling rain, splashing water, and hosedirected water; undamaged by the formation of ice on
the enclosure; resists corrosion.
5
No UL equivalent.
6
Indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection
against entry of water during temporary submersion at a
limited depth; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
12
Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against
dust, dirt, fiber flyings, dripping water, and external condensation of noncorrosive liquids.
13
Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against lint,
dust seepage, external condensation and spraying of
water, oil, and noncorrosive liquids.
This material is reporduce, with permission from Underwriters
Laboratories Inc. Standard for Safety for Cabinets and Boxes, UL
50, Copyright 1985 and Industrial Control Equipment, UL 508,
Copyright 1984 by Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) shall not be responsible to
anyone for the use of or reliance upon a UL Standard by anyone.
UL shall not incure any obligation or liability for damages, including consequential damages, arising out of or connection with the
use, interpretation of, or reliance upon a UL Standard.
Enclosure Types for Non-Hazardous

Locations
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA Standard 250)
Type
Intended Use and Description
1
Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against contact with the
enclosed equipment or locations where unusual service
conditions do not exist.
2
Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against limited amounts of
falling water and dirt.
3
Enclosures are intended for outdoor use primarily to
provide a degree of protection against windblown dust,
rain, and sleet; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
3 R Enclosures are intended for outdoor use primarily to
provide a degree of protection against falling rain and
sleet; undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure.
4
Enclosures are intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose-directed
water; undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure.
4 X Enclosures are intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against corrosion, windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hosedirected water; undamaged by the formation of ice on
the enclosure.
5
No NEMA equivalent.
6
Enclosures are intended for use indoors or outdoors
where occasional submersion is encountered.
12
Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against dust, falling dirt, and
dripping noncorrosive liquids.
13
Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against dust, falling dirt, and
dripping noncorrosive liquids.
The preceding descriptions are not intended to be complete representations of National Electrical Manufacturers Association standards for enclosures.
Canadian Standards Association

(Standard C22.2 Nos. 14, 40 and 94)
Type
1
General purpose enclosure. Protects against accidental contact parts.
2
Indoor use and so constructed or protected that exposure to falling moisture will not impair the effectiveness
of the enclosed equipment.
3
Outdoor use and so constructed or protected that exposure to the weather, to falling mositure, or to external
splashing, will not impair the effectiveness of the enclosed
equipment.
3 R No CSA equivalent.
4
Indoor or outdoor use and so constructed that a stream
of water from a hose will not result in water entering the
enclosing case.
4 X No CSA equivalent.
5
Indoor use and so constructed that dust cannot enter
the enclosure; and accumulated dust will not result in
temperatures exceeding specified values.
6
No CSA equivalent.
12
No CSA equivalent.
13
No CSA equivalent.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

(UL 50 and UL 508)
Type
1
Indoor use primarily to provide protection against contact with the enclosed equipment and against a limited
amount of falling dirt.
2
Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against limited amounts of falling water and dirt.
3
Outdoor use to provide a degree of protection against
windblown dust and windblown rain; undamaged by the
formation of ice on the enclosure.
595
Degree of protection of the electrical equipment up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500V d.c.
IP X1 X2 according to IEC 529 (1989) and EN 60529 (1991)
Protection of persons against contact with live parts
X1 Protection of equipment against ingress of solid foreign bodies
CEE-symbol
Test
CEE-symbol
None
Against access with

hand and ingress of
solid objects greater
than 50 mm
Against access with

finger and ingress of
than 12 mm
Against access with

tools and ingress of
than 2.5 mm
Against access with

wires or strips and
ingress of solid objects
greater than 1 mm
X1 Protection against ingress of liquids

Test
None
Against vertically falling

drops
Against drops of falling

liquid at an angle up to
15 from the vertical
Against water falling in

rain at an angle up to
60 from the vertical
Against water splashed

from any direction
(over 360)
Against water jets from

any direction (over
360)
Against water projects
in powerful jets as from
heavy seas
Against immersion in
water under defined
conditions of pressure
and time
Complete protection
against contact with live
parts and ingress of
harmful deposits of dust
Complete protection
against contact with
live parts of ingress of
dust
Against continuous submersion in water
Additional letter to IP X1 X2 (optional)

Used with first
Additional characteristic
letter
numeral IPX1
Test
Protection
against access to
hazardous parts
Protection against
access to hazardous
parts
0 and 1
Protection against
access with a finger
1 and 2
Protection against
access with a tool
1, 2 and 3
Protection against
access with a wire
596
Decimal and Metric Equivalents of

Common Fractions of an Inch
Fraction Decimal Mm
1/64 0.0156 0.397
1/32
0.0312 0.794
3/64 0.0469 1.191
1/16
0.0625 1.588
5/64 0.0781 1.984
3/32
0.0938 2.381
7/64 0.1094 2.778
1/8
0.1250 3.175
9/64 0.1406 3.572
5/32
0.1562 3.969
11/64 0.1719 4.366
3/16
0.1875 4.762
13/64 0.2031 5.159
7/32
0.2188 5.556
15/64 0.2344 5.953
1/4
0.2500 6.350
17/64 0.2656 6.747
9/32
0.2812 7.144
19/64 0.2969 7.541
5/16
0.3125 7.938
21/64 0.3281 8.334
11/32
0.3438 8.731
23/64 0.3594 9.128
3/8
0.3750 9.525
25/64 0.3906 9.922
13/32
0.4062 10.319
27/64 0.4219 10.716
7/16
0.4375 11.112
29/64 0.4531 11.509
15/32
0.4688 11.906
31/64 0.4844 12.303
1/2
0.5000 12.700
Conversion Factors
U.S. Customary Measures and Weights
Liquid Capacity
Fraction Decimal Mm.

33/64 0.5156 13.097
17/32
0.5312 13.494
35/64 0.5469 13.891
9/16
0.5625 14.288
37/64 0.5781 14.684
19/32
0.5938 15.081
39/64 0.6094 15.478
5/8
0.6250 15,875
41/64 0.6406 16.272
21/32
0.6562 16.669
43/64 0.6719 17.066
11/16
0.6875 17.462
45/64 0.7031 17.859
23/32
0.7188 18.256
27/64 0.7344 18.653
3/4
0.7500 19.050
49/64 0.7655 19.447
25/32
0.7812 19.844
51/64 0.7969 20.241
13/16
0.8125 20.638
53/64 0.8281 21.034
27/32
0.8438 21.431
55/64 0.8594 21.828
7/8
0.8750 22.225
57/64 0.8906 22.622
29/32
0.9062 23.019
59/64 0.9219 23.416
15/16
0.9375 23.812
61/64 0.9531 24.209
31/32
0.9688 24.606
63/64 0.9844 25.003
1
1.0000 25.400
1
1
1
1
2 pints
8 quarts
4 pecks
=
=
=
=
=
1000 mils
12 inches
3 feet
6 feet
51/2 yards
1
1
1
1
1
furlong
=
Statute mile =
Statute mile =
nautical mile =
league
=
(For other
1 dram
1 ounce
1 pound
1 lb avdp
1 grain
1 acre
1 acre
1 sq mile
fluid ounces 1 barrel

=
gills
1 hogshead
=
pints
1 tun
=
quarts
1 barrel (petroleum) =
= 1 quart
= 1 peck
= 1 bushel
311/2 gallons
2 bbl. (63 gal.)
252 gallons
42 gallons
= 67.2 cu in
= 537.6 cu in
= 2150.4 cu in
than drugs, gold, silver, etc.)

= 27.34 grains
1 quarter
= 16 drams
1 short ton
= 16 ounces
1 long tonn
= 7000 grains
= 1.2153 lb troy
= 1 grain troy
Temperature Conversion Table

C
F
C
F
C
F
-80
-70
-60
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
40 rods
8 furlongs
-5280 feet
6076 feet
3 miles
Area
1 sq foot = 144 sq inches
1 sq yard = 9 sq feet
1 sq rod = 301/4 sq yards
4
4
2
4
Avoirdupois Weight
U.S. Customary Measures and Weights

Length
inch
foot
yard
fathom
rod
=
=
=
=
Dry Capacity
Conversion Factors
1
1
1
1
1
gill
pint
quart
gallon
= 160 sq rods
= 43,560 sq ft
= 640 acres
597
-112.0
-94.0
-65.0
-58.0
-49.1
-40.0
-13.0
-22.0
-13.0
-4.0
-2.2
-.4
1.4
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
14.0
15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2
23.0
24.8
26.6
28.4
21.2
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
38.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
=
=
=
=
=
=
25 pounds
2000 pounds
2240 pounds
453.59 grams
1.2153 lb apoth.
1 grain apoth.
116.6
85
118.4
86
120.2
87
122.0
88
123.8
89
125.6
90
127.4
91
129.4
92
131.0
93
132.8
94
134.8
95
136.4
96
138.2
97
140.0
98
141.8
99
143.6 100
145.4 105
147.2 110
149.0 115
150.8 120
152.6 130
154.4 140
156.2 150
158.0 160
159.8 170
161.6 180
163.4 190
165.2 200
167.0 250
168.8 300
170.6 350
172.4 400
174.2 500
176.0 600
177.8 700
179.6 800
181.4 900
183.2 1000
F
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.0
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.4
212.0
221
230
239
248
266
284
302
320
338
356
374
392
482
572
662
752
932
1112
1292
1472
1652
1832
Metric Equivalents of
U. S. Customary Measures and Weights
Conversion Factors
To Convert From

Length
Cm
Meter
Meter
Km
=
=
=
=
0.3937 in.
3.281 ft.
1.0936 yd.
0.6214 mile
In.
Ft.
Yd.
Mile
=
=
=
=
2.5400
0.3048
0.9144
1.6093
Area
Sq cm
Sq m
Sq km
=
=
=
0.1550 sq. in.

10.764 sq. ft.
0.3861 sq. mile
Sq. in.
Sq. ft.
sq. mile
=
=
=
6.4516 sq cm
0.0929 sq m
2.590 sq km
Volume
Cu cm
Cu m
=
=
0.06102 cu. in.

35.31 cu. ft.
Cu. in.
Cu. ft.
=
=
16.387 cu cm
0.02832 cu m
Capacity
Liters
Liter
Liter
Liter
=
=
=
=
0.0164 liter
28.32 liters
3.785 liters
35.24 liters
Liter
61.024 cu. in.

Cu. in.
=
0.0353 cu. ft.
Cu. ft.
=
0.2642 gal. (U.S.) Gal.
=
0.0284 bu. (U.S.) Bu.
=
1000.000 cu. cm.
1.0567 qt. (liquid) or 0.9081 qt. (dry)
2.2046 lb. of pure water at 4C=1 kg.
15.4324 grains
0.03532 oz. avdp.
2.2046 lb. avdp.
0.00110 ton (sht.)
0.0648 g.
28.35 g.
0.4536 kg.
0.4536 kg.
Weight
Gram
Gram
Kg
Kg
=
=
=
=
Pressure
Kg per sq cm
Lb per sq in
Kg per sq m
Lb per sq ft
Kg per sq cm
=
=
=
=
=
Normal atmosphere
Pascals
Megapascals
Lb per sq. in.
=
=
=
=
Grain
Oz. avdp.
Lb. avdp.
Ton (sht.)
=
=
=
=
cm
m
m
km
14.223 lb. per sq. in.

0.0703 kg. per sq. cm.
0.2048 lb. per sq. ft.
4.882 kg. per sq. m.
0.9679 normal atmosphere
1.0332 kg. per sq. cm.
1.0133 bars 14.696 lb. per sq. in.
0.000145 lb/sq. in.
145 lb/sq. in.
6894.7 pascals
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Angstrom unit............... centimeters....................................

Atmospheres................. mm of mercury
at 0 C ........................................
pounds/sq. in..............................
kilograms/sq. m .........................
Atomic mass unit......... mass of electron...........................
mass of proton .............................
mass of neutron............................
mass of A particle ........................
H, atom mass.................................
Bars................................. dynes/sq. cm ..................................
Btu*................................. foot-pounds ...................................
horsepower-hours .......................
kilopond-meters ...........................
kilogram-calories* ........................
kilowatt-hours...............................
Btu*/hour....................... horsepower ...................................
Btu*/(hour-sq ft)/
(gram-cal*/s.-sq. cm)/
(F/in).............................
(C/cm).......................................
Btu*/minute.................. foot-pounds/s ................................
horse power..................................
kilowatts .........................................
Multiply By #
1.000
E-08
7.600
1.470
1.033
5.486
1.0073
1.0087
4.0029
1.0081
1.000
7.776
3.928
1.075
2.520
2.929
3.928
E+02
E+01
E+04
E-04
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+06
E+02
E-04
E+03
E-01
E-04
E-04
3.445
1.296
2.357
1.757
E-04
E+01
E-02
E-02
To
Btu*/second.................. kilopond-meters/s ........................

kilowatts .....................................
Btu*/sq ft....................... gram-cal*/sq. cm. ..........................
Centimeters Hg (0C) pounds-force/sq. in.......................
inches of water .........................
Centiposes.................... pound/foot-hours .........................
Circular mils................. square mils.....................................
Cubic feet/minute........ gallons/second...............................
cubic cm/s ..................................
Cubic feet/pound......... cu. cm. /g.........................................
Cubic feet/second........ gallons/minute ...............................
Cubic meters................ cubic feet........................................
Degrees.......................... radians.............................................
Degrees/second............ revolutions/minute .......................
Dynes.............................. grams-force....................................
poundals .....................................
Dyne-centimeters........ pounds-force-feet.........................
Dynes/sq centimeter... atmospheres ..................................
Electron volts............... gram-calories*...............................
gram-cal*/mole..........................
cm-1 (wave no.) .........................
kWh ............................................
micrometers wavelength ........
Feet of H20 at 39.2F.. inches of Hg at 32 F ..................
Foot-pounds-force...... Btu* .................................................
kilowatt-hours...........................
Foot-poundsforce/s............................ Btu*/min .........................................
Gallons (U.S. Liquid)... cubic inches ...................................
cubic feet....................................
Gal/min (of water)....... pound/hr of water .......................
Gram-calories*............... Btu ...................................................
Gram-cal*/sq. cm.......... Btu*/sq. ft........................................
Gram-force-cm............. Btu* .................................................
ergs ..............................................
Gram-mole Gas............ cubic cm gas (0C &
760mm) ......................................
Grams-force.................. dynes ...............................................
Grams............................. pounds ............................................
Grams of matter.......... electron volt ..................................
Grams/cu cm................ pounds/cu. inch .............................
pounds/cu. foot .........................
Grams-force/sq cm...... centimeters of Hg. .......................
atmosphere................................
pounds-force/sq. ft. ..................
Horsepower (mech).... foot-pounds-force/s .....................
kilowatts .....................................
Horsepower hours...... Btu* .................................................
joule (abs) ..................................
kilogram-cal* .............................
In of Hg at 32F............ pounds-force/sq. in.......................
In of H20 at 39.2F
(4C)............................... centimeters of Hg. .......................
pounds/sq. in..............................
pounds-force/sq. ft. ..................
Joules (abs).................... kilogram-calories* ........................
Kilogram-cal*................ horse power-hours ......................
Kilopond-meter............ Btu* .................................................
ergs ..............................................
Kilowatt......................... average noon sunlight
on 1 sq. m. .................................
Btu* .................................................
Kilowatt.......................... horsepower ...................................
Kilowatts........................ kilogram-cal*/minute ...................
Liter-atmospheres........ Btu* .................................................
Liters/kilogram.............. cubic ft/pound ...............................
Liters/minute................. cubic feet/s.....................................
gallons/hours .................................
Lumens........................... watts .............................................
598
Multiply By #
1.075
1.054
2.712
1.9337
5.353
2.420
7.854
1.247
4.720
6.243
4.488
3.531
1.745
1.667
1.0197
7.233
7.380
9.869
3.829
2.305
8.06
4.45
**
8.825
1.286
3.766
E+02
E+00
E-01
E-01
E+00
E+00
E-01
E-01
E+02
E+01
E+02
E+01
E-02
E-01
E-03
E-05
E-08
E-07
E-20
E+04
E+03
E-26
7.716
2.310
1.337
5.008
3.968
3.687
9.301
9.807
E-02
E+02
E-01
E+02
E-03
E+00
E-08
E+02
2.240
9.807
2.205
5.61
3.613
6.243
7.356
9.678
2.048
5.500
7.457
2.546
2.685
6.416
4.912
E+04
E+02
E-03
E+32
E-02
E+01
E-02
E-04
E+02
E+02
E-01
E+03
E+06
E+02
E-01
1.868
3.612
5.202
2.390
1.559
9.301
9.807
E-01
E-02
E+00
E-04
E-03
E-03
E+07
1.00
3.414
1.341
1.434
9.610
1.602
5.885
1.585
1.470
E+00
E+03
E+00
E+01
E-02
E-02
E-04
E+01
E-03
E-01
E-03
E-07
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Newtons........................
Newton-meters...........
Pound-celsius
(Centrigrade) Unit......
Pound-mol gas..............
dynes ...............................................
joules ...............................................
1.000
1.000
E+05
E+00
Btu* .................................................
cubic feet of gas
(60F at 1 atm) .........................
Pounds of H20 (4C).. gallons of H2O...............................
Pounds of H20 at
64F................................. cubic feet of H2O .........................
Pounds/gallon................ grams/cu. cm..................................
Pounds/sq. in................. atmospheres ..................................
Radian............................. degrees ...........................................
Radians/s........................ revolutions/s ..................................
Torricellis (Torr).......... mm. of Hg. (0C) ..........................
Volt-coulomb................ joules ...............................................
Watt-hour..................... Btu* .................................................
Watts............................. foot-lb/minute ...............................
horsepower ...................................
lumens+ ..........................................
1.800
E+00
3.794
1.198
E+02
E-01
1.603
1.198
6.805
5.730
1.592
1.000
1.000
3.414
4.425
1.341
6.830
E-02
E-01
E-02
E+01
E-01
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+01
E-03
E+02
coulomb..........................................
coulomb..........................................
tesla .................................................
amp-turn.........................................
weber ..............................................
amp/meter .....................................
weber ..............................................
3.048
2.540
E-01
E-02
joule.................................................
joule.................................................
joule.................................................
joule.................................................
joule.................................................
joule.................................................
joule.................................................
E+02
E+01
5.189
1.441
1.135
5.674
4.184
2.043
4.184
4.184
4.184
4.184
4.184
E+02
E-01
E+04
E+00
E+03
E+04
E+04
E+04
E+02
E+03
E+03
astronomical unit........
foot.................................
inch.................................
light year........................
mil...................................
mile (statue).................
yard................................
meter...............................................
meter...............................................
meter...............................................
meter...............................................
meter...............................................
meter...............................................
meter...............................................
1.496
3.048
2.540
9.461
2.540
1.609
9.144
E+11
E-01
E-02
E+15
E-05
E+03
E-01
1.076
3.426
E+01
E+00
2.835
4.536
9.072
E-02
E-01
E+02
1.602
2.768
1.730
1.198
E+01
E+04
E+03
E+02
1.054
1.757
2.929
4.184
6.973
1.000
3.766
2.260
1.356
7.460
E+03
E+01
E-01
E+00
E-02
E-07
E-04
E-02
E+00
E+02
1.013
1.000
1.000
9.807
3.377
2.488
1.333
4.788
6.895
1.333
E+05
E+05
E-01
E+01
E+03
E+02
E+02
E+01
E+03
E+02
8.467
5.080
E-05
E-03
Mass
4.047
9.290
6.452
2.590
8.361
E+03
E-02
E-04
E+06
E-01
1.000
9.807
1.130
1.356
7.062
E-07
E+00
E-01
E+00
E-03
5.338
4.448
E+01
E+00
3.600
9.650
1.000
7.958
1.000
7.958
1.257
E+03
E+04
E-04
E-01
E-08
E+01
E-07
1.054
4.184
1.602
1.000
1.356
3.600
1.000
E+03
E+00
E-19
E-07
E+00
E+06
E+00
1.891
3.152
6.973
E+02
E+00
E+02
Mass/Volume (includes Density)

lbm/ft3............................
lbm/in3............................
oz mass (av)/in3...........
lb-mass (av)/gal............
kilogram/meter3 ............................
kilogram/meter3 ............................
kilogram/meter3 ............................
kilogram/meter3 ............................
Btu*/sec.........................
Btu*/min........................
Btu*/hr...........................
Cal*/sec.........................
Cal*/min........................
erg/sec...........................
ft-lb force/hr.................
ft-lb force/min..............
ft-lb force/sec...............
hp (elec)........................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
watt. ................................................
Power
Pressure (Force/Area)
atm (760 Torr).............
bar...................................
dyne/cm2.......................
gram (force)/cm2.........
in of Hg (60F)............
in of water (60F).......
mm of Hg (0C)..........
lb-force/ft2.....................
lbf/in2 (psi).....................
Torr (mm Hg, 0C).....
Energy/Area Time
Btu*/ft2 min.................... watt/meter2 ....................................
Btu*/ft2 hr....................... watt/meter2 ....................................
cal*/cm2 min.................. watt/meter2 ....................................
watt/meter K.................................
watt/meter K.................................
joule/meter2 ...................................
watt/meter2 K ...............................
joule/kg K.......................................
watt/meter2 K ...............................
joule/meter2 ...................................
watt/meter2 ....................................
watt/meter K.................................
joule/kg ...........................................
joule/kg k........................................
oz mass (av).................. kilogram..........................................

lb-mass (av).................... kilogram..........................................
ton (2000 lbm)............. kilogram..........................................
Energy (includes Work)

Btu*.................................
calorie*...........................
eletron volt....................
erg....................................
ft-lb-force.......................
kilowatt-hr......................
watt-sec..........................
1.751
1.459
Light
Electricity and Magnetism

amp hr.............................
faraday (chem)..............
gauss................................
gilbert..............................
maxwell...........................
orested............................
unit pole.........................
Btu* in/sec ft2 deg F.....

Btu* in/hr ft2 deg F.......
Btu*/ft2.............................
Btu*/hr ft2 deg F...........
Btu*/lbm deg F...............
Btu*/sec ft2 deg F.........
cal/cm2............................
cal/cm2 sec....................
cal/cm2 sec deg C........
cal*/g................................
cal*/g deg C...................
ft-candle........................ lux ....................................................

ft-lambert...................... candela/meter2 ..............................
Torque/Length
Ibf-ft/in............................ newton-m/m..................................
Ibf-in/in............................ newton-m/m..................................
E-05
E+00
E-01
E+00
Length
Torque
newton-meter ...............................
newton-meter ...............................
newton-meter................................
newton-meter ...............................
newton-meter ...............................
1.000
9.807
2.780
4.448
Heat
Area
dyne-cm..........................
kgf-meter........................
Ibf-inch............................
Ibf-foot............................
ozf-inch...........................
newton............................................
newton............................................
newton............................................
newton............................................
Force/Length
Conversion FactorsInternational System (SI) Units

(from National Bureau of Standards Handbook 102)
To Convert From
To
Multiply By #
Acceleration
meter2 .............................................
meter2 .............................................
meter2 .............................................
meter2 .............................................
meter2 .............................................
dyne................................
kg-force..........................
oz-force (av)..................
lb-force (av)...................
Multiply By #
lb-force/in....................... newton/meter ...............................

lb-force/ft........................ newton/meter ...............................
Factors for Conversion to International System

(Si) Units
Acre................................
Ft2....................................
In2....................................
Mile2 (statute)...............
Yard2................................
To
Force
# E is the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied.

i.e., 4,047 E+03=4.047x103.
Radiant watts at 5550 A.
* Thermochemical.
** electron volts x micrometers wavelength = 1.240 E+00.
Ft/sec2............................. meter/sec2 ......................................

In/sec2............................. meter/sec2 ......................................
To Convert From
Multiply By #
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
pascal...............................................
Velocity (includes Speed)

ft/hr................................
ft/min.............................
599
meter/sec .......................................
meter/sec .......................................
To Convert From
To
Ampacities of Insulated Conductors
Multiply By #
Rated 0-2000 Volts, 60 to 90C (140 to 194F)

Not More Than Three Conductors in Raceway or Cable or Earth
(Directly Buried), Based on Ambient Temperature of 30C (86F)
Size
Temperature Rating of Conductor
Velocity (Includes Speed)

ft/sec...............................
in/sec..............................
mile/hr............................
mile/min.........................
mile/sec..........................
mile/hr............................
meter/sec. ......................................
meter/sec. ......................................
meter/sec. ......................................
meter/sec. ......................................
meter/sec. ......................................
km/hr. ..............................................
ft2/sec..............................
poise...............................
Ibm/ft sec.......................
Ibf sec/ft2........................
stokes.............................
meter2/sec. .....................................
pascal-sec. ......................................
pascal-sec. ......................................
pascal-sec. ......................................
meter2/sec. .....................................
3.048
2.540
4.470
2.682
1.609
1.609
E-01
E-02
E-01
E+01
E+03
E+00
9.290
1.000
1.488
4.788
1.000
E-02
E-01
E+00
E+01
E-04
3.524
2.832
3.785
1.639
1.000
2.957
1.000
7.646
E-02
E-02
E-03
E-05
E-03
E-05
E+00
E-01
4.719
2.832
2.731
6.309
E-04
E-02
E-07
E-05
60C
75C
85C
90C
60C
75C
85C
90C
(140F) (167F) (185F) (194F) (140F) (167F) (185F) (194F)
AWG
Viscosity
kcmil
Copper
14
12
10
8
6
4
3
2
1
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
Volume (Includes Capacity)

bushel (US)...................
ft3.....................................
gallon (US).....................
inch3................................
liter..................................
oz (US fluid)..................
stere................................
yd3....................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
meter3 .............................................
Volume/Time (Includes Flow)

ft3/min.............................
ft3/sec..............................
in3/min............................
gal/min............................
meter3/sec.
meter3/sec.
meter3/sec.
meter3/sec.
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
Type
Types
Type
TW,
FEPW,
V
UF RH, RHW,
THHW,
THW,
THWN,
XHHW
USE, ZW
20
25
30
40
55
70
85
95
110
125
145
165
195
215
240
260
280
320
355
385
400
410
435
455
Types
Types
Types
Type
TA,TBS, SA TW, RH, RHW,
V
SIS, FEP,
UF
THHW,
FEPB,
THW,
RHH,
THWN,
THHN,
XHHW
THHW,
USE
XHHW
Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum

20
25
25
....
....
25
30
30
20
20
35
40
40
25
30
50
55
55
30
40
65
70
75
40
50
85
95
95
55
65
100
110
110
65
75
115
125
130
75
90
130
145
150
85
100
150
165
170
100
120
175
190
195
115
135
200
215
225
130
155
230
250
260
150
180
255
275
290
170
205
285
310
320
190
230
310
340
350
210
250
335
365
380
225
270
380
415
430
260
310
420
460
475
285
340
460
500
520
310
375
475
515
535
320
385
490
535
555
330
395
520
565
585
355
425
545
590
615
375
445
Types
TA,TBS,
SA, SIS,
RHH,
THHW,
THHN,
XHHW
.....
25
30
40
55
75
85
100
110
130
145
170
195
220
250
270
295
335
370
405
420
430
465
485
....
25
35
45
60
75
85
100
115
135
150
175
205
230
255
280
305
350
385
420
435
450
480
500
The overcurrent protection for conductor types marked with an obelisk () shall not
exceed 15 amperes for 14 AWG, 20 amperes for 12 AWG, and 30 amperes for 10 AWG
copper; or 15 amperes for 12 AWG and 25 amperes for 10 AWG aluminum and copperclad aluminum after any correction factors for ambient temperature and number of conductors have been applied. For dry locations only. See 75C column for wet locations.
(From National Electrical Code 1990 NFPA Table 310-16).
* Thermochemical.
# E indicates the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied, i.e.,
4.047E+03=4.047x103.
Useful Information
Fuse Sizes
To Select Proper Size Fuse, Safety Switch or circuit Breaker For Motor Circuits
Full
Load
Current
Rating
of
Motor
Amp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
1. Single Phase, SquirrelCage and Synchronous

Full-Voltage, Reactor
and Resistor Starting
Single Elem. Fuse
Branch
Circuit
Circuit
Fuse
Switch
Breaker
Amp
Size
Amp*
15
15
15
15
15
20
25
25
30
30
35
40
40
45
45
50
60
60
60
60
70
80
80
90
90
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
100
100
100
100
100
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
100
2. Squirrel-Cade and SynChronous Auto-Transformer Starting, High

Reactance Squirrel-Cage
Single Elem. Fuse
Branch
Circuit
Circuit
Fuse
Switch
Breaker
Amp
Size
Amp*
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
25
25
30
30
30
35
35
40
40
40
45
50
60
60
60
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
100
100
100
600
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
70
70
70
Types 1 and 2
Motors
Time Delay Fuse
Branch
Circuit
Fuse
Switch
Amp
Size
1.4
2.5
4
4
6.25
8
9
10
12
12
15
15
17.5
17.5
20
20
20
25
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
60
60
60
Copper
Wire Size
Types
T,
TW
Types
RHW,
THW,
THWN
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
Useful Information
Fuse Sizes
To Select Proper Size Fuse, Safety Switch or circuit Breaker For Motor Circuits
Full
Load
Current
Rating
of
Motor
Amp
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
105
110
115
120
125
1. Single Phase, SquirrelCage and Synchronous

Full-Voltage, Reactor
and Resistor Starting
Single Elem. Fuse
Branch
Circuit
Circuit
Fuse
Switch
Breaker
Amp
Size
Amp*
100
110
110
125
125
125
125
150
150
150
175
175
175
175
200
200
200
200
225
225
225
225
250
250
250
250
250
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
350
350
350
400
400
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
100
100
100
100
100
125
125
125
125
125
150
150
150
150
150
175
175
175
175
175
200
200
200
200
200
225
225
225
225
225
250
250
250
250
250
300
300
300
300
300
2. Squirrel-Cade and SynChronous Auto-Transformer Starting, High

Reactance Squirrel-Cage
Single Elem. Fuse
Branch
Circuit
Circuit
Fuse
Switch
Breaker
Amp
Size
Amp*
70
70
80
80
80
90
90
100
100
100
110
110
125
125
125
125
150
150
150
150
150
150
175
175
175
175
175
175
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
225
225
250
250
250
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
400
400
400
400
400
400
70
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
125
125
125
125
125
125
150
150
150
150
150
150
175
175
175
175
175
175
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
225
225
250
250
250
Types 1 and 2
Motors
Time Delay Fuse
Branch
Circuit
Fuse
Switch
Amp
Size
40
45
45
50
50
50
60
60
60
70
70
70
70
80
80
80
80
90
90
90
90
100
100
100
110
110
110
110
110
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
150
150
175
175
* These values are for Time Limit breakers. Instantaneous type may also be use.
Based on maximum allowed by Code for 40C motors which is 175% full-load current.
Note: These are general application values not including Code Letter. A Check fuse manufacturers recommendations for specific motors.
601
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Copper
Wire Size
Types
T,
TW
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
00
00
00
000
000
Types
RHW,
THW,
THWN
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
00
NEMA Definitions
General Requirements for Wiring Devices
Cord Connector
A cord connector is portable receptacle
which is attached to or provided with a
means for attachment to a flexible cord
and which is not intended for fixed mounting.
Grounded Connector (System

Ground)
A grounded connector is a circuit conductor (normally current carrying) which is
internationally connected to earth ground.
(It is identified as the WHITE conductor).
Grounding Conductor
(Equipment Ground)
A grounding conductor is a conductor
which connects non-current-carrying metal
parts of equipment to the system ground
to provide an intentional low impedance
path for fault current. (It is bare or is identified by a green with yellow stripes insulation).
Inlet (Make Base)

A male base is a plug which is intended for
flush or surface mounting on an appliance
or equipment and which serves to connect
utilization equipment to a cord connector.
Outlet
A outlet is a point on the wiring system at
which current is taken to supply utilization
equipment.
Plug
Switch
A plug is a device with male contacts

which, when inserted into a receptacle,
establishes connection between the conductors of the attached flexible cord and
the conductors connected to the receptacle.
Polarization (Plugs and

Receptacles)
Polarization is a means of assuring the mating of plugs and receptacles of the same
rating in only the correct position.
Pole
The term pole as used in designating
plugs and receptacles refers to a terminal
to which a circuit conductor (normally current carrying) is connected.
In switches,the number of poles indicates
the number of conductors being controlled.
Receptacle
A receptacle is a device with female contacts which is primarily installed at an outlet or on which is intended to establish
electrical connection with an inserted plug.
A switch is a device for making, breaking

or changing the connections in an electrical circuit.
1. Single-pole Switch (Single-pole Singlethrow) A switch which makes or breaks
the connection of one conductor.
2. Double-pole Switch (Double-pole-Singlethrow) A switch which makes or breaks
the connection of two conductors of a
single branch circuit.
3 Three-way Switch (Single-pole Double
throw) A switch which changes the connection of one conductor and which is
normally used in pairs to control one utilization equipment from two locations.
4. Four-way (Double-pole Double-throw) A
form of double-pole switch which is used
in conjunction with two three-way switches to control one utilization equipment
from three locations.
Terminal(On a Wiring Device)

A terminal is a fixed location on a wiring
device where a conductor is intended to
be connected.
Wire (Plugs and Receptacles)
Slant Symbol (/)

The slant line (/) as used in wiring device
ratings indicates that two or more voltage
potentials are present simultaneously between
different terminals of a wiring device.
The term wire as used in designating

plugs and receptacles indicates the total
number of conductors to be connected to
the wiring device.
Important Terms
Amp (A)
Current
A measurement of the rate of flow of electrons along a wire. If electricity

can be linked to plumbing, amps would be the same as gallons-per-second. Watts Volt = Amps.
The rate of flow of electrons through a conductor, measured in Amps
American Wire Gauge (AWG)
An invisible particle of negatively-charged matter that moves at the

speed of light through an electrical circuit.
Electron
AWG refers to common wire sizes and ratings.
Fed Spec
CO/ALR
Devices which comply with Federal Specifications such as W-C-596 for

connecting devices and W-S-896 for switches and connecting devices
include NEMA performance Standards.
15 or 20 A devices which can be used with copper or aluminum wire.

higher-rated devices appropriate for direct connection to aluminum or
copper wire are marked AL-CU
Fuse
Circuit
A non-resettable safety device that automatically stops electrically stops

electrical flow in a circuit when an overload or short circuit occurs.
Either fuses or circuit breakers are located in the home s load center.
The path electricity follows as it moves along a conductor. Branch circuits

distributes power to the parts of the home where its needed.
Circuit Breaker
Ground
A resettable safety device that automatically stops electrical flow in a circuit when an overload or short circuit occurs. Either circuit breakers or
fuses are located in the homes load center.
Refers literally to earth which has an electrical potential (voltage) of zero.
Ground fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI or GFI)
Conductor
A safety device that senses shock hazard to a far greater degree than
fuses or circuit breakers, Automatically stops electrical flow in an circuit.
A material capable of carrying electricitys energy. Opposite of Insulator.
602
Important Terms
Grounding Wire
changeability of manufacturers products. See NEMA CHARTS this section

for standardized receptacle. tap, plug/connection and locking device configurations.
The conductor used to connect the electrical equipment to ground (or

earth) at the service entrance point, minimizing the potential for electrical shock. Either clad in green insulation or unclad.
Neutral Wire (also known as Grounded Wire)

The conductor that carriers current from an outlet back to the load center neutral. Its usually clad in white insulation.
Hospital Grade
UL-established criteria for devices used in hospitals.To obtain that listing
and carry the Hospital Grade green dot identification, devices must pass
many of the same tests as those included in NEMA Performance
Standards and must go beyond in ability to withstand Performance
Standards and must go beyond in ability to withstand impact, crushing and
continuous torture without loss of grounding path continuity.The highest
grade attainable is Hospital Grade
Noise
Small voltage irregularities, usually of high voltage. Noise interference is
often caused by motor-operated appliances in the home and can result in
static on radios, interference with TV pictures, memory loss in telephone
dialers/fax machine and computer errors.
Overload
Hot Wire
A condition that results when a circuit is carrying more amperage than it

was designed to handle. If not properly protected by a fuse or circuit
breaker, overloads will cause conductors to overheat, often melting the
conductors insulation. Such a condition can result in fire.
The ungrounded conductor that carries electricity from the utility to a

load center, or from a branch circuit to a receptacle or switch. It is normally clad in red or black insulation.
Circuit Breaker
Polarized
Nominal Voltage
Polarized plugs have a wide and a narrow prong-these match the wide
and narrow slots in wall receptacles or cord connectors.The wide slot in
the outlet is connected to the neutral (White) wire and the narrow slot
is connected to the hot (BLACK) wire of the electrical system.
Polarization automatically connects the hot wire in the outlet to the hot
wire in the appliance.This ensures that the appliances wiring will not be
Live when the switch is Off. All grounding plugs are polarized.
HOT (Typically Black or Red

A
125
NEUTRAL (Grounded Conductor, Usually White
HOT (Typically Black or Red
125 Volt Lead

125/250
125
Grounded Conductor (Typically Green or Bare

Ground
125 Volt Lead
Equipment Housing
Short Circuit
A temporary accidental connection between exposed live wires or
grounded parts of the electrical system. Short circuits will cause excessive amounts of current to flow, possibly casing a fire or explosion if not
properly by a fuse or circuit breaker.
Insulation
A non-conductive covering that protects wires and other conductors of
electricity.
Service Entrance
Isolated Ground
The point where electricity enters your home
In an isolated ground device, the groundling path is isolated from the

devices mounting bracket.This Isolated ground provides an electrical
noise shield so that electromagnetic radiation waves will not turn into
ground path nose which can disrupt sensitive electronics and can cause
equipment malfunction.
Surge or Spike
Short, strong voltage increases. Surges carry more current than spikes
and last longer. Surges occur during electrical storms, the routine of
switching of utilities and power companies, and even when household
appliance like dishwashers are turned on and off continuous over-voltages
stress delicate electronic components and shorten their lives.
Kilowatt (kw)
A thousand watts. (Watt is the measure of power that a electrical device
consumes.) A kilowatt hour is the measurement most utilities use to
measure electrical consumption. It indicates how many kilowatts are consumed for a full hour.
T rating
A T rating indicates that the device has been evaluated with a Tungsten
filament (incandescent lamp) load.
Knock-outs
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS)
Tabs that can be removed to make openings for wires and/or conduit in
device and junction boxes or electrical panels
Receptacle designed to protect sensitives equipment from voltage

surges.
Load Center
Transformer
A homes fuse box or circuit breaker box. It divides the power into various branch circuits for distribution throughout the home.
A device that increases or decreases voltage.
Utility Service Meter
National Electrical Code
A device that measures electricity usage.
Recommendations dealing with safe electrical practices adopted by the

National Fire Protection Association.These recommendations are used
by state, federal and local governments to help protect life and property.
Volt (V)
A measure of electrical potential. If electricity can be likened to plumbing,
voltage would resemble water pressure. watts Amps=Volts.VAC means
Volt of Alternating Current.
National Electrical Manufactures Association

(NEMA)
Watt (W)
An association created to establish product standards which promote

safety (Such as with configurations which facilitate connection of equipment to corrects voltage and current systems) and to facilitate safe inter-
A measure of the power an electrical device consumes. VoltsxAmps =

Watts.
603
Important Terms
125-Volt Circuit
250-Volt Circuit
This type of circuit is typically used to feed wall receptacles. lights

and small appliances.
This type of circuit usually feeds major appliances.
250V
125V
N
125/250 Dual
Voltage circuit This type of circuit is capable of feeding both 125and 250-volt Circuit, such as rages and dryers.
Switch Wiring Diagrams

Single Pole
Double Pole
A
N
125V
Three Way
Single Pole Locator Switch
Four Way
LOCATOR
LINE
COMMON
OR
250V
125V
LOAD
OR
Two Three Way Locator Switches

COMMON
Single Pole
LOCATOR
Three Way
LOCATOR
COMMON
COMMON
LOAD
LINE
Single Pole Pilot Switch

N
LINE
LOAD
COMMON
LINE
THREE
WAY
COMMON
THREE
WAY
LOAD
LINE
PILOT
LOAD
Double Pole
LINE
Four Way
LOAD
LINE
THREE FOUR FOUR THREE

WAY
WAY
WAY
WAY
Two Three Way Pilot Switches*
COMMON
COMMON
LOAD
PILOT
PILOT
LOAD
LINE
N
Note: GE 3-way pilot switches require only 4 terminals.When replacing in system with 5 terminal switches, both 5 terminal switches must be replaced and
the extra wire taped at both locations.
604
High Intensity Discharge Ballasts

HID Lamps Ballasts are available to operate the wide variety of mercury,
metal halide high pressure sodium and low pressure sodium lamps available in todays marketplace.
Like fluorescent, HID lamps are electric discharge lamps. Light is produced by an arc discharge between two electrodes located at opposite
ends of an arc tube within the lamps outer glass envelope. The ballast is
the lamps power supply, and its purpose is to provide the proper starting and operating voltage and current to initiate and Sustain this arc.
called a Quadri-Volt ballast and operates on either 120V 208V, 240V or

277V power.There is an Quadri-Volt ballast for virtually every HID lamp
on the market.
BALLAST DESIGN APPLICATIONS

HID lamp ballasts are available in a variety of shapes and sizes for the
most popular lighting applications. Six basic designs are in widest use
today.
LAMP STARTING
Mercury and Metal Halide Lamps
Mercury and the traditional metal halide lamps (175 through 1500
watt) have an additional electrode located at one end of the arc tube to
assist in lamp starting.These types of lamps require an open circuit voltage (OCV) approximately two times the lamps operating voltage to initiate the arc.
Core & Coil
Outdoor Weatherproof
High Pressure Sodium Lamps
Postline
Indoor Enclosed
Rectangular Can
High pressure sodium and modern metal halide lamps however, have no
starting electrodes. In addition to an OCV of approximately two times
the lamp voltage, these lamps utilize an ignitor to provide a high voltage, starting pulse directly across the main electrodes. Once the lamps
arc is established, the ignitor automatically stops delivering pulses, and the
lamp comes up to full brightness on its own.
Low Pressure Sodium
Flourescent Can
Because they have neither a starting electrode nor an ignitor, low pressure sodium lamps require an open circuit voltage approximately three
to seven times the lamp voltage to start and sustain the lamp
Core & Coil

The basic ballast is the open core & coil which is most often used as a
component within a lighting fixture.The core & coil also forms the nucleus of the five other ballast configuration detailed on this section. It consists of either one, two or three copper coils on a core (or stack) of
electrical-grade steel laminations.The coils are assembled to core sections which are then surface-welded together At Advance Transformer
Co. the assembled ballast is vacuum impregnated with a silica-filled polyester varnish to re-enforce the electrical insulation, preclude moisture,
inhibit noise, and dissipate heat. Advance is the only independent HID ballast manufacturer that utilizes the vacuum impregnation process. All other
HID ballast manufacturers apply varnish via a pre heat-and-dip process
which only puts a thin coat of varnish on the outer surface of the ballast.
Lamp Operation
Electric discharge lamps have a negative resistance charteristic causes
them to draw an increasing amount of current leading to immediate
destruction if operated directly from the power line.The Ballast, therefore, is utilized to limit the current to the correct level for proper operation of the lamp.
HID lamps take several minutes to warm-up and reach full lumen output.
Additionally, an interruption in the input power or a sudden voltage drop
may cause the arc to extinguish. A lamp that is hot will not restart immediately. Before the lamp will relight, it must cool sufficiently to reduce the
vapor pressure within the arc tube to a point where the arc will restike.
The approximate warmup and restriking times of the HID lamp groups
are as follows:
LIGHT SOURCE
WARM-UP TIME
Mercury Vapor
5-7 minutes
3-6 minutes
Metal Halide
3-4 minutes
10-20 minutes
High Pressure Sodium
3-4 minutes
Low Pressure Sodium
7-10 minutes
Potted Core & Coil
Encapsulated Core & Coil

Where quiet performance is required the standard open core & coil ballasts are potted in a cube-shaped steel can utilizing Class H (180C) polyester compound.These ballasts carry a Class A noise rating up through
175 watts and Class B for 250 and 400 watts. As with the open core &
coil, the capacitor (and ignitor where included) are mounted separately
within the fixture.
RESTRIKE TIME
/2 -1 minutes
F-Can
3-12 seconds
For indoor commercial application of HID lighting such as offices schools

and retail stores, ballast noise must be minimized. Ballasts for these fixtures are most often encased and potted in fluorescent ballast type cans
and utilize Class A (90C) asphalt insulating materials (the same as used
in fluorescent lamp ballasts).
BALLAST INPUT VOLTAGES

Unlike fluorescent lighting which is operated on either 120 volt or 277
volt circuits, power for HID lighting is delivered at any one of five voltages: 120V, 208V, 240V, 277V or 480.While 120V and 277V are the most
popular, because of the heavier loads and sometimes longer runs associated with HID lighting (such as shopping mall parking lots), 208V and
240V power is often used instead of 120V, and 480V instead of 277V.
To address this multiplicity of voltages, the HID ballast industry offers ballasts with multiple input voltage taps on the primary coil. 4-tap design is
The Advance line of F-can ballasts comes in two dual-voltage configurations: 120/277 volt and 120/347 volt. Each unit has built-in, automatically
resetting, thermal protectors which disconnect the ballast from the
power line in the event of overheating. All units are high power factor
and include the capacitor within the can. All models for high pressure
sodium and low-wattage metal halide lamps also include the ignitor in the
can.
605
High Intensity Discharge Ballasts

Indoor Enclosed
base An integral 1 threaded nipple with locknut facilities hook-up to

electrical conduit or to the mounting bracket when used on a pole.The
weatherproof ballast may also be placed nipple-up, with a drip loop in the
leads, inside a pole base.
These units are designed for use indoors where the ballast must be
mounted remotely from the the luminaire. They are most typically used
in factories where the luminaire may be mounted in a high-bay where
very high ambient temperatures may be experienced. In these instances,
the remotely-mounted ballast operates cooler, providing subsequent
longer life because it is away from both the heat of the ceiling ambient
and lamp heat within the fixture.
Postline
Lantern-type fixtures mounted on slender poles often require ballasts
which will fit into these poles. Special, elongated core & coil ballasts are
potted in resin in cylindrical cans having a 2.55 outside diameter. All
include leads necessary for direct connection to a photocell.
The case contains the core & Coil potted in a Class H (180c) heat dissipating resin.The capacitor(s) and ignitor are contained within a separate
compartment. Knockouts in both ends of the case facilitate hook-up in
the most convenient manner.Wall mounting is accomplished through
flanges on top and bottom of the case.The ballast is a UL Listed product.
The capacitor and ignitor (where required ) are included within this can
A1/2 threaded nipple is used for vertical mounting, and leads extend
from the both ends of the can of installation.The input leads to the ballast also provide for proper connection to the photocell if such is included within the fixture.
Outdoor Weatherproof
Weatherproof ballasts are designed for remote, pole-mounting outdoor
applications under all weather conditions.They may also be placed inside
a transformer pole base, but care must be taken to avoid areas prone to
flooding because weatherproof ballasts are not water submersible.
To help prevent overheating, one to three feet of air space should be

allowed in the pole above the ballast, and the ballast should be positioned
against the past interior wall to provide a heat sink. All units rated 100W
and above now include a mounting kit consisting of an 18 chain to hang
the ballast within the pole and a spring clip to force the ballasts cylindrical can to make line contact with the poles interior surface to maximize
heat transfer, thus prolonging the ballast life.
The core & coil with its capacitor and ignitor (where required) are firmly
mounted to the heat-sink base. An aluminum cover is place aver the
core-&-coil assembly and is bolted with a weather -tight gasket to the
Battery Charger Sizing Formulas

1. CALCULATING CHARGER REQUIREMENTS
A =
1.1C
POWER CABLING FORMULAS
+ L
WIRE GAUGE TABLE
Size
AWG,
2. CALCULATING HOURS TO RECHARGE

H =
1.1C
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
3
2
A-L
3. CALCULATING CHARGER LOSSES (BTUs)
1 - 1) x Wdc x 3.42
LOSSES, BTUs PER HOUR =
(
EFF
4. CALCULATING CHARGER INPUT CURRENT DRAIN
SINGLE-PHASE CHARGERS: lIN =
THREE-PHASE CHARGERS: lIN =
Eout x lout
EIN x EFF x P.F.
Eout x lout
EIN x EFF x P.F. x 3
=
=
H
L
Wdc
lin
Eout
lout
Ein
EFF
P.F.
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Size
AWG,
MCM*
1
0
00
000
0000
250
300
350
400
500
Area
CIR.
MILS
83,690
105,600
133,100
167,800
211,600
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
500,000
Size
MCM*
600
700
750
800
900
1,000
1,250
1,500
1,750
2,000
Area
CIR.
MILS
600,000
700,000
750,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
1,750,000
2,000,000
SOURCE : Handbook 100 - National Bureau of Standards

Note : All wire #6 and larger is stranded
*All sizes larger than #0000 are expressed in MCM
TABLE OF CONVENTIONS
A
1.1
Area
CIR.
MILS
1,620
2,580
4,110
6,530
10,380
16,510
26,240
41,740
52,620
66,360
1. CALCULATING WIRE SIZE REQUIREMENTS

CMA = A x LF x K
AVD
2. CALCULATING CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRE
MAX AMP = CMA x AVD
LF x K
DC output rating of charger in amperes

Efficiency factor to return 100% of ampere
hours removed from a lead-acid battery. Use
1.4 for NiCad batteries
Calculated number of ampere-hour
discharged from battery (time inhours x load)
Number of hours recharge time
Load on system in amperes
Output volts x output amperes
Input current (amperes ac)
Output voltage (Volts dc)
Out current (amperes dc)
Input voltage (volts ac)
Efficiency (E.G. 88% =.88)
Power factor (E.G. 92%=.92)
1.7321
TABLE OF CONVENTIONS
CMA
A
LF
MAX AMP
=
=
=
=
CMA
AVD
K
=
=
=
=
606
Cross section of wire in circular MIL area

Utimate drain in amperes
Conductor loop feet
Maximum allowable amperes for given voltage
drop
Cross section of wire in circular MIL area
Allowable voltage drop
11.1 constant factor for commercial
(TW type)copper wire. (KS5482-01)
17.4 for aluminum (KS20189)
Classification of Hazardous Atmospheres

Summary of Hazardous Atmospheres
Class
1,
Gases, vapors
1,
Gases, vapors
Division
2,
Normally
hazardous
2,
Not Normally
hazardous
Group
Typical atmosphere/Ignition Temps.
acetylene (305C, 581F)
1,3-Butadiene1 (420C, 788F)

Ethylene Oxide2 (429C, 804F)
Hydrogen (520C, 968F)
Manufactured Gases containing more than 30%
hydrogen (by volume)
Propylene Oxide2 (449C, 840F)
Acetaldehyde (175C, 347F)

Diethyl Ether (160C, 320F)
Ethylene (450C, 842F)
Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine (UDMH)
(249C, 480F)
Acetone (465C, 869F)

Acrylonitrile (481C, 898F)
Ammonia3 (498C, 928F)
Benzene (498C, 928F)
Butane (288C, 550F)
1-Butanol (343C, 650F)
2-Butanol (405C, 761F)
n-Butyl Acetate (421C, 790F)
Cyclopropane (503C, 938F)
Ethane (472C, 882F)
Ethanol (363C, 685F)
Ethyl Acetate (427C, 800F)
Ethylene Dicholoride (413C, 775F)
Gasoline (280-471C, 536-880F)
Heptane (204C, 399F)
Hexane (225C, 437F)
Isoamyl Alcohol (350C, 662F)
Isoprene (220C, 428F)
Methane (630C, 999F)
Methanol (385C, 725F)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (404C, 759F)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (440C, 840F)
2-Methyl-1-Propanol (416C, 780F)
2-Methyl-2-Propanol (478C, 892F)
Naptha (petroleum)4 (288C, 550F)
Octane (206C, 403F)
Pentane (243C, 470F)
1-Pentanol (300C, 572F)
Propane (450C, 842F)
1-Proponal (413C, 775F)
2-Propanol (399C, 750F)
Propylene (455C, 851F)
Styrene (490C, 914F)
Toluene (480C, 896F)
Vinyl Acetate (402C, 756F)
Vinyl Chloride (472C, 882F)
Xylenes (464-529C, 867-984F)
A
B
C
D
Same
Same
Same
Same
as
as
as
as
Division
Division
Division
Division
Devices
Covered
All electrical Maximum

devices and external
wiring
temperature
in 40C
ambient
Lamps,
resistors,
coils, etc.,
other than
arcing
devices. (See
Div. 1)
1
1
1
1
607
Temperature
Measured
Limiting
Value
Shall not
exceed the
ignition
temp. of the
specific gas
or vapor
(See 500-3
(e) of NEC)
Max. internal Same as

or external Division 1
temp. in
40C
ambient
Classification of Hazardous Atmospheres

Summary of Hazardous Atmospheres
Class
1I,
Combustible
dusts
Division
1,
Normally
hazardous
2,
Not
Normally
hazardous
III,
Easily Ignitible
fibers and flyings
Group
Typical atmosphere/Ignition Temps.
Atmospheres containing combustible metal

dusts, or other combustible dusts of similarly
hazardous characteristics.
Atmospheres containing combustible carbonaceous dusts
Atmospheres containing combustible dusts not

included in Group E or F, including flour, grain,
wood, plastic and chemicals
Same as Division 1
Same as Division 1
1&2
Group D equipment may be used for this atmosphere if such

equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by
sealing all conduit 1/2-inch size or larger.
2
Group C equipment may be used for this atmosphere if such
equipment is isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by
sealing all conduit 1/2-inch size or larger.
3
For Classification of areas involving ammonia atmosphere, see
Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration (ANSI/ASHRAE 151978) and Safety Requirments for the Storage and Handling of
Anhydrous Ammona (ANSI/CGA G-2, 1-1981).
Devices
Covered
Temperature
Measured
All electrical Max. exterequipment nal temp. in

40C ambient with a
dust blanket
Limiting
Value
Shall not
exceed the
ignition temperature of
the specific
dust (See
500-3(f) of
NEC)
Also shall
not exceed
165C for
Group G
Dusts that
may dehydrate or carbonize
All electrical Max. exterequipment nal temp.

under conditions of use
Same as
Division 1
Lighting
fixtures
165C
(329F)
Max. external
temp. under
conditions of
use
A saturated hydrocarbon mixture boiling in the range 20-135C

(68-275F). Also known by the synonyms benzine, ligroin, petroleum ether or naptha.
For a more complete list of flammable liquids, gases, and solids,

see classification of Gases,Vapors and Dusts for Electrical
Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) Locations, NFPA 497M1986.
608

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Technical

amp of current at one volt of potential

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Current that charges direction with each

The form of mechanical energy generated

One FT. pound of torque is equivalent to

One horse lifting 100 pounds 5.5 feet in

Direct Current - when the direction of

One cycle per second.

PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT

Created by generators but pulsates with

The current in one coil will always be equal

Measurement of resistance - The longer the

The amount of energy expanded by one

Electrical Formula for Determining Amperes,

Amperes When HP is Known

1 Kw or kilowatt; this is the usual unit of

THREE PHASE SYSTEM

For Direct or Single Phase Non-Inductive

A matched pair of up & down curves

Amperes When Kw is Known

Amperes When Kva is Known

Amperes When HP is Known

1055 watt seconds

.122 watt/sq. in.

Amperes When Kw is Known

Amperes When Kva is Known

Comparison of Methods of Starting Squirrel-Cage

% Full Voltage Value

NEMA Code Letters for Locked Rotor KVA

Motor Application Formulas

Hp =[Torque (in lb-ft) x rpm] 5250

Power to Drive Pumps

Gal. per min. x Sp. Gr. x total head (inc. friction)

pipe length (ft.) x [velocity of flow (fps)]2 x 0.002

DC Generator Connection (NEMA)

Eff = Approximately 0.50 to 0.85

3,960 x eff. of pump

Where Approx. Friction head (ft.) =

Power to Drive Fans

Cu. ft. gas per min. x water gage pressure (in.)

Compound Generator-Clockwise Rotation Facing End Opposite Drive,

Equivalent WyeDelta Networks

Note: Interchange S1 and S2 for differentially compounded generator (voltage

DC Motor Connections (NEMA)

Power Factor Correction:

Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motor-Counterclockwise Rotation Facing

Power factor is defined as the cos in the equation Pav=Vrmslrms cos ,

Power Factor Improvement of Induction Motor

Compound Generator-Clockwise Rotation Facing End Opposite Drive,

Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motor-Clockwise Rotation Facing End

Nominal Motor Speed in Rpm & Number of Poles

Capacitor Multipliers for Kilowatt Load

Recommendations and Precautions

Assume total plant load is 100

Polyphase A-C (Induction Type)

Average Values for All Speeds and Frequencies

Motor Terminal Amperes At Full Load

* Note: Capacitor switching by the motor starter may be acceptable in some

Desired Power Factor- Per Cent

Current in common conductor of 2-phase, 3-wire system will be 1.41 times

Full-Load Currents in Amperes-Single Phase